2021届青岛高三2020期初考试
山东省青岛第二中学2022届高三上学期期初考试语文试题 Word版含答案
青岛二中2021-2022学年第一学期高三期初考试语文试题一、现代文阅读（35分）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）阅读下面的文字，完成1~3题。
《周易》的前生今世周山《易传》是对《周易》一书的第一次系统解释的著作，由于共有10篇文字，故又称《十翼》。
《易经》与《周易》，不是两名一实的重同关系，而是种属关系。
自从阴、阳爻由数字中归类抽象出来之后，很自然地固定为六十四个六爻卦体，对这些卦体作出有序排列，并且各自赐予一个卦名，便诞生了第一部《易经》。
据史传，这第一部《易经》诞生于夏代初期，其名为《连山》。
夏代之前，洪水泛滥，人或为鱼鳖；大禹治水，洪灾顿息，舜将帝位禅让于禹，建立夏朝。
由于长期的洪灾，人们对赖以避难的高山心怀感谢；洪灾之后的渔猎生活，山上盛产的野果和飞禽走兽，为人们的主要生活来源；对山的崇拜，也就成为一种必定。
因此，在对六十四卦排序之时，象征山的“艮”卦名列榜首，也就顺理成章。
六爻重卦“艮”是由两个经卦“艮”相重而成，象形山连着山。
所以，夏代制定的以“艮”为首卦的《易经》，便取名为《连山》。
我国最早图腾对象“山”，也因此可以确认。
由渔猎社会转向农业社会，也是在以“山”为崇拜对象的夏代。
个中缘由，明显是洪水消减之后，人们纷纷从山上下来，在平原上安营扎寨的原因。
长期的农事活动，使人们对“春播一粒粟，秋收万颗粮”的土地产生了感情。
于是，由“山”移情于“地”的观念随着农事活动的深化开放而得以确立。
商汤取夏政而代之，作为治国之策的《易经》，也必需作出相应的改编。
由于古籍资料的残缺，我们已无法知道改编的全部内容，但是从商朝初期诞生的其次部《易经》称名《归藏》，可以确定这部《易经》的首卦已由“艮”改换为“坤”。
坤为地，以“坤”为首卦的《归藏》，表达了商代先人对大地的崇拜，我们祖先由此进入其次个图腾崇拜时代。
商代八百年，是农业社会渐渐走向成熟的阶段。
成熟的农业生产，使先人们意识到农作物的收成好坏并不取决于土地，而是取决于天气：风调雨顺，五谷丰登；洪涝旱灾，欠收甚至颗粒无收。
2021届山东省青岛市黄岛区高三上学期期中考试化学试卷(解析版)
2021届山东省青岛市黄岛区高三上学期期中考试化学试卷（解析版）2020.11说明：1．本试卷分为选择题和非选择题两部分，考试时间90分钟，满分100分。
2．选择题答案用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上，非选择题用0.5mm黑色中性笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内的相应位置。
可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 He 4 B 13 C 12 N 14 O 16 S 32 Cl 35.5 K 39 Mn55 Fe 56 Cu 64 Ba 137 Pb 207 I 127一、选择题：本题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。
每小题只有一个选项符合要求。
1. 北宋沈括《梦溪笔谈》中记载：“信州铅山有苦泉，流以为涧。
挹其水熬之则成胆矾，烹胆矾则成铜。
熬胆矾铁釜，久之亦化为铜”。
下列叙述正确的是( )A. 胆矾的化学式为FeSO4·7H2OB. “熬之则成胆矾”是蒸发结晶、过滤C. 胆矾可用于配制波尔多液，以杀死细菌，其原理是利用了胆矾的强氧化性D. “熬胆矾铁釜，久之亦化为铜”该过程中既发生了化学腐蚀又有电化学腐蚀【答案】D【解析】【详解】A．胆矾的化学式为CuSO4·5H2O，A项不符合题意；B．由水溶液获得胆矾，涉及到的操作是蒸发浓缩，B项不符合题意；C．胆矾中Cu是重金属，可以使蛋白质变性，C项不符合题意；D．涉及到的反应是Fe+CuSO4=Cu+FeSO4，既有化学腐蚀，又有电化学腐蚀，D项符合题意；故正确选项为D2. 盐酸肼(N2H6Cl2)是一种化工原料，与NH4Cl类似，其溶液呈酸性。
下列说法正确的是( )A. N2H6Cl2属于共价化合物B. N2H6Cl2中含有非极性共价键C. N2H6Cl2中氮元素化合价为﹣3价N H＋2Cl﹣D. 盐酸肼在水中电离方程式为N2H6Cl22+26【答案】B【解析】【详解】A．N2H6Cl2与NH4Cl结构类似，都属于离子化合物，A错误；B ．在N 2H 6Cl 2中含有N-N 键属于非极性键，B 正确；C ．在N 2H 6Cl 2中，Cl 是-1价，H 是+1价，根据化合物中元素化合价代数和等于0可知氮元素化合价为﹣2价，C 错误；D ．盐酸肼(N 2H 6Cl 2)是强酸弱碱盐，在水中完全电离产生2+26N H 、Cl -，电离方程式为：N 2H 6Cl 2=2+26N H ＋2Cl -，D 错误； 故合理选项是B 。
2024-2025学年山东省青岛市高三上学期期初考化学试题及答案
2024年高三年级期初调研检测化学试题 2024．09注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
一、选择题：本题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1．汉·陈琳《武军赋》：“铠则东胡阙巩，百炼精钢”。
下列说法正确的是（ ） A ．钢是合金，合金是指含有两种或两种以上金属的混合物 B ．炼铁常用的焦炉气可通过煤的气化获得C ．铁比铜活泼，铁的发现、大量冶炼和使用均早于铜D ．铁是比较活泼的金属，自然界中不存在游离态的铁2．化学品在人类生产生活中有重要应用，下列说法错误的是（ ） A ．氢氧化铝可用于治疗胃酸过多B ．硫氢化钠可用作工业废水中铅离子的沉淀剂C ．硫磺可用于制造杀虫剂D ．四氧化三铁可用作红色颜料3．下列化学用语或图示正确的是（ ）A ．z 2p 电子云图：B ．4P 的球棍模型：C ．的命名：顺-3-氯-3-己烯D ．邻羟基苯甲醛的分子内氢键：4．2CO 低压合成甲醇反应为2232CO 3H CH OH H O +=+，反应涉及的4种物质沸点最高的是（ ）A ．2CO B ．2H C ．3CH OHD ．2H O5．下列物质性质与用途对应关系错误的是（ ）A ．聚乙炔在掺杂状态下具有较高的电导率，用于制作导电材料B ．聚四氟乙烯塑料耐腐蚀，用于制作滴定管C ．高纯度二氧化硅透光性好，用于制作太阳能电池板D ．氧化钙具有良好的吸水性，用于制作食品干燥剂 6．下列图示实验中，操作规范的是（ ）2025届青岛高三上学期期初调研检测化学试题+答案A ．甲为萃取时振荡B ．乙为冷凝水的进出方向C ．丙为打开干燥器盖子D ．丁为滴定时读取高锰酸钾溶液体积7．黄鸣龙反应是我国化学家对传统的醛酮与纯肼反应方法的创造性改进，过程如图。
2024-2025学年山东省青岛市高三上学期期初考历史试题及答案
2024 年高三年级期初调研检测历史试题 2024.09注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、选择题：本题共15 小题，每小题3 分，共45 分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1. 春秋以前，市场上流通的商品，多见奴隶、珠玉、珍宝。
