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小学英语语法大全(完整版)(可打印)

小学英语语法大全(完整版)(可打印)

小学英语语法大全第一章名词一、定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。

它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。

二、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词如:john is a studentstudent是普通名词,john是专有名词普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。

2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。

3. 专有名词专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。

三、名词的数1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词——可以数的名词不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridgefood?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式many+可数名词复数much/a little+不可数名词some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。

3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词对可数名词的数量提问用how many对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。

注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。

如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。

初中英语语法大全 68页 word电子版

初中英语语法大全 68页 word电子版

初中英语语法大全目录一、词类、句子成分和构词法 61、词类 62、句子成分 63、构词法 6二、名词71、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类72、英语可数名词的单复数73、名词所有格84、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题85、部分名词用法辨析9sport、game、match、race 的区别9festival、holiday、vacation的区别9journey、tour、trip、travel的区别9sound、noise、voice的区别 10fish的问题10三、代词101、代词的分类102、人称代词103、物主代词114、反身代词115、指示代词116、关系代词127、连接代词128、不定代词129、部分代词用法辨析13(1)some和any 的用法13(2)no和none的用法13(3)all和both的用法13(4)every和each用法13(5)either和neither的用法13(6)other、the other和another的用法 13(7)many和much的用法 14(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法 14(9)复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody14(10)one与ones的用法14(11) that,it和one的用法14(12) that, the one, one的用法 14(13)so的用法14(14)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的区别14(15)none、no one、nobody的区别1510、相互代词1511、疑问代词15四、数词151、分类152、基数词153、序数词164、数词的用法17五、冠词181、冠词分类及读法 182、不定冠词a / an的用法183、定冠词the的用法184、一些不用冠词的情况19六、形容词、副词191、形容词192、有关形容词的用法辨析20⑴ whole与all 20⑵ tall与high, short与low 20⑶ real与true 20⑷ interested与interesting 20⑸ such和so 20⑹ good与well 20⑺ nice与fine 20⑻ too much与much too 20⑼ quick、fast与soon 20⑽ lonely与alone 20⑾ other与else 21⑿ special与especial21⒀ gone、lost、missing 21⒁ living、alive、live、lively 21⒂ sick与ill 21⒃ the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们) 213、副词21副词的分类 21副词在句子中的位置以及作用22有关副词的的用法辨析23(1) as…as…词组23(2) later、after、ago、before 23(3) above、below、over、under 23(4) too、also、either、nor 23(5) enough、too、so、very、quite、very much 23(6) sometimes、sometime、some times 、some time24(7) how、what用于感叹句的用法:24(8) already、yet 24(9) hard与hardly 24(10) like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best 24(11) “quite/what+a+形容词+名词”24(12) how 的几个短语24(13) much、more与most 24(14) no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer 24(15) 被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间24(16) too...to...与so...that (24)(17) 既是形容词也是副词的单词25(18) farther与further 25(19) rather与quite 25(20) maybe、possibly、perhaps 25(21) most、mostly 25(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of 25(23) almost、nearly 25(24) a bit与a little 25(25) long before和before long 264、形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级 26七、介词281、介词的主要用法 282、介词的分类表283、介词短语的句法作用284、介词短语在句子中的位置285、重要注释29八、动词311、动词的分类:31(1) 关于实义动词31(2) 关于连系动词31(3) 关于助动词 32(4) 关于情态动词322、动词词形变化一览表333、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化334、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表335、八种时态的具体用法34一般现在时 34一般过去时 34一般将来时 35现在进行时 35过去进行时 35现在完成时 35过去完成时 36过去将来时 36现在完成进行时376、被动语态377、动词的非谓语形式38(1)动词的非谓语形式38(2)动词不定式38(3)动名词40(4)分词 418、动词用法辨析41(1)“Why not+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)41(2) seem(好象)的用法41(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法42(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法 42(5) be sure (确信)的用法 42(6)make 与do的用法42(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法 42(8)like、love与enjoy的用法42(9)study、learn的用法42(10)think、want、would like的用法43(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法43(12)listen to、hear的用法43(13)look、see、watch、read的用法43(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法43(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法43(16)be able to(do)、can的用法43(17)there be、have的用法44(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法44(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法44(20)hope、wish的用法44(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法44(22)begin、start的用法44(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法44(24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的区别45(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的区别45(26)beat,win与lose的用法45(27)grow、plant、keep的区别45(28)fall、drop的区别45(29)join、join in、take part in的区别:45(30)beat、hit、strike的用法45(31)carry on、carry out的区别45(32)be amazed与be surprised的区别 46(33)warn的用法46(34)think of、think about与think over等短语的区别46(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等词语用法 46(36)deserve(应该,应得)的用法46九、连词46连词用法辨析46(1)because、as、since、for的用法46(2)if、whether的区别47(3)while、when、as的用法区别47(4)till/until与not…till/until的区别47(5)though与although的区别47(6)prefer to…,rather than…与prefer…to…的区别47十、简单句 481、简单句的特点482、简单句的种类483、陈述句48陈述句的肯定式48陈述句的否定式484、疑问句48一般疑问句 48特殊疑问句 49反意疑问句 50选择疑问句 505、祈使句506、感叹句50十一、句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语511、主语512、谓语513、宾语524、表语535、定语536、状语547、宾语补足语54十二、简单句的五种基本句型54十三、并列复合句551、基本概念552、常见的并列句55十四、主从复合句551、概念552、分类553、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法 56(1) 表语从句56(2) 宾语从句56(3) 状语从句56(4) 定语从句57(5) 主语从句57十五、直接引语和间接引语 581、直接引语和间接引语582、直接引语改变为间接引语:58十六、倒装句58一、词类、句子成分和构词法1、词类英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

