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商务英语阅读Chapter2-A-Changed-Global-Reality-世界经济格局新变化
Chapter2 A Changed Global Reality 世界经济格局新变化Say this for the young century: we live in interesting times. Not quite 2 1⁄2 years ago, the world economy tipped into the most severe downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s. World trade slowed sharply. Unemployment lines grew longer, especially in the old industrial economies. Financial institutions that had seemed as solid as granite disappeared as if they were no more substantial than a bunch of flowers in the hands of an old-style magician. 对于新世纪，我们得这样说：我们生活在一个有趣的时代。
差不多两年半之前，世界经济陷入了20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期以来最惨重的低迷状态。
世界贸易进程大幅放缓。
失业队伍也越来越快，这在旧工业经济体系表现尤为突出。
原来坚如磐石的金融机构也消失了，似乎还不如老套的魔术师变的花束看起来真实。
Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们不应该感到吃惊。
财经英语的作文
财经英语的作文In the era of globalization, the financial markets have become increasingly interconnected, with the flow of capital, goods, and services transcending national boundaries. This essay will explore the impact of globalization on financial markets, focusing on the benefits and challenges it presents.Firstly, globalization has facilitated the integration of financial markets, allowing for a more efficient allocation of resources. Investors can now invest in a diverse range of assets across different countries, which can potentially lead to higher returns and lower risks through diversification.Secondly, the ease of cross-border transactions has led to a significant increase in foreign direct investment (FDI). Companies are able to expand their operations globally, which can lead to increased economic growth and job creation in host countries.However, globalization also poses challenges to financial markets. One such challenge is the increased volatility due to the rapid spread of information and financial news. This can lead to sudden market fluctuations that can affect investors and economies adversely.Moreover, the interconnectedness of financial markets means that a financial crisis in one country can quickly spread to others. For example, the 2008 global financial crisisoriginated in the United States but had a ripple effect across the world, affecting economies that were not directly involved.Another challenge is the potential for regulatory arbitrage, where financial institutions may seek out jurisdictions with lax regulations to conduct their business. This can lead to a race to the bottom in terms of financial regulation, potentially undermining the stability of the global financial system.In conclusion, while globalization has brought about numerous benefits to financial markets, it also presents significant challenges. It is crucial for policymakers to strike a balance between promoting economic integration and ensuring the stability and resilience of financial systems. This can be achieved through international cooperation and the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks that can adapt to the changing landscape of global finance.。
ChinaDaily经济热词
传销pyramid scheme信用评级下调credit downgrade实得工资take-home income虚拟超市virtual supermarket高档车premium car欺骗消费者play foul with buyers大众旅游mass tourism灰市gray market预付费卡prepaid cards恩格尔系数Engle coefficient次级债务subordinate debt饥饿营销hunger marketing恶意营销smear campaign亚洲“单一货币”single currency滞销蔬菜unsalable vegetables黄金投资者gold bugmembership fee（会员费）windfall（意外横财）Credit rating（信用评级）debtor（债务人）NASDAQ（纳斯达克）、DOW（道琼斯综合指数）Standard and Poor’s Composite Index（标准普尔综合指数）nose-dive（暴跌）信用评级integrity rating 信用扩张credit expansionhi-tech marketing strategy（高科技营销策略）网络虚拟财产online virtualassetsreal economy（实体经济）fictitious economy（虚拟经济）real bargain（便宜货）virtual money虚拟钱币ceiling price表示“最高价”a farm production ceiling意思是“农业生产的最高产量”default（违约）cut deficit/deficit reduction（削减赤字）spending cuts（削减开支）debt crisis（债务危机）package agreement cap on liability（一揽子协议赔偿金上限）divorce calculator离婚计算器”online gadget（网络小工具）civil partnerships（民事伴侣关系late-life divorce（熟年离婚）prenuptial agreement（婚前协议）division of property（财产分割）custody and visitation of children（子女监护与探视）spousal support（配偶赡养费）child support（子女抚养费）divorce settlement（离婚协议书）insurance premium(人寿保险费)cargo premium（货物保险费）at a premium是非常珍贵的mass market cars大众市场的车型了license-plate lottery（车牌摇号）car rental（汽车租赁）green car（新能源汽车）零排放车辆zero-emission vehicle跨界车crossover vehicle非公路用车off-highway vehicleby fair means or foul（不择手段，千方百计）price cheating就是“价格欺诈pricing inconsistency（价格不一致）misleading price tags（误导性的价签）curb inflation（抑制通货膨胀）academic cheating（学术造假）价格违法行为price violation价格垄断price-fixingfake resume（虚假简历）relaxed inner controls（内部管理松散）academic rank（职称）hidden rule（潜规则）package tour/group tour/organized tour（跟团旅游）individual tourist/ free walker（自由行游客）文化旅游业cultural tourism“自驾游”（self-driving travel/tour）self-organized expedition就是“自助游”分时度假timeshareecotourism生态旅游rural tourism “乡村旅游”eco-farming（生态农业）parallel import水货小众市场niche markettake-home income即“实得工资gross income（全额工资）financial crisis（经济危机）shrink（缩水）price hikes（物价上涨）housing spending（家庭支出）living standard（生活标准）economic stagnation（经济疲软vicious cycle（恶性循环）inflationary pressure（通胀压力）financial crisis（经济危机）绩效工资merit pay工资协商制度negotiation system on wages state-owned monopolies（国有垄断企业）cap and trade（限额交易、总量管制和交易Pegged Exchange Rate（盯住汇率制）公积金上限threshold of housing fund prepaid deposit（预付定金）money laundering（洗钱）tax evasion（偷税漏税）bribery（行贿受贿）issuers of prepaid cards（购物卡发行方）anonymous cards（不记名购物卡card scalpers（卡贩子、购物卡黄牛）灰色收入off-the-books income地下钱庄illegal bankfinancial fraud（金融诈骗）Minimum living allowances（最低生活保障）“subsistence allowance”也指“最低生活保障”low-income groups（低收入群体）basic subsistence costs（基本生活费用支出）expenditure-income ratio（消费支出比例）gap in work wages（工资收入差距）income divide/ income disparity 收入差距consumer price index（CPI，消费物价指数）cut back on meals and clothes（节衣缩食）housing loan repayments（房贷）housing space per capita（人均居住面积）收入分配income distributionwage arrears（拖欠工资）two-fold increase in pay指的就是工资“翻番”纳税等级tax brackets晒工资wages online exposurefunded debt（长期债券、固定债务）还未偿还债务outstanding debt未到期的债务unmatured debtloan defaulter 拖欠贷款者Mortgage抵押贷款lending quota就是指“贷款额度”credit expansion（信贷扩张）deposit-reserve ratio（存款准备金率）export quota（出口配额）购买力平价purchasing power parity通胀恐慌inflation fearsuppress rising commodity prices就是“抑制物价上涨”的意思tame/arrest rising pricesboosting food supplies and other necessities增加食品和其它必需品的供应increasing subsidies for low-income families提高对低收入家庭的补贴taking more targeted policies to maintainmarket order出台更多有针对性的政策维护市场秩序）现金补贴cash subsidy信贷紧缩credit squeeze有抵押债务secured debt外债余额outstanding external debt暂停偿债debt standstillnonperforming loans不良贷款overdue loans（逾期贷款）mortgage loans（按揭贷款）added value（附加值）commercial exploitation（商业炒作）商业间谍活动industrial espionagefloating exchange rates（浮动汇率制）emerging economies（新兴经济体）industrialized nations （工业化国家）exchange rate fluctuations（汇率波动）bilateral trade（双边贸易总额）reserve currency（储备货币）foreign exchange reserve（外汇储备）Subprime Crisis（次贷危机）dollar assets（美元资产）monetary policy（货币政策）稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy货币操纵国currency manipulatordollar trap就是指“美元陷阱”measure of money supply 货币供应量primary sector（第一产业）industrial sector（第二产业）tertiary /service sector（第三产业）proactive fiscal policy（积极的财政政策）moderately loose monetary policy 适度宽松的货币政策stimulus package 经济刺激政策evitalization scheme for 10 major industries 十大产业振兴规划risk control 风险控制macro-regulation 宏观调控人民币“跨境结算”cross-border settlement 加大货币发行量quantitative easingfixed-asset investment 固定资产投资unsalable products 积压产品Unmarketable、poorselling等词也可以用来表示“滞销”each link in distribution 每个流通环节buying spree 收购潮heavy loss 巨大损失oversupply of vegetables 蔬菜供应量加大战略性支柱产业strategic pillar industrypillar industry（支柱产业）eading industry 主导产业basic industry 基础产业产业结构调整industrial restructuring产业生态系统industry eco-systememerging market 新兴市场emerging technology 新兴技术Emerging industry 新兴工业renminbi clearing bank 人民币清算行Clearing bank 清算银行offshore yuan center 人民币离岸中心QFII全称为Qualified Foreign InstitutionalInvestors是“合格的境外机构投资者”的简称QE 全称为Quantitative Easing是“量化宽松货币政策”的简称反补贴税countervailing dutiesone-off consumption就是指“一次性消费”one-off payment 一次性付款purchasing on a