Future_Fears_-(2)
国家开放大学电大本科《管理英语4》期末题库及答案1(试卷号：1389)
国家开放大学电大本科《管理英语4》期末题库及答案（试卷号：1389）题库一一、交际用语(每小题2分，共10分)1-5题:选择正确的语句完成下面对话，并将答案序号写在答题纸上。
1.—This project is too big for me to finish on time.A.Please dome a favor.B.You may not ask for help.C.I’ll give you a hand.2.一I'd like a wake-up call at7: 00a.m., please!—OK,A.you will certainly make it.B.I'll make sure you get one.C. just do what you like.3.一Terribly sorry to interrupt， but may I use your dictionary?—Yes，A.of course.B.it doesn't matter. c. no hurry.4.一l think I have made a serious mistake.一A.I don't think so.You really made an error.B.I don't think so.lt's really terrible.C. l don't think so.It's not your fault.5.一I'd like to have this film developed.A. What's it?B.May I help you?C.What do you want?二、词汇与结构(每小题2分，共30分)6-20题:阅读下面的句子，从三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的正确选项，并将答案序号写在答题纸上。
七年级英语将来过去完成将来完成进行时单选80题
七年级英语将来过去完成将来完成进行时单选80题1. We __________ a party next week.A. will haveB. haveC. hadD. hasAnswer: A. “next week” indicates the future, so we use “will + verb” structure. “Will have” is the correct form for future tense.2. They __________ to Beijing tomorrow.A. will goB. goC. wentD. goesAnswer: A. “tomorrow” shows the action will happen in the future. “Will go” is the correct form.3. I think it __________ rainy tomorrow.A. will beB. isC. wasD. has beenAnswer: A. “tomorrow” indicates future. We use “will be” to express future state.4. She __________ her homework this evening.A. will doB. doesC. didD. is doingAnswer: A. “this evening” is in the future. “Will do” is the proper form for future tense.5. We __________ football if it doesn't rain tomorrow.A. will playB. playC. playedD. are playingAnswer: A. “if it doesn't rain tomorrow” is a condition for a future event. “Will play” is used for future action.6. I thought she would have finished the work by the time we arrived, but she ______.A. hadn'tB. hasC. will haveD. would have ; Answer: A. "Hadn't" is the correct answer. The sentence is in the past and we are talking about an action that was expected to be completed but wasn't.7. They said they would have been here for two hours by 5 o'clock, but in fact they ______.A. weren'tB. haven't beenC. won't beD. hadn't been ; Answer: D. "Hadn't been" is the correct choice. This is because the reference is to a past point and the action of being here for two hours hadn't occurred by then.8. We expected that he would have solved the problem before yesterday, but he ______.A. didn'tB. doesn'tC. won'tD. wouldn't ; Answer: A. "Didn't" is correct as it refers to the past action of not solving the problem as expected.9. She believed she would have passed the exam by the end of last month, but unfortunately she ______.A. hadn'tB. hasn'tC. didn'tD. doesn't ; Answer: C. "Didn't" is the right answer as it indicates the failure to pass the exam in the past.10. He thought he would have received the package by Friday, but it ______.A. didn't arriveB. hasn't arrivedC. won't arriveD. wouldn't arrive ; Answer: A. "Didn't arrive" is correct because it refers to the past event of the package not arriving as expected.11. We ______ for five hours by the time you arrive.A. will have been waitingB. will waitC. have waitedD. are waitingAnswer: A. “By the time you arrive” is a future time point. We use the future perfect continuous tense to express an action that will continue up until that future time. So, “will have been waiting” is the correct form.12. They ______ on this project since next month.A. will have been workingB. will workC. have workedD. are workingAnswer: A. “Since next month” indicates a future starting point and a continuous action up to an unspecified future time. “Will have beenworking” is the appropriate tense.13. She ______ her homework for three hours by 8 o'clock tomorrow evening.A. will have been doingB. will doC. has doneD. is doingAnswer: A. “By 8 o'clock tomorrow evening” is a future specific time. The action of doing homework will have been ongoing until then, so “will have been doing” is correct.14. The workers ______ here until the end of next year.A. will have been stayingB. will stayC. have stayedD. are stayingAnswer: A. “Until the end of next year” shows a future period of time. The action of staying will be continuous during that period, thus “will have been staying” is the right choice.15. He ______ at the company for ten years by the time he retires.A. will have been workingB. will workC. has workedD. is workingAnswer: A. “By the time he retires” is a future point. To describe an action that will have been ongoing up to that point, we use the future perfect continuous tense, which is “will have been working”.16. I will have been working here for five years by the end of next month. I ___ here since 2019.A. have workedB. had workedC. workedD. was workingAnswer: A. 'have worked' is in the present perfect tense and indicates an action that started in the past and continues up to the present. The sentence implies that the person started working here in 2019 and the action is still ongoing.17. By the time he arrives, we ___ the project for two weeks. But he had already finished a similar one last year.A. will have been working onB. have worked onC. had worked onD. worked onAnswer: A. 'will have been working on' is the future perfect continuous tense and shows an action that will still be in progress at a specific time in the future. Here, it indicates that the project will still be ongoing when he arrives.18. She said that she ___ for the company for ten years by the end of this year, but she had only worked for five years by last year.A. will have workedB. would have workedC. has workedD.had workedAnswer: B. 'would have worked' is the past future perfect tense. In this context, it indicates a future action in the past.19. They ___ on this task for three days by tomorrow. They also completed a similar task last month.A. will have been workingB. have been workingC. had been workingD. workedAnswer: A. 'will have been working' shows that the action will still be in progress by tomorrow.20. By the time you come back, I ___ my homework for two hours. But I finished a different one last week.A. will have been doingB. have been doingC. had been doingD. was doingAnswer: A. 