《新概念英语》第二册语法精粹-打印版

《新概念英语》第二册语法精粹-打印版

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小学英语语法大全(完整版)(可打印)

小学英语语法大全(完整版)(可打印)

小学英语语法大全第一章名词一、定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。

它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。

二、分类1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词如:john is a studentstudent是普通名词,john是专有名词普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。

2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。

3. 专有名词专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。

三、名词的数1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词——可以数的名词不可数名词——数不清(没有复数)drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridgefood?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式many+可数名词复数much/a little+不可数名词some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。

3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词对可数名词的数量提问用how many对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。

注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。

如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。

英语语法大全(适合打印)

英语语法大全(适合打印)

十二大基础语法体系对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。

每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。

其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。

著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。

因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。

一、英语动词的时态(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:英语的词类与汉语的不同。

汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。

英语就不同了,book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。

动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。

有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。

同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。

(二)英语动词的形式:英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。

因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。

英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:(1)动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。

主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。

(2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。

(3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。

(4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。

(5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。

动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。

动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词。

规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。

如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成,规则如下表:为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。

英语语法入门 崔荣容(已经整理,可打印)

英语语法入门 崔荣容(已经整理,可打印)

英语语法入门崔荣容之老阳三干创作第一讲语序和五种基本句式He learns English every day.他每天学习英语.(中英语序不合)英语五种基本句式一、主+谓二、主+系+表系动词:起到联系作用的动词,连接主语与表语.表语:描述主语的身份、性质、特征、状态三、主+谓+宾主语:动作收回者谓语:作出的动作宾语:动作的对象四、主+谓+间宾+直宾间宾:通常是人直宾:通常是物五、主+谓+宾+宾补宾补:对宾语的弥补说明一、主+谓The universe remains.宇宙长存中英文语序一致二、主+系+表The food is delicious.这个食物很好吃中英文语序一致三、主+谓+宾He took his bag and left.(left是第二个谓语)他拿着他的包离开了中英文语序一致四、主+谓+间宾+直宾Her father bought her a dictionary. buy sb sth(双宾语)她爸爸给她买了一本词典(her与 a dictionary,两个宾语,一个是人、一个是物)中英文语序一致五、主+谓+宾+宾补We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长(him与 our monitor,都是指同一团体,our monitor是对him 的弥补说明)中英文语序一致Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成!第二讲 be动词的形式和用法一、be动词的形式:be、am、is、are、was、were、being 、been1、 The man is back.2、 They are back.3、 He was back.4、 They were back.5、 They have been back.6、I’ll be back.上述“back”是副词,组成主系表结构.二、be动词的用法:起到联系前后的作用(一般翻译为“是”,或无实意而不作翻译),多用于主系表结构.后面接名词、形容词、地点副词或短语作补足语成分.1、 The man is a teacher. a teacher是名词2、Mary’s new dresses are colorful. colorful是形容词3、 My mother was in the kitchen. in the kitchen是地点副词.4、 I am 20. 数词也可做表语5、It’s me. 代词也可做表语三、be动词的练习1、他们是老师They are teachers.2、他曾是一名老师He was a teacher before.3、他已经当了3年的老师He has been a teacher for 3 years.第三讲 be动词的否认/提问/回答一、be动词的否认在am、is、are、was、were后面加not缩略式am not,isn’t,aren’t,wasn’t,weren’t1、The man isn’t back.2、 I am not back.3、They aren’t back.4、He wasn’t back.5、They weren’t back.