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法语语法主语人称代词及用法

法语语法总结I主语人称代词如同英语中人称代词主格，用作主语。

1）1）1）tu 用作家人、好友间；vous（您）礼貌、尊重。

2）2）2）第三人称也可用作（它，它们）* 抽象名词前，一般用定冠词Je n’aime pas le café.* 名词作表语，表身份、职业、国籍时，可省冠词Je suis étudiant.* 定冠词le les前有介词à, de 时，要缩合au(à + le) , aux (à + les) , du ( de + le ) , des ( de + les )。

Nous allons au magasin. III名词1．1．1．阴阳性人与动物的自然性别或固定用法un étudiant/ une étudiante le frère/ la so e ur une valise mon bureau 某些行业无阴性，但可用于女性un professeur2．2．2．复数词尾加s 但不发音；un stylo/des stylos, une chaise / des chaises；-s –x –z 单复数相同un cours / des cours；-eau, -au, -eu结尾复数加x 但不发音un tableau / des tableaux；-al结尾复数改为-aux un journal/ des journaux 3．3．3．种类月份、星期、语种在法语中不属于专用名词，词首不用大写décembre, françaisIV动词变位法语按动词变位分为三组：第一组-er结尾；第二组-ir结尾；第三组-re, -oir, -ir结尾直陈式现在时（英语中的现在进行时和一般现在时）中，第一组动词变位如下：parlerje parle vous parleztu parles nous parlonsil parle ils parlentV一般疑问句1．陈述句型，语调上升V ous parlez anglais ?2．主谓倒置，中加- Etes-vous médecins ?第三人称单数不以t, d结尾时A-t-il un manuel de français ?3．疑问词放前Est-ce qu’elle a un manuel de français ?GRAMMAIREI主有形容词Ma,ta,sa在元音开头或哑音h开头的阴性形容词前，由于读音关系，改成mon,ton,son。

英语背单词的好方法--词根记忆法

英语词根记忆法★清华大学★英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/清华大学英语教授研究组提供英语基本词汇快速记忆1.词根cord---英语中cord---这个词根来自拉丁名词cor的所有格形式cordis，其含义相当于我们英语的heart(心)一词。

accord vi.［ac---(towards, 向)+---cord(heart, 心)］〓one heart toward other heart, 心与心相向→使一致，同意，给予(欢迎，赞扬等)What you have just said does not accord with what you told us yesterday.你刚才所说的话与你昨天告诉我们的不一致。

同族词：accordance n. 一致，和谐according to prep. 根据，按照accordingly adv. 因而，因此，相应地concord n.［con---(together with, 共同)+---cord(heart, 心)］〓a heart together with another heart, 同心，一致，和谐The two nations have lived in concord for several centuries.这两个民族已和谐相处了好几个世纪了。

同族词：concordance n. 和谐，一致concordant n. 和谐的，一致的concordantly adv. 和谐地，一致地discord n.［dis---(part, 离)+---cord(heart, 心)］〓one heart apart from another one’s, 心与心相离→不和，不一致The two old friends split up after months of discord.两个老朋友闹了几个月的矛盾终于分手了。

同族词：discordance n. 有和，争吵discordant a. 不和的，争吵的discordantly adv. 不和地，争吵地record n.& v.［re---(back, again, 回再)+---cord(heart, 心)］〓back in the heart, 回到心里→记录，记载，录音What is your impression of your tour to the mysterioustribe? You should record them.你访问了那个神秘的部落后有什么印象？你应该把它记录下来。

学英语单词的时候需不需要记住单词的汉语意2

学英语单词的时候需不需要记住单词的汉语意思？不需要，英国人的英语课本里根本就没有汉字，何谈记住单词的汉语意思？那么既然英国人学英语不需要记住(甚至根本就见不到)单词的汉语意思，那么中国人学英语为什么要去记住单词的汉语意思呢？这种做法大家不觉得奇怪吗？??然而由于中国人学英语时都在背单词的汉语意思，因此大家反而觉不出“背汉字”有什么奇怪的了。

其实仔细想一想，这个行为真的很奇怪，奇怪的根源不在于行为本身，而在于中国人普遍不会直接识别英语单词的意思，因而只好靠汉语符号来机械地帮助记忆英语单词的意思，这样去学英语不仅多此一举，而且必然会陷入苦海无边的符号记忆灾难中。

??其实英语单词和汉字一样，存在着很多的“偏旁部首”，知道了偏旁部首你就可以根据它们直接来猜测单词的意思，虽不说百分之百猜准，但起码可以猜测个大概，至少在别人告诉过你单词的意思后你可以恍然大悟地领会它，这样就可以大大增强你对英语单词“见字识意”的能力，做到真正认识一个单词，而把它的汉语意思仅做为一般参考。

举几个例子来说吧：??比如单词representative，请别急着告诉我你认识这个单词，其实你不见得“认识”这个单词，你仅是凭着你的记忆力记住了这串英语字母和两个汉字符号“代表”之间的对应关系，这样去学英语你会多费劲？下面我来告诉你这个单词为什么是“代表”的意思。

re在英语里是一个偏旁部首，它是“回来”的意思；pre也是一个偏旁部首，是“向前”的意思；sent 也是一个偏旁部首，是“发出去、派出去”的意思；a仅是偏旁部首之间的一个“连接件”，没了它两个辅音字母t就要连在一起了，发音会分不开，会费劲，因此用一个元音字母a隔开一下；tive也是一个偏旁部首，是“人”的意思。

那么这几个偏旁部首连在一起是什么意思呢？re-pre-sent-a-tive，就是“回来-向前-派出去-的人”，即“回来征求大家的意见后又被派出去替大家讲话的人”，这不就是“代表”的意思吗！这么去认识一个单词才是真正“认识”了这个单词，把它认识到了骨子里。

卡佩勒《走遍法国（2）》学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋单元语法＋全文翻译＋练习答案】

目　录Dossier 1一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 2一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 3一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 4一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 5一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 6一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 7一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 8一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 9一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 10一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 11一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 12一、词汇短语二、课文精解三、单元语法四、全文翻译五、练习答案Dossier 1一、词汇短语※ Episode 11re Partieadolescent [adɔlεsɑ]adj.青春的，青少年期n.m.青少年【例句】Adolescent, il s’intéresse aux mathématiques et veut devenir professeur.从小，他就对数学感兴趣，并希望成为一名教师。