sudden impulse 冲动购买/即兴购买industry insider 业内人士luxury goods buyers 奢侈品买家potential consumers 潜在消费者恐慌购买panic buying强迫购物forced shopping消费热潮spending spreegold bug黄金投资者金本位”就是gold standardstrong momentum 强劲势头middle income trap就是指“中等收入陷阱”wide income inequality 收入差距增大high environmental costs 较高的环境代价inadequate domestic spending 国内消费不足sustainable pattern 可持续发展模式dollar dominance 美元的主导地位micro-credit company就是“小额贷款公司”private capital 民间资本financial market 金融市场credit market 信贷市场red chip就是“红筹股”junk bond 垃圾股bank run就是“银行挤兑”liquidity crunch资金紧缩demand for withdrawals取款需求credit order 信用秩序bank panic 银行恐慌systemic banking crisis 系统性银行危机从而引起economic recession 经济衰退migrant buyers就是指“外地购房者Property-purchasing limitations就是“限购”second- and third-tier cities 二、三线城市first-tier cities 一线城市blueprint homes或blueprint housing就是“图纸房”simple blueprints of the project 简单的户型图capital in the presale 预售款forward-delivery housing 期房advance fees 预付款direct-sale store就是指“直营店factory shop 厂家直销店chain store 连锁店flagship store 旗舰店franchised store 特许经营店pro shop 专业店exclusive shop 专卖店outlet store 工厂店outstanding external debt未偿付外债，即“外债余额external debt即“外债”short term external debt 短期外债trade credit 贸易信贷trade finance 贸易融资dark pool就是“暗池交易”angel investment 天使投资alternative trading systems 替代交易系统institutional investor 机构投资者off-market liquidity 场外资金consolidated tape 证券买卖汇总记录带over-the-counter transactions 场外交易fall on debut新股破发initial offer price 发行价IPO（Initial Public Offering，首次公开募股)would-be buyers/drivers 潜在购车者self-owned brand 自主品牌intellectual property 知识产权brand awareness 品牌意识brand effect 品牌效应brand familiarity 品牌知名度product placement 植入式广告price-rigging 操纵价格monopoly profit 垄断利润anti-competition behavior 反竞争行为speculation and hoarding 囤积居奇price collusion合谋定价digital film 数字电影circular-screen movie 环幕电影idle land闲置土地idle money 闲散资金，游资vacant property 闲置地产land hoarding 囤地institutional financing 机构融资microcredit programs 小额信贷项目recoverable garbage 可回收垃圾e-waste就是“电子垃圾”或“电子废弃物”brand copycats山寨trademark infringement 商标侵权行为quality goods 正品business class就是“商务舱”economy class / tourist class（经济舱first class 头等舱high-end travelers 高端乘客premium economy class 豪华经济舱tablet PC就是平板电脑touch screen 触摸屏Netbook 上网本family-run management就是指“家族式管理private enterprises 民营企业core family核心家庭retaliatory price rebound就是“报复性反弹”retaliatory duty/tariff 报复性关税low-rent housing廉租房affordable housing经济适用房social security housing社会保障房interest rate hike cycle就是指“加息周期”imported inflation输入型通胀property bubble资产泡沫speculative demands投机性需求inflation fear通胀恐慌local government-backed investment units地方融资平台inflation expectations通胀预期hard landing指“硬着陆soft landing软着陆cooling measures in the property market房地产市场降温措施higher down payment requirements for first-time buyers提高首次购房者的首付比例nationwide suspension of loan lending for third home purchases 全面叫停第三套房贷International Comparison Program 国际比较项目，简称ICPpurchasing power parity就是“购买力平价”，简写为PPP低通货膨胀low inflation急剧通货膨胀galloping inflation恶性通货膨胀hyperinflation需求拉动通胀demand-pull inflation成本推动通胀cost-push inflation固有型通货膨胀built-in inflationtrade imbalance就是“贸易失衡”trade surplus（贸易顺差）trade deficit（贸易逆差）trade balance贸易差额global economic imbalances（全球经济失衡currency policies（货币政策）trade protectionism（贸易保护主义）financial regulatory reform（金融监管改革）global settlement currency就是“国际结算货币”invoicing currency（计价货币）freely convertible currency（可自由兑换货币）hard currency（硬货币weak currency（软货币）speculative demands就是指“投机性需求”rigid demand（刚性需求）elastic demand（弹性需求）abnormal demand（反常需求、异常需求）speculation and profiteering（投机倒把）pricing regime定价机制household wealth就是指“家庭财富”household debt（家庭负债property-for-residency scheme（购房移民计划）Capital Investment Entrant Scheme（资本投资者入境计划property bubble（地产泡沫）commercial residential houses（商品房）budget homes 廉价房rent-to-buy program（先租后买项目）wage formation mechanism指的是“工资形成机制”low-end labor market即“低端劳动力市场”migrant worker（农民工）labor shortage（用工荒）time-honored brand老字号net bargainer就是指“网络议价师factory prices（出厂价）bargain basement（减价商品部）bargain hunter（减价品搜寻者，专买便宜货的人）bargain book（特价图书，廉价图书）net capital的意思是“净资本”working/circulating capital（流动资金）fixed capital（固定资本）human capital（人力资本）physical capital（物质资本）trade rows就是“贸易纠纷”anti-dumping duties（反倾销税）anti-subsidies investigation（反补贴调查）special protectionist tariffs（特保关税）export control（出口管制）super online banking system“超级网银interbank transfers（跨行转账interbank balance inquiries（跨行余额查询）home banking（家居银行）local government-backed investment units就是我们说的“地方融资平台financing vehicles（融资工具）MTN（medium term note，中期票据corporate bonds（企业债券）carbon exchange centers就是指“碳交易中心carbon emissions（碳排放energy consumption（能耗）administrative measures（行政措施market-based means（市场手段）housing vacancy rate就是指“住房空置率investors-owners（投资业主）field testing（现场测试house inspector就是“验房师”standards regulated by the government（政府制定的标准tail-raising factor就是指“翘尾因素”，也称为carryover effects（滞后影响）PMI，purchase management index（采购经理人指数）PPI，producer price index（工业品出场价格指数）luxury goods market（奢侈品市场）stress test指的是“压力测试”stress tolerance（抗压能力）group-buying就是指“团购”bulk discounts（大幅优惠ultra-discounted tickets（超低价优惠券）到discount coupon（打折券）、rebate coupon（现金券/抵金券）cents-off coupons，那就只是“象征性优惠”bogus company的意思是“皮包公司a bogus document（伪造的文件）bogus bills（假钞）assigned stores（指定商店）forced shopping（强迫购物）local interbank withdrawal(本地跨行取款)remote deposit（异地存款）withdrawal slip（取款单automated teller machine 简称ATMindividual income tax threshold（个税起征点）double dip就是指“二次探底”也称为doubledip recession（双谷衰退）weather insurance就是指“天气保险endowment insurance（养老保险）indemnificatory apartment的意思是“保障性住房price-fixed housing（限价房）public rental housing（公共租赁住房/公租房）rebuild shanty areas（对棚户区进行改造）trial sites（试点）transgression（不良记录信息）preferential interest rate（优惠利率）favorable first-home loans（首套房优惠贷款）credit registry（贷款记录）market capitalization（市值总额）urban competitiveness就是“城市竞争力”的意思economic growth rate（经济增长速度）livable city（宜居城市）muted growth（缓慢增长）模式collective contract即“集体合同labor disputes（劳资纠纷）cheap labor surplus（廉价劳动力过剩）trade sanction（贸易制裁）hi-tech export control（高科技出口管制one-off revaluation就是“一次性重估调整”service outsourcing industry就是“服务外包行业”信息技术外包服务”（Information TechnologyOutsourcing，简称ITO）业务流程外包服务”（Business ProcessOutsourcing，简称BPO）dual-currency card就是指“双币卡”third-party payment platform（第三方支付平台）POS point of sales 销售点终端机counting fee就是指“点钞费payment /clearing system（支付体系）Non-cash payment instruments（非现金支付工具debit card（借记卡）credit card（信用卡）private investment就是指“民间投资”Monopoly industry垄断行业refugee money（外逃资本）hoarding and profiteering 囤积居奇business misconduct（商业不正当行为）tiered pricing for electricity（阶梯电价）save energy and cut emissions（节能减排）high energy-consuming industry（高耗能产业）auto replacement（汽车以旧换新）energy efficient products（节能产品congestion fee就是指“交通拥堵费”单双号限行：odd-and-even license plate rule 错时上下班：staggered rush hour plan公交专用车道：bus lane快速公交专用车道: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) vehicle and vessel tax就是“车船使用税tax refund（退税，税收返还）individual income tax（个人所得税value-added tax（增值税mobile payment就是指“移动支付”illegal business dealing（非法经营）insider trading（内幕交易）corporate bribery（单位行贿）回扣（kickback）手续费（commission fee）contract violation就是指“合同违约”back pay（拖欠薪水）labor arbitration（劳动仲裁）liquidated damages（违约金）late payment（逾期付款）incomplete/unfinished building（烂尾楼）non-owner-occupier 非自住业主price difference（差价）seckilling“秒杀”central enterprise就是“中央企业”，简称“央企”merger（兼并）、consolidation（合并）和regrouping（重组）social security tax就是指“社会保障税”social security fee（社会保险费）social security fund（社保基金）windfall tax（暴利税）inheritance tax（遗产税）financial services park “金融服务区business park（工商业园区）high-tech park（高新技术园区）demonstration park（示范园区）residential land就是“居住用地”well-being issue（民生问题）houses with limited property rights（小产权房）dodgy service center冒牌服务中心guarantee period保修期正规服务中心genuine service center正式服务中心official service center授权服务中心authorized service centerrevaluation of the renminbi（对人民币汇率重新评估）rate fine-tuning（汇率微调currency appreciation（货币升值）appreciate sharply（升值过猛）huge job losses（大量就业岗位消失）second board（创业板）free sightseeing e-coupon就是指“免费景区电子门票”malfeasant/unfair competition（不正当竞争）warrantee period（保质期）business misconduct “商业不正当行为one-stop service（一站式服务）economic development model “经济发展模式industrial restructuring（产业结构调整）on-site recruiting “现场招聘”asset bubble “资产泡沫bubble economy（泡沫经济）stock market bubble（股市泡沫abor shortage “劳动力短缺labor surplus/redundance（劳动力过剩surplus rural workers（农村剩余劳动力）left-behind children 留守儿童labor intensive industry 劳动密集型产业knowledge intensive（知识密集型technology-intensive（技术密集型discount rate “贴现率”courier firm “快递公司”房地产市场real estate market/property market房地产市场过热overheated property sector 房价property price/housing price普通购房者private homebuyer房产中介real estate agent首付down payment分期付款payment by installment月供monthly installment payment廉租房low-rent housing经济适用房affordable housing闲置地产vacant property现房complete apartment期房forward delivery housing商品房commercial residential building政策性住房policy-related house按揭购房buy a house on mortgage二手房second-hand house物业税property tax购房契税property deed tax印花税property stamp duty囤地land reserves楼层建筑面积floor space塔楼tower building一期/二期first/second stage板楼slab-type apartment building容积率capacity rate 停车位parking space住房公积金贷款housing provident fund/housing accumulation fund房产证property ownership certificate炒房者real estate speculator观望态度wait-and-watch attitude房屋空置率housing vacancy rate增值地价added-value fees投机性房产交易speculative propertytransactions房地产泡沫property bubble商业地产commercial property住宅地产residential property售后回租（即租回已出售的财产）leaseback土地使用证land use certificate商住综合楼commercial/residential complex地段等级location classification重点开发区key zones for development旧区改造reconstruction of old area折旧费depreciation allowances维修费allowances for repairs andmaintenance抵押贷款欠额unpaid mortgage balance便利设施amenities分租合住的经济公寓tenement社区community钉子户nail household描述经济危机的词汇：经济危机economic crisis/ financial crisis/financial turmoil/financial meltdown经济不景气recession/ bleeding economy/depression/sluggish economy萧条期slump失业lose one’s job/ be unemployed/ beredundant失业加剧job losses mount/ unemploymentclimb失业人数jobless number找工作seek employment找工作者job seeker严峻的就业形势 a tough job market欠薪withhold wage减薪salary cut信心下滑confidence slump经济复苏economic recovery经济危机的影响the crisis' fallout从以下词汇中可以大致了解我国在应对经济危机过程中所做的努力：应对危机face the crisis/ meet the crisis/ fightcrisis重建信心confidence reconstruction遏制衰退containing declines减缓衰退slow down declines安居工程affordable/comfortable housingproject安置职工staffing保八eight-percent protection成本削减cost-cutting创造新的就业generate new employment刺激消费stimulate consumer spending恢复revive/ recovery/ turnaround积极的财政政策proactive fiscal policy减少裁员refrain from laying off employees减员cut the salaried work force结构调整structural adjustment经济刺激方案stimulus package/ stimulus plan就业指导career guidance抗风险能力anti-risk capability扩大内需propel/ drive/ expand domestic demand基础设施建设infrastructure construction减免税收tax relief例行节约practice economy适度宽松的货币政策moderately loose monetary policy削减生产slash production消费券consumption coupon小额贷款loans of small amounts政府紧急援助government bailout政府做某事的决心government’s vow to do sth.中小型企业SMEscomplete apartment（现房）homegrown film就是“本土电影government procurement就是“政府采购”government purchasing procedure（政府采购程序）实现transparency in transactions（交易透明）authorized suppliers（得到授权的供应商）CPO（Chief-Procurement-Officer）“首席采购官，采购总监”cost-benefit analysis/cost-utility analysis（成本效益分析stock index futures就是指“股指期货”Financial futures金融期货：futures exchange外汇期货、interest rate futures利率期货initial margins初始保证、financial derivative金融衍生品risk shifting风险转移financial derivative金融衍生品future transaction期货交易outbound investment就是“境外投资”或“对外投资”foreign investment就是“外资land conveyance fees（土地出让金）land revenues（土地收益）bilateral trade就是“双边贸易multilateral trade（多边贸易）compensation trade（补偿贸易leasing trade（租赁贸易credit expansion就是“信用扩张”credit contraction（信用紧缩）malicious overdraft（恶意透支）credit investigation system（征信制度）year-end promotion“年末促销”durable goods就是“耐用品vacant property“闲置地产moveable property 动产hidden income隐性收入regular income常规收入“隐性成本”implicit cost隐性失业”是recessive unemploymentdifferential pricing “差别计价unit pricing（单位价格）overdraft limit（透支额度）debit card（借记卡）test screening就是“试映trial operation 试运行、试车trial and error（反复试验）float (send up) a trial balloon（试探舆论field trial（现场试验preferred workplace就是“理想雇主incremental cost就是指“边际成本”marginal cost genetically modified organism简称GMO，转基因生物sublet house就是指“转租房屋”migrant population（流动人口letting market（租赁市场）debt standstill“暂停偿债”rate fine-tuning “汇率微调ground-source heat “地热”circular economy 循环经济non-residential electricity “非居民用电”energy conservation awareness（节能意识）resource efficient and environment-friendly society（能源节约和环境友好型社会）pre-order就是“预购Sino-US trade tie（中美贸易关系）FDI（foreign direct investment，外国直接投资foreign-invested companies（外资公司）factory-gate price “出厂价格”purchase price（进货价格）preferential price（优惠价）market price（市场价）wireless local area network（WLAN，无线局域网）free in-flight Wi-Fi service（免费机舱无线上网）rat trading就是指“老鼠仓light rail train“轻轨列车”ordinary passenger train（普通客运列车）fast/rapid train（快速列车）、express train（特快列车）、through train（直快列车）、stoppingtrain/slow train（慢车）、nonstop express（直达特快列车）、bullet train（动车）inflation expectation就是指“通胀预期”inflation rate（通货膨胀率）investment-led growth（投资拉动型增长）domestic consumption（国内消费）buyout就是指“买断工龄”pay cuts（降薪）buy out还可以表示“全部买进，买断/收购全部或大部分股份”buy-in却也是表示“买进、大量购买”timeshare的意思是“分时使用的度假房”，或“分时度假房”timeshare broker（分时度假房产经纪）tunnel-bridge就是“隧桥”credit investigation就是“征信”credit report（信用报告）credit file（信用档案）credit agency/organization（征信机构）credit limit（信用额度）rich list就是指“富豪榜”self-made（白手起家的）personal wealth （个人财富）net assets（净资产）ranking list of universities（大学排行榜）claim the prize就是指“兑奖”essential medicine就是指“基本药物”medical reform program（医药体制改革）grassroots clinics（社区卫生站recommended retail price（建议零售价）high-margin pharmacies（高利润药品）flammable ice就是指“可燃冰alternative energy（可替代能源）renewable energy（可再生能源）land reserves土地储备、囤地；real estate developer（房地产开发商）fake mortgage loans（假按揭）resold apartment（二手房）affordable housing（经济适用房）down payment（首付）audio-visual product就是“音像制品”PE ratio就是指“市盈率”price/earnings ratioGrowth enterprises board(GEB，创业板)fund-raising of private sector（私营企业的融资）share price movements（股价波动）road show（路演，上市公司发行证券前针对投资者的推介活动）over-subscribed（订单爆满）stand-alone pavilion就是“独立展馆”exhibition hall（展览馆rich second generation nouveau riche（新兴富裕）customs checkpoint就是指“海关检查站”reciprocal tariff（互惠关税）customs union（关税同盟）regional tariff（地区性关税）retaliatory tariff（报复性关税punitive import tariff （惩罚性进口关税）law-abiding business people（守法商人）product placement“植入式广告”隐性广告（recessive advertisement）软广告（blind advertising）special protectionist tariffs“惩罚性关税”unfair competition（不公平竞争）trade war（贸易战）solo vocal concert“个人演唱会”high-speed rail就是指“高速铁路”passenger rail lines（客运专线）high-speed rail network（高速铁路专线网）ticket scalper（票贩子）黄牛freight service（货运服务）joint bid就是指“联合竞标”first-half earnings report（上半年财报）listed company（上市工司）wherewithal（必要的资金public bidding（公开招标bidding documents（投标文件）bid bond（投标押金）performance bond（履约保证金）bidding block（拍卖会场）non-compete agreement “竞业禁止协议”insider information（内部消息）confidentiality agreement（保密协议）search traffic（搜索流量local rival（本土竞争者）market share（市场份额）business zone（商业区）economic development zone（经济开发区）free zone（外贸免税区）free trade zone（自由贸易区）back-to-school shopping season “返校购物季”dead season或dull season（萧条季节，淡季）繁忙时节（rush season）转手交易wing transactionhigh-roller指“富人”budgetary funds指“预算内资金”Small coffer 小金库splurge common property（挥霍公共财物）social institutions（社会团体）state-run companies（国有企业）and state-holding companies（国有控股企业）watchdog指的就是“监察部门，监督部门”fake / counterfeit goods（假货）consumer watchdog（消费维权机构）watchdog journalism / supervision by publicopinion（舆论监督）consumer rights（消费者权益monopoly price就是指“垄断价格price cutting（大减价）price packing（故意提高开价, 以便藉口削价出售而实际赚大钱）selling price（售价）tag price（标价）monopoly profit（垄断利润）extended edition “加长版”、portable edition（携带版）、special edition （特藏本）abridged edition（节略本）、pocket edition（袖珍版）extend meaning（引申义）an extended coverage（增加的保险承保范围）liquefied natural gas就是“液化天然气”，简称LNG“液化石油气”则是liquefied petroleum gas（LPG）page-rank就是指“网页排名”或者“网页等级”SEO（Search engine optimization（搜索引擎优化）real-time display（实时播放）real time information（实时信息）real-time search（实时搜索）sell-off就是“抛售”表示股票价格“下跌”的动词很多，像dive，nosedive，plunge，plummet，tumble等这些动词都是形容股票的“大幅下跌”表示股票“小幅下跌”，可以用dip，edge down，slip lower等。
商务英语经济全球化的 2精品PPT课件
Economic globalization is the world's eco nomic activity beyond national borders , thro ugh foreign trade, capital flows , technology t ransfer , provision of services , interdependen t and interrelated and the formation of global organic economy as a whole .
