4 The Bible, Christianity and Middle Ages
圣经故事英文版
圣经故事英文版The Bible is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between Godand humans. It is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament, and it contains a variety of literary genres, including poetry, history, prophecy, and letters.The Old Testament, also known as the Hebrew Bible, is a collection of religious texts and stories that are sacredin Judaism and Christianity. It tells the story of the creation of the world, the history of the Israelites, andthe laws and teachings of the Jewish people. One of themost well-known stories in the Old Testament is the storyof Adam and Eve, who were the first man and woman createdby God. According to the Bible, they lived in the Garden of Eden, a paradise where they were free to eat from any tree except the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. However, they disobeyed God's command and ate from the forbidden tree, which led to their expulsion from the Garden of Eden.Another famous story in the Old Testament is the storyof Noah's Ark. According to the Bible, God saw that theearth was corrupt and filled with violence, so he decidedto flood the earth and start anew. He instructed Noah, a righteous man, to build an ark and gather two of every kind of animal, as well as his family, onto the ark. It rainedfor forty days and forty nights, and the flood covered the entire earth. After the flood, God made a covenant with Noah, promising never to destroy the earth with a flood again, and he set a rainbow in the sky as a sign of this covenant.Moving on to the New Testament, it focuses on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, as well as the earlyChristian church. One of the most well-known stories in the New Testament is the story of the birth of Jesus. According to the Bible, Jesus was born in Bethlehem to the VirginMary and her husband Joseph. Angels announced his birth to shepherds in the fields, and wise men from the East came to worship him, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.Another famous story in the New Testament is the story of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. According to the Bible, Jesus was arrested, tried, and crucified by the Romans, but three days after his death, he rose from the dead and appeared to his disciples. His resurrection is a central belief of Christianity and is celebrated on Easter Sunday.In conclusion, the Bible is a rich and diverse collection of sacred texts that contain many important and influential stories. These stories have been passed down through generations and continue to shape the beliefs and practices of millions of people around the world. Whether one believes in the religious significance of these stories or not, there is no denying their impact on the history and culture of the world.。
Bible 约伯记
Bible The Book of Job——Probing Into Bitterness of LifeClass：English 124Name：金丹丹Student number：17Date:July 2, 2014Abstract：The story of job is one of the oldest world literatures in Bible. With monologue and dialogue, it states that a man who was wealthy and pious afflicted with bitterness because of the wager of God and Satan, and he regained anything ultimately for his religiosity. Form this story, we do not only recognize Job’s loyalty to God, but also realize the sanctity of theocracy, as well as the value and significance of the suffering in life.Key word:Bible, the story of Job, religiosity, bitterness of life, value and significanceMain body1.The brief introduction of the BibleThe Bible is a canonical collection of texts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. There is no single "Bible" and many Bibles with varying contents exist. The term Bible is shared between Judaism and Christianity, although the contents of each of their collections of canonical texts are not the same. Different religious groups include different books within their Biblical canons, in different orders, and sometimes divide or combine books, or incorporate additional material into canonical books.2.The main content of the story of Job2.1.Background of JobJob was a rich and blessed man who lived righteously. And he was keeping himself far from evil. Besides, he had 7sons and 3daughters.2.2.Cause of storySatan challenged Job‘s integrity, proposing to God that Job served him simply because God protected him and gave him everything. Therefore, God allowed Satan to take away Job’s wealth, children and even his physical health, and then saw if Job would curse him or not.2.3.Main plotJob lost everything and was stricken with loathsome sores from head to foot. Despite his difficult condition, he did not curse God, but rather cursed the day of his birth.Job’s three friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Z ophar heard of his trouble and came to see him. They believed that Job must have sinned to incite God‘s punishment. As the speeches progress, Job’s friends increasingly berated him for refusing to confess his sins. But Job insisted that he was innocent, and he wanted an explanation.Another person Elihu heard their conversation and was very dissatisfied with Job’s and his friends’ attitude to God. He attempted to maintain the sovereignty and righteousness and gracious mercy of God.In that time, God appeared. He asked if Job had ever had the experiences or the authority that he had had. He also emphasized his sovereignty in creating and maintaining the world.Job answered God. He understood better the marvelous power of God, and was sorry he had spoken with insufficient understanding. So he