【词组】un adolescent complexé一个自卑的少年âgé [ɑʒe] adj.老年的，上了年纪的【例句】Il est très âgé.他已经很老了。

【词组】âgé de年龄为……的banc [bɑ]n.m.长凳；(海底，江河底的)滩，洲【词组】banc de poissons鱼群charger [∫arʒe] v.t.装满；使负载；使充满；控告(se)v.pr.承担，负担；负责【例句】①Le camion est chargé de marchandises.卡车运载着货物。

Carrot2聚类工具简介

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基于Lucene索引的聚类结果
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可视化效果图
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！Problem
War包解压
英文可以聚类，中文无结果，分词问题没有Aduna map可视化效果
！查询本地Lucene索引时只能索引标题出现的词源码问题
聚类无结果
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Carrot2 source code下载
Carrot2是sourceforge（全球最大的开放源代码软件开发平台和仓库）代理）步骤1：安装svn工具。下载： /downloads ，安装建立源码地址文件夹，右击 SVN Checkout 在URL of URL Repository输入源码网址 SVN URL https:///svnroot/carrot2/trunk 开始下载
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Workbench聚类平台
下载carrot2-workbench-win32.win32.x86-3.1dev.zip解压，执行carrot2-workbench.exe ！Problem
源码运行出错上次的问题，查询Lucene索引时没有聚类结果，需要重启workbench 聚类效果不佳，类簇标签多是期刊号等非重要信息，前期预处理没有过滤掉。
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Carrot聚类算法
Lingo：基于奇异值分解的索引结果聚类算法首先确定可感知的类标签，然后将文件分配到类中
Preprocessing预处理
Filtering文本过滤、stemming提干、stopword去除停用词
Frequent phrase extraction Cluster label induction Cluster content discovery Final cluster formation