二、使用be动词提问和回答Is he a teacher?Yes,he is./No,he isn’t.Are you a teacher?Yes,I am./No,I am not.Were they teachers?Yes,they were./No,they weren’t.三、be动词的练习:1、他是医生吗?Is he a doctor?不,他不是No,he isn’t.2、他们昨天在教室吗?Were they in the classroom yesterday? Yes,they were./No,they weren’t.3、他们昨天不在教室They weren’t in the classroom yesterday.第四讲代词的主格和宾格主格代词:I he she it you we they1、I am a teacher.2、He is a teacher.3、You are teachers.宾格代词:me him her it you us them1、 He likes me.2、 We like her.3、 I like them.练习1、我喜欢它I like it.2、他们认识他They know him.第五讲名词性/形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词:(后接名词)单数形式:my your his/her/its one’s单数形式:our your their1、 This is my book.2、 We love our motherland.3、 Those are your socks.名词性物主代词:单数形式:mine yours his/hers/its one’s单数形式:ours yours theirs1、 The book is ours.2、 The apple is hers.练习1、我的老师是中国人My teacher is Chinese.2、这个电脑是他们的This computer is theirs.3、我们的书在书架上第六讲反身代词单数myself yourself himself herself itself 单数ourselves yourselves themselves反身代词的用法:(指某人自己,通常是主语的“自己”)1、 Please help yourself to some fish.请随便吃些鱼吧yourself在动词help后作宾语;2、Weenjoyedourselveslast;ourselves在动词enjoyed后作宾语;3、Thethingitselfisnotimp;反身代词itself在名词Thething后作同;练习;1、Takegoodcareof (yoursel;2、Shegainedcontrolof(her;第七讲实意动词的yourself在动词help后作宾语.2、 We enjoyed ourselves last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心ourselves在动词enjoyed后作宾语.3、 The thing itself is not important.这件事自己不重要反身代词itself在名词The thing后作同位语,起到解释、说明名词的作用.练习1、 Take good care of(yourself )照顾好??2、 She gained control of (herself ) 控制住了??第七讲实意动词的特征实意动词come go read watch play fly1、He comes from Shenyang.实意动词comes作谓语,后接介词短语from Shenyang作宾语动词come 有一般现在时“单三”的变更2、She is reading story books.实意动词reading作谓语,后接动词story books作宾语动词read有现在进行时的变更3、They went to America yesterday.动词go 有一般过去时“went”的变更4、We have watched the game for three times.动词watch 有现在完成时“watched”的变更现在完成时:动作已经产生或对现在造成影响5、My mother will fly back to China next month. 一般将来时:will+动词原形总结:实意动词有时态与数量(三单)上的变更练习:1、他昨天来上海了He came to ShangHai yesterday.2、我们正在写作业We are writing homework.3、他们读这本书已经读3遍了They have read this book three times.第八讲实意动词的否认/提问/回答(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用助动词进行否认在助动词do does did后面加notdo not/don’tdoes not/doesn’tdid not/didn’t例句:1.I don’t go to school by bus.2.She doesn’t watch TV everyday.3.They didn’t swim last night.使用助动词进行提问1. He often plays golf.Does he often play golf?Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t.2. They go to school by bus.Do they go to school by bus?Yes they do./No,they don’t.3. Sam had breakfast yesterday. Did Sam have breakfast yesterday? Yes,he did./No,he didn’t.练习:1. 他每天都学英语吗?Does he learn English everyday?是的,他每天都学英语Yes,he does.2. Tom昨天没吃早饭Tom didn’t have breakfast yesterday.第九讲使用疑问词进行提问和回答(1)(一般现在时与一般过去时)使用疑问词进行提问when,where,who,what,how时间、地点、人物、干什么、怎样例句 He bought three books yesterday.1 2 31. Who bought three books yesterday?对主语提问,原语序不变2. What did he buy yesterday?对宾语提问时,将助动词提前,并还原动词.3. When did he buy three books?对状语提问时,将助动词提前,并还原动词. They wanted to go to ShangHai by air.1 2 31. Who wanted to go to ShangHai by air?2. Where did they want to go by air?3. How did they want to go to ShangHai?第十讲使用疑问词进行提问和回答(2)使用疑问词进行提问how long, how far, how often, why多长时间,多远, 多长时间一次,为什么1. They have been in China for three years.How long have they been in China? 对时间状语提问 2.It is about 4000 kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an. How far is it from Beijing to Xi’an?3.They come to visit me once a week.How often do they come to visit me?4. She came late, because she missed the bus.Why did she come late?练习:1. 他们学汉语多长时间了?How long have they learned Chinese?2. 你多长时间看一次电影?How often do you watch movies?3. 你的家离学校多远?How far is it from your house to your school?第十一讲名词代表事物的词,包含具体和抽象的事物名词分两类:1.可数名词:是指数得过来的概念.如apple\pencil\student 可数名词有单数和单数之分apple-applespencil-pencilstomato-tomatoes2.不成数名词:无法计算的数量或抽象概念.如salt\coffee\water\(history\love抽象)不成数名词无单数,只用单数暗示salt-saltcoffee-coffeewater-water3.