despised himself in dust and ashes.2.4.EndingGod rebuked Job’s friends: they had not spoken right as Job had done. Therefore, they offered a sacrifice of seven bulls and seven rams. But to gain acceptance, they must to ask Job to pray for them. God restored to Job twice as much as Satan had taken away.3.Meditation and comprehension3.1.The drama of the storyThough the Bible was not written for standing on the stage of world literature, it was filled with clash of drama. When we read it, there is some imagination of their speech with cadence. As saying goes, “No conflict, no play”, the story leaves us with a question about why a good person would also suffer the misery.Besides, the drama was embodied by the changes of fate. Job was a wealthy and blessed man, living with his children, but because of the debate between God and Satan, he lost everything,including his kids. Then the Job insisted that he was innocent, normally, God would have punished him, but God appreciated him and restored to his wealth and family and even more.3.2.The spirit of explorationThe Jews upheld wisdom and respected wise man traditionally, and they were eager to explore the way of life, the law of nature and the mystery of universe. As Job’s friends, when they persuaded Job to admit that he had sin, they all told their outlook on life with basic of observation, tradition and assumption. They were exploring though they used different reasoning methods.In the second place, the protagonist Job, for exploring the justice and truth, didn’t fear the bitterness and power of God. He asked God why he would suffer all of these bravely, exploring the righteousness.From the ending of story, we can get to know the value of exploring spirit, even if Job followed the God’s thinking finally. What’s more, we can gain the inspiration from the exploration in the story of Job: there is a contradiction between man's existence and the nature of the universe; in the process of exploring this contradiction, people would be confused, hesitant and even be a lost sheep, but it is the only way which must be passed if you want to get the truth.3.3.The value of bitterness in lifeLife is a river flowing to east, and if it doesn’t meet the submerged rock, there is no beautiful spindrift. Each of us is willing to be a strong person, but the road to success will fill with bitterness.It tests us and makes us walk forward bravely.In the story of Job, Job suffered a lot, but he didn’t give up finding out the righteousness, so he got the God’s appreciation. In a smooth circumstance, people see the flowers and smiling faces, and is not used to bearing the big blow.Bitterness is a book of intelligence. When you read it, you will experience a lot and be suddenly enlightened. The most important is that it teaches us the right attitude to life: composed, unbending and brave.4.ConclusionThe story of Job shares us with its drama, the spirit of exploration and the value of bitterness in life. Obviously, it is just a fiction, but I’m confident that there are many “Job”around the world actually, suffering a lot but gaining more. Don’t be fear to be a “Job”in the plight, and then you will be a wealthy and blessed “Job”!。
The Bible
As you all know, The Book refers to The Bible. The Bible is not only an eternal classic of Christianity, it is an important literary work as well. As a book to advocate certain religious doctrines, the Bible unavoidably contains some legends and sermons which we atheists may find ridiculous; however, if we view it from another positive perspective, it can help us learn the development of western society as well as its civilization.So since we have come, let us stay and enjoy it.The Bible or The Holy Scriptures is made up of The Old Testament and The New Testament. In the beginning, The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, and The New Testament in Greek, also known as Judaeo-Greek. In the 4th century A.D., The Roman Emperor Constantine made Christianity their state religion. So the Latin version of the Bible came out, and it is called The Vulgate. From then on, Christianity spread over Europe. In the 17th century, the king of Scotland James I ordered some eminent monks to write the English version of the Bible. And in 1611, The Authorized version or The King James version was published. That translation is considered the best of all times because of its brevity. Although the book has approximately 1000 pages, it has a limited vocabulary of no more than 6,000 words. Nevertheless, it’s still kind of abstruse.Over hundreds of years, the Bible had always played an important role in the Christendom. It shapes people’s view of life and influences every corner of the society. Here are some vivid examples apart from A Very Short Introduction to The Bible. Abraham Lincoln, American president, became a noble leader through self-study. It was said that the Bible was one of his major readings. John Bunyan, renowned English writer, also absorbed a lot of intellectual nourishment from the book. He is the author of The Pilgrim’s Progress. And of course, numerous common people find spiritual comfort and social norms from the book.There are a lot of idioms derived from the Bible, such as “Noah’s Ark”, “the Benjamin of the family”, “the prodigal son”, etc. They are used from time to time and deeply embedded in our minds.I’d like end this brief introduction by Goethe’s comment on the Bible: “The world can move forward at its rapid pace; the human science can advance to the highest level, but nothing can replace the position of The Bible.”。
欧洲文化入门复习题
