Economic planning
计划经济体制英语
计划经济体制英语Planned economy, also known as command economy, refers to an economic system in which the government or a centralized authority determines and controls the production, allocation, and distribution of goods and services. In a planned economy, the government sets specific production targets and dictates resource allocation to achieve economic and social objectives.Under a planned economy, decisions about what to produce, how much to produce, and how to distribute goods and services are made by a central planning authority, often a government agency or a planning commission. This central authority determines the price of goods and services, as well as the wages and employment conditions for workers.In a planned economy, the government typically owns and controls major industries and enterprises, and individual private ownership of businesses is limited. The government also regulates and controls the financial sector, trade, and foreign exchange.Advocates of planned economies argue that they allow for more equitable distribution of resources and wealth, and can prioritize social welfare over profit. They believe that a planned economy can reduce inequality, poverty, and unemployment, and promote social stability and economic development.However, critics argue that planned economies often result in inefficiencies, lack of innovation, and limited individual freedoms. Centralized decision-making can lead to bureaucracy, corruption, and misallocation of resources. Additionally, the absence ofcompetition and market forces can hinder economic growth and productivity.Planned economies were commonly associated with socialist or communist countries during the 20th century, such as the Soviet Union and China under Mao Zedong. However, in recent decades, many countries have transitioned to mixed economies, combining elements of both planned and market-based systems.。
计划经济的好坏(economic planning)(英文版)
Advantages of economic planningThe government can harness land, labor, and capital to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. The state can begin building a heavy industry at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry, and without reliance on external financing. This is what happened in the Soviet Union during the 1930s when the government forced the share of GNP dedicated to private consumption from eighty percent to fifty percent.As a result, the Soviet Union experienced massive growth in heavy industry.Disadvantages of economic planningInefficient resource distribution: surplus and shortageCritics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages, and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a market economy, a free price system is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, both of whom called it the "economic calculation problem". These opponents of central planning argue that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs, and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances, is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most amount of consumers, most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as spontaneous order. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to Tibor R. Machan, "Without a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible tofunnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals."Suppression of economic democracy andself-managementEconomist Robin Hahnel notes that, even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom.Says Hahnel, "Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential economic power grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was propped up by unprecedented totalitarian political power."Economic InstabilityStudies of Eastern European planned economies in the 1950s and 1960s by both American and Eastern European economists found that, contrary to expectations, they showed greater fluctuations in output than market economies during the same period.。
（完整版）罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要,中英文对照
（完整版）罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要,中英文对照罗宾斯《管理学》内容概要第一篇导论1章管理者和管理1、组织组织(organization)的定义：对完成特定使命的人们的系统性安排组织的层次：操作者(operatives)和管理者(基层、中层、高层)2、管理者和管理管理者(managers)的定义：指挥别人活动的人管理(management)的定义：同别人一起或者通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