Better qualities
The developing countries can learn the practical tech nology, management experience and the enterprise’s spirit of cooperation from the development countries.
onal capit3al and national industrial impact
Econom4ic globalization has accelerated between
developing and developed countries the imbalance
of econom5ic development
Capital is conducive to the economic transformati on of the non market economy countries.
Help to solve the problem of employment of surplus labor in de veloping countries
新闻中常见的经济类英语词汇大全
那些新闻中常见的经济类英语词汇大全1. 出租车起步价flag down fare2. 法定准备金率required reserve ratio3. 实体经济real economy 虚拟经济fictitious economy4. 反盗版anti-piracy 知识产权intellectual property rights5. 出口退税tax rebates 人民币升值the yuan’s appreciation6. 信贷紧缩credit crunch 次贷危机subprime mortgage rate 最优惠贷款利率prime rate7. 翻盖手机flip/clamshell 滑盖手机slide phone 直板手机bar phone8. 经济适用房economically affordable house9. 安居工程housing project for low-ine urban residents10 .住房保障制度housing security system11. 大宗交易系统block trading system 竞价交易系统bid trading system12. 暴利税windfall tax13. 整容手术cosmetic surgery (face –lifting)14. 双眼皮手术double eyelid operation 鼻子手术nose job15. 从紧的货币政策tight monetary policy16. 宽松的货币政策easy monetary policy17. 审慎的财政政策prudent fiscal policy18. 油价飙升oil prices surge19. 原油价飙升crude oil prices surge20. 石油输出国组织organization of the petroleum exporting countries(OPEC)21. 原油储备crude oil stockpiles22. 轻质原油light sweet crude23. 使人均GDP翻两番to quadruple per capita GDP24. 股权收购、股权投资stake purchase ; take stakes25. 世界巡演worldwide tour 复出巡演eback tour26. 个体工商户self—employed people27. 房屋中介letting agent 保险经纪人insurance agent 地产经纪人estate agent28. 直销direct selling 传销pyramid selling29. 漫游费roaming fee 单向收费one -way charge 来电免费业务free ining calls30. 吃回扣to take/receive/get kickback31. 洗钱money laundering32. 透支overdraft33. 股市牛年bullish year34. 上市子公司listed subsidiary35. 海关税收customs revenue36. 税收减免tax break37. 二流货的cut—rate38. 高端产品high end product39. 货币升值revaluation40. 跳槽job—popping41. 大片blockbuster42. 货币经纪人money broker43. 起征点cutoff point44. 暴发户；新贵upstart45. 养老保险endowment insurance46. 解雇金severance pay47. 勾销债款write off48. 高峰期peak season49. 职员总数headcount50. 买入股票buy into51. 出境游outbound travel52. 逃税tax evasion53. 公开募款initial public offering54. 新闻专线newswire55. 衰退downturn56. 由…推出bow out57. 便携式游戏机PSP58. 负有责任的accountable59. 精炼厂，炼油厂refinery60. 杀手hit man61. 官方证明书clearance62. 家禽流行病epizonntic63. 辞职；下台step down64. 门户portal65. 小轿车sedan66. 战略石油储备strategic petroleum reserve67. 半导体semiconductor68. 基准点，衡量标准benchmark69. 出口补贴export subsidy70. 对…不太重视play down71. 记账卡，签帐卡charge card72. 反托拉斯anti—trust73. 资产负债表balance sheet74. 最佳位置最佳时期sweet spot75. 货存，库存量inventory76. 集体诉讼class action77. 反倾销antidumping78. 不足，赤字，差额shortfall79. 美国联邦储备系统Federal Reserve80. 资本净值net worth81. 汇丰银行HSBC82. 国际货币基金组织IMF83. 财务欺诈accounting fraud84. 国际套利资本hot money70个你常想起但不知道怎么用英语表述的中华名词]火锅？元宵节？书法？相声？这些你都知道么？用流利的英语介绍中国文化：1.元宵节：Lantern Festival2. 刺绣：embroidery3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting6. 书法：Calligraphy7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow10. 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle11. 战国：Warring States12. 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13. 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl14. 函授部：The Correspondence Department15. 集体舞：Group Dance16. 黄土高原：Loess Plateau17. 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals18. 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19. 结婚证：Marriage Certificate20. 儒家文化：Confucian Culture21. 附属学校：Affiliated school22. 古装片：Costume Drama23. 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24. 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25. 一国两制：One Country, Two Systems26. 火锅：Hot Pot27. 四人帮：Gang of Four28. 《诗经》：The Book of Songs29. 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education30. 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31. 大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement)32. 《西游记》：The Journey to the West33. 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34. 针灸：Acupuncture35. 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/The Tang Tri-colored pottery36. 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37. 偏旁：radical38. 孟子：Mencius39. 亭/阁：Pavilion/ Attic40. 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises41. 火药：gunpowder42. 农历：Lunar Calendar43. 印/玺：Seal/Stamp44. 物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and SpiritualCivilization45. 京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46. 秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47. 太极拳：Tai Chi48. 独生子女证：The Certificate of One-child49. 天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing50. 小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand51. 红双喜：Double Happiness52. 政治辅导员：Political Counselor/School Counselor53. 春卷：Spring Roll(s)54. 莲藕：Lotus Root55. 追星族：Star Struck56. 故宫博物院：The Palace Museum57. 相声：Cross-talk/ic Dialogue58. 下岗：Lay off/Laid off59. 烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck60. 高等自学考试：Self-taught Examination of Higher Education61. 烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker62. 敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves63. 电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit64. XX澳门同胞：patriots from Hong Kong and Macao65. 文化大革命：Cultural Revolution66. 长江中下游地区：The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River67. 门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match68. 《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69. 中外合资企业：Joint Ventures70. 文房四宝(笔墨纸砚)：The Four Treasure of the Study" "Brush, Inkstick, Paper, and Inkstone常用中国传统特色词汇一、中华民族的喜庆节日(Chinese Festivial)国庆节National Day 中秋节Mia-Autumn Festival 春节Spring Festival 元宵节Lantern Festival 儿童节Children‘s Day端午节Dragon Boat Festival 妇女节Women's Day 泼水节Water-Splashing Day 教师节Teachers' Day 五四青年节Youth Day二、中国独特的传统饮食(Unique Traditional Chinese Foods)馄饨wonton 锅贴guotie (fried jiaozi) 花卷steamed twisted rolls 套餐set meal 盒饭box lunch; Chinese take-away 米豆腐rice tofu 魔芋豆腐konjak tofu 米粉rice noodles 冰糖葫芦a stick of sugar-coated haws(or apples，etc.) 火锅chafing dish 八宝饭eight-treasure rice pudding 粉丝glass noodles 豆腐脑jellied bean curd三、中国新兴事物(Newly Sprouted Things)中国电信China Tele 中国移动China Mobile 十五计划the 10th Five-Year Plan 中国电脑联网Chinanet 三峡工程the Three Gorges Project 希望工程Project Hope 京九铁路Beijing–Kowloon Railway 扶贫工程Anti-Poverty Project 菜篮子工程Vegetable Basket Project 温饱工程Decent-Life Project 安居工程Economy Housing Project 扫黄Porn-Purging Campaign 西部大开发Go-West Campaign四、具有文化特色的现代表述大陆中国Mainland China 红宝书little red book 红色中国socialist China 四化Four Modernizations 终生职业job-for-life 铁饭碗iron rice bowl 大锅饭munal pot 关系户closely-related units 外出打工人员migrant workers 关系网personal nets，closely-knitted guild 五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)the Five Merits focus on decorum，manners，hygiene，disciplines and morals 四美(心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美)the Four Virtues are golden heart，refined language，civilized behavior，and green environment五、近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译基层监督grass-roots supervision 基础税率base tariff level 婚介所matrimonial agency 婚外恋extramarital love 婚纱摄影bride photo 黑心棉shoddy cotton 机器阅卷machine scoring 即开型奖券scratch-open ticket/lottery 集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development价格听证会public price hearings 甲A球队Division A Soccer Team 家政服务household management service 加强舆论监督ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion 假帐accounting fraud 叫板challenge;pick a quarrel 矫情use lame arguments 渐进式****gradual Taiwan independence 借调temporarily transfer 扩大中等收入者比重Raise the proportion of the middle-ine group 扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption 安居工程housing project for low-ine urban residents 信息化information-base ormationization 智力密集型concentration of brain power knowledge-intensive 外资企业overseas-funded enterprises 下岗职工laid-off workers 分流reposition of redundant personnel 义务教育pulsory education 三角债chain debts 素质教育education for all-round development 豆腐渣工程jerry-built projects 社会治安情况law-and-order situation 民族国家nation state ****independence of Taiwan XX当局Taiwan authorities XX同胞Taiwan PAtriots XX是中国领土不可分割的一部分。