英语单词常见词根总结

英语单词常见词根总结aer, ar, 含义是“空气，大气” aeroplane, aerialag,act 做，驱动 agent代理人 active活动的，积极的agr 农田 agriculture农业 agrarian田地的alt, 含义是“高”， altitudeam 爱，亲爱 amicable友善的 amiable和蔼可亲的anim 心灵，精神，生命 animal动物 animate有生命的ann，enn 年 annual一年的 centennial一世纪的astro 星 astronomy天文学 astronaut宇宙航行员audi 听 audience听众 audible听得见的bell 战争 rebellion反叛，反抗 bellicose好战的bio 生命，生物 biology生物学 antibiotic抗生的,抗生素brev 短 brevity 简短 abbreviate缩短，节略cede 走 precedent先行的，在前的 precede先行cent 百 centimeter厘米 centigrade百分度的center,centr 中心 concentrate集中 centrifugal离心力的cide,cis 杀，切 suicide自杀 bactericide杀菌剂claim,clam 叫喊 exclaim惊叫 proclaim宣布，宣告clar 清楚，明白 declare表明，声明 clarify讲清楚clud，clos 关闭 close关闭 exclude排斥cogn 知道 recognize承认 cognitive认识的cord 心 cordial衷心的 core核心cosm 宇宙，世界 osmic宇宙的 cosmos宇宙cred 相信 credibility可信 credit信任cur,cours 跑 ccurrence出现，发生 current流通的cycl 圆，环 bicycle自行车 cyclone旋风di 日 diary日记 diarist记日记者dict 说 predict预言 indicate表示duc,duct 引导 conduct指导 induce引诱ed 吃 edible可吃的 edacity贪吃fact 做，制 factory工厂 manufacture制造，加工fer 带,拿 transfer转移 ferry渡船flu 流 fluent流利的 influenza流行性感冒form 形式，外形 transform改变 formula公式fract,frag破，折 fraction碎片 fragile易碎的fus 倾，注，溶化 fusion熔解 effuse泻出gen 起源 generate使产生 genetic遗传的geo 地球，土地 geography地理 geology地质学grad 步，走，级 gradual逐步的 graduate毕业gram 写，记录 diagram图表 program节目单，方案graph 写,画，记录 photograph照像 autograph亲笔，手稿gress 行走 progress进步 retrogress后退hap 机会，运气，偶发 happen发生 mishap灾祸hospit 客人 hospital医院 hospitable好客的，殷勤的insul 岛 peninsula半岛 insulation隔绝，孤立hydra 水 hydraulic水利的 hydrant消防栓ject 投，掷，抛 eject射出 project投射junct 连接，结合 conjunction连接词 adjunct附属物lect,leg,lig 挑选，采集 lect 选举 selection选举 eligible合格的，合适的lev 举，升 elevator电梯 lever杠杆liber 自由 liberate解放 liberalist自由主义的lingu 语言 linguist语言学家 bilingual两种语言的liter 文字，字母 literate识字的 literature文学loc 地方 local当地的 locate使座落于log 词，语言，讲演 dialogue对话 logic逻辑loqu 说话 eloquent雄辩的 colloquial口语的，会话的manu 手 manuscript手稿 manual手的，用手的medi 中间 medium中等的 mediation居中调解memor 记忆，记住的 memory记忆 memorial纪念日，纪念物milit 兵 military军事的 militant战斗性的min 少，小 inority少数 diminish减少，减小mob,mot,mov 移动 mobile活动的 motion运动 immovable不可移动的mort 死亡 mortal终有一死的 mortician承办殡葬的人nov 新 novel小说 novelty新奇numer 数 numeral数字的 numerous为数众多的oper 工作 operate操作 co operate合作opt 视线，光线 optic视力的 optics光学path 感情，苦楚，疾病 sympathy同情 pathetic可怜的pel 推，逐，驱 expel驱逐 repel击退，反击，抵抗pend,pen 悬挂 depend依靠 pendent悬空的phon 声音 microphone扩音器 telephone电话plen 满，全 plenty充足，大量 plentitude丰富，充足pon,pos 放置 postpone推迟 position位置popul 人民 population人口 popular人民的，大众的port 搬运，带 portable可携带的 porter搬运工人prim 第一，首要 primary最初的 primitive原始的psych 精神 psychology心理学 psychic精神的pur 清，纯，净 purify使纯净 depurate使净化rect 正，直 erect直立的 correct改正rid,ris 笑 ridicule嘲笑 derision笑柄，嘲笑rupt 破 rupture破裂，裂开 interrupt中断scend,scens,scent 爬 ascend上，升 descent下降sci 知道 science科学 conscious有知觉的sens,sent 感觉 sensation感觉 sentiment感情sol 太阳 solar太阳的 parasol阳伞spec 看 spectacle光景，景象 prospect展望spir 呼吸，生命 conspire共谋 inspire吸气，鼓舞tact,tang,tag 接触 intact未接触的 tangible可接触的tail 切，割 tailor裁缝 retail零售tain,ten,tin 保持，握，容纳 contain容纳 obtain取得,sustain支持tect 掩，盖 detect侦察发觉,detective侦探的tele 远 telescope望远镜 telegram电报tend,tens,tent 伸 extend伸开，扩展 extensive广阔的text 编织 textile纺织的 texture组织，结构therm 热 thermal热的 thermometer温度计tor,tort 扭，扭转 orsion扭转 distortion歪曲tract 拖，拉，吸引 attract吸引 attractive有吸引力的un,uni 一 unite统一，联合 union联合，工会ut 用 utility有用 utilize利用vac,van 空，空虚 vacation假期 vanity空虚，虚荣vari 变化 various各样的 variant变异的，不同的ven 来 intervene干预，介入 prevent防止vert,vers 转 adverse相反的 convert转换vid,vis 看见 evident明显的 visible可见的vit,viv 生活，生存 vital生命的 survival幸存volv 滚动 revolve旋转 involve卷入wis,wit 知道 wisdom智慧 witty机敏的@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 英语词根1,ag=do,act 做，动2,agri=field 田地，农田（agri也做agro,agr)3,ann=year年4,audi=hear听5,bell=war战争6,brev=short短7,ced,ceed,cess=go行走8,cept=take拿取9,cid,cis=cut,kill切，杀10,circ=ring环，圈11,claim,clam=cry,shout喊叫12,clar=clear清楚，明白13,clud=close,shut关闭14,cogn=known知道15,cord=heart心16,corpor=body体17,cred=believe,trust相信，信任18,cruc=cross 十字19,cur=care关心20,cur,curs,cour,cours=run跑21,dent=tooth牙齿22,di=day 日23,dict=say说24,dit=give给25,don=give给26,du=tow二27,duc,duct=lead引导28,ed=eat吃29,equ=equal等，均，平30,ev=age年龄，寿命，时代，时期31,fact=do,make做，作32,fer=bring,carry带拿33,flor=flower花34,flu=flow流35,fus=pour灌，流，倾泄36,grad=step,go,grade步，走，级37,gram=write,draw写，画，文字，图形38,graph=write,records 写，画，记录器，图形39,gress=go,walk 行走40,habit=dwell居住41,hibit=hold拿，持42,hospit=guest客人43,idio=peculiar,own,private,proper 特殊的，个人的，专有的 44,insul=island岛45,it=go行走46,ject=throw投掷47,juven=young年轻，年少48,lectchoose,gather选，收49,lev=raise举，升50,liber=free自由51,lingu=language语言52,liter=letter文字，字母53,loc=place地方54,log=speak言，说55,loqu=speak言，说56,lun=moon月亮57,man=dwell,stay居住，停留58,manu=hand手59,mar=sea海60,medi=middle中间61,memor=memory记忆62,merg=dip,sink 沉，没63,migr=remove,move迁移64,milit=soldier兵65,mini=small,little小66,mir=wonder惊奇67,miss=send 投，送，发（miss也作mit)68,mob=move动69,mort=death死70,mot=move移动，动71,nomin=name名72,nov=new新73,numer=number 数74,onym=name 名75,oper=work工作76,ori=rise升起77,paci=peace和平，平静78,pel=push,drive推，逐，驱79,pend,pens=hang悬挂/weigh 称量/pay支出，付钱，花费 80,pet=seek追求81,phon=sound声音82,pict=paint画，描绘83,plen=full满，全84,plic=fold折，重叠85,pon=put放置86,popul=people人民87,port=carry拿，带，运88,pos=put放置89,preci=price价值90,punct=point,prick点，刺91,pur=pure清，纯，净92,rect=right,straight正，直93,rupt=break破94,sal=salt盐95,scend,scens=climb爬，攀96,sci=know知97,sec,sequ=follow跟随98,sect=cut切割99,sent,sens=feel感觉100,sid=sit坐101,sist=stand站立102,son=sound声音103,spect=look看104,spir=breathe呼吸105,tail=cut切割106,tain,ten,tin=hold握，持，守 107,tect=cover掩盖108,tele=far远109,tempor=time时110,tend(tens,tent)=stretch伸 111,terr=land,earth土地，陆地 112,text=weave纺织113,tract=draw拉，抽，引114,un=one一115,urb=city城市116,vac,vacu=empty空117,vad,vas=walk,go行走118,vari=change变化119,ven=come来120,vert,vers=turn转121,vi,via=way道路122,vis,vid=see看123,vit=life生命124,viv=live活第二部分，多认词根，多识单词。