欧洲文化入门复习题一Division One: Greek Culture and Roman CultureGreek CultureI.填空1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led byAgamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island ofIthaca.10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sapphoand Pindar.11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the14 Olympic odes.13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone.16.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and TrojanWomen.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who hasleft eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.18.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars betwee n Greeks andPersians.19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse,a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything elsehad arisen.23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculated about the atomicstructure of matter.25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they arethe Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.26.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry.27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.”28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called themasculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture andsculpture in more than 2000 years.30.In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernistmasterpiece Ulysses.II.选择1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.2.A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture3.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C.B.700 B.C.C.146 B. C.D.The 5th century4.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy5.A.Oedipus the KingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone6.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by AeschylusA.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound7.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by SophoclesA.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King8.Which of the following is the play written by EuripidesA.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea9.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece10.A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus11.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.Aristotle12.Who was the founder of scientific mathematicsA.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras13.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”A.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.PyrrhonD.EpicurusIII.名词解释1.Aeschylus2.Plato3.The CynicsIV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece What important plays did each of them write4.5.Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist6.7.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Roman CultureI. 填空1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was thenreduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkablephenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople modern Istanbul .6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the end of the WestRoman Empire.7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part inand these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin.9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C.And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.II.选择1.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero2.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius3.Which of the following is not Roman architectureA.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard4.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceIII.名词解释1.Julius Caesar2.The Pax RomanaIV.简答与问答1.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks And what was the chief differencebetween them2.3.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries In what way is thebook linked with the Greek past4.5.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero6.Division Two: The Bible and ChristianityThe Old TestamentⅠ填空题1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes,which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews – wandered through the desertsof the Middle East.4.About 1300 ., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, andformed small kingdoms.5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the formof folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and theNew Testament.7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first fivebooks, called Pentateuch.8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to thetop of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.10.In Babylon in the 6th century ., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues topractise their religion.II 选择题1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments_______A.Honour your father and your motherB.Do not commit suicideC.Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD.Do not take the name of God in vain4.When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion5.______6.A. in 169 .B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 .D. in the 6th centuryⅢ名词解释1.the Bible2.the Pentateuch3.Ten CommandmentsⅣ简答与问答1.What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related3.What are the Ten Commandments about4.Rise of ChristianityⅠ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda.5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all andmade Christianity legal.6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire andoutlawed all other religions.7.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in theMediterranean regions.Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third2.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313__________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John WycliffⅢ名词解释Edict of MilanⅣ简答与问答did the relations between Christians and the Roman government changeThe New TestamentⅠ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as priest.2.Towards the end of he fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the NewTestament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.3.When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she wasfound with child of the Holy Ghost4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Juda andcaught at the Last Supper.Translations of the BibleⅠ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally writtenin Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint, asaccording the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which wasdone in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s language.4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 andwas copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.5.The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or King James’version, first published in 1611.Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 1542.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint3.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979Division Three: The Middle AgesManor and ChurchⅠ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire inthe fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars andinvasions.3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding –a system of holding land inexchange for military service.5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward fortheir service.6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone anddesigned as fortress.8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mock batterscalled tournaments.10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the EasternOrthodox Church.11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who livedin North Africa in the fifth century.12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of allChristian churches in western Europe.14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court –the Inquisition to stamp outso-called heresy.15.One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remind peoplethat Christ had died to redeem man.16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holywars called the Crusades.Ⅱ选择题1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe fromcentral Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes2.________3.A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians4.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”5.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth6.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service _________A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler7.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern OrthodoxChurch_________A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4768.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe isNOT true_9.___________10.A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.11.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe _______12.A.At the age of 14.B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.13.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering themonastery according to the Benedictine RuleA.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.14.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs15.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusadesand ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control16.________17.A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages2.Manor3.Code of Chivalry4.Benedictine Rule5.the CrusadesⅣ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire5.Learning and Science, Literature, Art and ArchitectureⅠ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps themost important figure of the medieval period.2.Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up allthe knowledge of medieval theology.4.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for carefulobservation and experimentation.5.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages – that is, the languages ofvarious national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts oforal literature.7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one ofthe landmarks of world literature.8.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for theirpower of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.9.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of hiswritings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.10.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity andmonumentality with all overall blocky appearance.11.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.Ⅱ选择题1.Whic h of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 8002.______3.A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James4.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to themedieval European culture5._________6.A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great7.Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic8._________9.A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French10.Who is the author of the Opus Maius ________11.A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasⅢ名词解释1.Carolingian Renaissance2.Beowulf3.Song of Roland4.The Canterbury tales5.Romanesque6.GothicⅣ简答与问答was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great shareDivision IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ填空题1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers andscholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture.5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen ontheir way to escape the Black Death of 1348.7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy andperspective.9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci,michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.10.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; MonaLisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition ofdecoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.12.Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typicalmedium of the pictorial tradition in western art.13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 andthe rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry.15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture_______A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, andcreated High Renaissance3.___________4.A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century5.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses6.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione7.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo8.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona Virgin MaryA. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the HuntersⅢ名词解释1.Renaissance2.DecameronⅣ简答与问答1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance2.3.What are the main elements of humanism How are these elements reflected in art andliterature during the Italian Renaissance4.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition5.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the RenaissanceReformation and Counter-ReformationⅠ填空题1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked thefirst break in the unity of the Catholic Church.3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament,in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which wasconsidered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Ⅱ选择题took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time ________A. Jan HusB. John WyliffC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin is the author Institutes of the Christian ReligionA. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. John Calvinwhose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIIIthe formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church _______A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. QueenⅢ名词解释1.Calvinism2.the Council of Trent3.Counter-ReformationⅣ简答与问答1.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther2.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilizationRenaissance in other CountriesⅠ填空题1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots whose rivalry with the CatholicChurch led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.2.In 1492 the Moors that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their laststronghold.3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.4.The author of Don Quixote is Cervantes.5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings areunsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization andforeign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the bestknown is Utopia.8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning _______and Pantagruel B. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia2.Whose motto put down in his essays “What do Know” is world famous________A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare3.Which of the follow ing works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a stylewhich is easy and familiar ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais6.“To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ” from whose works _______A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareⅢ简答与问答1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance In what way wasEnglish Renaissance different from that of other countries Who were the major figures and what were their contributionsScience and Technology during the RenaissanceⅠ填空题1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 thesurface of the known earth was doubled.2.Columbus was a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.3.Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope.4.Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Capeof Good Hope between the year of 1497 and 1498.5.Amerigo Vespucci was the Italian navigator in whose honor America was named6.Amerigo Vespucci discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted SouthAmerica as a new continent.7.Copernicus came to be known as father of modern astronomy.8.During his life time Leonardo da Vinci dissected more than thirty corpse and was a greatanatomist in Italy.9.Andreas Vesalius was the founder of modern medicine.10.Vesalius was a Flemish anatomist. His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in thestudy of anatomy.11.Machiavelli was called “Father of political science” in the West.12.The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the wayfor capitalism.。
the bible名词解释