国际经济法-英文名解汇总-纲目版
国际经济法英文名解汇总纲目版第一章国际经济法总论Merchandise theory 重商主义学说Absolute advantage theory 绝对优势理论学说Comparative advantage theory 比较优势理论学说International economic law 国际经济法World bank (group) = WBG世界银行（集团）World trade organization = WTO 世界贸易组织International monetary fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织Treaty on European union 欧盟条约Law of conflict of laws 国际私法/法律冲突法Natural person 自然人Legal person 法人Transnational corporations 跨国公司Quasi-international agreement 准国际协议General agreement on tariffs and trade = GATT 《关税与贸易总协定》UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议/联合国贸发会议EU 欧盟ASEAN 东南亚联盟CCM 加勒比共同市场NAFTA 北美自由贸易区Organization of petroleum exporting countries = OPEC 石油输出国组织UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会WIPO 世界知识产权组织第二章国际货物买卖法United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods = CISG 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》/《销售合同公约》Negotiation 洽商Terms of transaction 交易条件Inquiry 询盘Buying offer = Bid 买方发盘/递盘Selling offer 卖方发盘To sign a contract 签订合同Offer 要约Offeror 要约人Offeree 受要约人Invitation for offer 要约邀请Quotation 报价单Price list 价目表Catalogues 商品目录Specific person 特定的人Sufficiently definite 十分确定Cross offer 碰头要约Withdrawal （要约的）撤回Revocation （要约的）撤销Irrevocable 不可撤销Reasonable time 合理的时间Public offer 公开发盘Acceptance 承诺Late acceptance 逾期承诺Official holidays 正式假日Non-business days 非营业日Mirror-image rule 镜子反射规则Additions 添加Modifications 更改Limitations 限制Material alteration 实质上的变更Received of the letter of acceptance rule 到达生效原则Corporation 公司Firm 商行Partnership 合伙Insurance to be effected by the buyer 保险由买方负责Inspection clause 检验条款Claim clause 索赔条款Confirmation of sales 销售确认书Contract of sales 买卖合同Concurrent condition 对流条件Delivery 交货Take delivery 受领Shipping documents 装运单据Counter-offer 反要约/还盘Right 权利Claim 要求Breach of contract 违约Fundamental breach of contract 根本违反合同Anticipatory breach of contract 预期违反合同Adequate assurance of his performance 提供充分保证Damages 损害赔偿Specific performance 实际履行Repair 修理Declare the contract avoided 宣告合同无效Warsaw-Oxford Rules 《华沙——牛津规则》International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms = Incoterms 《国际贸易术语解释通则》ICC 国际商会Electronic Data Interchange = EDI电子数据交换Departure 启运（E组术语）Main carriage unpaid 主运费未付（F 组术语）Main carriage paid 主运费已付（C组术语）Arrival 到达（D组术语）1.EXW = EX Works……(named place) 工厂交货……（指定地点）2.FCA = Free Carrier……(named place) 货交承运人……（指定地点）3.FAS = Free Alongside Ship……(named port of shipment) 船边交货……（指定装运港）4.FOB = Free on Board……(named port of shipment) 船上交货……（指定装运港），又称离岸价格5.CFR = Cost and Freight……(named port of destination) 成本加运费……（指定目的港）6.CIF = Cost Insurance and Freight……(named port of destination) 成本、保险费加运费……（指定目的港）7.CPT = Carriage paid to……(named port of destination) 运费付至……（指定目的地）8.CIP = Carriage and Insurance paid to……(named port of destination) 运费及保险费付至……（指定目的地）9.DAF = Delivered at Frontier……(named place) 边境交货……（指定地点）10.DES = Delivered Ex Ship……(named port of destination) 目的港船上交货……（指定目的港）11.DEQ = Delivered Ex Quay……( named port of destination) 目的港码头交货……（指定目的港）12.DDU = Delivered Duty Unpaid……(named port of destination) 未完税交货……（指定目的地）13.DDP = Delivered Duty Paid……(named port of destination) 完税后交货……（指定目的地）Equivalent electronic message 相等的电子单证Ship's rail 船舷Document transaction 单证交易Specific goods 特定货物Unascertained goods 非特定货物Specified goods 特定化货物In transit 路货Tender or delivery of goods 提供或交付的货物第三章国际货物运输与保险法律制度Ship owner 船舶所有人Disponent owner 二船东Affreightment in a general ship 件杂货运输合同/零担运输合同/提单运输Liner shipping 班轮运输Charter party = C/P 租船合同Voyage charter party 航次租船合同Single trip C/P 单航次合同Return trip C/P 往返航次租船合同Consecutive single trip C/P 连续单航次合同Consecutive return trip C/P 连续往返航次租船合同Contract of affreightment 包运租船合同Standard form 标准合同形式Gencon “金康”合同Safety port clause 安全港条款Always floating clause 永远漂浮状态条款Time charter party 定期租船合同Baltime 波尔泰定期租船合同Bareboat charter party = charter by demise 光船租赁合同Contract of affreightment 海上货物运输包运合同/海上货物运输总合同Combined transport 联合运输Combined transport contract 多式联运合同Frustration 合同受阻Due diligence to make the ship seaworthiness 谨慎处理使船舶处于适航的状态Deviation 绕航Freight 运费Freight prepaid 预付运费Freight to collect 到付运费Dead freight 亏舱费/空舱费Demurrage 滞期费General average contribution 共同海损费用Package limitation of liability 单位责任限制Sea waybill 海运单Bill of lading = B/L 提单Prima facie evidence 初步证据Conclusive evidence 绝对证据Shipped (or on board) B/L 已装船提单Received for shipped B/L 收货待运提单/备运提单Dock receipt 场站收据Straight B/L 记名提单Bearer B/L = open or blank B/L 不记名提单/空白提单/持票人提单Bearer 持有人To bearer 交与持有人Order B/L 指示提单To order 凭指示To order of ... 凭某某人指示Clean B/L 清洁提单In apparent good order and condition 上列外表状况良好Unclean B/L = claused B/L = foul B/L 不清洁提单Mate's receipt 大副收据Letter of indemnity 保函Long form B/L 全式提单/繁式提单Short form B/L 简式提单/略式提单Direct B/L 直达提单Transshipment B/L 转船提单through B/L 联运提单Ocean through B/L 海上联运提单Contracting carrier 订约承运人Successive carriers 连续的承运人On-carrier 接运承运人Actual carrier 实际承运人Pure ocean through B/L 纯海上联运提单Combined transport B/L 多式联运提单Liner B/L 班轮提单Charter party B/L 租船提单On deck B/L 舱面提单/甲板提单On deck risk 甲板险Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单Advanced B/L 预借提单Electronic B/L 电子提单CMI Rules for Electronic Bill of Lading 《国际海事委员会电子提单规则》Vessel and nationality 船名和船舶国籍Ports of loading and unloading and ofcall 装货地和目的地或中途停靠港地Description ofgoods,marks,packages,numbers,meas urement or weight 货物品名、标志、包装、件数、体积或重量Freight and charges 运费和应当给付承运人的其他费用Date of signing at ... 提单签发的日期、地点和分数Signed by carrier master 承运人或船长签署Name of vessel 船名Carrier 承运人Shipper 托运人Consignee 收货人Notify party 通知人To be notified 需通知Freight payment 运费支付Jurisdiction clause 管辖权条款Paramount clause 首要条款Carrier's liability clause 承运人责任条款Period of carrier's responsibility clause 承运人责任期间条款Loading,Discharging and Delivery Clause 装货、卸货和交货条款Package limitation 赔偿责任限额Deck cargo and live animals clause 甲板货和活动物条款Cargo in container clause 集装箱货物条款Forwarding,Substitute ofvessel,Through carriage and Transhipment clause 转运、换船、联运与转船条款General average clause 共同海损条款New Jason Clause 新杰森条款Both to blame collision clause 互有过失碰撞条款Original B/L 正本提单Copy 副本Non-negotiable 不能流通Letter of indemnity 保函Defraud a third party 对第三者有欺诈的意图Endorsement 背书Assignor 出让人Assignee 受让人Endorsement in blank 空白背书Special endorsement 特定背书International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading = The Hague Rules 《统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约》/《海牙规则》From tackle to tackle “钩至钩”原则Common carrier 公共承运人Private carrier 私人承运人Harter Act 《哈特法》Seaworthiness 船舶适航的标准Loading 装货Handling 搬移Stowage 配载Carrying 运送Custody and caring 保管和照料Discharging 卸货Navigation of ship 驾驶船舶Management of ship 管理船舶Actual fault or privity 实际过失或私谋Inherent vice 固有缺陷Latent defect 潜在缺陷Ejusdem genesis rule 同类规则Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading = The Visby Rules 《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》/《维斯比规则》Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权Breach of contract 违约Tort 侵权行为Himalayan clause 喜马拉雅条款Independent contractor 独立的承包商United Nations Convention on Carriage of Goods by Sea 《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》/《汉堡规则》Common understanding 共同谅解书International multimodal transport国际多式联运International multimodal transport of goods 国际货物多式联运Container 集装箱Container freight station = CFS 集装箱货运站Port to port 港到港Door to door 门到门运输Uniform Rules for a Combined Transport Document 1973 《联运单证统一规则》Combined transport operator 多式联运经营人/联运人Principal 本人Multimodal transport document 多式联运单证Ocean bill of lading 海洋提单Way bill 铁路运单Air waybill 航空货运单/空运单Convention for Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air = Warsaw Convention 《统一国际航空运输某些规则的公约》/1929年《华沙公约》Hague Protocal 《修改1927年10月12日在华沙签订的国际航空运输某些规则的公约的议定书》/《海牙议定书》Guadalajara convention 《统一非订约承运人所办国际航空运输某些规则以补充华沙公约的公约》/《瓜达拉哈拉公约》Air consignment note = ACN 空运单证/空运托运单CIM 国际铁路货物运输公约CMR 国际公路货物运输公约Wilful misconduct 故意的不当行为Insurance broker 保险经纪人The slip 承保条Insurance policy 保险单Marine insurance 海上保险/水险Valued policy 定值保单Valued insurance 定值保险合同Unvalued