'will have been doing' indicates an action that will still be ongoing when you come back.21. Tom said he ______ waiting for his friend for two hours by 5 o'clock tomorrow.A. will have beenB. would have beenC. has beenD. had beenAnswer: B. The sentence is in the future perfect continuous tense."Would have been" is the correct form to express a future action that will have been ongoing up to a certain point in the future.22. By the end of next month, they ______ working on this project for six months.A. will have beenB. would have beenC. will beD. areAnswer: A. "Will have been" is used to indicate an action that will start in the future and continue up to a specific point in the future.23. I think she ______ studying for the exam all day by the time it starts.A. will have beenB. would have beenC. has beenD. had beenAnswer: A. This sentence is about a future action that will have been in progress for a period of time before another future point.24. We ______ traveling for three weeks by the time we get back home.A. will have beenB. would have beenC. will beD. areAnswer: A. "Will have been" shows that the action of traveling will have lasted for a certain period up to a future point.25. The workers ______ building the bridge for a year by next summer.A. will have beenB. would have beenC. will beD. areAnswer: A. "Will have been" is the correct form to express that the action of building will have continued for a specific duration up to a future time.26. A: I thought you would have finished your project by now.B: But I still have a lot to do. The deadline is tomorrow.The tense used in this dialogue is:A. Future Past PerfectB. Future Past Perfect ProgressiveC. Past Future PerfectD. Past Future Perfect ProgressiveAnswer: AExplanation: The sentence "I thought you would have finished your project by now." indicates a past expectation of a completed action in thefuture, which is Future Past Perfect.27. A: What did you say you would have done by the end of this month?B: I would have learned all the new words.The tense in this conversation is:A. Future Past PerfectB. Future Past Perfect ProgressiveC. Past Future PerfectD. Past Future Perfect ProgressiveAnswer: AExplanation: "What did you say you would have done by the end of this month?" shows a past statement about a future completed action, which is Future Past Perfect.28. A: She believed he would have left before she arrived.B: But he was still there.Which tense is used here?A. Future Past PerfectB. Future Past Perfect ProgressiveC. Past Future PerfectD. Past Future Perfect ProgressiveAnswer: AExplanation: "She believed he would have left before she arrived." expresses a past belief of a future completed action, which is Future Past29. A: They expected we would have completed the task by then.B: Unfortunately, we didn't.The tense employed in this dialogue is:A. Future Past PerfectB. Future Past Perfect ProgressiveC. Past Future PerfectD. Past Future Perfect ProgressiveAnswer: AExplanation: "They expected we would have completed the task by then." indicates a past expectation of a future completed action, which is Future Past Perfect.30. A: I was sure you would have known the answer.B: But I didn't.What tense is used?A. Future Past PerfectB. Future Past Perfect ProgressiveC. Past Future PerfectD. Past Future Perfect ProgressiveAnswer: AExplanation: "I was sure you would have known the answer." shows a past certainty about a future completed action, which is Future Past31. We won't have been waiting for him for three hours by 6 o'clock.Analysis: This sentence is in the future perfect continuous negative form. It indicates that the action of waiting will not have been ongoing for three hours by a specific time.32. They won't have been studying English for five years by next month.Analysis: Here, the negative form shows that the studying action will not have continued for five years until next month.33. She won't have been working on this project for a week by tomorrow.Analysis: This expresses that the working action will not have lasted for a week until tomorrow.34. He won't have been practicing the piano for two hours by the end of the day.Analysis: The negative form indicates that the practicing won't have reached two hours by the specified time.35. We won't have been reading this book for four days by Friday.Analysis: It means the reading action won't have lasted for four days by Friday.36. I ______ English for five years by the time I graduate from university next year.A. will have learnedB. will learnC. have learnedD. learnedAnswer: A. "will have learned" is the future perfect tense, indicating an action that will be completed by a certain future time. In this sentence, the action of learning English will be completed by the time of graduation next year.37. By the end of last month, they ______ the project.A. had finishedB. finishedC. have finishedD. will finishAnswer: A. "had finished" is the past perfect tense, used to show that an action was completed before another past action or a specific past time. In this case, the completion of the project was before the end of last month.38. She said she ______ working on that experiment for three hours when we met her.A. has beenB. had beenC. wasD. isAnswer: B. "had been" is the past perfect continuous tense, which is used to express an action that started in the past, continued for some time, and ended before another past point. Here, the action of working on the experiment ended before they met her.39. We ______ for the bus for half an hour by the time it comes.A. will be waitingB. will have been waitingC. have been waitingD. had been waitingAnswer: B. "will have been waiting" is the future perfect continuous tense, showing that an action will have been ongoing for a period of time up to a future point. In this sentence, the waiting will have continued for half an hour by the time the bus comes.40. By the time you come back, I ______ my homework.A. will finishB. will have finishedC. finishD. am finishingAnswer: B. "will have finished" is the future perfect tense, indicating that the action of finishing homework will be completed before you come back.41. I _______ this book by the time you come back next week.A. will have finishedB. would have finishedC. had finishedD. finishedAnswer: A. "Will have finished" is the correct form of the future perfect tense. It indicates an action that will be completed before a specific future time..42. They _______ for three hours before it stopped raining.A. will have been waitingB. would have been waitingC. had been waitingD. were waitingAnswer: C. "Had been waiting" is the past perfect continuous tense. It shows an action that started in the past and continued up until another past time..43. By the end of next month, she _______ her project.A. will have completedB. would have completedC. had completedD. completesAnswer: A. "Will have completed" is used to express an action that will be finished by a specific future point..44. We _______ here for ten years by 2025.A. will have livedB. would have livedC. had livedD. livedAnswer: A. "Will have lived" indicates that the action of living here will continue until a future time (2025)..45. He _______ his homework before his parents came home.A. will have doneB. would have doneC. had doneD. didAnswer: C. "Had done" is the past perfect tense, showing that the action of doing homework was completed before another past action (his parents came home)..46. By the end of next month, she __________ for this company for five years.A. will have been workingB. will workC. has workedD. workedAnswer: A. By the end of next month indicates a future time, and for five years suggests a duration. The future perfect continuous tense is used to express an action that will continue up to a specific point in the future.47. They __________ on this project until next year.A. will have been workingB. will workC. have been workingD. workedAnswer: A. 'Until next year' indicates a future point in time, and the action is expected to be ongoing before that. So, the future perfect continuous tense is needed.48. How long __________ you __________ when I call you tomorrow?A. will; have been studyingB. will; studyC. have; studiedD. did; studyAnswer: A. 