the bible名词解释The Bible, also known as the Holy Bible, is a sacred text in Christianity. It is considered by Christians to be the inspired word of God and serves as a guide for faith and practice. The Bible is divided into two main sections, the Old Testament and the New Testament.The Old Testament contains the sacred scriptures of the Jewish faith, which were written before the birth of Jesus Christ. It includes books such as Genesis, Exodus, Psalms, and Isaiah, among others. These books recount the history of the Jewish people, their laws and customs, and their relationship with God.The New Testament, on the other hand, focuses on the life, teachings, and ministry of Jesus Christ, as well as the early Christian church. It includes the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Book of Revelation. These books provide insight into the life and teachings of Jesus, the growth of the early Christian church, and the future of humanity.The Bible is considered to be a source of spiritual guidance, moral teachings, and inspiration for millions of people around the world. It addresses fundamental questions about the nature of God, the purpose of life, and the afterlife. Many Christians turn to the Bible for comfort, wisdom, and direction in their daily lives.In addition to its religious significance, the Bible has also had a profound impact on Western culture, literature, and art. Its stories, characters, and themes have inspired countless works of art, music, and literature. The Bible has been translated into numerous languages and is widely read and studied by scholars, theologians, and believers of all denominations.Overall, the Bible is a timeless and influential text that continues to shape the beliefs, values, and traditions of Christians and non-Christians alike. Its message of love, forgiveness, and redemption resonates with people of all backgrounds and continues to offer hope and guidance to those who seek it.。
欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodo tus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greekculture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played avital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculatedfreely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s f looding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as_________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. Ittells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it fromall other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoeverbelieves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers ledby John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. I t was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English B ible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition ofthe Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucerand The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manorswere founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other stylein history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantinesand Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in le arning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in verna cular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovationby introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and thefirst modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in theMedieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churchesof the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors,with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the ChurchFathers’ philosop hy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control overthe church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South Americaas a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount oftheir gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest,debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began totake shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation beforeformulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hob bes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.。
（英语语言文学专业论文）论弥尔顿《复乐园》中的诱惑主题
摘要十七世纪英国著名诗人弥尔顿在他一生的文学创作中对诱惑主题的描写和探讨倾注了极大热情。
弥尔顿对诱惑的认识是基于他的自由意志论的神学思想。
在弥尔顿看来，人类不是上帝的玩偶，而是具有自由意志的个体，可以做出自己理性的选择。
因此，诱惑成为上帝检验人类的品质和情操，锻炼人类意志和信仰的一种重要方式。
弥尔顿最后三部诗作《失乐园》，《复乐园》和《斗士参孙》从不同的角度阐述了诱惑主题，表明了它在弥尔顿文学创作中的重要性。
《复乐园》根据新约福音书中耶稣被诱惑的故事改编而成，弥尔顿在这部史诗中对诱惑进行了集中描写。
批评家从多个角度对诗中各种引诱方式的意义进行了剖析；两通过考察耶稣经受考验时的人性，耶稣对自身圣职的认识，以及撒旦的恶与耶稣的善之间的对抗，我们能够较全面地把握《复乐园》中诱惑主题的内涵。
依据弥尔顿反三位一体的非正统的神学思想和诗中的细节描写，我们可以看出他虽不否认耶稣的神性，但在诗里始终强调耶稣是以人性面对考验。
抵抗撒旦诱惑的过程是耶稣深化对自己圣职——包括先知，君王和祭司——的认识的过程。
作为先知，他的使命是成为“活的圣言”，教导人们顺从和爱戴上帝。
他的国家不是具体的国度，而是精神的家园。
与此同时，耶稣展现出自愿以死拯救人类的勇气，为其祭司的使命打下基础。
撤旦和耶稣的较量是罪恶和正义的对决。
撒旦的引诱巧妙的暗藏着七宗大罪，而耶稣并未被其外表的光鲜亮丽所迷惑，表现出他节制、忍耐的过人品质和对上帝的爱与服从。
弥尔顿在《复乐园》中对诱惑的探讨体现了他“内化”的倾向。
宗教改革和英国资产阶级革命均告失败之后，弥尔顿发现，要复得乐园不能仅依靠改革或革命，而应该强调个体对上帝的爱和信仰。
只有像耶稣那样经受诱惑，发自内心的爱并服从上帝，人们才能重建内心乐园。
关键词：弥尔顿，《复乐园》，诱惑，基督教ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＪｏｈｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ，ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｒｅｎｏｗｎｅｄｐｏｅｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｐｌｏ‘ａｔ‘ｏｎｏｆｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ．ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｓｇｒｅａｔｅｎｔｈｕｓｉａｓｍｔｏｔｈｅｍａｎ’ｓｆｒｅｅｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｓｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｂｅｌｉｅｆｉｎｗｉｌｌ，ＭｉｌｔｏｎｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｓｔｈａｔｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓａｒｅｎｏｔｍｅｒｅｐｕｐｐｅｔｓｂｅｔｂｒｅＧｏｄｂｕｔｃａｎｍａｋｅｃｈｏｉｃｅｓｗｈｅｎｆａｃｉｎｇｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｗａｙ，ｖｉｒｃｕｅ，ａｎｄｔｏｅｘｅｒｃｌｓｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄａｓａｍｅａｎｓｔｏｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎ’ｓｉｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ’ｓｍｅｎ，ｓｗｉｌｌａｎｄｔｈｉｔｈ．Ｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｗｏｒｋｓｉｓｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｌｙｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｂｙｈｉｓｌａｓｔｔｈｒｅｅｍａｊｏｒｐｏｅｍｓ，ｆｏｒｔｈｅｖａ１１ｄａｂｏｒａｔｅｌｙｔｒｅａｔｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｍｅ，ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｆｒｏｍｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓ－ＰａｒａｄｉｓＰＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅＧｏｓｐｅｌｓｔｏｒｙｏｆＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｉｎｔｏｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｍｅ．ＡｂｕｎｄａｎｔｃｒｉｔｉｃｉｓｍｈａｓｔｅＪｎｐｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｓｄｅｅｐｌｙｔ＇ｒｏｍｖａｒｉｏｕｓａｎｇｌｅｓｐｒｏｂｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｎａｔｕｒｅ，ｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓＤｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐｏｅｍ．ＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｒｅｖｅｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｏｒｄａｉｎｅｄｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＳａｔａｎ’ｓｓｉｎｓｔｈｅｍｅｍａｎｄＣｈｒｉｓｔ’ｓｖｉｒｔｕｅｓ，ａｂｅｔｔｅｒａｐｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎＭｉｌｔｏｎ’ｓｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰａｒａｄｉｓＰＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｍａｙｂｅａｔｔａｉｎｅｄ．ＪｕｄｇｉｎｇｆｒｏｍＳｏｎｓｔａｎｄｓｈｅｒｅｓｖｏｆＡｎｔｉｔｒｉｎｉｔａｒｉａｎｉｓｍａｎｄｔｈｅｄｅｔａｉｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｐｉｃ，ｔｈｅｄｉｖｉｎｅｎａｔｕｒｅ·Ｓａｔａｎ＇ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｈｕｍａｎｉｔｙｉｎｓｐｉｔｅｏｆｈｉｓｆｏｒＣｈｒｉｓｔｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅＲｅｐｕｄｉａｔｉｎｇＳａｔａｎ’ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｓｅｉＮ，ｅｓａｓａｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｈｉｓａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓｏｆｈｉｓｏｒｄａｉｎｅｄｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｏｐｈｅｔ，ｋｉｎｇａｎｄｐｒｉｅｓｔ．Ｈｉｓｔｈｅａｇｏｎ，ｉｓｔｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｓｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｈｅｔｉｃｖｏｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｓｈｅｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｒｅａｌｉｚｅｓｈｉｓ“ｌｉｖｉｎ窟ｏｒａｃｌｅ”ａｎｄａｓｔｈｅｉｌｌｕｍｉｎａｔｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｕｌ．Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｋｉｎｇｌｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｔｈａｎｄｉｓｔｏｂｕｉｌｄａｓｐｉｒｉｔｕａｌｋｉｎｇｄｏｍ．Ｗｈｅｎｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔｉｎｇｔａｋｅｕｐｔｈｅｌａｓｔｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＣｈｒｉｓｔｒｅｖｅａｌｓｈｉｓｃｏｕｒａｇｅａｎｄｗｉｌｌｉｎｇｎｅｓｓｔｏｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｈｉｓＤｒｉｅｓｔｌｙｒｏｌｅｏｆｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｉａｌｄｅａｔｈｏｎｃｒｏｓｓ．ＴｈｅｃｏｎｆｒｏｎｔａｔｉｏｎＳａｔａｎａｎｄＣｈｒｉｓｔｉｓａｌｓｏｔｈｅｄｕｅｌｏｆｓｉｎｓａｎｄｖｉｒｔｕｅｓ．Ｓａｔａｎ’ｓｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｉｎｓｐｉｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒａｌｌｕｒｉｎｇａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅａｌｌｔｈｅｓｅｖｅｎｄｅａｄｌｙｓｉｎｓ．Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｊｕｄｇｅｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｔｔｈｅｉｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｖａｌｕｅ，ｂｕｔｓｅｅｓｔｈｅｅｓｓｅｎｃｅ．Ａｎｄｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｅｘｅｍｐｌａｒｙｖｉｒｔｕｅｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｎｃｅ，ｐａｔｉｅｎｃｅ，ｏｂｅｄｉｅｎｃｅ，ａｎｄｌｏｖｅｆｏｒＧｏｄ，ｈｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｓｈｉｓｆｉｎａｌｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ．Ｍｉｌｔｏｎ’ＳｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｉｎＰａｒａｄｉｓｅＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄｒｅｖｅａｌｓｔｈｅａｕｔｈｏｒ’Ｓｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄｏｆ“ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．’’ＡｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｆａｉｌｕｒｅｏｆｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｈｕｒｃｈｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＲｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ．ＭｉｌｔｏｎｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍｅａｎｓｔｏｒｅｇａｉｎＰａｒａｄｉｓｅｉｓｎｏｔｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｒｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔｔｏｆｏｓｔｅｒｔｒｕｅｔ’ａｉｔｈｉｎａｎｄｌｏｖｅｆｏｒＧｏｄｉｎｅｖｅｒｙｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ．ＯｎｌｙｂｙｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｔｈｅＳｏｎ’ＳｖｉａｕｅｓａｎｄｒｅｓｉｓｔｉｎｇａｌｌｅｖｉｌｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓｃａｎｍａｎｒｅｇａｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｌＰａｒａｄｉｓｅｗｈｉｃｈＪｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｉｎ．ＫｅｙＷｏｒｄｓ：Ｍｉｌｔｏｎ，ＰａｒａｄｉｓｅＲｅｇａｉｎｅｄ，ｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎ，ＣｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｉｔｙＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ７ＦｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｏｆｖｉｔａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｉｎＷｅｓｔｅｒｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎｖｉｖｉｄｌｙｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄａｎｄｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｆｂｏｔｈｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌａｎｄＪｕｄａｅｏ—Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉａｎｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｅｎｔｒａｃｉｎｇｂａｃｋｔｏＧｒｅｅｋａｎｄＲｏｍａｎｍｙｔｈｏｌｏｇｙ，ｗｅｗｏｕｌｄｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｔｈａｔｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｔａｋｅｎａｓｔｈｅｋｅｙｔｈｅｍｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔｏｌｙｏｆＨｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｉｓａｔｙｐｉｃａｌｏｎｅａｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｍｙｔｈｓ．Ｗｈｅｎｓｉｔｔｉｎｇａｔａｃｒｏｓｓｒｏａｄａｎｄｐｏｎｄｅｒｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔｈｉｓｆｕｒｏｒｅ，ＨｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｉｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｗｏｏｆｆｅｒｓｆｒｏｍｂｏｔｈｌａｄｙｏｆＶｉｃｅａｎｄｌａｄｙｏｆＶｉｒｔｕｅ．