policy 不定值保单Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Risk of leakage 渗漏险Risk of clashing & breakage 碰损破碎险Risk of odour 串味险Damage caused by sweating & or heating 受潮受热险Risk damage 钩损险Loss of damage caused by breakage of packing 包装破裂险Risk of rusting 锈损险Special additional risk 特别附加险War risk 战争险Strikes risk 罢工险On deck risk 舱面险Import duty risk 进口关税险Rejection risk 拒收险Failure to deliver risk 交货不到险第四章国际贸易结算与支付法律制度International payment 国际支付Foreign exchange control 外汇管制International Monetary Fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织Forward transaction 远期外汇交易Swap transaction 掉期交易Currency option 外币期权交易Bill 票据Drawer 出票人Drawee = payer受票人/付款人Payee 受款人Negotiation 权利转让Assignment 债权让与Predecessors 前手Holder for value 付了对价的持票人Holder in due course 正当持票人Protected holder 受保护持票人Bill of exchange = draft = bill 汇票Promissory note 本票Check = cheque 支票Issue 出票Preparation 做成Delivery 交付Endorsement 背书Presentment 提示Acceptance 承兑Payment 付款Dishonour 拒付Recourse 追索Electronic funds transfer = EFT 电子资金划拨Originator 发端人Beneficiary 受益人Originator's bank 发端人银行/接受发端人支付指令的银行Intermediary bank 中间银行Beneficiary's bank 受益人银行Remittance 汇付/顺汇Reverse remittance 逆汇Collection 托收Letter of credit 信用证Remitter 汇款人Remitting bank 汇出行Paying bank 汇入行Payee 收款人Mail transfer = M/T 信汇Telegraphic transfer = T/T 电汇Demand draft = D/D 票汇Payment in advance 预付货物Payment after arrival of goods 货到付款Banker's demand draft 银行即期汇票Remittance against documents 凭单付款Principal = customer 委托人/本人/（银行的）客户Subagent 代理人的代理人Remittance letter 托收委托书Privity of contract 合同关系Remitting bank 托收行Collecting bank 代收行Drawee 付款人/汇票受票人Clean collection 光票托收Documentary collection 跟单托收Documents against payment = D/P 付款交单Documents against acceptance = D/A 承兑交单Uniform Rules on the Collection = URC 《托收统一规则》URC522 Collection order 托收指令Collection instruction 托收指示Discount 贴现Application form 开证申请书Applicant 开证申请人Issuing bank 开证行Advising bank 通知行Beneficiary 受益人Negotiating bank 议付行Confirming bank 保兑行Paying bank 付款行Transferee = second beneficiary 受让人/第二受益人Reimbursing bank 偿付银行/清算银行Documentary L/C 跟单信用证Clean L/C 光票信用证Revocable L/C 可撤销信用证Irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证Unconfirmed L/C 不保兑信用证Sight L/C 即期信用证Usance L/C 远期信用证Transferable L/C 可转让信用证Divisible L/C 可分割信用证Revolving L/C 循环信用证Non-revolving L/C 非循环信用证Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证Standby L/C 备用信用证/担保信用证/保证信用证/履约信用证Binding promise 有约束力的允诺Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit = UCP 《跟单信用证统一惯例》UCP600All discrepancies 全部不符点Accounting receivable = A/R 应收账款Factoring 保理Forfaiting = invoice discounting 福费廷/发票贴现/包买票据Securitization 资产证券化Project financing 项目融资The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law = UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会Origin contract 原始合同Assignment contract 转让合同Assignment 转让Assignor 转让人Assignee 受让人Obligor 债务人Subsequent assignment 后继转让Assignment of international receivables 国际应收款的转让International assignment of receivables 应收款的国际转让Notification of the assignment 转让通知Payment instruction 付款指示Competing creditors 竞合求偿人Trust receipt T/P 信托收据International factoring 国际保付代理/国际保理第五章WTO与中国的对外贸易管理制度GATT 关税与贸易总协定WTO 世界贸易组织IMF 国际货币基金组织Round （各轮贸易谈判）回合Plurilateral trade agreement 诸边贸易协议/复边贸易协议Marrakesh Agreement onEstablishing the World Trade Organization 《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》/《WTO 协定》Forum 场所Doha development agenda = DDA 多哈发展议程Contracting party 缔约方Member 成员方Separate customs territory 单独关税区Chinese Taipei 中华台北Free riding 免费搭车Ministerial conference 部长会议General council 总理事会Council 理事会Committee 委员会Dispute Settlement Body & Appellate Body 争端解决机构与上诉机构Secretariat 秘书处Most-favored-nation Treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇原则GSP 普遍优惠制Enabling clause 授权条款National treatment 国民待遇GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Schedule 减让表TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Transparency 透明度原则Decision: Accession of the People's Republic of China 《关于中华人民共和国加入的决定》Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China 《中华人民共和国加入WTO议定书》Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China 《中国加入工作组报告》Protocol of Provisional Application = PPA = Grandfather clause 《临时适用议定书》/祖父条款Marrakesh Protocol to the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 《1994年GATT马拉喀什议定书》1.Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协定》2.Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures = SPS 《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》3.Agreement on Textiles and Clothing = ATC 《纺织品与服装协定》Multifibre Arrangement = MFA 《国际纺织品贸易协定》/《多种纤维协定》4.Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade = TBT 《技术性贸易壁垒协定》5.Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议6.Agreement on Antidumping = AD 《反倾销协定》Material injury 实质性损害7.Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 《海关估价协定》/《关于履行GATT1994第7条的协定》8.Agreement on Preshipment Inspection = PSI 《装运前检验协定》9.Agreement on Rules of Origin = RO 《原产地规则协定》10.Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures 《进口许可程序协定》11.Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures = SCM 《补贴与反补贴措施协定》/《反补贴协定》12.Agreement on Safeguards = SG 《保障措施协定》Serious injury 严重损害General Agreement on Trade in services = GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Specific commitments 具体承诺开价单Schedule of specific commitments 具体义务承诺表Cross-border supply 跨境提供Consumption abroad 境外消费Commercial presence 商业存在Movement of personnel 自然人流动Horizontal commitments 水平承诺Sector-specific commitments 部门承诺Plurilateral trade agreement 复边协议Trade Policy Review Mechanism = TPRM 贸易政策评审机制Sunset clause 日落条款Material injury 实质损害Close Economic Partnership Arrangement = CEPA 《内地与香港/澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement = ECFA 《两岸经济合作架构协议》第六章国际投资法UNCTAD 联合国贸发会议Equity joint venture 中外合资经营企业/股权式合营企业Contractual joint venture 中外合作经营企业/契约式合营企业Wholly owned foreign enterprise 外商独资企业Build-Operate-Transfer = BOT 建设——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate-Transfer = BOOT 建设——拥有——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate = BOO 建设——拥有——经营Build-Lease-Transfer = BLT 建设——租赁——转让Build-Transfer-Operate = BTO 建设——转让——经营Stabilization clause 稳定条款Lex contractus = law of the parties 契约条款法/当事人法Association of Southeast Asian Nations = ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟/东盟North America Free Trade Agreement = NAFTA 《北美自由贸易协定》FTAA 美洲自由贸易区Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 《解决国家与他国国民之间投资争议公约》/《华盛顿公约》International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 《多边投资担保机构公约》/《汉城公约》Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议第七章国际金融法Bank for International Settlement = BIS 国际清算银行Purchase 购买Repurchase 重购Draw 提取Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权World Bank Group = WBG 世界银行集团The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development = IBRD 国际复兴开发银行The International Finance Corporation = IFC 国际金融公司The International Development Association = IDA 国际开发协会International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 多边投资担保机构Operations evaluation department = OED 评价检查部门Hard loan 硬贷款/世界银行贷款Soft loan 软贷款/国际开发协会援助贷款Blend 混合贷款United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations 联合国跨国公司中心The Basle Committee on Banking Supervision 巴塞尔银行监管委员会London Inter-Bank Offered Rated = LIBOR 伦敦同业银行拆放率Definition and interpretation 定义与释义Loan currency 贷款货币Loan amount 贷款金额Purpose for loan 贷款的用途Condition precedent 贷款的先决条件条款Final maturity and disbursement 贷款期限和发放Interest rate and interest 贷款的利率和利息Representation and warranties 陈述与保证Covenant 约定事项Negative pledge 消极保证条款/保证不作为条款Pari passu covenant 平等地位条款Financial covenant 财务约定事项Repayment 贷款的偿还Pre-repayment 贷款的提前偿还Governing law and jurisdiction 法律适用和司法管辖条款Assignment 权利或义务的让与Set-off 抵消条款Events of default 违约事件条款Syndicated loan = Corporate Finance 国际辛迪加贷款/国际商业银团贷款/银团贷款Lead manager 经理行Term sheet 贷款条件清单Mandate letter 委任书Commitment letter 义务承担书Information memorandum 信息备忘录Novation = substitution 更新/合同更新/合同替代Assignment 让与Sub-loans 转贷款Transferable loan certificate = TLC 可转让贷款证Transferable