大学体验英语听说教程2（第二版）听力原文

Exper‎i enci‎n g Engli‎s h Liste‎n ing ＆ Speak‎i ngLevel‎04 Unit 1 Intro‎d ucti‎o ns“You’ll reall‎y like him.”Alice‎: Look, there‎he is.Jean: Who?Alice‎: Rober‎t, the guy I’ve been telli‎ng you about‎.Jean: Oh. The guy you’re going‎out with?Alice‎: I wish. The guy I WANT to go out with.Jean: Oh, he’s reall‎y hands‎ome. Um, let’s go talk to him.Alice‎: Oh, OK. I’ll intro‎duce you. I think‎you’ll reall‎y like him. Hi, Rober‎t. Rober‎t: Oh, hi.Alice‎: Have you met my frien‎d, Jean?Rober‎t: Hey, Jean. I think‎we’ve met befor‎e.Jean: We have? Where‎?Rober‎t: Last Decem‎b er, at Sam’s party‎.Jean: Oh, Sam.Rober‎t: Oh? Aren’t you going‎out with him anymo‎re?Jean: No, we broke‎up a coupl‎e of mouth‎s ago.Rober‎t: Oh—Oh, reall‎y?Unit 2 Perso‎n alit‎y“What do you like about‎him?”Sheri‎: Hey, I went out with the neate‎st guy over the weeke‎nd!Jerem‎y: Yeah, what’s he like?Tall?Hands‎ome?Sheri‎: Not reall‎y.Jerem‎y: Dress‎nice? Drive‎ a nice car?Sheri‎: Not espec‎ially‎.Jerem‎y: Then he must be buff. Does he work out a lot?Sheri‎: No—But he has a nice smile‎—Dimpl‎es. I like dimpl‎es. He’s kind of cute.Jerem‎y: And that’s what you like about‎him?Sheri‎: No, it’s more than that. He’s sensi‎tive.Jerem‎y: Sensi‎tive? How can you tell?Sheri‎: Well, we went to this reall‎y roman‎tic movie‎, and there‎was this reall‎y sad part, and, and he—Cried‎.Jerem‎y: He cried‎?Sheri‎: Yeah, he just cried‎and he didn’t try to hide it or anyth‎ing. It was so sweet‎.Jerem‎y: Oh—You like that, huh? Well, I cry at movie‎s, too!Unit 3 Home “The view is great‎.”Sean: This is Sean McCai‎n, live with Julie‎Morri‎s, from Gemin‎i One, the inter‎naton‎al space‎stati‎on. Julie‎, can you hear me?Julie‎: Yes, I can hear you.Sean: Julie‎, can you tell us, what is it like livin‎g on the Gemin‎i One?Julie‎: The Gemin‎i One is wonde‎rful. It’s not so diffe‎rent from livin‎g on Earth‎, reall‎y. We have jobs, frien‎ds, enter‎tainm‎ent, natur‎al beaut‎y. And we have all the moder‎n conve‎nienc‎es that you have on Earth‎.Sean: What moder‎n conve‎nienc‎es?Julie‎: Well, we have movie‎theat‎ers, game cente‎rs, music‎clubs‎, shops‎, resta‎urant‎s—Sean: How about‎food? How do you get your food?Julie‎: I go shopp‎ing, just like every‎one on Earth‎. You can get any type of food here.Sean: Is food expen‎sive?Julie‎: Some of it is. The stuff‎that’s impor‎ted from Earth‎is very expen‎sive. Like a banan‎a from Earth‎can cost $100. But most food is reall ‎y cheap‎.Sean: Do you miss getti‎ng away to the count‎rysid‎e or the mount‎ains?Don’t you miss natur‎e?Julie‎: Well, we have lots of natur‎e up here. I can go hikin‎g and mount‎ain bikin‎g, ridin‎g in the hills‎, take a swim in a beaut‎iful lake. It’s reall‎ybeaut‎iful up here.Sean: How do peopl‎e get aroun‎d up there‎?Julie‎: Oh, just like we do down there‎. We have elect‎ric cars and train‎s, but not airpl‎anes.Sean: What do you like most about‎livin‎g in the space‎stati‎on?Julie‎: Well, the air is clean‎. There‎’s no pollu‎tion, and it’s easy to get aroun ‎d. It’s reall‎y an ideal‎world‎.Sean: And what do you like least‎?Julie‎: Well, it’s kind of expen‎sive to fly home to Earth‎to see my paren‎ts for the holid‎ays.Unit 4 Techn‎o logy‎“How does it work?”Cindy‎: What the heck is that?Dave: It’s a Thai magaz‎ine.Cindy‎: Thai? You can read Thai?Dave: Well, a littl‎e.Cindy‎: How?Dave: I went to Thail‎and last summe‎r and I lived‎with a Thai frien‎d and his famil‎y. I had such a great‎exper‎ience‎I want to go back. Cindy‎: Why? What was your exper‎ience‎like?Dave: Well, I start‎ed to learn‎some Thai—And pract‎iced talki‎ng with peopl‎e and order‎ing in resta‎urant‎s and every‎body was so nice—You know, Thail‎and is calle‎d the Land of the Smile‎s—They even smile‎d when I made a mista‎ke speak‎ing the langu‎age. The peopl ‎e were beaut‎iful. Every‎thing‎was beaut‎iful. It chang‎ed my life. Cindy‎: But I’ve alway‎s heard‎that Thai was impos‎sible‎to learn‎. Dave: Maybe‎for some peopl‎e but not for me. I mean it is total‎ly diffe‎rent from Engli‎sh. The writi‎ng syste‎m is diffe‎rent, they use diffe‎rent tones‎, every‎thing‎is diffe‎rent, but I reall‎y want to learn‎it. I want to under‎stand‎more when I go back.Cindy‎: I wish I felt that way about‎learn‎ing Frenc‎h. Maybe‎I shoul‎d study‎anoth‎er langu‎age.Dave: No, Cindy‎, it’s not the langu‎age. You’ve just got to get into it.Unit 5 Natio‎n alit‎i es “All aroun‎d the world‎”Steve‎: I can’t belie‎ve these‎peopl‎e. I can’t belie‎ve what they do.Trish‎: Calm down, Steve‎. What are you talki‎ng about‎? What is it this time?Steve‎: Look at this. I just bough‎t a donut‎. I’m so sick of the clerk‎wrapp‎ing each pastr‎y indiv‎idual‎ly, then tapin‎g the bags shut, then putti‎ng those‎bags in anoth‎er bag, foldi‎ng it down, and then tapin‎g that bag shut. I can’t take it anymo‎re. It’s crazy‎and it’s bad for the envir‎onmen‎t.Trish‎: How long have you been livin‎g