Ｈｅｒｃｕｌｅｓｒｅｆｕｓｅｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｏｆｆｅｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈｔｅｍｐｔｓｈｉｍｔｏａｃｃｅｐｔｔｈｅｈａｐｐｉｎｅｓｓａｎｄｐｌｅａｓｕｒｅｗｒａｐｐｅｄｉｎｖｉｃｅ，ａｎｄａｔｌｅｎｇｔｈｃｈｏｏｓｅｓｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒｏｎｅｔｏｓｔｅｐｏｎｔｏａｐａｔｈｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｎｃｅｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｈｉｓｇａｉｎｏｆｇｒｅａｔｈｏｎｏｒ．、１ＩｎＧｒｅｅｋｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，Ｈｏｍｅｒ’ＳＯｄｙｓｓｅｙｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｒｉｃｈｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，ａｓＢｅｒｎａｒｄＫｎｏｘｒｅｍａｒｋｓｔｈａｔ，“Ｔｈｅｔｒｉａｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｖｏｙａｇｅｈｏｍｅａｒｅｎｏｔｊｕｓｔｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｏｂｓｔａｃｌｅｓｔｏｈｉｓｒｅｔｕｒｎ．ｔｈｅｙａｒｅａｌｓｏｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ．”“Ｆｏｒｉｎｓｍｎｃｅ，ＯｄｙｓｓｅｕｓｉｓｔｅｍｐｔｅｄｂｙＫｉｒｋｅ，ｏｎａｎｅｎｃｈａｎｔｅｄｉｓｌａｎｄ，ｔｏｓｔａｙｉｎｅａｓｅａｎｄｓｅｌｆ－ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅ．ＨｅａｌｓｏｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｓｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｍｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｆｒｏｍＫａｌｙｐｓｏ：ｈｅｃｏｕｌｄｌｉｖｅｆｏｒｅｖｅｒｌｉｋｅｇｏｄｓｉｆｈｅｗｏｕｌｄｓｔａｙａｓＫａｌｙｐｓｏ’Ｓｈｕｓｂａｎｄ．Ｏｄｙｓｓｅｕｓ’ｖｏｙａｇｅｔｅｅｍｓｗｉｔｈｔｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓ；ｙｅｔｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｌ’ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅａｎｄｓｔｒｏｎｇｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ，ｈｅｓｔａｎｄｓａｌｌｔｈｏｓｅｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓａｎｄｒｅｔｕｒｎｓｈｏｍｅ．一ＩｎｔｈｅＭｉｄｄｌｅＡｇｅｓ，ｔｈｅｆａｍｏｕｓＡｒｔｈｕｒｉａｎｒｏｍａｎｃｅＳｉｒＧａｗａｉｎａｎｄｔｈｅＧｒｅｅｎＫｎｉｇｈｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｔｅｍｐｔａｔｉｏｎｓａｉｍｅｄａｔｔｈｅｈｅｒｏ，ＳｉｒＧａｗａｉｎ，ｂｙａＬｏｒｄ’Ｓｗｉｆｅ．ＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＲｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ。
西方文化复习资料
Scholasticism经院哲学：Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100-1700。
It’s the most famous philosophy during the end of the middle age。
It always considered as a reconciliation between reason and belief,and applied in church’s beliefs and code.启蒙运动:The enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State，it’s also called the Age of Reason。
It was an elite cultural movement to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge。
It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.浪漫主义：Romanticism （also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic，literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature，preferring the medieval rather than the classical.现实主义Realism:Realism refers to the accurate，detailed，non—ornamented depiction of nature or of human life。
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The Bible and Christianity
Judaism and Christianity
☐Christianity evolved out of Judaism, and therefore the two share several beliefs.
The Bible
☐The Bible is a collection of religious writing comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.
☐The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrines of Jesus Christ.
☐Testament means agreement, agreement between God and Man.
Pentateuch (the five books of Moses)
☐Genesis；Exodus；Leviticus；Numbers；Deuteronomy
☐Genesis:
a religious account of the origin of the Hebrew people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jaco
b and his son Joseph.
☐Exodus:
a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s law.
☐Leviticus: a collection of primitive laws and proprieties
☐Numbers:
a continuation of the account of the flight from Egypt (triumph over the Canaanites) with two censuses about the Exodus
☐Deuteronomy:
the final words of Moses to his people, restating his orders and fifty years’ experiences as a leader
Ten Commandments
“Thou shalt have none other gods before me.”
“Thou shalt not kill.”
“Neither shalt thou commit adultery.”
“Neither shalt thou steal.”
“Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbor.”
Stories from the New Testament
☐The Birth of Jesus
Joseph (Holy Ghost) & Mary
Emmanuel, means god with us
☐The Beatitude
“Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.”
“Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted.”
“Blessed arethe merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.”
“Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingd om
of heaven.”
Influences of the Bible
☐The two great reservoirs of Modern English: the English Bible and Shakespeare. Rise of Christianity
☐313 A.D. The Edict of Milan by Constantine: religious freedom, legal
its unifying and organizing force made contributions to the consolidation of the empire
☐392 A.D. Emperor Theodosius
Official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religion
an object of oppression →a weapon of the ruling class to crush their opponents The Middle Ages
☐The thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 A. D.) ☐Germanic kingdoms war
☐The Christian church: the only force to unite Europe
☐The Age of Faith
The Church
☐1054
☐The Roman Catholic Church
☐The Eastern Orthodox Church
☐Trinity
The Holy Father；The Holy Son；The Holy Ghost/Spirit
Organization of the Church
Priest (parish)；Bishop (diocese)；Archbishop (province)；Pope
Knights tournament
Knighthood
☐7 →page: to say prayers, learn good manner, ran errands for the ladies
☐14 →squire/assistant: the duties of a knight, practise sword, lance & shield, go to battle
☐Dubbing
Code of Chivalry
☐To protect the weak
☐To fight for the church
☐To be loyal to his lord
☐To respect women of noble birth。