可数名词变单数规则:(1)一般末尾加后缀-s,friend-friends(2)以s\z\x\ch\sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加后缀-es,bus-buses(3)子音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改动成i,再加es,candy-candies (除a e i o u以外的字母为子音字母)(4)以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es.tomato-tomatoes,hippo-hippos缩写(从非英语国家引进的词汇为外来词,如madam是从法国引进的外来词)3、可数名词前可加a(an)或量词,有单数变更以元音开头的名词前加an,以子音开头的名词前加a,暗示一个. apple——an apple——apples——a box of apples 量词Tomato——a tomato——tomatoes——a bag of tomatoes 量词4、不成数名词前不成加a(an),没有单数,但前面可以加量词.Coffee——a cup of coffee练习:He bought me (a box of chocolate )一盒巧克力(abike)一辆自行车;第十二讲代词:指示代词和不定代词;指示代词(特指):标识人或事物的代词,用来代替前;经常使用的:this\these\that\thos;不定代词(泛指):指代不确定的人或事物;经常使用的:one\theother\some\an;练习;1.(These)teachersarefrom;这些教师都是中国来的;2.Iknow(nothing)(a bike) 一辆自行车第十二讲代词:指示代词和不定代词指示代词(特指):标识人或事物的代词,用来代替前面已提到的名词.经常使用的:this\these\that\those This is his book. Those apples were his.不定代词(泛指):指代不确定的人或事物.经常使用的:one\the other\some\any\something\nothing 例: No one knows where he is. 没人知道他在哪儿 Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the others want to go to Xi’an.一些男孩想去上海,其他人想去西安 Each of the students has got a book. 每个学生都有一本书.练习1.(These)teachers are from China.这些教师都是中国来的.2.I know(nothing )about this person.我对这团体一无所知3.I have (something)to tell you.我有事要告知你第十三讲形容词1、形容词通常形容人或事物的状态、性质、大小等,通经常使用在名词前,be动词后beautiful-beautiful girlThe girl is beautiful.2、The+形容词=单数名词(暗示一类),作主语时,后面的动词使用单数的相应格局.old-the old 老的—老年人(一类人、单数名词) young-the young 年轻的—年轻人(一类人、单数名词) The old need more care than the young. The old是单数名词,后面的动词need不克不及用三单的格局.3、练习:(1)She is a ( good )student.她是一个好学生.(2)This bike is ( expensive )这辆自行车很贵(3)( The rich )sometimes complain their empty life. 穷人有时埋怨他们空虚的生活第十四讲副词1、副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及其他结构.一般表程度.He runs fast.She is very beautiful. very修饰形容词beautiful They work very hard.副词的位置(1)按照情况,放在助动词之后,实意动词之前或之后(2)形容词之前,其它副词之前或之后(3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后 He speaks very fast.fast在实意动词speak之后,在其它副词very之后. They have already left. already在助动词have后 They have already been repaired. already在第一个助动词have后2、经常使用的频度副词(always\usually\often\sometimes\never??)的位置通常放在实意动词前面,be动词后面,助动词和实意动词之间. They always come early. Sam often writes homework at 7:00.练习:1、Please write the word( slowly)(慢慢地)2、They (sometimes)come here. (有时)3、The tree is ( very )tall.(很是)第十五讲不定量表达法(1)不确定数量的表达法,用不确定的数量词来限定名词 Some any most every all1. some,any都暗示“一些”,后面接可数名词单数、不成数名词单数.some主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定回答时,也可用在疑问句中.any主要用在否认和疑问句中.I’d been expecting some letters the whole morning,but there weren’t any for me.2. most作形容词时暗示“大部分的”,后面接单数名词 Most people here are from China.3. every暗示“每一个、所有”,后面接单数名词. Every one likes the film.4. all暗示“所有”,后面接可数名词单数、不成数名词单数. All the cars are parked in the parking lot. All the coffee is served on time.练习:1. Some boys went camping yesterday.(一些)2. All the children like to play football.(所有的)3. Most teachers want to work here.(大多数)第十六讲不定量表达法(2)1. both暗示“两者都”,可作形容词、代词和副词,either是“两者之一”,neither是“两者都不”. Both his eyes were severely burned. There are trees on either side of the street. Neither answer is correct.2. many修饰可数名词,暗示“许多”;much修饰不成数名词,暗示“许多”.a lot of(lots of)、plenty of均可修饰可数与不成数名词.many books much watera lot of/lots of books/water练习:1. Both the hands are washed.(两个都)2. Xiaowang drank much (a lot of )coffee last night.(很多)第十七讲不定量表达法(3)1.a few,为肯定含义“几个”;few,为否认含义“没几个”,以上两个词均和可数名词单数连用.A few books are put into the box.Few books are put onto the box.2.a little为肯定含义“一点儿”,little为否认含义“没多点”,以上两个词均可和不成数名词连用.There is a little water in the bottle.There is little water in the bottle.3. none和no one的意思相同,主要作代词,翻译为“一个也不,一点也不”,用法稍有区别.none可以接of短语,动词可用单数也可用单数.no one不克不及接of短语,动词只能用单数. No one knows the answer. None of us have(has)arrived.练习: A few books are put into the box. (几本) There is a little water in the bottle. (一点儿) None of us have(has) arrived. (没有一个)第十八讲 There/Here be句型1.There/Here+be,按照上下文,有多种翻译办法,可以翻译成“有”、“是”,be动词按照后面的名词有单单数变更. There is a book on the bookshelf. 