'When I call you tomorrow' is a future time, and thequestion asks about the duration of the action up to that point. Future perfect continuous tense is appropriate.49. By the time he arrives, we __________ here for three hours.A. will have been waitingB. will waitC. have waitedD. waitedAnswer: A. 'By the time he arrives' indicates a future point, and for three hours shows the duration. Future perfect continuous tense is used.50. She said that by 2025 she __________ in this city for ten years.A. will have been livingB. will liveC. has livedD. livedAnswer: A. 'By 2025' is a future point and for ten years indicates a duration. Future perfect continuous tense is required to express the action that will still be ongoing at that future time.51. I thought she ____ the work by the time we got there.A. would finishB. will have finishedC. had finishedD. was finishingAnswer: C. The past perfect tense is used to show an action that was completed before another past action. In this sentence, the action of her finishing the work happened before the time we got there.52. By the end of next month, they ____ for ten years.A. will have marriedB. will be marriedC. will have been marriedD. had been marriedAnswer: C. The future perfect continuous tense is used to show an action that will continue up to a specific point in the future. Here, it indicates that their marriage will have been ongoing for ten years by the end of next month.53. He said that he ____ this book for two weeks by the next day.A. would be readingB. would have been readingC. had been readingD. was readingAnswer: B. The future perfect continuous tense is used to show an action that will have been ongoing up to a certain point in the future. In this case, it's up to the next day.54. When I met her, she ____ English for five years.A. had been learningB. was learningC. has been learningD. learnedAnswer: A. The past perfect continuous tense is used to show an action that started in the past and continued up to another past time. Here, her learning English started before the time I met her.55. They ____ here until the project is finished.A. will have stayedB. will be stayingC. will have been stayingD. had stayedAnswer: B. The future continuous tense is used to express an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future. Here, it indicates that they will be staying here during the time until the project is finished.56. I thought by the time I got to the party, everyone _______ gone home.A. would haveB. will haveC. hadD. hasAnswer: A. 'Would have' is used to express a future perfect action in the past. In this sentence, it indicates that the speaker expected thateveryone would have already left by the time they arrived at the party.57. By the end of next month, she _______ for this company for five years.A. will have workedB. would have workedC. has workedD. had workedAnswer: A. 'Will have worked' is the correct form to express a future perfect action. It shows that the action of working for the company will be completed by the end of next month.58. They believed that by the year 2050, people _______ on Mars.A. would have livedB. will have livedC. will liveD. had livedAnswer: B. 'Will have lived' is used to describe a future event that will be completed before a specific point in the future. Here, it's about people living on Mars by 2050.59. He said that by the time he was 40, he _______ all around the world.A. would have traveledB. will have traveledC. has traveledD. had traveledAnswer: A. 'Would have traveled' indicates a future action completed in the past from the speaker's perspective.60. I was sure that by the end of the week, we _______ the project.A. would have finishedB. will have finishedC. had finishedD. have finishedAnswer: A. 'Would have finished' shows a future perfect action that was expected to be completed by a certain time in the past.61. Tom will have been waiting for the bus for two hours by the time it arrives.Analysis: This sentence indicates that Tom's waiting action will still be ongoing and will have lasted for two hours when the bus finally comes.62. By next month, she will have been studying English for five years.Analysis: It shows that her study of English will continue until next month and will have reached a duration of five years.63. They will have been working on this project for a week by tomorrow.Analysis: This tells us that their work on the project will still be in progress and will have lasted for a week by the next day.64. The athlete will have been training hard for six months before the competition.Analysis: It means that the athlete's training will continue until before the competition and will have lasted for six months.65. We will have been living in this city for ten years by the end of this year.Analysis: This indicates that our living in this city will still be ongoing and will have reached a duration of ten years by the end of the year.66. When would you have completed the project if you had started it earlier?Answer: This question tests the understanding of the past perfect tense. If the action had started earlier, the completion time would have been different. The correct answer depends on the context and the logic of the situation.67. How long would she have been waiting for the bus by the time it arrives?Answer: This question focuses on the future perfect continuous tense. It asks about the duration of the waiting action until a future point in time. The answer requires considering the time frame and the verb form.68. Where would they have gone if they had had more money?Answer: This is a past perfect tense question that asks about a hypothetical situation in the past based on a different condition (havingmore money). The answer depends on the assumed possibilities.69. What would you have done differently last year if you could go back?Answer: This question examines the past perfect tense and the idea of imagining a different past. The answer should reflect on past actions and potential changes.70. Why would he have chosen that option if he knew the consequences?Answer: This question explores the reasoning behind a past decision in a hypothetical context using the past perfect tense. The answer should explain the possible motivations.71. I will have been studying English for five years by next month. (Change to the past perfect future continuous tense)The answer: I would have been studying English for five years by the previous month.72. They will have been waiting for the bus for an hour by the time it arrives. (Change to the past perfect future continuous tense)The answer: They would have been waiting for the bus for an hour by the time it arrived.73. She will have been working on this project for two months next week. (Change to the past perfect future continuous tense)The answer: She would have been working on this project for twomonths the week before.74. We will have been living in this city for ten years by 2025. (Change to the past perfect future continuous tense)The answer: We would have been living in this city for ten years by 2024.75. He will have been playing the guitar for three years next year. (Change to the past perfect future continuous tense)The answer: He would have been playing the guitar for three years the year before.76. By the time we arrive at the party, they ______ dancing for hours.A. will have beenB. will beC. would have beenD. would beAnswer: A. By the time + future simple, we use future perfect