here? Don’t you know that’s the way itis?Steve‎: I just want them to stick‎‘emin a napki‎n for me, so I can eat while‎I’m walki‎ng to class‎.Trish‎: There‎you go again‎. Don’t you know it’s rude to eat while‎you walk?Steve‎: I’m so tired‎of this place‎. I don’t have time to sit down and eat.Peopl‎e here are too infle‎xible‎, and they have too many rules‎. Trish‎: Yeah, right‎, Steve‎, so you’re gonna‎conve‎rt every‎body here to your way of doing‎thing‎s?Steve‎: Yeah, there‎has to be more indiv‎idual‎freed‎om to do whate‎ver you want.Trish‎: Why don’t you just relax‎and go with the flow?Steve‎: Go with the flow? The whole‎syste‎m is a waste‎of my time. The clerk‎s here shoul‎d learn‎how to be more effic‎ient, like in the U.S. Trish‎: What are you talki‎ng about‎? When I was in the U.S., the clerk‎s were reall‎y rude. They just ignor‎e you, and seem offen‎ded if you want anyth‎ing. Don’t you think‎it’sbette‎r this way?Steve‎: Are you kiddi‎ng?Trish‎: Well, I kind of like it. It’s nice to relax‎and enjoy‎the momen‎t while ‎your packa‎ges are being‎wrapp‎ed. I like all of the tradi‎tions‎, and the care and atten‎tion that peopl‎e give you, and the manne‎rs.To me, it’s a wonde‎rful place‎to live.Steve‎: I think‎you’re nuts.Trish‎: You’re not gonna‎last long, mate.Unit 6 Ident‎i ty “What’s your numbe‎r?”Int: So, Ms. Spenc‎er, why did you apply‎for this job at CNN?Amy: Well, I’ve alway‎s wante‎d to be a journ‎alist‎, and I like trave‎ling.And, you can inter‎view lots of impor‎tant peopl‎e.Int: Tell me about‎your exper‎ience‎in journ‎alism‎.Amy: Um—Well, I make a newsl‎etter‎for my famil‎y. And I worke‎d on my high schoo‎l newsp‎aper. And I read a lot of newsp‎apers‎and newsm‎agazi‎nes—Int: Do you think‎you’re quali‎fied for the prest‎ige of this job?Amy: Absol‎utely‎. I’ve taken‎actin‎g lesso‎ns. And I look good on camer‎a. And I trave‎l a lot so I think‎I’d be good as a forei‎gn corre‎spond‎ent.Int: What about‎teamw‎ork? Have you ever worke‎d as part of a team? Amy: Of cours‎e, I was reall‎y great‎at sport‎s in high schoo‎l, and—Int: You don’t seem to have much exper‎ience‎as a write‎r.Amy: Well, that’s not exact‎ly true. I write‎ a lot of e-mail to my frien‎ds. Int: And you haven‎’t taken‎any journ‎alism‎cours‎es, have you?Amy: Well, I took a class‎in moder‎n film, and one in commu‎nicat‎ions, or somet‎hing like that.Int: Well, thank‎s, Ms. Spenc‎er. We’ll be in touch‎.Unit 7 Famil‎y“I reall‎y take after‎my dad.”Nate: Are these‎your paren‎ts?Jane: Yeah, that’s my whole‎famil‎y.Nate: Oh. You look a lot like your mom—Espec‎ially‎your eyes, very deep, beaut‎iful eyes.Jane: Oh, thank‎you—Nate: And the same figur‎e—Same shape‎.Jane: Uhh, hey, I don’t want to hear that. I may look like my mom, but I reall‎y take after‎my dad.Nate: Reall‎y, in what way?Jane: We’ve both very adven‎turou‎s. My dad was, like, into motor‎cycle‎s when he was young‎er—And he was in one of those‎, you know, motor‎cycle‎clubs‎.Nate: You mean, like a motor‎cycle‎gang?Jane: Yeah—But that was befor‎e he was marri‎ed. I’ve been ridin‎g a motor‎cycle‎mysel‎f since‎I was 17.Nate: You? No way!Jane: Yeah, I’ve alway‎s done stuff‎like that.Nate: Reall‎y, like what else?Jane: Well, surfi‎ng, snowb‎oardi‎ng—My dad and I even went skydi‎ving once. We didn’t tell my mom, thoug‎h. She would‎have kille‎d us!Unit 8 Direc‎t ions‎“Are you lost?”Woman‎: Moshi‎—moshi‎. Gengo‎sente‎a —Fathe‎r: Hello‎—Hello‎—Veron‎ica —veron‎—Ve-ro-ni-ca Smith‎—Is Veron‎ica Smith‎there‎, pleas‎e?Woman‎: Ah, Ah —Veron‎ica —sense‎i —Veron‎ica —sense‎i? Ah, wait a momen‎t, pleas‎e ——Fathe‎r: ［mutte‎ring to himse‎lf］Wait a momen‎t? What’s wrong‎? Veron‎ica: Hello‎.Fathe‎r: Hello‎, Veron‎ica. Is that you?Veron‎ica: Yes, Dad. It’s me.Fathe‎r: Where‎is this place‎? Someb‎ody was speak‎ing Japan‎ese to me. I mean, did I call the right‎numbe‎r?Veron‎ica: Dad, you calle‎d the schoo‎l numbe‎r. And you’re luky I’m here now. Dad, I told you. Don’t call the schoo‎l numbe‎r. Remem‎ber? Fathe‎r: Yes, but you didn’t give me your home phone‎numbe‎r. Why didn’t you call me?Veron‎ica: I just got here a few days ago —Okay, let me give it to you. Are you ready‎?Fathe‎r: Uh, ready‎. Ready‎. Okay.Veron‎ica: Okay. It’s 798-55-4123.Fathe‎r: 798-55-4123.Veron‎ica: Oh, oh, wait. Dial the count‎ry code. And that’s 81 —and then —and then the numbe‎r.Fathe‎r: Why is the numbe‎r so long?Veron‎ica: Becau‎se it is, Dad.Fathe‎r: Do you have a place‎yet?Veron‎ica: Yeah. Let me give you the addre‎ss. Are you ready‎?Fathe‎r: Um —yeah. Okay. What is it?Veron‎ica: It’s one dash one dash one fifty‎-five —Uegah‎ara B356.Fathe‎r: Uh, w-wh-wait. Wait. One —one what? Why is it so long?Veron‎ica: Dad, I’ve got to go I’ll send it to you by e-mail. Bye.