有?? There are some books on the bookshelf. 有?? Here is the bus stop. 这儿是?? Here are your books. 这儿是??如Here are your books的正常语序为Your books are here,主语是Your books,are是be动词,here就表语,所以,There/Here+be为倒装句,实质为主系表结构.练习:1. There is a lot of water in the bottle.(有)2. Here is your car.(这是)3. There are many students in the room.(有)第十九讲一般现在时和现在进行时1.一般现在时:暗示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或动作.主语是单数第三人称,动词有单三的变更,主语是非第三人称单数时,动词为原形.They often get up at 7:00.He often gets up at 7:00.一般现在时,动词的单三变更:;(1)在动词尾直接加-s,如:play—play;(2)以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es,;(3)以子音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加;一般现在时否认和疑问句用do、does帮忙组成;Hedoesn'tlikethecar.;Doeshelikethecar?;Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn&一般现在时,动词的单三变更:(1)在动词尾直接加-s,如:play—plays(2)以字母s、x、ch或o结尾的动词加-es,如:guess—guesses(3)以子音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,如:Study—studies一般现在时否认和疑问句用do、does帮忙组成He doesn't like the car.Does he like the car?Yes,he does./No,he doesn't.They don't like the car.Do they like the car?Yes,they do./No,they don't.2.现在进行时暗示现在正在进行或产生的动作.句中通常有now等时间副词呼应,基本组成形式为be+doing.They are watching TV.He is watching TV.I am watching TV.动词现在分词的变更规则:(1)一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing,如work-working(2)动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去e加ing,如take-taking(3)重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing,如:cut-cutting(4)以-ie结尾的动词,变y再加-ing,如:lie-lying现在进行时变否认句和疑问句时,将be动词否认或提前.(1)They aren't watching TV. Are they watching TV?(2)He isn't watching TV. Is he watching TV?(3)Am I watching TV?Yes,you are./No,you aren't.练习:1. He works (work) very late every day.2. Do you study English yourself?Yes, I do.3. They are playing (play)soccer now.第二十讲一般过去时和过去进行时1.一般过去时暗示过去某个时间里产生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的行为.基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其他,一般动词在动词后面加ed,还有一些不规则动词有不规则变更.Play—played come—came1. He worked very hard last night.2. They came here by car.动词一般过去时变更规则:(1)一般在动词后加-ed.如:play—played(2)在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d.如:like—liked(3)在以“子音字母+y”结尾的动词后,改y为i,再加-ed.如:supply—supplied(4)在以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个子音字母的动词后,双写最后一个子音字母,再加-ed.如:plan—planned2.过去进行时暗示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或产生的动作.其形式为was/were+doing They were waiting for you. He was talking with his friends just now.练习:1. They went (go)swimming yesterday.2. Sam was watching (watch)TV at 7:00 last night.第二十一讲将来时一般将来时暗示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常产生的动作或状态.经常和暗示将来的时间状语连用.如:tomorrow (明天)next week (下周)in the future (将来)1.“助动词will或shall+动词原形”,暗示将要产生的事情.(1) They will go to Shanghai by ship tomorrow.(2) We shall leave for Shanghai next month.离开去上海2.“be going to+动词原形”用来暗示近期或事先考虑过的将要产生的动作以及已有迹象标明势必产生某事,意为“打算、就要”. They are going to play football this afternoon. She is going to learn French next year.3.“be doing”暗示位置转移的动词.如:go,come,leave, start,arrive,可用现在进行时暗示将来时.(1)They are leaving for Japan. 离开去日本 (2)She is arriving tomorrow.练习:1. They are coming (come)here soon.2. Sam is going to learn (learn)Chinese next month. will learn也可以3. Peter and Mike will finish(finish) the job tomorrow moring.第二十二讲完成时1. 现在完成时(have+p.p.),动作过去产生,已经完成,对现在造成影响或后果,动作可能还会持续,可使用的时间状语为:already(已经)和yet(还).(1) They have already arrived in Shanghai.(2) She has played soccer for 3 hours.(3)She hasn’t finished the homework yet.2. 过去完成时(had+p.p.),暗示句中的动词产生在过去之前,即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了一定的影响或后果.(1) They had arrived in Shanghai.(2) She had played soccer for 3 hours.(3)She hadn’t finished the work yet.练习:1. He has stopped (stop)the car outside.2. She hasn’t been (not be)to Sichuan yet.3. Have they planned (plan) to stay here?第二十三讲动词的用法1.动词按照功效分为四类:实意动词(Notional Verb):有实际意义的动词系动词(Link Verb):起联系作用的动词助动词(Auxiliary Verb):帮忙组成句子成分的动词情态动词(Model Verb):有情态含义的动词,后接实意动词原形.(1)动词有数量和时态的变更,时态通常有三大时态:现在、过去和将来时.