托福阅读的题目是这样的
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题
2020年12月12日托福阅读真题12月12日托福阅读第一篇主要内容：讲learning standard test set，就是如何测试不同种类动物的intelligence。
不同物种的智商不一样。
人们很想知道动物的智商和人类有什么不同，遇事通过动物学习水平来检测。
前三段都是讲的这个test是怎么操作的。
最先举的例子好像是猴子和什么，做的对比实验。
第一次让它从三角形和长方形里选，选三角形就给奖励，选正方形就不给;第二次从圆形和多边形里选，依旧是选圆形给奖励，选择多边形不给。
后面持续变化通过大量实验来看这种动物的improvements，就比如这种动物在实行第几十次测试时准确率增加了多少。
一种猴子经过了三十次测试准确率就达到百分之九十了，然后这个测试的结果表明智商高的动物大脑也大。
于是大家都觉得能够参考。
后面三段都在反驳这个方法不可取。
又举了一个澳大利亚的mouse like的动物的例子，同样做类似上面的实验，第一次区分ab第二次区分黑白。
这种动物大脑很小但是测试结果很高，是因为他们生活在wide open areas，很容易被捕食者发现，他们要避免天地还要抓很敏捷的昆虫做实物，所以这方面水平很强。
然后这里有个句子简化题，大意是说动物的process different，不能说明学习水平，也不能用之前的实验来测试。
然后还说了海豚虽然做这个实验成绩很低，但是如果把visual的图形换成auditory的声音就会很好，所欲这个实验不可取是因为首先实验produce中很小的difference都会造成result的很大不同，而且这些difference都是不可避免的。
其次，对某些动物不适用。
12月12日托福阅读第二篇主要内容：中世纪欧洲政府的变革。
宗教变得影响力越来越小，政府的管辖范围越来越大。
法国葡萄牙等一些国家创造了nation这个定义。
国家边界变得更清晰了。
荷兰和英国建立了parliament，具有立法权。
托福阅读直接用逻辑做的题目
托福阅读直接用逻辑做的题目
以下是一个例子：
题目：According to the passage, which of the following statements is logical?
A) All birds have feathers.
B) Some animals have feathers.
C) All animals have feathers.
D) Some birds have feathers.
答案：A) All birds have feathers.
逻辑推理：根据这个题目的要求，我们需要从文章中找到一个逻辑上正确的陈述。
在文章中可能有关于鸟和羽毛的信息，我们要根据这些信息进行逻辑推理。
假设我们在文章中找到以下两个陈述：
1) Birds are a type of animal.
2) All birds have feathers.
根据这两个陈述，我们可以推断出所有的鸟都有羽毛。
因此，选项A) All birds have feathers是逻辑上正确的陈述。
托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：达尔文进化论
托福阅读经典加试题目及答案：达尔文进化论托福阅读加试分为经典加试和非经典加试，一般状况下考生遇到的状况都是经典加试，即所加试的题目都是固定的几篇。
这里我为就为大家整理了托福阅读经典加试达尔文进化论内容共享给大家，希望对大家托福备考有关怀。
托福阅读经典加试：达尔文进化论关于natural selection：Darwin 的natural selection原来需要long time evolution 来验证，本文则是用了两个relatively shortevolutions examples 来support natural selection。
开头，达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people towitness. 首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间，因此不行能会被人类观看到。
但是最近的一些觉察却说明某些物种进化时间很短，可以被科学家所观看。
然后，提出了一个关于环境与物种生存周期的假说，还说某个科学家商量一种鱼类证明了这个假说的合理性。
自然选择对生物的影响(与达尔文的不同) 两个例子，guppy在predator多和少池塘里生活，大小不同(offspring 的大小多少)和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large small) 讲Darwin 的nature selection，开始讲到生物的自然演化要经受很长的时间，这种限制是Darwin当时不能用experiment 证明nature selection的缘由(第一题考)，然后讲了现代生物学家觉察在短期可以观看到natureselection给动物的一些特性带来的转变。
1st一种鱼，人为把握条件。
有一种鱼，在predator多的时候，life-span, size, mate,reproduction都有转变，为什么转变。
然后，再将一部分放入predator(掠食者)少的pool中，offspring(后代)发生了很多changes，比方比它们的ancestor(祖先) size上要大，下egg少了，等等。
托福TPO9阅读真题（文本+答案+翻译）：Part3
托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3，望喜欢！托福TPO9阅读文本：Part3The Arrival of Plant Life in HawaiiWhen the Hawaiian Islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantlysupplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. Theycould travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.By means of these seeds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The seeds of grasses, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to these islands. (Grasses are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated seeds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filled many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon theclose cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.托福TPO9阅读题目：Part31. The phrase "at random" in the passage is closest in meaning to○finally○over a long period of time○successfully○without a definite pattern2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi in lichens benefit from their symbiotic relationship with algae in what way?○The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs.○The algae protect the fungi from the Sun's radiation.○The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.○The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis-the close cooperation of two or more living things-occur in island communities.○Symbiosis-the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms-is especially important in these island environments.