continuous tense. “Will have been” indicates an action that will have been ongoing for a period of time up to a future point.77. She said that by the end of next month, she ______ on this project for six months.A. would have been workingB. will have been workingC. would be workingD. will be workingAnswer: A. “By the end of + future time”, we use future past perfect continuous tense. “Would have been working” shows a continuous action that was expected to be ongoing before a future point in the past.78. If you don't hurry up, they ______ waiting for us for too long whenwe get there.A. will have beenB. will beC. would have beenD. would beAnswer: A. “If” clause in the present simple, main clause in future perfect continuous. “Will have been” indicates a possible long duration of waiting in the future.79. I think by the year 2050, scientists ______ trying to find a cure for cancer for decades.A. will have beenB. will beC. would have beenD. would beAnswer: A. “By + future time”, future perfect continuous tense is used. “Will have been” shows a continuous action that will extend up to a specific future time.80. We ______ studying English for eight years by the time we graduate from junior high school.A. will have beenB. will beC. would have beenD. would beAnswer: A. “By the time + future event”, future perfect continuous tense is appropriate. “Will have been” indicates a continuous action up to a future point.。
初中英语阅读理解七选五(含答案解析)
初中英语阅读理解七选五(含解析)(一)“How are you?” is a nice question. It’s a friendly greeting that people in the United States use. __1__ It’s a question that often doesn’t need an answer. The person who asks, “How are you?” expects to hear the answer “Fine,” even if the person isn’t fine. The reason is that “How are you?” isn’t really a question and “Fine” isn’t really an answer. ___2_.Sometimes, people don’t say exactly what they mean. For example, when someone asks “Do you agree?” the other person may be thinking, “No, I don’t. I think you are wrong.” It isn’t polite to disagree very strongly, so he might say, “I am not so sure.” __3__People also don’t say exactly what they are thinking when they finish talking to other people. For example, many conversations over the phone end when one person says, “I’ve got to go now,” or the person who wants to hang up gives an excuse such as “Someone is at the door,” or “Something is burning on the stove.” __4__ The person who wants to hang up simply doesn’t want to talk any more, but it isn’t polite to say so. An excuse is polite, and it doesn’t hurt the other person’s feelings.Whether they are greeting each other, talking about an opinion, or ending a conversation, people often don’t say exactly what they are thinking. ___5__A. This is a nice way to say that you don’t agree with someone.B. It’s very good not to tell the truth to our family.C. However, “How are you?” is also an unusual question.D. The excuse may be real, or not.E. They are common ways of saying “hello” or hi”.F. If you disagree with others, they will hate you.G. This is one way of being nice to people, and it’s a part of the game of language.(二)I was once a fat girl. I weighed 336 pounds and looked as big as my fridge. I was never worried about it．But one day I had a medical examination (体检)．（1）It woke me up.I began to feel nervous．Then I decided to do something!In a year and five months, I lost 104 pounds. What a great thing I did! I didn't have any expensive food, medical treatment （治疗）or camp﹣style（训练营式的）exercise.（2） First I looked through the Internet for do﹣it﹣yourself advice that people could follow on losing weight. Of course I saw countless ads（广告）which try to get me to buy their products．（3）The only thing I did was to change my bad habits．The following are what I have done. You can try these.Stop drinking something with too much sugar in it．Refuse sweet cakes．Eat green vegetables．（4）Never eat after 6：30pm．Also, do light exercise for15 to 20minutes five days a week．Then I kept doing what I should do. People sometimes say, "You don't need to tell me what to do．I know it already!" But the fact is that knowing what to do and doing what you know are different.（5）A. But I bought nothing．B. Use only vegetable oil．C. What was the secret to my success？D. I must lose my weight at onceE. The doctor told me that I was having heart trouble.F. The important thing is to know what to do and then just keep doing it．G. Do what I said.(三)When I was small, I was kind of shy. Luckily, I changed a lot by junior high. Shyness gets in the way of success, but it doesn't have to hold you back. Here are some tips that may help you overcome it.1 The excitement of being lost at something that you love can help you forget your nervousness while showing off in public.Next, why not get more chances to speak in public? For me, when I got to high school, I took speech classes. 2Then, don’t think about what will happen. It’s possible th at you might be laughed at when speaking. 3 What really happens is better than what we imagine.Finally, 4 Remembering past successes can help inspire you to get future success. 5 If you succeeded in the past, then you can succeed again! It's actually natural to be a little bit nervous about meeting new people, making cold calls, or giving a speech. That nervousness doesn't have to keep you from succeeding, though.A．First of all, you’d better concentrate on what you enjoy.B．These suc cesses are “proof ” （证明）that you can do it.C．I still feel a little uncomfortable when I realize.D．However, others may not even notice your mistake.E．I could even take part in speaking competitions.F．remember past successes.w(四)A Special DeliveryBen and Sally lived in California with their two daughters. Ben liked travelling. 1. , but sally stayed home with the girls. Ben and his friends owned a company. People at the company liked to play jokes on each other. One day, Ben's friends wanted to play a joke on Ben and Sally.2. . The letter said,Dear Sally.I'm having a great time here in Africa. I'm sending a special gift to you. I hope you like it. Please take good care of it until I get home.Love to you and the kids,BenOn the same day, Sally also got a phone call. The caller told her that a delivery was coming. At one o'clock, a truck stopped in front of Sally's house. The truck driver gave Sally a rope. An animal was tied to the rope. It was a baby elephant!3. , and it began eating grass.Then the driver drove away. Sally stood there and held the rope to the elephant. She asked herself, "What can I feed an elephant with? Bananas?"4. . He said, "It's illegal(非法的) to have wild animal here." Then the policeman gave Sally a ticket.Ben's friends were hiding in the backyard and laughing. They had planned everything perfectly. They had rented(租借) the elephant from a zoo and asked the policeman to write the ticket! Ben's friends also made a film of everything.5. .When Sally learned about the truth, she couldn't help laughing.A. So they sent a letter to SallyB. After a while, a policeman cameC. The elephant ran into Sally's yardD. They wanted Ben to watch the videoE. One summer, he went to Africa on a trip(五)When I was a junior high school student in 1980, God gave me a gift, it was happiness.One weekend, I went to visit my grandparents in the countryside. 1 .Several days later when I woke up at the hospital, I realized I had to spend the rest of my life without arms. 2 . Even I was full of fears. But slowly I knew I had to face the fact and got over it. I couldn’t get my arms back even though I cried every day.However, it’s easier said than done. 3 . I got so much from my past story. From then on, I could treat my life with a normal mind. But in our daily life, I often see my classmate get worried about little things: 4 ; their bus comes late; they don’t have a mobile phone but others have. But I only enjoy life, I was lucky to realize from an accident: It’s a waste of our life to focus on what you have lost. We should always think of what we have. So why are so many people unhappy? Someone may say, “My whole life would improve if I have a new car.” But when you get the car and what happens? For a whole week you are walking on air. Then you go right back to being unhappy.5 . It’s in our heart. It’s a state of mind, even though you own the whole world, you may still feel unhappy. Happiness comes from mastering the art of appreciating （感激） and taking pleasure in what you really have.A. Happiness depends on what we have.B. They get a bad grade on a testC. How sad I felt at that time!D. On my way home a car ran me over and cut off my arms because of its high speed.E. Maybe it was just a joke for me.F. It took me nearly half a year to get out of the sadness completely.G. Happiness is everywhere around us!(六)In Thailand, people do not eat with chopsticks, like in China, Japan, and Korea. They use spoons and forks. 1____. Because most food is already cut. If you need to cut things use the side of your spoon . 2_____. If you are right-handed, keep the spoon in your right hand and the fork in your left hand.3______. The rice is not on the same plate with the other food. It is not necessary to finish all you rice or all your food. It is good to leave a little on your plate. If you eat anything, it means you want more.4______. The host(主人)will ask you two or three times if you want more food . It is the same with whatever you are drinking. During the meal, never empty your cup or glass. When it is less than half full, your host or neighbor will fill it again. 5______. Always refill(再加满) your neighbo r’s glass. This means that you must keep an eye on your neighbor’s glass all through the meal.A. They never use knivesB. Never fill your own glassC. People always offer you more foodD. Remember to fill your bowl in timeE. People often eat from the same bowlF. The spoon is more important than the forkG. People usually have rice in a different bowl(七)Today, there are many popular TV talent shows in China.1._________For some lucky people, these talent shows may make them become famous, such as Zhu Zhiwen and Liang Bo. They are from poor places.2.__________However, there are also many bad effects. First, some young people just imitate (模仿）the people they like. They lose their own styles. Second, some young people spend too much time on such TV shows.3.___________So they spend less time on their studies. This is bad for not only their study but also their development(发展）.In m y opinion, these shows are social(社会的）activities. 4. ___________They can use these shows to relax themselves. But they should know that the chance to become famous is small for most people. 5._______________It’s their studies.A. But they show us their great talent.B. Young people can take part in these activities to get some social experience.C. These talent shows give everyone a chance（机会）to show his or her talents.D. So they should work hard at something that is more important for them.E. They have lots of dreams about becoming great stars and bringing people more happiness.F. But they change their life with their talent through these shows.G. They always dream of being stars.(八)There is a very beautiful bird(鸟） and she lives in a tall tree in the mountain. Every morning she gets up very early and sings. 1 So when she sings, many animals come to listen to her. When she sings happily, you can get pearls (珍珠) from her.One day, a man knows that, 2 After a few days he finds her and gets her. Then he takes her home. 3 The man thinks a lot of ways to let her sing. But it doesn’t work.At last, he takes the bird to the king(国王). 4 The princess(公主) is a beautiful girl. 5 The bird is very happy and sings for the princess. And the princess gets lots of nice pearls.From that day, the bird comes to meet the princess every day and sings for her.A. She sings very well.B. She is very kind and let the bird fly away.C. Because she is good at singing.D. But the bird is very sad, and she doesn’t sing at all.E. he goes into the mountain and looks for her.F. The king is very happy and gives the bird to his daughter for her birthday.G. The bird is happy and sings for the man.(九)Advantages of Playing BadmintonPlaying badminton can be a fantastic sport. 1 What’s more, playing badminton has many health benefits for your entire body.Build a strong bodyYou get to run up and down the court. You jump up high and bend down low when playing. Your movement has to be flexible, with good hand-eye coordination(协调). The movements give your legs good exercise. At the same time, swinging the racket exercises your arms, shoulders, stomach and back,. Before you know it, your entire body will benefit from better coordination. 2 .Have a good heartPlaying badminton can actually lower your blood pressure, and reduce your chances of heart diseases. 3 . Your body will be better defended against enlarged arteries(动脉) that can cause deadly heart attacks. Whether you are suffering from high blood pressure or simply trying it, playing badminton is a great sport.Enjoy a colorful social lifeGyms often host leagues, tournaments, and parties. 4 So don’t just watch a television program about losing fat. Get out there and socialize in an organized badminton league.Make a slim figure5 Hundreds of unwanted fat can be burned off with all of the physical movements involved with the sport. Whether you are on the sand at the local beach, or inside a gym, playing badminton can be an enjoyable weight loss exercise.A. You can even grow stronger and more attractive.B. Playing the game, you can make your heart stronger.C. You can find a badminton court in public parks or some gyms.D. To people of different ages it is also an easy light exercise.E. It’s importa nt to drink plenty of water when playing the sport.F. They provide chances for you to meet friends, or other people with similar interests.G. Of course, one of the most welcome benefits of playing badminton is always quick weight loss.(十)圣诞树的发展史The history of the Christmas tree comes as a shock to many countries. This famous symbolism（象征意义）of Christmas isdisplayed in homes in the United States, Europe, and in many othercountries around the world.1.______ The Druids in ancient England and the Romans in Europeboth used evergreen branches to decorate their houses and publicbuildings to celebrate the Winter Solstice（冬至）. 2.______ Treesused to celebrate Christmas are mentioned in the early 1600s in Germany and surrounding countries. 3.______ As these people moved somewhere else or moved to other countries, they brought this tradition with them.4.______ As the world moved into the 1900s, many trees were decorated with homemade cards and pictures, cotton, candies in all shapes and sizes. Candles were sometimes used, but often caused big fires.5.______ Electric tree lights were first used jus t 3 years after Thomas Edison’s invention of electric lights in 1879. The early lights were handmade and quite expensive.Today, Christmas tree decorations can be found in nearly every imaginable size, color, and shape, and they are used to decorate millions of Christmas trees used throughout the world.A. The families would set up these trees in a significant position of their homeand decorate them with colored paper, small toys, food, and sometimescandles.B. It is a time for them to pray for the harvest and good luck in the coming year.C. So many different types of candle holders (烛台) were invented to try to prevent tree fires.D. Through the years many different things were used to decorate Christmas trees.E. When they enjoy the meal, they give each other the best wishes for the coming year.F. Over the years, these traditions were accepted by Christians, who regardedthem as a part of their Christmas holiday celebration.G. The tradition of having an evergreen tree becomes a symbol of Christmas whichgoes back past recorded written history.(十一)Your brain controls everything you do. It makes it possible for you to think, learn, create and feel; to blink(眨眼) andbreathe and for your heart to beat—this fantastic control centeris your brain. 1.______Can this small grey organ(器官)，which weighs less than one and a half kilos, really do so much? Amazingly, your braincontains about 100 billion neurons(神经元）—it would take youover 3,000 years to count them all. 2.______ Your neurons create and send more messages than all the phones in the world. And although one neuron creates only a little electricity, all your neurons together can produce enough electricity to power a light bulb(灯泡).So exactly how fast does your brain work? 3.______ Neurons in your skin send this information to your brain at a speed of more than 240 kilometers per hour. Your brain then uses other neurons to send the message back to your foot to shake the bee off quickly. 4.______ No computer has your brain’s unbelievable ability to de al with the amount of information coming from your eyes, ears and other sensory organs.But how does your brain allow you to learn things that you will use in the future? The structure(结构) of your brain changes every time you have a new thought, remember or learn something. 5.______ How? As you practice, your brain sends “bike riding” messages again and again. Soon, the actions are learnt and you are able to ride a bike easily from then on.A. Well, imagine this: a bee lands on your foot.B. Therefore, it is not surprising to see that somebody with average intelligence (智力) can have excellent performances in some fields.C. Believe it or not, the activity in your brain never stops.D. It is so amazing that a famous scientist once called it “the most complex (复杂) thing we have yet discovered in our universe”.E. The brain is the boss of the body．F. These neurons can send this information at more than 320 kilometers per hour.G. For example, riding a bike seems impossible at first, but soon you are able to do it.(十二)Have you ever stayed in a hotel? Most Chinese hotelsoften provide guests(客人) with things like disposable(一次性的) toothbrushes, toothpaste, shampoo andslippers.1.______ But, if you travel to Beijing, remember tobring your own things. Starting from June, some hotels in Beijing will no longer provide guests with these disposables.2.______ Many disposable things are made of plastic. People throw them away after only using them once.3.______ Do you know, one Chinese person makes as much as 400kg of waste a year! Most of that waste comes from disposable things. In Beijing, people throw away about 19,000 tons of plastic bags and 1,320 tons of plastic lunch bowls every year! Plastic can take between 100 and 400 years to break down. So the lessplastic we throw out, the better. 4.______ Back at home and school, you can also do something to make our world a better place. Try to do these things in your daily life: Use cloth shopping bags, not plastic ones. After using a plastic bag, wash it out and let it dry. 5.______ Do not use paper cups. At your school diningroom, use your own bowl and chopsticks instead of disposable ones.To protect our environment and our home, it is very necessary and important for us to save natural resources.A. It is a waste of natural resources and is very bad for the environment.B. Many guests like the idea because they don’t have to bring their own.C. Here are some ideas for you to live a green life.D. They want to ask people to use less disposable things.E. Then you can use it over and over again.F. So, wherever you travel, bring your own things and use them again and again.G. What should we do to save the earth?参考答案1、1.C 2.E 3.A 4.D 5.G2、1.E 2. C 3. A 4.B 5. F3、1A 2E 3D 4F 5B4、1. E 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D5、1D 2C 3F 4B 5A6、1A 2F 3G 4C 5B7、1C 2F 3G 4B 5D8、1A 2E 3D 4F 5B9、1D 2A 3B 4F 5G10、【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文。
北京2023高考英语试卷
北京2023高考英语试卷2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）英语注意事项：1.本试卷共100分。
考试时长90分钟。
2.考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I was always timid（羞怯的）. Being new to the school made me even____1____，so it was surprising I’d____2____to anyone around me. Now I was paying the price﹣to write a five﹣page essay on “Why I Should Not Talk in Class”. That would take all night!After I got home，though. I took my time petting the cat﹣postponing the pain.When I finally sat down to____3____，I began with the reasons Ms Black would want to hear. Talking kept me and my neighboursfrom____4____. One paragraph down; now what? I chewed on my pencil. Aha! What if talking were the first step towards life as a criminal? Without the education I was throwing away，I’d turn to theft and go toprison. When I got out，people would say，“She used to talk in class.” The pages began____5____.But when mum got home from work，I was still____6____，“Five pages! That’s impossible!”“Well，you’d better get back to work，” she said. “and I want to read it when you’re through.”Soon after dinner，I handed the essay to mum. I half expecteda____7____﹣at least an “I hope you’ve learned your lesson”.____8____，mum laughed and laughed as she read.The next day，when Ms Black read the essay to the class，everyone laughed. I could____9____they weren’t making fun of me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story. My____10____still needed some nudging（激发），but I did learn I wasn’t shy in print.1. A.freer B.shyer C.calmer D.happier2. A.nod B.point C.listen D.chat3. A.weep B.rest C.write D.read4. A.learning B.playing C.planning ughing5. A.standing out B.flying by C.breaking up D.checking in6. A.celebrating B.longing plaining D.warning7. A.lecture B.reason C.reward D.solution8. A.Therefore B.Moreover C.Meanwhile D.Instead9. A.hope B.imagine C.tell D.predict10.A.patience B.confidence C.tolerance D.independence第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。
SSP9年级期末测试
SSP报纸九年级第一学期英语期末试卷(一)Part 1 Phonetics, grammar and vocabulary(第一部分语音、语法和词汇)I. Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案): (共20分)1. We only take goods back if customers can produce the receipt. Which of the following is correct for the underlined part?A./ri'si:pt/B./ri:'si:t/C./ri'si:t/D./ri:'si:pt/2. Which of the following parts in the brackets is different in pronunciation from the others?A.The gate is too narrow for a car to get through.B.The facts allow no other explanation.C.A row of children are standing in front of the chairs.D.You can borrow money from the bank to buy your new house.3. France is _______ European country with _______ long history and also famous for its art and culture.A.the ... /B.an ... aC.a ... /D.a ... a4. It’s very sweet _______ you to tell me the arrival time _______ the phone.A.of ... throughB.of ... onC.to ... inD.for ... by5. This bike is neither _______ nor _______. It belongs to _______.A.yours ... my ... herB.his ... me ... hersC.her ... mine ... himD.his ... hers ... me6. We can see two _______ the students doing exercise there every day.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundred ofD.hundreds of7. I often spend one-fifth of my spare time reading books and _______ doing my homework.A.othersB.the otherC.the restD.the others8. In our exam, the _______ we are, the _______ mistakes we’ll make.A.carefully ... littleB.more carefully ... fewerC.more careful ... lessD.more careful ... fewer9. The construction of the Chinese railway systems has been developing at a great speed, _______, a ticket for home-going remains difficult to get during the Spring Festival.A.howeverB.andC.moreoverD.so10. _______ important water is to any living things!A.What anB.WhatC.HowD.How an11. The light music _______ so wonderful that I enjoy it very much.A.soundsB.looksC.hearsD.listens12. This key _______ be Jim’s. I saw his still in the lock just now.A.mayB.can’tC.mustn’tD.needn’t13. Some students pay too much attention to _______ their wealth. They must concentrate on their studies.A.show offB.showC.showingD.showing off14. —I usually go there by train.—Why not _______ by ship for a change?A.to try goingB.trying to goC.to try and goD.try going15. A sudden idea _______ me. I couldn’t wait to carry it out.A.came up withB.came outC.came toD.was thought of16. School library _______ from 7:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. _______.A.opens; every dayB.is open; every dayC.is open; everydayD.opens; everyday17. It _______ five years _______ he left for Beijing.A.was ... thatB.is ... thatC.was ... sinceD.is ... since18. Thousands of people were injured in the terrible earthquake. And the injured _______ to the hospital at once.A.have been takenB.has been takenC.was takenD.were taken19. He hasn’t decided _______.A.if he will book the ticket by phoneB.when he would book the ticket by phoneC.if he books the ticket by phoneD.when does he book the ticket by phone20. —Would you mind my smoking here?—_______Which answer is not correct?A.Never mindB.Of course not.C.Not at all.D.You’d better not.II. Complete the following passages with the words or phrases in the box. Each can be used only once (将下列单词或词组填入空格。
英语学测试卷参考答案
英语学测试卷参考答案一、听力部分1. A) What is the man going to do this weekend?Answer: He is going to visit his grandparents.2. B) How does the woman feel about the weather?Answer: She feels it is too hot.3. C) What does the man suggest doing after work?Answer: He suggests going to the gym.4. D) What time does the train leave?Answer: The train leaves at 6:30 pm.5. E) Why is the woman upset?Answer: She is upset because she lost her keys.6. F) What is the relationship between the two speakers? Answer: They are colleagues.7. G) What is the man's opinion about the new restaurant? Answer: He thinks the food is delicious but expensive.8. H) What is the woman planning to do after her exam?Answer: She is planning to go on a trip.9. I) How does the man feel about his new job?Answer: He feels it is challenging but rewarding.10. J) What is the topic of the conversation?Answer: The topic is about a new movie.二、阅读部分1. A) According to the passage, what is the main reason for the decline in the bee population?Answer: The main reason is the loss of habitat and the use of pesticides.2. B) What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the text?Answer: The author suggests planting more flowers and reducing the use of pesticides.3. C) In the given text, what is the author's opinion about the importance of bees?Answer: The author believes that bees are crucial for the ecosystem and food production.4. D) What is the purpose of the text?Answer: The purpose of the text is to raise awareness about the importance of bees and the threats they face.5. E) What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage?Answer: It can be inferred that people can make a difference by taking simple actions to help bees.6. F) What is the main idea of the passage?Answer: The main idea is the impact of technology oneducation and the importance of adapting to new teaching methods.7. G) How does the author view the role of technology in classrooms?Answer: The author views technology as a valuable toolthat can enhance learning experiences.8. H) What is the author's suggestion for teachers regarding the use of technology?Answer: The author suggests that teachers should stay updated with the latest technology and integrate it intotheir teaching.9. I) What is the author's opinion on the balance between traditional and modern teaching methods?Answer: The author believes in finding a balance between traditional and modern teaching methods to cater to different learning styles.10. J) What can be concluded from the passage?Answer: It can be concluded that technology has a significant impact on education and should be embraced by educators.三、语法与词汇部分1. A) The correct form of the verb in the sentence is "has been working".2. B) The sentence should use the comparative form "more carefully".3. C) The correct phrase to complete the sentence is "incharge of".4. D) The sentence requires the past perfect tense "had finished".5. E) The correct conjunction to use is "although".6. F) The sentence should include the modal verb "could have".7. G) The correct form of the verb is "have been".8. H) The sentence should use the passive voice "was built".9. I) The correct preposition to use is "for".10. J) The sentence should use the future perfect tense "will have completed".四、写作部分1. A) The essay should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.2. B) The introduction should present the topic and the main points to be discussed.3. C) The body paragraphs should provide supporting details, examples, and explanations.4. D) The conclusion should summarize the main points and provide a final thought.5. E) The essay should be well-organized, coherent, and freeof grammatical errors.请注意，以上内容仅为示例，实际的英语学测试卷参考答案应根据具体的试卷内容来制定。
【9A文】人教版高中英语必修四Unit5单元测试题及答案
人教版高中英语必修四Unit5单元测试题第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单项填空(共15小题；每小题1分,满分15分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
21.Aswecansee,thepricesofvegetables_____accordingtotheseason.A.varyB.fallC.riseD.swing22.Thebridgeoverthecanalis1,000meters____length.A.withB.inC.atD.on23.As_____touristattraction,theGreatWalldoeshave_____strongattractiontovisitorsfr omhomeandabroad.A.the;不填B.the;aC.a;不填D.a;the24.Thegirlrefusedyourofferlasttime._________you don’t wanttotalktoher.A.NowonderB.NodoubtC.AboveallD.Afterall25.—Haveyouheardofthisnewcomputerbrand,Mike?—Yes,ofcourseand I’ve decidedtobuy________.A.itB.oneC.thisD.that26.Chinesefineartshavewonthe_________ofmanypeopleabroad.A.enjoymentB.appreciationC.entertainmentD.amusement27.HaveyoueverbeentoMountHuangshan,______isfamousforitstoweringpineforestsa nd"seaofclouds"?A.whichB.whereC.thatD.what28.Accordingtothecarpenter,thework______tobecompletedthreedaysfromnow.A.wasexpectedB.expectedC.isexpectedD.isexpecting29._______you’ve paidinadvancewe won’t chargeyoufordelivery.A.AslongasB.AssoonasC.AspossibleasD.Asfaras30.—Whydoyoulooksohappy?—Myaunthasboughtanewcarandshewillinvitemetogofora______thisweekend.A.surfB.rideC.runD.hike31.Hehasagiftfordescriptionandmakesghoststories______.etolifeetrueeoffeup32.Sugarisnotanimportantingredientinbread,butflouris________A.uniqueB.necessaryC.naturalD.major33._________twoexamscomingup,Ihavetostudyreallyhardthisweekend.A.WithB.BesidesC.AsforD.Asto34.Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurant_________youlike.A.wheneverB.whereverC.whicheverD.however35.—HowcanIgettotheislandyoumentioned?—Thereisnootherwaytogetthere__________byswimming.A.otherthanB.morethanC.ratherthanD.lessthan第二节完形填空(共20小题；每小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出适合填入对应空白处的最佳选项。
国开(中央电大)本科《管理英语4》网上形考任务试题及答案
国开(中央电大)本科《管理英语4》网上形考任务试题及答案说明：课程代码：04020。
适用专业及层次：工商管理，行政管理本科。
平台考试网址：http：//。
单元自测 1 试题及答案题目顺序是随机的，使用查找功能（Ctrl＋F）进行搜索[题目] — This project is too big for me to finish on time.—________________.[答案]I'll give you a hand[题目] AT&T found that employees with better planning and decision-making skills were ______to be promoted into management jobs.[答案]more likely[题目]______ CEOs spend planning, the more profitable their companies are.[答案]The more time[题目]______ his anger the employees called him Mr. Thunder, but they loved him.[答案]Due to[题目]______ managers spend most of their time in face-to-face contact with others, but theyspend much of it obtaining and sharing information.[答案]Not only do[题目]— Could you give us a speech on management functions some day this week？—________________.[答案]I'd love to, but I'm busy this week[题目]— I think things have been a bit difficult for us the last couple of months.—__________. We've been working hard, but still getting behind.[答案]You're right[题目]— Is it possible for you to work out the plan tonight？—__________[答案]I think so.[题目]— We could let some of the staff work from home.________________？— That's a good idea.[答案]What do you think of it[题目]Even the best continually seek ways to ______ their skills.[答案]sharpen[题目]It is through enthusiasm and quiet intensity ______ we transform creativity and visioninto the technologies.[答案]that[题目]Supervisors should ______ their employees in two-way communication so that understanding takes place.[答案]engage[题目]The demands and requirements placed on the CEO of Sony are different from ______ on the manager of your local Wendy's restaurant.[答案]those[题目]The Human Resource Managing Department at Honda is given specific instructions ______employ the best possible workers.[答案]on how to[题目]The responsibilities in handbook ______ that managers have to be concerned withefficiency and effectiveness in the work process.[答案]indicate二、听力理解：听录音，选择最佳答案（共50分）。
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Global: adjective - involving the entire earth. Fear: noun - be afraid or scared of. Myth: noun - a traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or event, with or without a determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, any invented story, idea, or concept. Issue: noun - a point, matter, or question to be disputed or decided. Fact: noun - a thing that has actually happened or that is really true; thing that has been or is. Fiction: noun - anything made up or imagined, as a statement, story, etc.
Fearlessness = bravery Horror = beauty, delight, miracle, pleasure, wonder Dread = encourage, want, welcome Scared = calm, confident, encouraged, laidback, unafraid Terror = cheer, glee, happiness, joy, peace Fright = bravery, courage, fearlessness Panic = calm, collectedness, confidence, contentment, peace, security Concern = disinterest, unconcern Nightmare = pleasant dream, day dream Phobia = liking, love
Being alone and theft are fears that were held by youth of the past and fears that continue to worry the youth of today.
Crime, racial tension, poverty, divorce, pollution, overpopulation, world hunger, guns, shootings, gangs, dying, kidnapping, and being home alone. Global warming, nuclear war, terrorism and AIDS were also contemporary fears.
Exclamations: An exclamation mark or exclamation point is a punctuation mark: ! It is usually used after an exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume, and often marks the end of a sentence. EXAMPLE: I laughed so hard that I cried! Homework: Complete page 142-143 of English Grammar in Use
It really depends on the individual, but stereotypically the plane crash and spiders would generally be a phobia, where as a vicious dog and a dark alley way would create a fear.
Global: Fear: Myth Issue: Fact: Fiction: noun - a traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or event, with or without a determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, any invented story, idea, or concept. noun - be afraid or scared of.
Fear is something we all experience in response to a
situation that might be threatening or dangerous – for instance, if an angry dog approaches.
But if the fear becomes excessive or out of proportion to the situation and begins to have a significant impact on one’s daily life, persisting for much longer than might be expected, it is known as a phobia. It’s often a fear of a particular situation that most people don’t usually perceive as being threatening or dangerous. The distinction generally made is to say that a fear is rational (based on reason, logic, sense) and when fear becomes irrational (foolish, unreasonable, ridiculous) it is a phobia.
Semester Two, Term Three
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Fear Horror Dread Scared Terror
Fright Panic Concern Nightmare phobia
These words are all synonyms (they have similar meanings). What are the antonyms of the above words?
Subordinate clause: A subordinate clause—also called a dependent clause—will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought.
Do you have any known fears or phobias?
PAST Darkness Death Ghosts Being alone
PRESENT Terrorism Global warming Nuclear war Theft
Which of the above fears features in both past and present times?
noun - a thing that has actually happened or that is really true; thing that has been or is. noun - anything made up or imagined, as a statement, story, etc. noun - a point, matter, or question to be disputed or decided. adjective - involving the entire earth.
Contractions Using Pronouns and a Verb
Here are some examples of pronouns and a verb. 1. I will = I'll 2. I am = I'm 3. they have = they've 4. we have = we've 5. they will = they'll Directions: Change the following words to contractions. 1. I am = 2. I would or I had = 3. I will = 4. I have = 5. we have =
So where do these fears come from?
Exposure to situations on a frequent basis can create fears. The common situations often include: (a) global events (e.g., trauma, disasters, war, diseases) (b) television/media exposure (c) societal changes