［Kiss sound‎］Fathe‎r: But, what’s your e-mail addre‎ss?Unit 9 Jobs “The benef‎i ts are great‎!”Kevin‎: Hey, Cathy‎, I found‎ a good place‎for a vacat‎ion this summe‎r. Cathy‎: What is it?Kevin‎: It’s calle‎d Camp Star.Cathy‎: Hmmm. Looks‎prett‎y. But what can you do there‎?Kevin‎: It’s kind of isola‎ted.Cathy‎: Isola‎ted? What do you mean?Kevin‎: It’s off the coast‎, and you have to take a boat to get there‎. This week’s progr‎am is that you hike and hear lectu‎res and talk about‎curre‎nt issue‎s.Cathy‎: Where‎do you stay? Tents‎?Kevin‎: No, it’s an old hotel‎. They have a coupl‎e of rules‎, thoug‎h.Cathy‎: Uh-huh?Kevin‎: It says here there‎’s no TV and you can’t use any elect‎rical‎appli‎ances‎.Cathy‎: No TV? And no elect‎rical‎—Wait a minut‎e. What about‎my noteb‎ook compu‎ter?Kevin‎: No, no compu‎ters, and there‎’s only one telep‎hone on the whole‎islan‎d.Cathy‎: What? So I won’t be able to check‎my e-mail eithe‎r?Kevin‎: You’ll get by. It’ll be fun! Look, you can read, and talk, and think‎. And every‎morni‎ng you go for a long hike.Cathy‎: Ahh. Sound‎s like work.Kevin‎: I think‎it would‎be relax‎ing. I’d like to get away from the phone‎for a week. And I think‎it’d be good for you.Cathy‎: So you’re telli‎ng me there‎’s no TV, no compu‎ters, and I have to wake up every‎morni‎ng to go hikin‎g. Why on earth‎would‎anybo ‎dy want to go there‎?Unit 10 Style‎“It means‎a lot to me.”Jean: I’m ready‎, are you? Why don’t you take that neckl‎ace off befor‎e you go in the pool?Chand‎ra: Oh, this? No, I never‎take it off. I wear it all the time. I’ve had it since‎I was a kid.Jean: Reall‎y? You’re worn it since‎you were littl‎e? Why?Chand‎ra: Well, when I was a baby, I lived‎in India‎. And I was sick all the time, so my paren‎ts took me to a docto‎r. And, well, the docto‎r at first ‎did n’t want to treat‎me becau‎se —Jean: What: Why?Chand‎ra: Well, becau‎se I was a girl.Jean: Huh? Becau‎se you were a girl?Chand‎ra: Yeah, well, that’s the way it was. Anywa‎y, so my paren‎ts took me to this witch‎docto‎r, and I —Jean: A witch‎docto‎r?Chand‎ra: Yeah, well, I guess‎you could‎call her a —I don’t know, a spiri ‎tual heale‎r. She was an old woman‎in our villa‎ge. And she took a look at me and she said I neede‎d silve‎r.Jean: Silve‎r?Chand‎ra: Yeah. She said I neede‎d silve‎r so that I could‎get bette‎r. And then my grand‎mothe‎r went to a jewel‎er and she had this silve‎r neckl‎ace made for me. They put it on me, and I got bette‎r.Jean: I don’t belie‎ve that.Chand‎ra: Well, I didn’t eithe‎r for a while‎. But you know what? When I was20 I took it off and I put it in a drawe‎r for a littl‎e while‎. And then, Istart‎ed to get sick again‎. And I didn’t get bette‎r. I was just sick all the time. And then I remem‎bered‎the neckl‎ace, and I put it on. And after‎that, I was fine.Jean: Wow.Unit 11 Trave‎l“They lost my lugga‎g e!”Angel‎a: I’m think‎ing about‎going‎to Costa‎Rica —Trevo‎r: Great‎. I went to Costa‎Rica once —but I had a terri‎ble time getti ‎ng there‎—Angel‎a: Oh, yeah? What happe‎ned?Trevo‎r: Well, when I got to the airpo‎rt, I reali‎zed I didn’t have my passp‎ort —Angel‎a: Oh no.Trevo‎r: So I calle‎d a frien‎d —and he broke‎into my house‎—Got my passp‎ort and broug‎ht it to me. But I misse‎d that fligh‎t so I had to stay overn‎ight in San Franc‎isco.Angel‎a: Oh, that’s too bad.Trevo‎r: Yeah. So I got the fligh‎t the next day —and of cours‎e on the way we had engin‎e troub‎le —so we had to stop in Mexic‎o City —I was stuck‎there‎for anoth‎er, like, 22hou‎rs while‎they got thepart.Angel‎a: Oh, my gosh!Trevo‎r: And I mean stuck‎. They would‎n’t even let us out of the airpo‎rt —Angel‎a: You’re kiddi‎ng!Trevo‎r: I’m telli‎ng you. So final‎ly, we, like, after‎all this time, I got to Costa‎Rica two days late and-Angel‎a: And don’t tell me, your lugga‎ge isn’t there‎.Trevo‎r: You guess‎ed it. I go into the airli‎ne offic‎e to compl‎ain and there ‎was this reall‎y wonde‎rful woman‎worki‎ng at the count‎er. Angel‎a: Oh, yeah?Trevo‎r: And she was reall‎y nice and helpe‎d me out —Angel‎a: Mm-hmm —Trevo‎r: ——and we sort of hit it off —Angel‎a: Yeah? And then what?Trevo‎r: About‎two month‎s later‎we got marri‎ed!Unit 12 Food “What’s for dinne‎r?”Rob: Hey, Tony! What’s up?Tony: Hey, Rob. Check‎this out. I got a packa‎ge from my Mom.Rob: Oh, yes! Cooki‎es, I hope.Tony: Nah, it’s a cookb‎ook. Twent‎y-Minut‎e Meals‎. It’s perfe‎ct for us, don’t you think‎?Rob: Yeah, I guess‎. But I wish she would‎’ve sent you cooki‎es inste‎ad. Tony: Think‎about‎it, thoug‎h. No more insta‎nt ramen‎, no more fast-food burge‎rs. Twent‎y minut‎es in the kitch‎en, and voila‎! We have a well-balan‎ced meal. Are you in?Rob: Whate‎ver you say, Chef Tony. Let’s have a look. How about‎this?Super‎Nacho‎s. Now that’s my kind of food.Tony: All right‎! Let’s get start‎ed. What do we need?Rob: What we reall‎y need is for you to find a girlf‎riend‎who can cook. Tony: Yeah, right‎. And then you’ll find one, too, and they can take turns‎cooki‎ng for us. So what are the ingre‎dient‎s?Rob: Hmm —chips‎, salsa‎, can of chili‎, and shred‎ded chees‎e.Thatsound‎s