participating certificate = TPC 可转让贷款参与证Transferable loan instrument = TLI 可转让贷款票据Lead manager 牵头银行/经理银行Agent bank 代理银行Participant 参与贷款银行Project finance 国际项目贷款Take or pay contract 提货或付款协议第八章知识产权国际保护的法律制度Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights = TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Convention Establishing World Intellectual Property Organization 《建立世界知识产权组织公约》World Intellectual Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权巴黎公约》Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 《保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约》/《伯尔尼公约》Universal Copyright Convention 《世界版权公约》Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations = Rome Convention 《保护表演者、录音制品制作者与广播组织罗马公约》Copyright and Related Rights 版权和邻接权Trademark 商标Geographical indications 地理标志Industrial designs 工业品外观设计Patent 专利权Cross-license 交叉许可Layout-designs of integrate circuits 集成电路布图设计/拓扑图IPIC 《集成电路知识产权条约》/《IPIC条约》Protection of undisclosed information 未披露信息的保护Contractual licences 协议许可Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks 《商标国际注册马德里协定》/《马德里协定》Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purpose of the Registration of Marks 《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》/《尼斯协定》Hologram mark 全息商标Patent Co-operation Treaty 《专利合作条约》International Patent Classification = IPC 国际专利分类法第九章国际税法Tax residence 税收居所The source of income 所得来源地/所得来源国Substantial presence test 实际存在标准OECD 经济合作与发展组织The tie-breaker clause 序列选择性冲突规范的解决原则Effective management 实际管理Principle of permanent establishment 常设机构原则Distinct place 显著的地点Stability, productivity, dependence 稳定性、生产性和依附性Associated permanent establishment 关联性常设机构Unassociated permanent establishment 非关联性常设机构Dependent agent 非独立地位的代理人Principle of fixed base 固定基地原则International double non-taxation 国际双重免税Tax-systematic double taxation 税制性双重征税Juridical double taxation 法律性双重征税Economic double taxation 经济性双重征税Method of tax exemption 免税法/豁免法Method of full exemption 全额免税法Method of exemption with progression 累进免税法Method of tax deduction 扣除法Method of tax credit = foreign tax credit 抵免法/外国税收抵免Full credit 全额抵免Ordinary credit 限额抵免/普通抵免Limitation on credit 抵免限额Direct credit 直接抵免Indirect credit 间接抵免Dividend-deduction system 股息扣除制Split-rate system 分劈税率制/双税率制Imputation credit system 归集抵免制/估算抵免制Schedular treatment 其他处理法International tax sparing credit = shadow tax credit 国际税收绕让抵免/饶让抵免/影子税收抵免/虚构抵免Tax evasion 逃税Tax avoidance 避税Tax refugee 税收逃难者Associated enterprises 跨国关联企业/联属企业Transfer pricing = Transferring price 转移定价/转让价格/划拨价格Arm's length deal 公平市场上的正常交易Tax haven 避税港/避税地Base company 基地公司Thin capitalization 资本弱化Foreign source income 外国来源所得Deferral of domestic taxation 延期纳税/国内纳税递延Unitary entity theory 单一实体论Separate entity theory 独立实体论Controlled foreign company = CFC 受控外国公司Agreement on Exchange of Information in Tax Matters 《税收事务情报交换协定》International tax treaty 国际税收协定/国际税收条约Tax treaty shopping 滥用国际税收协定/套用税收协定Direct conduit company 直接导管公司Stepping-stone conduit company 踏脚导管公司The abstinence approach 禁止法The exclusion approach 排除法The look-through approach 透视法Beneficiary owner 受益所有人The subject-to-tax approach 征税法The channel approach 渠道法The derivative approach 衍生法第十章国际经济争端处理法律制度Mediation or conciliation 调解Arbitration 仲裁/公断International arbitration = Inter-state arbitration国际仲裁/国家间仲裁Domestic arbitration 国内仲裁International commercial arbitration = transnational arbitration 国际商事仲裁/跨国仲裁Subject-matter 客体Commercial 商事Arbitration court of International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会仲裁院CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁议定书Lex arbitri 仲裁地法Country of origin 裁决地法Delocalized arbitration 非内国化或非地方化仲裁Anchored 定位于Floating 浮动的Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes = DSU 《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Dispute settlement body = DSB 争端解决机构Negative consensus 全体一致否决/反向协商一致Good offices, conciliation, mediation 斡旋、调解和调停Composition 组成Compliance panel 相符性专家组/21.5条专家组。
2015考研英语题源阅读：Theglobaleconomy
2015考研英语题源阅读：Theglobaleconomy 店铺考研英语频道为⼤家提供2015考研英语同源阅读：The global economy，⼤家可以练习⼀下⾃⼰的阅读能⼒! 2015考研英语题源阅读：The global economy How to stop a currency war IN RECENT weeks the world economy has been on a war footing, at least rhetorically. Ever since Brazil’s finance minister, Guido Mantega, declared on September 27th that an “international currency war” had broken out, the global economic debate has been recast in battlefield terms, not just by excitable headline-writers, but by officials themselves. Gone is the fuzzy rhetoric about co-operation to boost global growth. A more combative tone has taken hold. Countries blame each other for distorting global demand, with weapons that range from quantitative (量的;⽤量表⽰的;与数量有关的) easing (printing money to buy bonds) to currency intervention and capital controls. Behind all the smoke and fury, there are in fact three battles. The biggest one is over China’s unwillingness to allow the yuan to rise more quickly. American and European officials have sounded tougher about the “damaging dynamic” caused by China’s undervalued currency. Last month the House of Representatives passed a law allowing firms to seek tariff protection against countries with undervalued currencies, with a huge bipartisan(两个政党的) majority. China’s “unfair” trade practices have become a hot topic in the mid-term elections. A second flashpoint is the rich world’s monetary policy, particularly the prospect that central banks may soon restart printing money to buy government bonds. The dollar has fallen as financial markets expect the Federal Reserve to act fastest and most boldly. The euro has soared as officials at the European Central Bank show least enthusiasm for such a shift. In China’s eyes (and, sotto voce, those of many other emerging-market governments), quantitative easing creates a gross distortion in the world economy as investors rush elsewhere, especially into emerging economies, in search of higher yields. A third area of contention comes from how the developing countries respond to these capital flows. Rather than let their exchange rates soar, many governments have intervened to buy foreign currency, or imposed taxes on foreign capital inflows. Brazil recently doubled a tax on foreign purchases of its domestic debt. This week Thailand announced a new 15% withholding tax for foreign investors in its bonds. Jaw-jaw, please For now, these skirmishes fall far short of a real currency war. Many of the “weapons” look less menacing on closer inspection. The capital-inflow controls are modest. In the rich world only Japan has recently resorted to currency intervention, and so far only once. Nor is there much risk of an imminent (危险等逼近的;即将发⽣的)descent into trade retaliation(报复). Even in America, tariffs against China are still, with luck, a long way off—both because the currency bill is milder than it sounds and because it has yet to be passed by the Senate or signed by Barack Obama. Still, there is no room for complacency(满⾜;⾃满) Today’s phoney war could quickly turn into a real dogfight. The conditions driving the divergence(分歧) of economic policies—in particular, sluggish(怠惰的 )growth in the rich world—are likely to last for years. As fiscal austerity(朴素, 节俭;苦⾏)kicks in, the appeal of using a cheaper currency as a source of demand will increase, and the pressure on politicians to treat China as a scapegoat will rise. And if the flood of foreign capital intensifies, developing countries may be forced to choose between losing competitiveness, truly draconian(古代执政官的, 严峻的)capital controls or allowing their economies to overheat. What needs to happen is fairly clear. Global demand needs rebalancing, away from indebted rich economies and towards more spending in the emerging world. Structural reforms to boost spending in those surplus economies will help, but their real exchange rates also need to appreciate(增值). And, yes, the Chinese yuan is too low. That is hurting not just the West but also other emerging countries (especially those with floating exchange rates) and indeed China itself, which needs to get more of its growth from domestic consumption. It is also clear that this will not be a painless process. China is right to worry about instability if workers in exporting companies lose their jobs. And even reasonable choices—such as the rich world’s mix of fiscal austerity and loose monetary policy—will have an uncomfortable impact on small, open emerging economies, in the form of unwelcome capital inflows.This flood of capital will be less devastating to them than the harm they would suffer if the West descended into deflation(通货紧缩)and stagnation, but it can still cause problems. Collective Seoul-searching All this cries out for a multilateral approach, in which institutions such as the IMF and the G20 forge consensus among the big economies. The hitch is that the multilateral route has, so far, achieved little. Hence the chorus calling for a different line of attack—one that focuses on getting tough with China, through either retaliatory capital controls (such as not allowing China to buy American Treasury bonds) or trade sanctions([ pl.]