(2)按照动作进行的状态可分为:一般时、进行时和完成时(3)使用动词时通常将(1)和(2)结合,如:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时;现在进行时、过去进行时;现在完成时、过去完成时??? He goes to school every day. He went to hospital last night.动词形态变更总结:动词原形单三现在分词过去式过去分词 play plays playing played playedhave has having had hadgo goes going went gone第二十四讲情态动词(1)can/could/may/might1. can/could:①“能怎样”,暗示“现在/过去”的能力,可用be able to代替;②“可能怎样”,暗示客不雅可能性(can的可能性大);③“可以怎样”,通经常使用“can/could I”暗示请求和允许的语气,could更委婉. He can/could/is able to swim. 能He can/could come tomorrow. 可能来 Can/could I stay here? 可以留下吗?Can he sing an English song?Yes,he can./No,he can’t.2. may/might:①暗示可能性(may的可能性大);②通经常使用“may/might I”暗示请求、允许的语气,might更委婉. 口语中经常使用的回答:(1)May I smoke here?Yes, please.No, you can’t/mustn’t.(禁止、禁绝)(2)He may/might come here by bus.(3)May/might I join you?Yes, please./No, you can’t./No, you mustn’t.对may/might I开头的提问,肯定回答时,通经常使用“Yes, please.”.否认回答时,通经常使用“can’t(不克不及)”,慎用禁止性的“mustn’t(禁绝)”,一般不必“mayn;3.练习:;(1)ShecouldspeakFrenchbe;(2)Might/May/Could/Can(按;Yes,please.;第二十五讲情态动词(2)must/haveto/;1.must/haveto:“必须怎样”,暗示必;haveto有时态和数量的变更,而must无此变;Must和haveto二的“mustn’t(禁绝)”,一般不必“may not(可能不)表猜测,语气很弱”.3. 练习:(1)She could speak French before, but now she can’t.(2) Might/May/Could/Can(按语气程度排序)I come in?Yes, please.第二十五讲情态动词(2)must/have to/should/ought to1. must/have to:“必须怎样”,暗示必须、需要(must主不雅多一些、have to客不雅多一些,表“不克不及不”)have to有时态和数量的变更,而must无此变更.Must和have to两者的否认意义不大相同.如:You mustn’t go.你禁绝去.You don’t have to go.你不必去.You needn’t go. 你不必去.(1) You must get up early. 主不雅必须(2)It’s going to rain, I have to go home now.不克不及不对must和have to提问的否认回答,须用“needn’t和don’t have to”,暗示“不必”:Must I come here early tomorrow?No, you needn’t./No,you don’t have to.2. Should/ought to:“应该怎样”,暗示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to;should强调主不雅看法,而ought to强调客不雅要求.在疑问句中,通经常使用should代替ought to. You should/ought to do the job right now. Should they stay here now?练习:1.I must (必须)go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow.2.You should (应该)work harder than that.第二十六讲情态动词(3)need1. need:“需要”a. 作情态动词 He need come here early.He needn’t come here early. Need he come here early? Yes, he need./No, he needn’t.b. 作实义动词,有第三人称单数和时态的变更,可用作不定式need to do sth. He needs to come here early.He doesn’t need to come here early. Does he need to come here early?Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t.练习:1、You needn’t/don’t need to do it again.你不需要重复做了2、He needn’t/doesn’t need to worry about it. 这件事他无需担心3、 Does he need to do homework first?他需要先做作业吗?第二十七讲情态动词(4)had better/would rather1. had better暗示“最好做某事”,had虽然是过去式,但不表征过去,better后接动词原形. He had better eat more.You’d better finish it right now.2. would rather暗示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是??为好”,语感比“had better”要轻. You would rather deal with it now. 处理3. 否认形式辨别为:had better not+动词原形would rather not+动词原形He had better not eat more.You would rather not deal with it now.4. 练习: You had batter stay here.你最好待在这儿 I would rather not say it.我还是不说的好第二十八讲情态动词(5)used to +v/would +v1. used to,would暗示过去习惯性动作,可译为“过去经常??” a. used to可指过去的状态或情况,would指过去频频产生的动作. The novel used to be popular. 这小说过去很流行.b. would暗示过去频频产生的动作.如果某一动作无频频性,就不克不及用would,只能用used to.He would practice English every week.I used to live in Beijing.c. used to暗示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束,would则暗示有可能再产生. People used to believe that the earth was flat.平的 He would go to the park as soon as he was free.练习:1. The windows used to be open. 过去一直开着2. They would gather together every week. 聚在一起3. Sam used to play golf, but he doesn’t now.第二十九讲情态动词(6)否认和疑问1. 情态动词的否认:情态动词+ not+ v原形He can’t sing an English song. He may not know her. 可能不??He mustn’t go there. 禁绝He doesn’t have to go there.2. 使用情态动词进行提问:情态动词+主语+v原形Can he sing an English song?Yes,he can./No,he can’t.Must he go there?Yes,he must./No,he needn’t. (不必)Does he have to go there?Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t.May I smoke here?Yes, please.No, you can’t(不克不及)/mustn’t.(禁绝)练习:1. May I stay here? Yes,please.2. Must she go back now? No,she needn’t.3. Does he have to get up at 9:00? Yes,he does.