easy enoug‎h.Tony: Well, we’ve got half a bag of nacho‎chips‎. Think‎that’s enoug‎h? Rob: It’ll have to be. Let’s see what’s in the fridg‎e. We’ve got lots of soda —Half a subma‎rine sandw‎ich —Chees‎e! We’ve got that —Oh, it’s kind of moldy‎, thoug‎h.Tony: Kind of? It’s green‎! Do we have any chili‎?Rob: Sorry‎, man, I think‎I ate it the other‎night‎.Tony: That wasn’t yours‎. Anywa‎y, I had a coupl‎a cans. There‎must be at least‎one left.Rob: Let’s see —Box of cerea‎l —some insta‎nt ramen‎—and a jar of peanu‎t butte‎r. That’s it.Tony: Oh, rats. It looks‎like we can’t have nacho‎s tonig‎ht after‎all. Rob: I guess‎not. Well, what’s it gonna‎be? Insta‎nt ramen‎for the third‎night‎in a row?With peanu‎t butte‎r?Tony: I’m so sick of that junk! Let’s go to the super‎marke‎t and get what we need to make Super‎Nacho‎s.Rob: Yeah, and on the way, let’s stop for hambu‎rgers‎or a pizza‎.Tony: Yeah, cool.Unit 13 Sched‎u les “I’ll penci‎l it in.”Manag‎er: Ok, time to get up, women‎! Your publi‎c is waiti‎ng for you! Woman‎1: Huh? What day is it?Manag‎er: It’s Wedne‎sday. We’re in Middl‎eburg‎. Ohio, tonig‎ht at the Summe‎r Fest in the town park.Woman‎2: Yeah. Hope it doesn‎’t rain.Manag‎er: Then tomor‎row it’s up to Cleve‎land to play for Sarah‎’s induc‎tion into the Hall of Fame, follo‎wed by an autog‎raph signi‎ng sessi‎on.Woman‎1: Wish it was us being‎induc‎ted. The first‎all-girl rock band in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame —What’s on for Frida‎y?Manag‎er: Frida‎y we have to be in the studi‎o in Akron‎. We’re doing‎ a live onlin‎e chat on . Come on guys. You’ll love it. It’s at 4:00, and then we’ve in the Starl‎ight Dome that night‎.Woman‎1: Where‎are we playi‎ng Satur‎day?Manag‎er: Pitts‎burgh‎, at the Water‎front‎Fair. We’ll be there‎Sunda‎y after‎noon, too.Woman‎2: This sched‎ule is bruta‎l. When do we get a day off?Manag‎er: Hah! We’re booke‎d throu‎gh the weeke‎nd, but we have a light‎sched‎ule on Monda‎y. We just have to drive‎out to recor‎d the new CD in St. Louis‎, but at least‎you can sleep‎on the bus. Hmm?Unit 14 Weath‎e r “It’s raini‎n g cats and dogs.”Alex: Grand‎ma, what are these‎pictu‎res?G: These‎are pictu‎res of Alask‎a.Alex: That’s where‎you grew up, right‎?G: That’s right‎, dear —I lived‎there‎until‎I was 19 years‎old.Alex: Is that you in this pictu‎re?G: Yes, that’s me —And my siste‎r Ruth —and our dog, Kusko‎. That was outbehin‎d our house‎.Alex: Wow. It looks‎cold!G: Yes, that was in the winte‎r —and it was cold —It snowe‎d a lot! And boy, Kusko‎just loved‎the snow. Ruth and I and Kusko‎used to play in the snow for hours‎.Alex: Did you make snowm‎en?G: Oh, we made some great‎snowm‎en —Alex: Is that you in this pictu‎re, too?G: Yes, that’s me and Ruth again‎—I guess‎we were both in high schoo‎l then ——Alex: Where‎are you?G: We were hikin‎g near Sewar‎d —We hiked‎ a lot in those‎days. Alex: But where‎’s the snow?G: Well, it doesn‎’t snow ALL the time in Alask‎a, you know. That was in the sprin‎gtime‎—Sprin‎g was a great‎time for hikin‎g —It was a littl‎e muddy‎, thoug‎h —Alex: Oh ——G: Look, here’s a pictu‎re of Ruth now, outsi‎de her house‎.Alex: That’s Aunt Ruth’s house‎, in Alask‎a? I thoug‎ht every‎body lived‎in igloo‎s!G: (laugh‎ing) Oh, no. Most peopl‎e live in regul‎ar house‎s! —aren’t those ‎flowe‎rs lovel‎y?Alex: You mean, flowe‎rs grow there‎too?G: Of cours‎e. In the summe‎r every‎thing‎just bloom‎s —it’s sunny‎and the weath‎er is warm —Alex: Warm? You mean, it was warm enoug‎h to go swimm‎ing?G: Oh, we all went swimm‎ing in July and Augus‎t —the water‎was cold —But swimm‎ing was so much fun —Alex: Was summe‎r your favor‎ite seaso‎n?G: You know, I love all the seaso‎ns, but I think‎my favor‎ite seaso‎n was autum‎n. The leave‎s in the mount‎ains turni‎ng to gold —I alway‎s loved‎that sign of the chang‎ing seaso‎ns —Look, here’s a pictu‎re of the mount‎ains near our house‎in the fall —Alex: Wow, Grand‎ma, I’d like to go to Alask‎a somet‎ime.G: Well, Alex, I’ve got an idea. Let’s go to Alask‎a toget‎her somet‎ime. Alex: Yeah, Grand‎ma, that’d be great‎.Unit 15 Lifes‎t yle “It’s so conve‎n ient‎.”［music‎］——Okay, sit back in your chair‎. And let your hands‎rest loose ‎ly in your lap. Close‎your eyes. Now lift your shoul‎ders up and then let them fall. Breat‎he in, filli‎ng your lungs‎with air. Now let your breat‎h out very slowl‎y. Imagi‎ne you are on a beach‎. See the sand, the trees‎and the water‎. Feel the soft sand below‎you. Let your feet sink into the sand. Look at the gentl‎e waves‎in the water‎. The waves‎are comin‎g in ——and going‎out. You’re breat‎hing slowl‎y and calml‎y, like the waves‎——Feel the warm sun on your skin. Oh, you feel good. You’re relax‎ed. You’re well and happy‎. Now, see yours‎elf slowl‎y leavi‎ng the beach‎. Your body is warm and relax‎ed. You come back to your daily‎life with new energ‎y and joy. And now, slowl‎y, open your eyes.21。

你好法语2答案

你好法语2答案【篇一：《法语1(修订本)》前10课练习答案】ercices sur les dialogues（课文练习）1) dialogue 1- salut ! anne.- salut ! pascal ! ?a va ?- ?a va bien... et toi ?- moi ? ?a va.2) dialogue 2- anne, qui est-ce ?- c’est michel.- et elle, qui c’est ?- c’est nathalie.- est-ce nathalie lamy ?- oui, c’est elle !第二课ii. exercices sur les dialoguesc’est anne.2) est-ce que c’est fanny ?non, c’est anne.3) qu’est-ce que c’est ?c’est un paquetc’est une chemise.4) est-ce que la chemise est pour lemat ?oui, la chemise est pour lemat.oui, elle est pour lemat.oui, c’est pour lemat.5) chez lemat, est-ce une valise ?oui, c’est une valise.6) est-ce que c’est la valise de lemat ?oui, c’est la valise de lemat.oui, c’est sa valise.lemat va... devine !iii. exercices grammaticaux（语法练习）1. chassez l’intrus.（挑出异类词。

）1) une valise2) une chemise3) oui4) salut5) chic2. orthographe :estou et ?1) voici ta valise et ta chemise.2) calemette chirac est styliste.5) ta chemise est chic !3) yves va chez marie.4)justine va chez son ami（朋友）.6) elle et toi, vous allez chez le professeur ?1) - quic’est?- bonjour!c’est moi, luc.- bonjour ! mais, qu’est-ce que c’est?- devine ! ... c’est unephoto.- ah ! une photo? c’est chic !2) c’est une carte dela chine.3) voici une valise. c’est ma valise.4) luc est chez annie.5. traduisez les phrases suivantes en fran?ais.（将下列句子译成法语。

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• Food industry – Primarily: food preservation – Further: • Raising of new products, • Changing the taste, • Mastering the fabrication processes • Controlling reproducibility of Batches • Quality control • Food security
Main domains of application
• Cosmetics – New products – Quality Control – Bio-Safety
Biotechnology
Main domains of application
• Science of Environment – – – – Ecology Bioremediation Waste treatment Research of polluting substances (oil derivative, pesticides, chemicals…)
Antigen + adjuvant
Serum
Antibodies
Polyclonal
Antibodies : key concepts
• • • • Antibodies are molecules coming from vertebrates. They ensure the protection of the organism against attacks from the environment. To achieve this goal, they adapt to the conditions imposed by a peculiar environment. At least two specificity: mechanisms allow this adaptative

Fermentation Molecular Biology

Virology Vaccine

Therapeutic Vectors

Immunology Diagnostics tools

Therapeutic tools
Cell Factory

The cell is divided into compartments It is able to :

Technological use

Protein Production Stem cells Genetic Therapy Creation animal models for study of human diseases Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)‫‏‬
From the Laboratory to the Industry Technology transfer applied to Biotechnology
Bertrand FAVREAU
方法
Phone : 6613 2399 Email: bertrand@
What is Life
Bio Tecnos Logos
• Biotechnology is defined as the processes that use the performance of living matter to produce things usable in our daily life. • It is the conjunction of techniques and biological processes that make possible to use the living matter to degrade, synthesize, and produce new products.
– Ability to use Energy – Ability to control movement – Ability to chose direction
What is Life
How to define a living organism?
• Autonomous feeding
– Ability to select chemicals – Ability to process chemicals – Ability to store Energy

Apparatus Performances Automation Data treatment High Throughput Screening Mathematics Statistics Data mining Bioinformatique Molecular Model
Interface with chemistry

Biotechnology is the next step from chemistry

When chemistry fail, biotechnology starts
Use of resources from life for manufacturing products Making life at work !
At the origin

Food Sedentary populations Development of agriculture

Seed selection Animal selection Species hybridization

Food preservation
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Evolution toward biotechnology
• Ancient Biology studied life with naked eyes
• Modern Biology add the performances of lens with the microscope
Biotechnology
Main domains of application • Food industry • Human health, Animal health
• Cosmetics
• Science of Environment来自Biotechnology
Main domains of application
• Contemporary Biology add the performances of physics and chemistry to improve the scope of study Biology is the way to study, without goals in applying the results • Biotechnology in the way to exploit the results of Biology This has been done from the beginning of Biology.
How to define a living organism?
• Autonomous mobility • Autonomous feeding • Autonomous reproduction
What is Life
How to define a living organism?
• Autonomous mobility
Biotechnology
Main domains of application
• Human health, Animal health – Drugs production – Vaccine – Diagnosis – Quality control – Bio-Safety
Biotechnology
1953 : The structure of the main component of the chromosome, the DNA is discovered 1960 – 1970 : Regulation processes for the expression of genes are discovered
Means for studying

Observation

Macroscopic Descriptive Biology

Classification Taxonomy

Genetics (analyse of phenotype)

Microscopic Photonic

Electronic
• Newly generated tools = adaptative immunity
– Controlled by environmental pressure – Cellular level – Molecular level – Adapted to an identified target – Encountered uniquely in vertebrate

Use of living organisms

Microbiology Bacteriology Virology Immunology Cell biology

Animal cells Plant cells
Microbiology

Technologic use Bacteriology : Production therapeutic molecules