○The first organisms on these islands worked toget her closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginningstages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. These plantspropagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.4. The word "abundantly" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ occasionally○ plentifully○ usefully○ fortunately5. The word "propagate" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ multiply○ emerge○ live○ evolve6. According to paragraph 3, what was the relationship between lichens and ferns in the development of plant life on Hawaii?○Ferns were able to grow because lichens created suitable soil.○The decomposition of ferns produced minerals that were used by lichens.○Lichens and ferns competed to grow in the sam e rocky environments.○Lichens and ferns were typically found together in volcanic areas.Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. Thiswas a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the seed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seed to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.7. The word "This" in the passage refers to○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands○the evolution of ferns○the development of plants that produce seeds8. According to paragraph 4, why do seeds have a greater chance of survival than spores do? To receive credit, you must select TWO answer choices.○Seeds need less water to grow into a mature plant than spores do.○Seeds do not need to rely on outside sources of nutrients.○Seeds are better protected from environmental dangers than spores are.○Seeds are heavier than spores and are therefore more likely to take root and grow.9. Why does the author mention "a nut", "a peach", and "a cherry"?○To indicate that some seeds are less likely to survive than others○To point out that many angiosperms can be eaten○To provide examples of blooming plants○To illustrate the variety of coverings among angiosperm seeds10. The word "dormant" in the passage is closest in meaning to○hidden○inactive○underground○preservedParagraph5: Plants with large, buoyant seeds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores.Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the seed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.11. According to paragraph 5, a major reason that coconuts can establish themselves in distant locations is that their seeds can○survive long exposure to heat on island beaches○float and survive for long periods in ocean water○use saltwater for maintenance and growth○maintain hard, protective coats even after growing roots12. According to the passage, which of the following characteristics do spores and seeds have in common?○They may be surrounded by several layers of covering.○They are produced by flowering plants.○They may be spread by wind.○They are able to grow in barren soils.Paragraph 3: Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and mosses (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. ■These plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. ■Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. ■Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or bywind. ■But only those few spores that settle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the mosses and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.So since the chances of survival for any individual spore are small, the plants have to produce many spores in order to propagate.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.After the formation of the Hawaiian Islands, much time passed before conditions were suitable for plant life.●●●Answers Choices○Algae are classified as symbiotic because they produce energy through the process of photosynthesis.○The first successful plants on Hawaii were probably lichens, which consist of algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship.○Lichens helped create favorable conditions for the growthof spore-producing plants such as ferns and mosses.○Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.○Unlike spores, seeds must move to new habitats in order to have a strong chance of survival and growth.○Seed-bearing plants arrived and spread quickly in Hawaii, thanks to characteristics that increased their seeds' ability to survive and to move to different areas托福TPO9阅读答案：Part3参考答案：1. ○42. ○13. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○17. ○48. ○2, 39. ○410. ○211. ○212. ○313. ○214. The first successful plants…Lichens helped create favorable…Seed-bearing plants arrived…托福TPO9阅读翻译：Part3参考翻译：夏威夷植物的到来大约500万年以前，当夏威夷群岛作为火山从海洋中出现的时候，它们与其他大陆相距甚远。