第三十讲情态动词(7)情态动词+have+p.p.(+现在完成时)1.“情态动词+have+p.p.”:表达过去的事实;或推测的含义,表“可能已经??”.(但助动词should例外) He may/might have arrived. 他可能已经到了(可能性最小) He can/could have arrived. 他可能已经到了(可能性小) He must have arrived. 他准是已经到了(可能性大)可能性大小排序:must、can、could、may、might2. “should+have+p.p.”本应该??“needn’t+have+p.p.” 本不需要?? He should have arrived. 他本应该到了(但没到) They should have finished the work. 他本应该已经完成任务(但没完成)You needn’t have done so. 你本不需要那么做3. must + have+p.p. 准是已经??Can’t +have+p.p. 不成能已经?? He must have arrived. 他准是已经到了.He can’t have arrived. 他不成能已经到了.练习:1. He can/could/may/might(可能) have arrived.2. He must(准是) have arrived.3. You needn’t(本不需要) have done so.4. They should (本应该)have finished the work.5. He can’t (不成能)have arrived.第三十一讲主动语态(1)主动态的组成和含义1.如果主语是动作的承受者,则用动词的主动语态作谓语.2.主动语态的组成:be+过去分词(p.p.)?by sb.他被妈妈带到了美国. He is taken to America by his mother.3.主动语态有各类时态:Theinformati;一般时bedoneThebookwasbeing;进行时bebeingdoneThecompute;完成时have/has/hadbeendoneT;将来时willbedoneThecomputer;可能已经被用了;情态动词+完成时情态动词+have/hasbee;练习:(一个空一个时态)Theinforma3.主动语态有各类时态: The information is needed by us.一般时 be done The book was being read by him.进行时 be being done The computer has been used by her.完成时 have/has/had been done The room will be cleaned.将来时 will be done The computer could have been used by them.可能已经被用了情态动词+完成时情态动词+ have/has been done练习:(一个空一个时态) The information is needed.(need) The book was read.(read) The door has been opened.(open) The book was being read.(read) The computer had been used.(use) The computer could have been used.(use) The room will be cleaned.(clean)第三十二讲主动语态(2)主动态和情态动词结合1.主动语态也可以和情态动词结合:情态动词+be done 应该被??、必须被??等 can/could +be done may/might +be donemust/have to +be doneshould/ought to +be donehad better/would rather +be doneused to/would +be doneneed doing 需要被……need to be done 需要被??2.和情态动词结合的形式: The food could be taken away. 食品可以被带走 The food might be taken away. 食品可能被带走The food must be taken away. 食品必须被带走 The food should be taken away. 食品应该被带走 The food needs taking away. 食品需要被带走 The food had better be taken away. 食品最好被带走 Books used to be returned in two days.书过去经常在2天之内被归还.练习: The room may/might/can/could(可能)be cleaned. The door must (必须)be locked. The house should (应该)be furnished. The tree had better (最好)be watered now.第三十三讲主动语态(3)(by+行为者)可省略动作的行为者不明或不重要,或上下文中提到了行为者时,“by sb”可以省略.The information is needed.The books is being read.The door was opened.练习: The door is opened.(open)被打开了 The book is being read.(read)正读着 The computer has been used.(use)已经被用了 The pencil had been sharpened.(sharpen)已经被削尖了第三十四讲主动语态(4)主动语态疑问句1.主动语态的一般疑问句:助动词+主语+(其他助动词)+过去分词Is the information needed by him?Yes,it is./No,it isn't.Has the computer been used by her?Yes,it has./No,it hasn't.Will the room be cleaned?Yes,it will./No,it won't.2.主动语态的特殊疑问句:疑问词+助动词+主语+(其他助动词)+过去分词 The information is needed by them.What is needed by them?The girl is taken to Shanghai.Where is the girl taken?The book has been read three times.How many times has the book been read?练习: 1.Is the book being read(read) by her?她正在读那本书吗? 2.Has the computer been used(use) by them?他们用过那台电脑吗? 3.How often is the English class taken(take)? 英语课多长时间上一次?第三十五讲非谓语动词(1)“不作谓语成分的动词”to+动词原形VS动词原形+ing1.动词不定式:由to do组成,可以做主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语6种. To get there by bike will take us an hour.作主语,骑自行车到那,将花掉我们一小时The driver failed to see the car in time.作宾语,司机没及时看见那辆小轿车We believe him to be guilty.作宾补(对him的弥补说明),我们相信他是有罪的 My suggestiong is to put off the meeting.作表语(be动词后),我的建议是推迟会议.The next train to arrive is from 搜索引擎优化ul.作定语,将到达的下一列火车是来自首尔的.I come here only to say goodbye to you.作状语,我来这目的是和你说再见2.动名词:doing,具有动词的特征和变更形式,但在句子中作名词用.可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语,也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语(与动词同). Reading is an art.作主语,阅读是一门艺术 They went on walking and never stopped talking. 作宾语(动词后),他们一直往前走,未停止交谈 Your task is quickly cleaning the windows.作表语(be动词后),你的任务是从速把窗户擦洁净 This is a reading room.作定语,这是个阅读室。

(完整word版)初中英语语法大全精华版,推荐文档

(完整word版)初中英语语法大全精华版,推荐文档

初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词I.名词的种类:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。

现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:III. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。

所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。

前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。

3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。

I.三.代词:I.II. 不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。

some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。

Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。

I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。

学英语语法基础知识大全可打印

学英语语法基础知识大全可打印

学英语语法基础知识大全可打印学英语语法基础知识第工课1、以元音开头(如0、E等),前面的冠词用an。

3、"一个"和"几个"的问题:"一个"是a+名词;"多个"是名词后面加s o4、be(是)动词的用法:am接I;is接第三人称单数,即除you、I 外;are接表示多个人或事物,即复数。

(我是am,你是are , is连接它、她、他,单数is ,复数are)。

2、not是表示否定的词:不是的表达,am not, is not(isn z t),arenot(aren, t)o学英语语法基础知识第2课1s及物动词与不及物动词的区别:及物动词后面接宾语;而不及物动词后面不接宾语。

如I like ice cream , It hurts o2、主语是he、she、it和单数名词时,动词要发生第三人称的变化, 即加s o3、否定的用法:在动词之前加do not或does not0 I、You和复数名词做主语时,否定就用do not;凡是单数名称和he、she、it做主语, 否定就用does not0学英语语法基础知识第3课1、用名词+0f+名词,一般用在无生命的名词上,表示“……的’’ 如The sound of music(音乐之声)。

2、名词所有格形式为:名词+' s ,表示"……的",如Sophie' s world , children, s Day , Japan1 s tomorrow03、my(我的)、your(你的)、his(他的)、her(她的)、their(他们的)、our(我们的)、its(它的)+名词,如my love , your love o学英语语法基础知识第4课1、"have"和"there be"翻译成汉语都可以用一个“有"字来表示,但have 是指主观的"所有、拥有",而there be则是指客观的“存在,某处有某物〃。

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