管理追求效率(efficiency)和效果(effectiveness)管理职能(management functions)：计划(planning)、组织(organizing)、领导(leading)、控制(controlling)管理者角色(management roles)：人际关系角色(interpersonal roles)、信息角色(information roles)、决策角色(decision roles) 成功的管理者和有效的管理者并不等同，在活动时间上，有效的管理者花费了大量的时间用于沟通，而网络联系（社交等）占据了成功的管理者很大部分时间。
管理者在不同的组织中进行着不同的工作。
组织的国别、组织的类型、组织的规模以及管理者在组织中的不同层次决定了管理者的角色扮演、工作内容以及职能和作用。
2章管理的演进1、20世纪以前的管理：亚当·斯密的劳动分工理论(division of labor)产业革命(industrial revolution)2、多样化时期（20世纪）：科学管理(scientific management)：弗雷德里克·泰勒一般行政管理理论(general administrative theory)：亨利·法约尔(principles of management)、马克斯·韦伯(bureaucracy) 人力资源方法(human resources approach)：权威的接受观点(acceptance view of authority)，霍桑研究，人际关系运动(卡内基、马斯洛)，行为科学理论家(behavioral science theorists) 定量方法(quantitative approach)3、近年来的趋势（20世纪后期）：趋向一体化过程方法(process approach)系统方法(systems approach)：封闭系统和开放系统(closed systems)权变方法(contingency approach)：一般性的权变变量包括组织规模、任务技术的例常性、环境的不确定性、个人差异4、当前的趋势和问题（21世纪）：变化中的管理实践全球化(globalization)工作人员多样化(work force diversity)道德(morality)激励创新(innovations)和变革(changes)全面质量管理(total quality management, TQM)：由顾客需要和期望驱动的管理哲学授权(delegation)工作人员的两极化(bi-modal work force)3章组织文化与环境：管理的约束力量1、组织组织文化(organizational culture)被用来指共有的价值体系。
专业中英文对照表
中南财经政法大学证书翻译用词中英对照参考表一、学位：法学学士: Law 文学学士: Arts理学学士： Science 史学学士： Hislosophy经济学士: Economics 管理学士: Management哲学学士: Philosophy 工学学士: Engineering二、学院专业：01、哲学院： School of Philosophy哲学: Philosophy政治学: Politics国际政治： International Politics02、马克思主义学院：School of Marxism历史学: History思政教育: Ideological and Political Education03、经济学院： School of Economics国际商务： International Business经济学专业： Economics工业经济学 Industrial Economics农业经济学 Agricultural Economics商业经济 Commercial Economics经济策划 Economic Planning发展经济学 Development Economics国民经济计划 National Economy Planning国民经济管理 Management of National Economy国际经济合作 International Economical Cooperation04、财政税务学院 School of Public Finance and Taxation财政学 Public Finance税务 Taxation农业税收 Agricultural Taxation国际税收 International Taxation注册税务师方向 Certified Tax Agents05、新华金融保险学院Xinhua School of Finance and Insurance金融学 Finance金融工程 Financial Engineering保险 Insurance统计学 Statistics工程管理 Engineering Management国际金融 International Finance国际贸易 International Trade投资学 Investments投资经济 Investment Economics国际投资 International Investment投资项目评估 Evaluation on Investment Project证券 Securities证券投资 Security Investment房地产经营管理Real estate Management理财学 Management of Financial Affairs货币银行学 Money and Banking农村金融与保险 Agricultural Finance and Insurance银行经营管理 Operation and Administration of Bank06、法学院 School of Law法学 Law经济法 Economic Law国际经济法 International Economic Law07、刑事司法学院 School of Criminal and Justice公安学院 School of Public Security侦查学 Investigation治安学 Public Security边防管理 Management of Border Defence08、外国语学院 School of Foreign Languages英语 English日语 Japanese09、新闻与文化传播学院School of Journalism and Mass Communication汉语言文学 Chinese Language and Literature新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication汉语与写作 Chinese and Writing艺术设计（动画方向） Art and Design (Animation)广电新闻学 Journalism of Broadcasting and Television10、工商管理学院 School of Business Administration工商管理 Business Administration工程管理 Engineering Management物流管理 Logistics Management市场营销 Marketing国际经济与贸易 International Economics and Trade国际贸易 International Trade贸易经济 Trade and Economic商贸英语 Business English人力资源管理 Management of Human Resources电子商务 Electronic Commerce管理科学 Science of Administration.旅游管理 Tourism Management农林经济管理:Management of Agricultural and Forestry Economy国际企业管理Management of International Enterprises11、会计学院 School of Accounting财务管理 Financial Management会计学 Accounting国际会计 International Accounting注册会计师 Certified Public Accountant12、公共管理学院 School of Public Administration劳动与社会保障 Labor and Social Security行政管理 General Administration公共关系学 Public Relation劳动人事管理 Personnel Administration公共事业管理 Management of Public Affairs国有资产管理 Management of Stated-Owned Assets城市管理 Urban Management13、统计与数学学院 School of Statistics and Mathematics统计学 Statistics信息与计算科学 Information and Calculate Science14、信息与安全工程学院School of Information and Safety Engineering安全工程 Safety Engineering环境工程 Environmental Engineering计算机应用 Application of Computer电子商务（信息技术方向） Electronic Commerce计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology数据库系统 Data Base System管理信息系统Managerial Information System信息管理与信息系统Information Management and Information System。
经济发展计划的编制与执行步骤和方法
经济发展计划的编制与执行步骤和方法一、引言经济发展计划编制与执行是实现国家经济发展目标的关键工作。
本文将探讨经济发展计划的编制和执行的基本步骤和方法。
二、制定发展目标1.分析现状：了解国家经济发展的现状和面临的挑战，评估各个领域的发展潜力。
2.设定目标：根据分析结果，制定具体、可衡量和可实现的经济发展目标，如国内生产总值增长率、就业率等。
三、策划发展战略1.制定政策措施：根据发展目标，制定相应的政策措施，包括财政政策、货币政策、产业政策等。
2.确定发展重点：确定重点领域和产业，以推动全面发展，如基础设施建设、科技创新等。
3.制定时间表：确定实施各项政策措施的时间表，以确保及时有效地推动经济发展。
四、资源配置和计划编制1.收集数据：收集相关数据和信息，包括经济指标、人口统计、市场需求等，以便为计划编制提供依据。
2.分析数据：根据收集的数据进行分析和评估，确定资源配置的优先级和合理分配范围。
3.制定计划：根据目标和资源状况，制定详细的经济发展计划，包括具体项目、预算、时间表等。
五、执行与监测1.组织实施：将计划付诸实施，组织相关部门和单位积极参与到计划的执行中。
2.监测评估：建立健全的监测评估机制，及时了解计划执行进展情况，发现问题并采取相应的措施。
六、需求反馈与调整1.收集反馈：定期收集各方面的反馈信息，包括市场需求、社会反响等。
2.评估结果：根据反馈信息进行评估，分析计划执行的成果和问题。
3.调整计划：根据评估结果对计划进行调整和改进，以更好地适应经济发展的需求和变化。
七、总结与总结1.总结经验：根据完成的计划和调整过程，总结经验教训，为今后的计划编制提供参考。
2.总结成效：评估计划执行的成效，如实现的经济增长目标、社会效益等。
八、结论经济发展计划的编制与执行是一个复杂而重要的工作。
需要制定明确的目标，科学策划发展战略，并确保执行过程的有效监测和评估。
只有通过合理的编制与执行步骤和方法，才能推动国家经济实现可持续发展。
市场经济和计划经济英语
市场经济和计划经济英语In the intricate tapestry of economic systems, two distinct patterns emerge: the market economy and the planned economy. Picture a bustling marketplace where supply and demand dictate the ebb and flow of goods and services; this is the essence of a market economy. It's a dynamic, self-regulating system where prices are determined by the forces of the market, and competition drives innovation and efficiency. Entrepreneurs and consumers alike thrive in this environment, as the invisible hand of the market guides the allocation of resources.Contrastingly, a planned economy is like a meticulously crafted blueprint, where the government or a central authority orchestrates the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It's a system that aims for uniformity and predictability, with the central planners setting targets and quotas to meet the needs of the society. This approach can lead to a more equitable distribution of resources, but it often comes at the cost of innovation and responsiveness to changing consumer preferences.The market economy, with its laissez-faire approach, can lead to economic growth and prosperity, but it's not without its pitfalls. It can result in income inequality, market failures, and environmental degradation if not properly regulated. On the other hand, the planned economy, while striving for social welfare and sustainability, can sufferfrom inefficiencies, lack of incentives, and a potential for bureaucratic corruption.As we navigate the complexities of economic development, it's crucial to recognize that no single system is a panacea. The most successful economies often blend elements of both market and planned approaches, creating a hybrid model that harnesses the strengths of each while mitigating their weaknesses. This balance allows for the flexibility and innovation of the market economy, coupled with the stability and equity goals of a planned system.In essence, the debate between market and planned economies is not a binary one; it's a spectrum of possibilities. The key lies in understanding the unique context and needs of each society and crafting an economic framework that best serves its people. Whether it's the vibrant energy of a market-driven economy or the structured order of a planned system, the ultimate goal is to create an environment where all can prosper and thrive.。
经济发展的步骤和流程简介
经济发展的步骤和流程简介经济发展是一个国家繁荣和人民福祉提升的重要指标。
为了实现经济的持续增长和社会的可持续发展，一个国家需要经历一系列的步骤和流程。
本文将简要介绍经济发展的一般步骤和流程。
1. 宏观经济政策制定经济发展的第一步是制定宏观经济政策。
政府通过制定财政政策、货币政策和产业政策等一系列政策来引导经济的发展。
财政政策主要涉及税收和政府支出等方面，货币政策则关注货币供应和利率等因素，产业政策则着重培育和支持特定的产业。
这些政策的制定需要依托详细的经济调研和政策分析，以确保能够实现经济稳定和可持续增长。
2. 投资和基础建设经济发展的下一步是通过投资和基础建设来推动经济增长。
投资可以是国内投资或外部投资，用于支持新的产业、企业和项目的发展。
基础建设包括交通、能源、通信等基础设施的建设，以提供良好的发展条件和支持。
投资和基础建设的实施旨在改善生产力、促进创新和提升国家竞争力。
3. 产业转型和升级为了实现经济的可持续发展，必须进行产业转型和升级。
这意味着将传统产业升级为更高附加值和更具创新性的产业。
这可能涉及技术创新、产品升级、生产效率提高以及人力资源培训等方面。
通过产业转型和升级，国家可以提高整体经济竞争力，提供更多高薪就业机会，并促进技术进步和社会进步。
4. 开放和市场化经济发展的另一个重要方面是开放和市场化。
通过加强与其他国家的贸易往来、吸引外资和技术引进，一个国家可以更好地融入国际经济体系，提升自身的经济实力。
市场化也是促进经济发展的关键因素，意味着逐步放开商品和劳务市场，鼓励竞争和创新。
开放和市场化可以带来更多的资源和机会，提供更好的投资环境，推动经济的发展和增长。
5. 持续监测和调整最后，经济发展是一个动态的过程，需要不断地监测和调整。
政府和相关机构需要定期评估经济发展情况，识别问题和风险，并采取相应的措施进行调整。
这可能涉及制定新的政策、调整现有政策、改进法规和加强监管等方面。
持续的监测和调整可以确保经济发展的稳定性和持续性。
计划经济与市场经济
知识创造未来
计划经济与市场经济
计划经济（planned economy）和市场经济（market economy）是两种不同的经济体制。
计划经济是指由政府或相关机构主导，通过中央计划来指
导资源配置和经济活动的经济形式。
在计划经济中，政府
制定计划，包括生产计划、投资计划、价格计划等，并通
过各种手段来实施计划，例如行政命令、资源分配、价格
管制等。
在计划经济中，政府通常掌握大部分资源和企业，决定生产、销售和投资的方向。
市场经济是指通过市场供求关系来决定资源配置和经济活
动的经济形式。
在市场经济中，政府的作用相对较小，主