托福阅读考试真题详情一览(7月4日)
2021年7月4日托福阅读真题：1. 蝙蝠如何利用定位来捕食2. 关于史前farming和foraging3. 颜料商的兴起对画画/画家的影响4. tuna为了长时间高速游泳的肌肉adaption5. ecology：两条狗6. European government7. honey bees8. 独居和群居动物的优缺点托福阅读错误习惯：1、复视复视指的是读完一个句子或段落后回过头去重复阅读。
阅读能力差的同学往往过分依赖于复视以养成一种习惯。
改变这种不良习惯的办法就是让自己阅读大量难度适宜的材料，这样就不会因遇到生词或不太懂的短语、句子或段落而回过头来再看，以至养成复视的习惯。
2、音读许多同学都有出声阅读的习惯。
出声阅读的主要弊病就是使阅读速度和效率受说话速度的限制。
因为，正常默读速度几乎要比出声朗读的速度快两倍以上。
另外，出声阅读往往以不同的形式表现出来，有时看见的仅仅是无声地动动嘴唇，有时甚至连嘴唇也不动，只是舌、喉在活动。
嘴唇的活动无疑会影响眼睛的扫视速度，＂一个有效率的读者能够只要看到印刷符号，就直接获得意思，而不经过声音阶段。
＂因此，要克服这种不良的阅读习惯，就要训练自己养成通过视觉器官直接感知文字符号的视读能力。
3、摆动头部阅读时头部下意识地左右摆动是阅读的另一坏习惯。
在阅读过程中，有些人往往尽量使自己的鼻尖对准他正在读的每一个字。
这样，当他顺着一行字往下读时，他就会轻微地摆动头部，而当他通过头来看下一行时，他就会很快转回去以便使鼻尖再对准书页的左边。
这种头的摆动，学生往往意识不到，而正是这种不必要的动作往往对阅读速度产生影响。
因此，必须克服这种毛病，养成阅读时只移动视线的习惯。
4、指读指读是指用手指、铅笔或尺等指着一个个词进行阅读的习惯。
这种指读的单纯机械运用不仅会减慢阅读速度，而且还会把我们的注意力引向错误的方向。
一个高效率的阅读者不会注意单词的位置，也不会在每个单词上平均花费时间，而是把注意力集中在作者要阐明的思想内容上。
托福阅读考试练习题目解析_地球大气的形成
托福阅读考试练习题目解析:地球大气的形成托福阅读考试结束，阅读有哪些新考点内容呢?Passage 3托福阅读考试练习题目难度分析适中托福阅读学科分类：天文地质类托福阅读考试练习题目：the formation of earth atmosphere版本一：1.地球形成的时候是H和HE 为什么和现在不同?2.hold gas的主要原因是gravity和escape velocity，所以那两种很轻的气体就跑了。
3.火山爆发导致二氧化碳出现，其溶于水作为降雨进入到海洋以及是有机生物体的碳元素的来源。
4.氮气因为很少溶于水所以在大气中含量较高，是现在大气的主要气体。
版本二：初始大气由于地球重力很弱留不住，氧气等被某彗星碰撞，加速超越逃离速度后飞出地球。
后来火山喷发物主要构成了大气，一开始是水蒸气，后来是水和二氧化碳有机体，海洋有机物，细菌转化为有机物，所以减少了，现在大气的主要成分是氮气。
托福阅读词汇题：1. predominantly - mainly2. Augment - supplement3. account for - explanation4. constitutes - makes upPredominantly = mainly Augment = supplement Account for = explanation Constitute = make upVast = extensiveDrawback = disadvantage Sequentially = one after another Just = fairInhospitable = unfavorable Subsequent = continuallyOverestimate = may be higher evershifting。
托福阅读真题第12篇InterplanetarySeeding（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第12篇InterplanetarySeeding（答案文章最后）行节目播种一些科学家认为，地球地球上的地球每小时都会发生变化。
半打半这些或巨大的岩石的影响。
10% 的地球生命周期最终将在其上落入上空。
在整个生命周期中，都会受到其巨大的影响，并在整个太空中发生巨大的影响。
的轨道。
用双筒望远镜看满月会发现从位于月球底部附近的第一个谷陨石坑喷出的长条纹或射线，以北半球的观察者所见的那样。
这些射线是由直径100公里的陨石坑喷出的撞击碎片（撞击物质）回落产生的。
这些射线几乎可以在月球的整个飞行面追踪空。
还有这么长的“降”布莱尔以抬高举埃速冲（Debral）2222 .早早的去寻找新兴物体的速度。
物质可以通过撞击从月球上喷出，但只是在附近的过去，不会被我们认为可能会被认为可以发射较超过 10 公斤的整颗质量的行星中弹发射出来，并且在过程中大大改变了以前没有人预计将彻底激活最终从地球上幸存下来的地球的岩石能够在强烈的中部发射。
是可能的。
还有一种叫做SNC的稀有陨石。
”，人们普遍认为它们来自火星。
据估计，它们的陨石是火星的第一个建议，或者说是火星的第一个发现可能有陨石的迹象。
因为阿波罗计划回收石的岩石将与月球月球样品具有独特的性质，可以将它们的自然发射机制，改变了这一点。
SNC陨石火星与火星的正联系是一个更复杂的过程，它包括显示，在1976年登陆的维陨石的一般性质是玻璃，它们是玄岩（可能是一片岩）形成的巨大天体上，天体绝对是巨大的天体上，天体绝对是天体金星的也因为地球太厚，地球也因为星星太厚。
金星太因为，表面也年轻。
金星也被修复在外。
月球和火星的陨石到达地球这一惊人的距离对一个星球到另一个星球的交通运输从地球的影响。
发射时的高温或在中长时间运输而被消毒的。
星球地点_ _生命回报。
火星网的来源）和稀薄的网络比可能是地球这方面的来源。
1. 几亿英里的生命周期可能会通过地球上的行星显示。
火星的半打半公斤或地球上的岩石的影响。
老托福阅读真题及答案passage3
老托福阅读真题及答案passage3为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案passage3，希望大家喜欢！老托福阅读真题及答案passage3PASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes —notonly trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast duringthe 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. Theymade baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people weremasters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants;others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, thePomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups madeall their basketwork by twining —the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft,around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — aprocess in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tightwrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease andfrequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process,often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomopeople used only a few. Thewarp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woodyfiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomopeople used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiledwork. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finestbasketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazinglyvaried. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patternsthat could be combined in a number of different ways.1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word fashion in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve onthe Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word others in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6. According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word article in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to therelationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word staples in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word distinct in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from thepassage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of thePomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA托福阅读备考新手常见的4个问题答疑1、托福阅读如何使用技巧?参加托福考试的考试一般集中在高中生、大学生，词汇量在四五千左右，他们在接触托福阅读的时候会遇到很多生词，尤其是分门别类的学科词汇，分为地理、天文、生物学、动物学四大块，学员就会有很多的误解，到底应该掌握多少词汇才能做好托福阅读。
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According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by
(A) attacking the octopus with their claws (B) using stones as weapons (C) defending themselves with sea anemones (D) hiding under sea plants
The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose.
Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies
Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders.
…and often a chimpanzee may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil …
Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey.
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Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer. Stones suitable for use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil.
Why does the author mention ants and termites in line 6?
(A) To give an example of food that chimpanzees collect by using tools (B) To emphasize that ants and termites often hide together in the same place (C) To identify an important part of the chimpanzee diet (D) To point out a difference between two closely related species
The word "haul" is closest in meaning to
(A) diet (B) type (C) load (D) branch
The word "strip" is closest in meaning to
(A) search (B) eat (C) carry (D) remove
Forest primates and certain sea animals are mentioned in the passage as examples of animals that use tools for
(A) self-protection (B) food preparation (C) hunting prey (D) building nests or home plants grow.
Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals.
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Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places.
The word "probe" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) change (B) watch (C) explore (D) create
The word "them" in line 12 refers to
(A) chimpanzees (C) tools (B) animals (D) termites
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch?
(A)It uses its beak as a weapon against its enemies (B) It uses the same twig to look for food in different trees. (C) It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest. (D) It avoids areas where cactus
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According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they
(A) use tools to gather food (B) use more than one tool to accomplish a task (C) transport tools from one place to another (D) hide their tools from other animals
What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Primates are superior to other animals in using tools. (B) The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species. (C) Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals. (D) Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools.