广东工业大学 845环境化学 2017年硕士研究生考研真题
广东工业大学考研历年真题
广东工业大学考研历年真题【第一部分:单项填空】1. However, some actors _____ us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing. [单选题] *A.astonishedB. astonishingC. astonish(正确答案)D. is astonished2. He was a _____ figure in the French film industry. [单选题] *A. dominantlyB. dominant(正确答案)C. dominanceD. dominants3. The morning after your arrival, you meet with the _____ physician for a private consultation. [单选题] *A. residentsB. resident(正确答案)C. residenceD. residences4._____a reply, he decided to write again. [单选题] *A. Not receivingB. ReceivingC. Not having received(正确答案)D. Having not received5.With lots of trees and flowers _____here and there, the city looks very beautiful. [单选题] *A. having plantedB. planted(正确答案)C. have been plantedD. to be planted6. I have bought two ball-pens, _______ writes well. [单选题] *A. none of themB. neither of themC. neither of which(正确答案)D. none of which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working. [单选题] *A.where(正确答案)B.hatC.whichD.there8.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old. [单选题] *A. to whomB. on whomC. with whichD. with whom(正确答案)9.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill. [单选题] *A. why; that(正确答案)B.that;whyC. for that;thatD.for which;what10. Is _______ some German friends visited last week? [单选题] *A. this schoolB. this the schoolC. this school oneD. this school where(正确答案)11. They are not very good, but we like_______. [单选题] *A. anyway to play basketball with themB. to play basketball with them anyway(正确答案)C. to play with them basketball anywayD. with them to play basketball anyway12. He sent me an e-mail, _______to get further information. [单选题] *A. hopedB hoping(正确答案)C. to hopeD. hope13._____in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. [单选题] *A. Being roundedB it was foundedC. Founded(正确答案)D. Founding14.The ____boy was last seen ______near the East Lake. [单选题] *A. Missing, playing(正确答案)B. missing, playC missed, playedD missed, to play15. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party. [单选题] *A. having not been invitedB. not having invitedC. having not invitedD not having been invited(正确答案)【第二部分:完形填空】A new study found that inner-city kids living in neighborhoods with more green spacegained about 13% less weight over a two-year period than kids living amid more concrete and fewer trees. Such __62__ tell a powerful story. The obesity epidemic began in the 1980s, and many people __63__ it to increased portion sizes and inactivity, but that can't be everything. Fast foods and TVs have been __64__ us for a long time. "Most experts agree that the changes were __65__ to something in the environment," says social epidemiologist Thomas Glass of The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. That something could be a __66__ of the green.The new research, __67__ in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, isn't the first to associate greenery with better health, but it does get us closer __68__ identifying what works and why. At its most straightforward, a green neighborhood __69__ means more places for kids to play – which is __70__ since time spent outdoors is one of the strongest correlates of children's activity levels. But green space is good for the mind__71__: research by environmental psychologists has shown that it has cognitive __72__ for children with attention-deficit disorder. In one study, just reading __73__ in a green setting improved kids' symptoms.__74__ to grassy areas has also been linked to __75__ stress and a lower body mass index (体重指数) among adults. And an __76__ of 3,000 Tokyo residents associated walkable green spaces with greater longevity (长寿) among senior citizens.Glass cautions that most studies don't __77__ prove a causal link between greenness and health, but they're nonetheless helping spur action. In September the U. S. House of Representatives __78__ the delightfully named No Child Left Inside Act to encourage public initiatives aimed at exposing kids to the outdoors.Finding green space is not __79__ easy, and you may have to work a bit to get your family a little grass and trees. If you live in a suburb or a city with good parks, take__80__ of what's there. Your children in particular will love it – and their bodies and minds will be __81__ to you.16. [单选题] *A) findings(正确答案)B) thesesC) hypothesesD) abstracts17. [单选题] *A) adaptB) attribute(正确答案)C) allocateD) alternate18. [单选题] *A) amongstB) alongC) besideD) with(正确答案)19. [单选题] *A) gluedB) related(正确答案)C) trackedD) appointed20. [单选题] *A) scrapingB) denyingC) depressingD) shrinking(正确答案)21. [单选题] *A) published(正确答案)B) simulatedC) illuminatedD) circulated22. [单选题] *A)atB)to(正确答案)C)forD)over23. [单选题] *A) fullyB) simply(正确答案)C) seriouslyD) uniquely24. [单选题] *A)vital(正确答案)B)casualC)fatalD)subtle25. [单选题] *A) stillB) alreadyC) too(正确答案)D) yet26. [单选题] *A) benefits(正确答案)B) profitsC) revenuesD) awards27. [单选题] *A) outwardB) apartC) asideD) outside(正确答案)28. [单选题] *A) ImmunityB) ReactionC) Exposure(正确答案)D) Addiction29. [单选题] *A)muchB)less(正确答案)C)moreD)little30. [单选题] *A) installmentB) expeditionC) analysis(正确答案)D) option31. [单选题] *A) curiouslyB) negativelyC) necessarily(正确答案)D) comfortably32. [单选题] *A) relievedB) delegatedC) approved(正确答案)D) performed33. [单选题] *A)merelyB)always(正确答案)C)mainlyD)almost34. [单选题] *A) advantage(正确答案)B) exceptionC) measureD) charge35. [单选题] *A) elevatedB) mercifulC) contentedD) grateful(正确答案)【第三部分:阅读理解】Passage 1Will there ever be another Einstein? This is the undercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year. A new Einstein will emerge, scientists say. But it may take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival, Isaac Newton.Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn’t been born yet, or is a baby now. That’s because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einsteinemerging anytime soon.For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einstein’s day, there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar with seats to spare.Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einstein’s training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenager—Kant, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, among others. It taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space and time, and it wasn’t long before he became a philosopher himself.“The independence created by philosophical insight is—in my opinion—the mark of distinction between a mere artisan (工匠) or specialist and a real seeker after truth,”Einstein wrote in 1944.And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay between music and math is well known. Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There aren’t many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical—and rewarding—efforts.“Maybe there is an Einstein out there today,” said Columbia University physicist Brian Greene, “but it would be a lot harder for him to be heard.”Especially considering what Einstein was proposing.“The actual fabric of space and time curving? My God, what an idea!” Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. “It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe you’ll find the solution.”Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his “miracle year” of 1905. These “thought experiments” were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes or citations.What might happen to such a submission today?“We all get papers like those in the mail,” Greene said. “We put them in the junk file.”36. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs? [单选题] *[A] Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.[B] It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.[C] No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.[D] It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.(正确答案)37. What was critical to Einstein’s success? [单选题] *[A] His talent as an accomplished musician.[B] His independent and abstract thinking.(正确答案)[C] His untiring effort to fulfill his potential.[D] His solid foundation in math theory.38. What does the author tell us about physicists today? [单选题] *[A] They tend to neglect training in analytical skills.[B] They are very good at solving practical problems.[C] They attach great importance to publishing academic papers.[D] They often go into fields yielding greater financial benefits.(正确答案)39. What does Brian Greene imply by saying “... it would be a lot harder for him to be heard” (Lines 1-2, Para. 9)? [单选题] *[A] People have to compete in order to get their papers published.[B] It is hard for a scientist to have his papers published today.[C] Papers like Einstein’s would unlikely get published today.[D] Nobody will read papers on apparently ridiculous theories.(正确答案)40. When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein _______. [单选题] *[A] forgot to make footnotes and citations[B] was little known in academic circles(正确答案)[C] was known as a young genius in math calculations[D] knew nothing about the format of academic papersPassage 2The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poorcountries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards ofliving.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts - a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discoveredthat illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? Wehave to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,they could in tum afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be ableto escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity forthe foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.41. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor [单选题] * countries[A] is subject to groundless doubts.[B] has fallen victim of bias.[C] is conventionally downgraded.[D] has been overestimated.(正确答案)42. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational system [单选题] *[A] challenges economists and politicians.[B] takes efforts of generations.(正确答案)[C] demands priority from the government.[D] requires sufficient labor force.43. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that [单选题] *[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive.(正确答案)[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education.[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized.44. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged [单选题] *[A] when people had enough time.[B] prior to better ways of finding food.[C] when people no longer went hungry.(正确答案)[D] as a result of pressure on government.45. According to the last paragraph, development of education [单选题] *[A] results directly from competitive environments.[B] does not depend on economic performance.[C] follows improved productivity.(正确答案)[D] cannot afford political changes.Passage 3A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations oforganisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plantsand their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.46.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1? [单选题] *[A]It excludes interactions between more than two species.[B]It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.[C]Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.(正确答案)[D]Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.47.According to paragraph 2. which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites? [单选题] *[A]Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.[B]Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.(正确答案)[C]The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.[D]Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.48.Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about theAustralian rabbit population? [单选题] *[A]Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.(正确答案)[B]The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.[C]Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.[D]Organisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.49.According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selectionstabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT: [单选题] *[A]The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.[B]The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.[C]The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.(正确答案)[D]Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.50.According to paragraph 5. which of the following is NOT true of the relationshipbetween the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants? [单选题] *[A]Ants defend the host trees against the predatory actions of insects and animals.[B]The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.[C]The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.(正确答案)[D]The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.。
《环境化学》考研真题详解
《环境化学》考研真题详解《环境化学》考研真题详解1环境化学是一门研究有害物质在环境介质中的存在、______、______、______及其控制的化学原理和方法的科学。
[武汉科技大学2022年研；江西理工大学2022年研]【答案】化学特性；行为；效应查看答案【解析】环境化学是在化学科学的传统理论和方法的基础上发展起来的是以化学物质在环境中出现而引起的环境问题为研究对象，以解决环境问题为目标的一门新兴学科。
环境化学主要研究有害化学物质在环境介质中的存在、化学特性、行为和效应及其控制的化学原理和方法。
它既是环境科学的核心组成部分，也是化学科学的一个新的重要分支。
2______是环境化学研究的对象。
[北京林业大学2022年研]【答案】环境污染物查看答案【解析】环境污染物是环境化学研究的对象。
有的污染物进入环境后，通过物理或化学反应或在生物作用下会转变成危害更大的新污染物，也可能降解成无害物质。
3环境化学所研究的环境本身是一个多因素的______体系，变量多，条件较______。
[武汉科技大学2022年研]【答案】开放性；复杂查看答案【解析】环境化学不基础化学研究的方式方法丌同，环境化学所研究的环境本身是一个多因素的开放性体系，变量多、条件较复杂，许多化学原理和方法则丌易直接运用。
4环境污染物按污染物的性质可分为化学污染物、______和______。
[武汉科技大学2022年研]【答案】物理污染物；生物污染物查看答案【解析】环境污染物按污染物的性质可分为化学污染物、物理污染物和生物污染物；按受污染物影响的环境要素可分为大气污染物、水体污染物、土壤污染物等；按污染物的形态可分为气体污染物、液体污染物和固体废弃物。
二、名词解释1环境化学效应[山东大学2022年研]答：环境化学效应是指在各种环境因素影响下，物质间发生化学反应产生的环境效应。
如湖泊的酸化、土壤的盐碱化、地下水硬度升高、局部地区发生光化学烟雾、有毒有害固体废弃物的填埋造成地下水污染等破坏环境的现象。
2016-2017研究生环境化学期末试题
2016-2017年度第一学期研究生《环境污染化学》期末试题论述题（每题20分，共5题）1、请谈谈样品前处理在环境分析中的地位和作用。
你所知道的环境样品前处理方法有哪些？请选择你可能用到或感兴趣的一种，谈谈其原理、实验步骤、应用现状并进行评述。
答：环境分析样品前处理技术是环境分析化学的重要组成部分，是当代环境分析的一个前沿课题。
通常，环境分析试样具有以下一些特点：(1)样品来源广泛；(2)样品组成复杂；(3)样品中分析对象的含量低；(4)样品的稳定性差。
鉴于环境分析试样的以上特点，一个完整的样品分析大致包括样品采集、样品处理、分析测定、数据处理、报告结果等五个步骤。
统计结果表明，上述步骤所需时间各占全部分析时间的百分率为：样品采集 6.0 %；样品处理 61.0 % ；分析测定 6.0 %；数据处理与报告27.0 % 。
其中，样品处理所需的时间最长，约占整个分析时间的三分之二。
通常完成一个样品的测试只需几分钟至几十分钟，而样品的预处理却要消耗几小时甚至几十小时。
对于组成复杂的环境样品，繁琐的前处理步骤显然不能满足分析的需要。
快速、简便、自动化的前处理技术不仅可以省时、省力，而且可以减少由于不同人员的操作及样品多次转移带来的误差，对避免使用大量溶剂及减少对环境的污染也有深远的意义。
环境样品前处理的方法有：固相萃取法(Solid Phase Extraction, SPE)，固相微萃取(Solid Phase Micro-extracion，SPME)，超临界流体萃取(Supercritical Fluid Extraction，SFE) ，液膜萃取法(Supported Liquid Membrane，SLM)，微波萃取(Microwave Extraction，ME) 等。
如：超临界流体萃取是利用超临界流体(Supercritical Fluid ，SCF)作为萃取剂，从固体或液体中萃取出某种高沸点或热敏性成分，以达到分离和提纯的目的。
广工845环境化学 真题答案
【2013/1】【2012/3】试分析影响大气污染迁移的主要因素。
（10分）【2013/2】如果以产生的O 3量作为衡量光化学烟雾的严重程度时，是从反应机理的角度论述，当大气中CO 含量增加时，光化学烟雾的污染程度是更加严重？还是减轻？（10分）含有氮氧化物和碳氢化合物等一次污染物的大气，在阳光照射下发生光化学反应而产生二次污染物，这种由一次污染物和二次污染物的混合物所形成的烟雾污染现象，称为光化学烟雾。
光化学烟雾产物以臭氧为主，还包括醛类、过氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN ）、H 2O 2等污染物。
光化学烟雾中，如果没有CO 参与时，则NO 主要通过O 3氧化成NO 2：223O NO O NO +→+ 如果存在CO ，则CO 先与大气中的HO 进行反应，反应如下：CO+HO ·→CO 2+H · H ·+O 2→HO 2· HO 2·+NO →NO 2+HO ·上述反应不消耗O 3，就可以把NO 转化成NO 2，从而使O 3积累，使光化学烟雾的污染程度更为严重。
【2013/3】水体中的颗粒物按其组成可分为五类，它们分别是什么？其主要代表物是什么？（10分） 天然水体中存在以下几类颗粒物：①矿物微粒和粘土矿物；常见矿物微粒为石英、长石、云母及粘土矿物等硅酸盐矿物。
矿物微粒：石英、长石等不易碎裂，颗粒较粗，缺乏粘结性。
黏土矿物：云母、蒙脱石、高岭石等，则是层状结构，易于碎裂，颗粒较细，具有粘结性，可以生成稳定的聚集体。
天然水体中具有显著胶体化学特性的微粒是粘土矿物。
粘土矿物是由其他矿物经化学风化作用而形成，主要为铝或镁的硅酸盐，它具有晶体层状结构，种类很多。
②金属水合氧化物：铝、铁、锰、硅等金属的水和氧化物，以无机高分子及溶胶等形态存在。
金属水合氧化物结合水体微量物质，趋向于结合在矿物微粒和有机物的界面上。
③腐殖质：是带负电的高分子弱电解质，其形态构型与官能团的解离程度有关。
华南理工大学_855环境科学与工程导论2004--2017年_考研真题
855华南理工大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学；环境工程；环境生态学；环境工程（专硕）491华南理工大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：环境科学与工程导论适用专业：环境科学环境工程共 4 页一、填空题（共50个空，每个空格１分）1、水污染的主要来源可分为______和面源污染两种形式。
2、我国地面水水质标准中，能作为饮用水水源的是______类以上的水体。
3、水圈包括一切淡水、______、______、地下水、冰、以及大气圈中的______和______。
4、经过稀释、加酸或者加碱后，__________________的溶液称为缓冲溶液。
______形成的缓冲体系，是水和废水处理系统中最重要的缓冲体系。
5、造成硬度的阳离子最主要的是______和______。
6、微生物生长的四个阶段是______、______、______和______。
7、150.0 mg/L质量浓度的硫酸的摩尔浓度为______。
8、快混池的搅拌器，当其转速降为原来的一半时，其所消耗功率降为原来的______。
9、在水处理过程中混合的程度由速度梯度来测量，速度梯度Ｇ与搅拌器输入功率Ｐ，混合池中水的体积Ｖ及粘度μ的关系式为______。
10、热污染会改变水生生物的群落，使原来的鱼类不适应高温而死亡。
它还能加速有机污染物的______，使水中溶解氧______。
11、可用铁盐或铝盐来沉淀脱除污水中的磷，在沉淀过程中，控制水的ｐＨ范围是______。
12、常用的可定量指出水体被微生物污染的检测方法是____________。
13、最常用的饮用水消毒杀菌剂是______。
14、根据理想沉淀池的推导，沉淀池的沉淀效率与沉淀池的深度______。
环境工程研究生笔试试卷及答案
答案：1．×；答案：1．C；答案：12345答案：12．（1345答案：1．2．η= [1 - exp(-A c×ωp/Q)]×100% = [1 - exp(-10000×0.1×3600/792000)]×100% = 99%评分标准：每小题10分。
无公式或过程扣5分，计算结果错扣5分，单位错扣1分，部分错酌情扣分。
六．论述题（每小题10分，共20分）答案：1．人口问题，能源危机，资源危机，粮食问题，环境问题。
人口快速增长导致后续问题严重。
每个问题2分。
2．选择性催化还原脱硝（SCR）用于电站在高效率脱硝的同时，会带来以下不利影响：费用昂贵，系统复杂，氨引起的其他各类问题；选择性非催化还原法（SNCR）工艺与SCR 工艺相比运行费用低，旧设备改造少，尤其适用于改造机组，但是存在还原剂消耗量大，NOx 去除率低等缺点，温度窗口的选择和控制液也比较困难，同时锅炉炉型和负荷状态的不同需要采用不同的工艺设计和控制策略，设计难度较大。
每个方法5分。
电厂化学部分(30分)一、填空题（20分）每2空1分，答错或不答扣0.5分1、散热、绝缘、消弧，润滑、调速2 （汽轮机）凝结水、补给水、疏水，返回（凝结）水3 压缩双电层、电中和、吸附架桥、网捕作用4 混凝、澄清、过滤5化学键6 顺流式、逆流式、分流式二、简答题（30分）每个4分，每个关键词错误扣1分，不答扣4分1在炉水中添加磷酸三钠，能使钙镁离子生成松软的水渣，随锅炉排污排出从而防止钙镁水垢。
2 阴离子交换树脂具有选择性，对水中硅酸根离子的选择性最差，当出水中硅酸根离子含量超过规定值后说明树脂失效需要还原再生。
3浮床是逆流再生固定床，水从下部进，再生液从上部进。
水流速高，出力大，运行简单，可以是阳浮床也可以是阴浮床；混床是阴、阳树脂同放在一个装置内并混合均匀不分层布置的离子交换装置，阴阳离子交换同时进行，消除了反离子的抑制作用使处理效果提高。
华南理工大学_855环境科学与工程导论2010--2017年_考研真题
16. 对于文丘里洗涤器， （37） 是实现高效除尘的基本条件；其喉管截面积与
进口管截面积之比的典型值为 （38） 。
17. 气固催化反应过程的总反应速度受三个过程的影响，即：（39） 、（40） 和
（41） 。
第 1页
18. 富营养化污染主要指水流缓慢、更新期长的地表水体，接纳大量N、P、K等植物 营养素引起的 （42） 急剧增殖的水体污染。富营养化污染在淡水生态系统的 表现为 （43） ，海洋生态系统为 （44） 。
2. POPs是
（3）
的简称，其中文意思是：
（4）
。
3. 对于一般污水而言， CODCr、CODMn 和BOD5等三个值大小顺序为 （5） 。 4. 水质调节的基本方法有两种 （6） 和 （7） 。
5. 助凝剂本身可以起混凝作用，也可不起混凝作用。按功能助凝剂可分为 （8） 、
（9） 和 （10） 等三种基本类型。
1. 下列几组气体中，每一组分都属于温室气体的是
。
A. 氟氯碳、甲烷、氮气；
B. 二氧化碳、氟氯碳、甲烷；
C. 氧气、甲烷、二氧化硫；
D. 二氧化硫、一氧化碳、二氧化碳
2. 垃圾焚烧中所产生的 畸形等病状。 A. HCl； B. CO；
，即使是微量的情况下，长期摄取时，也会引起癌症、 C. VOCs； D. Dioxins
5. 吸附法处理气态污染物适用于什么样的场合？有哪些常用的吸附剂？
6. 试阐述生活垃圾卫生填埋场可能产生的环境二次污染问题及其控制措施。
7. 简述固体废物最终安全处置原则。
8. 表征城市固体废物化学性质的常见指标有哪些？分别简述这些指标的含义。
三、计算题：（共 2 题，每题 10 分）
广工845环境化学小结精华.
1．环境化学定义及主要研究内容：环境化学：是一门研究环境介质中化学物质存在、行为、效应以及减少或消除其环境影响的科学。
其以环境问题为研究对象、以解决环境问题为目标，是环境科学的核心组成部分。
4．大气污染的影响可以分为两个方面：第一，对大气性质的影响降低能见度：高浓度气体分子和颗粒物对光的吸收和散射。
形成雾以及降水：城市雾和降水形成概率高于农村。
减少太阳辐射：颗粒物本身以及颗粒物形成的凝结核对太阳辐射的阻碍。
改变温度和风的分布，气候变化：污染改变大气组成，使其吸光特性变化（阳伞效应和温室效应）。
第二，污染对于健康的危害气态污染物的健康危害：光化学烟雾、臭氧层破坏颗粒态污染物的健康危害：沙尘暴、烟尘污染复合型污染危害：硫酸型烟雾、珠三角的灰霾间接型健康风险和危害：对于大气性质的影响间接地形成健康风险，如全球气候变化导致的疾病流行（新型病菌/病毒出现、传染病菌突破传统影响区域）大气的结构及主要区域特征：根据温度随高度变化对流层特性：平均厚度12km,赤道19km，两极8-9km，云雨主要发生层，夏季厚，冬季薄。
1）气温随高度升高而降低。
2）空气密度大。
3）天气复杂多变。
4）对流层下部湍流。
平流层特征：对流层顶到约50km的地方。
1）空气基本无对流，平流运动占显著优势。
2）空气比下层稀薄，水汽、尘埃含量很少，很少有天气现象，透明度极高。
3）在15-35km的范围内（平流层上层），厚度约20km的臭氧层。
中间层特征：从平流层顶到约85km的高度。
1）空气更稀薄2）无水分3）温度随高度增加而降低，中间层顶，气温最低（-100℃）4）中间层中上部，气体分子（O2、N2）开始电离。
热成层特征：从80km到约800km的地方。
1）温度随高度增加迅速增高2）大气更为稀薄;3）大部分空气分子被电离成为离子和自由电子，又称电离层，可以反射无线电波逸散层特征：1）800km以上高空2）空气稀薄，密度几乎与太空相同3）空气分子受地球引力极小，所以气体及其微粒可以不断从该层逃逸出去5．大气中有哪些重要污染物：SO2：来源与消除：人为源和自然源各占约50%，但城市区域来源主要为人为源。