国际制裁). And it is not just the usual protectionist suspects: even some free-traders reckon that economic violence is the only way to shock China out of its self-harming obstinacy(顽固; (病痛等)难治)(and to stop a more widespread protectionist reaction later). This newspaper is not convinced. The threats look like either unworkable bluffs (how can China be stopped from buying Treasuries, the most widely traded asset in the world’s financial markets?) or dangerous provocations(刺激;⽤于尝试性解决问题). Confronted with a trade ultimatum(最后通牒), the Beijing regime, puffed up in its G2 hubris, may well reckon it is cheaper politically to retaliate to the United States in kind. That is how trade wars start. Anyway, to focus on America and China is to misunderstand the nature of the problem. The currency wars are about more than one villain and one victim. Rather, redouble multilateral efforts behind the scenes, especially by bringing in the emerging countries hurt by China’s policy. Brazil and others have only just begun to speak out. South Korea is hosting the G20 next month. Use the Seoul summit as a prompt, not to create some new Plaza Accord (today’s tensions are too complex to settle in a grand peace treaty of the sort hammered out by just five countries in New York in 1985) but as a way to clarify the debate and keep up the pressure. It will get fewer headlines; but this is a war that is best averted, not fought.推荐阅读: 推荐阅读。
《跨境电子商务实用英语》全套教学课件1-2 The Significance of Cross-border E-commerce
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Learn words and expressions concerning talking about above issues in the significance of Cross-border E-commerce
PART ONE
Warming-up
PART 1 Warming-up
PART 1 Warming-up
B. Li Yansheng, Senior Vice President of Shenzhen 4PX
Information Technology said, “Chinese people are earning more and the standard of living is rising, the need and want of overseas high quality, high priced and safe products is increasing. So there are huge demands which prosper the development of international e-commerce.”
In the context of global sluggish foreign trade and China’s economic downturn, Cross-border E-commerce undertakes the mission of promoting the transformation and upgrading of China's open economy and building new economic growth points.
A. The State Council of China officially announced its plan to establish a “Cross border E-Commerce Comprehensive Pilot Area” in Hangzhou in March 2015, featuring a lot of preferential tax policies and streamlined customs clearance procedures.
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What is e-commerce?
Business-to-consumer (b2c) examples
Retail -- catalogue, configuration, sale, payment Broker, agent -- auction, travel, auto, real estate Entertainment -- gaming, gambling, music Communications -- e-mail, e-cards, net radio Financial services -- securities, insur., banking Publication -- newspapers, magazines Database -- directories, maps Professional services -- “tele-medicine” Education -- “distance learning”
“In five years, there won’t be any Internet companies because they will all be Internet companies. Otherwise, they will die.” -- Andy Grove, Intel
Prior changes in communications technologies also have led to evolution of business models
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Facts and figures
International revenues are significant for some U.S. firms
Company
Segment
Int’l revenue (%)
CDnow
Music
35%
Music Boulevard Music
33%
Amazon
Much higher if we count EDI, EFT, etc.
b2b is projected to grow much faster, reaching over 90% of i-commerce by 2001
b2b migration from VANs to the Internet permits cost effective use by smaller enterprises (“EDI lite”)
TaxingE-CommerceinaGlobalEconomyOldIssues,New
2
Contents
What is e-commerce? A brief history of e-commerce Some facts and figures Tax policy implications Suggested principles to guide tax policy
Combined total from most recent financial statements of 15 large Internet companies:*
Revenues
$5.1 billion
Net income
$-0.4 billion
*Amazon, AOL, CDnow, CompuServe, E*Trade, eBay, Excite, Infoseek, Lycos, N2K, NetGrocer, ONsale, PeaPod, Preview, Yahoo!
E-commerce is contributing to U.S. economic growth by raising productivity
Improved supply chain management and reduced inventory costs
Reduced distribution, marketing, and customer service costs
The tax system can cope with e-commerce. Though the medium is new, the issues are old.
See Howley v. Whipple, 48 N.H. 487 (1869) in which the court opined that writing and signatures communicated electronically through the telegraph were equivalent to pen and ink.1
Books
26%
FirstParts
Components
30%
Virtual Dreams Adult entertain.
Source: OECD, The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce, 1999, p. 100.
25%
14
telegraph, telephone, radio, TV, facsimile, etc.
8
Facts and figures U.S. i-commerce sales
B2c gets the headlines, b2b gets the dollars b2b accounts for 85%+ of sales in 1999
E-commerce is a tiny share of direct market sales
Internet sales to consumers are less than 3% of all direct market sales to consumers (est. 1999)
Internet sales to consumers amount to less than 4/10 of one percent of U.S. personal consumer expenditures (est. 1999)
Source: Forrester Research Inc., Nov. 1998
9
Facts and figures b2c is a small share of Internet commerce
US Internet Commerce, 1998-2003
100%
90%
84%
86%
88%
about 80% in 1999 declining to less than 60% in 2003.
Source Forrester Research Inc., 1998
15
Facts and figures
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
3
What is e-commerce?
A broad definition Interactions possessing three attributes:
(1) between two computer applications, (2) completes all or part of business transaction, and (3) crosses enterprise boundaries.
6
History of e-commerce
Source: OECD, The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce, 1999.
7
History of e-commerce
E-commerce is more a way of doing business than a sector
I-commerce Sales: U.S. as a percent of Global, 1998-2003
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source: Forrester Research, Inc., Nov. 1998
2003
High Low Middle
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Facts and figures
Facts and figures
11
Internet is a tiny % of direct market consumer sales
Billions of dollars
Value of U.S. Direct Market Driven Consumer Sales, 1998-99
800
Remote sales have been with us since at least the Sears & Roebuck catalog
The Internet is a tiny share of remote sales, and a negligible percentage of all consumer sales
700 612.2
600
674.0
500
400
Internet
Total
300
200
100 0
8
18
1998
1999
Sources: Direct Marketing Assoc. and Forrester Research, Inc.
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Facts and figures
To date, Internet companies have small profits
Excluding services (which generally are not subject to retail sales tax), most b2c Internet sales are delivered exactly like mail order