要是提供公共产品、维护市场秩序和监管市场行为。
市场
经济中的价格、生产和投资决策主要由市场参与者自主决定，通过市场竞争来实现资源的有效配置。
计划经济和市场经济在资源分配、决策制定、效率和激励
机制等方面存在明显的差异。
计划经济以公共利益为导向，强调平等和社会公正，但容易出现资源浪费和效率低下的
问题。
市场经济强调个体自由、竞争和效率，但也容易导
致资源不均衡和市场失灵的问题。
目前，多数国家采用的是市场经济体制，但在一些特定领域，如教育、医疗、公共交通等，政府仍然发挥一定的调
控和干预作用。
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Economic planning
First, the first phase investment of 500000yuan of specific investment plan.
A. company registration took specific costs
In 1, the company name was cost 3000 yuan
In 2, the company registration fee 1800yuan
In 3, the company registered capital of 1000 yuan fee
In4, corporate account application fee of 900 yuan
In 5, the seal of the company production cost, 180 yuan
In 6, a company business license, copy, 150 yuan
B.The company's simple office furniture and office computer printers and other expenses
In 1, boss 1500 yuan
In 2, chairs the boss 1000 yuan
In 3, 5000 yuan of computer
In 4, the printer of 1500 yuan
In 5, 200 yuan in fixed telephone
In 6, ordinary seat 400 yuan
pany operation cost
In 1, artificial cost, at present 20 people per 1000 yuan wages by twenty person 3000 yuan
In 2, hiring temporary workers cost of about 10000 yuan In 3, water and electricity cost about 300 yuan
In 4, lunch cost about 600 yuan
In 5, the monthly financial statements artificial cost 500 yuan
In 6, the taxes of about 400 yuan per month second, ten million yuan specific investment plan In 1, Shenzhen perfect and hosting the certificates and documents, for government policy support funds to lay a good foundation, investment of about 100000 yuan.
In 2, Shenzhen proper lease in place of more than 6000 square meters of real estate, used to make the light warehouse, rent of about 500000 yuan
In 3, logistics handling investment of about 1500000,
In 4, the purchase of transportation tools, the acquisition of a 30 ton truck, 5 tons a minivan, a car business. Investment of about 600000
Above a total investment of about 4700000 yuan ten million minus 4700000 leaves 5300000,
Residual amounts to 20 above, the personnel salary expenses, water, electricity, gas, fuel expenses. Loan liquidity, and inventory backlog of occupation of funds
In third, after the investment of specific profit plan
In 1, Products can be in Shenzhen the local wholesale market for wholesale
In 2,Or on a local entity store open
In 3,To the city looking for franchisees collection joins in cost plan
In 4,Then in the Pearl River Delta as the bases of the lamps exported to Europe and the United States
In 5, National policy to support priority advantage
In 6,Our market is not tortious interference advantage
In 7.We can apply for patent development of new lighting Fourth, our development plan
In 1, when after the founding of the company to employees of the recruitment company, after training, selected from volunteers
In 2, the company through a press conference for the whole society to put forward, our company lighting features.
In 3, the company plans to use a year's time, using a variety of means of transportation, installment sent our volunteer team visited China 668 City real estate management mechanism, to promote our company's lighting.
In 4, our team of volunteers every arrival of a city, and the city leaders to discuss cooperation method, strive for policy support, such as the support, the company immediately in the city set up a branch, set up our plan lighting company. In 5, the company to all employees adopt Bonus assessment for each employee, the company through each employee's labor discipline, to put forward rational suggestions and so on as the company to each employee bonus incentives, to stay after the company appears on the market company staff can be awarded to score and company change into primitive, through such methods motivate employees work enthusiasm.
Fifth, our core competitiveness:
Our core competitiveness is: strive for policy support of the government, to occupy a favorable geographical location, to invest enormous capital, implement the company's corporate culture
Sixth, our competitors
Our competitors are other lighting company, these companies have to occupy the market, they have very rich
experience in the market, and strong economic strength, so we should learn from the edge of the city, one step at a time of occupation of the market. We established by every lighting subsidiary well.。