战国时期，粮食、家禽、家畜等类商品增多。
这主要是因为A. 剩余产品增多B. 贵族阶层衰落C. 水陆交通完善D. 奴隶制度瓦解2. 东汉晚期，河南新息、邵陵多出现民不养子、杀子的现象。
新息令贾彪上任遇到城南盗贼害人与城北妇人杀子同时案发，掾吏欲引城南，贾彪怒斥：贼寇害人，此则常理，母子相残，逆天违道。
遂驱车北行，案验其罪。
这反映了当时A. 民生困顿的社会现状B. 政府干预民间的抚育C. 贾彪个人高风亮节D. 儒家伦理尚需强化3. 下图为《宋史 ·许骧传》中的相关记载。
许氏家族的经历反映出宋代A. 门第观念逐渐淡化B. 商人的政治地位得到提升C. 社会阶层流动加强D. 选官的标准呈现出多元化4. 明初，朱元璋指出：“礼者，所以美教化而定民志。
成周设大司徒，以五礼防万民之伪而教之中。
夫制中莫如礼，修政莫如礼。
故有礼则治，无礼则乱。
居家有礼，则长幼序而宗族和；朝廷有礼，则尊卑定而等威辨。
”其目的是A. 重构国家统治秩序B. 确立儒学统治地位C. 维护宗族内部和谐D. 构建礼乐宗法制度5.下列四幅折线图分别反映了近代青岛在1903-1926 年不同阶段棉纱输入(单位：担) 的情况。
其中，反映1915-1920年变化状况的是A. 甲B. 乙C. 丙D. 丁6.20 世纪20 年代中期至30 年代初，共产国际和中共中央称“ 国民大革命”为“1925-1927 年的革命”，30 年代中期起，党内一些领导人开始使用“1924-1927 年革命”的说法。
山东省青岛市2021年高三年级期初调研考试 英语试题附答案
青岛市2021届高三上学期期初考试2020.09英语第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题：每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AWe are Idea International Education. As a comprehensive education service institute, our mission is to assist native English Speaking Teachers in their quest of getting teaching positions which best suit them. We have school locations in small towns and big cities all over Guangdong. China and we would be happy to speak with those who are interested in the teaching opportunities we can provide! Below is a list of basic details about our positions:Key Responsibilities Involved:·Our average work schedule being Monday through Friday·Teachers being given 40 working bours per week with 2-day weekend off per week·Teaching periods from September through January and March through July, with the provided option of teaching during semester breaksThe Treatments:·Salaries range from 10, 000 to 18, 000 RMB and is based on qualification , degree , teaching experience,& teaching certification·5000 RMB contract finish bonus (Generally, a contract lasts 1 year)·Private Furnished Independent Apartment provided·Two free meals offered by the school per work day·Airport pick-up·Medical insurance and accident insuranceRequired Documentation:- A current resume or one-sheet, indicating your nationality- A copy of your passport / ID- A copy of your highest degree and / or other certification- Current Photo- References with contact informationPlease contact us for more details: 21. What’s the job description of the teaching positions?A. Teachers only work on Monday and Friday.B. Teachers should work more than 10 hours every day.C. Teachers are required to work 11 months per year.D. Teachers can choose to work during school holidays.22. How will you be treated if you get the teaching position?A. You will be paid at least 18,000 RMB monthly.B. You will get extra 5,000 yuan after a year’s teaching.C. You need to live in a shared dormitory with others.D. You are free to choose your insurance types.23. Which is unnecessary when you apply for the positions?A. A proof of previous working experience.B. A copy of your IDC.A copy of your certification.D. Your recent photo.BWith fewer races to take part in, and one more year to wait, Chinese sprinter(短跑运动员）Xie Zhenye is committed to staying patient and focused as he tries to achieve his Olympic dream.No matter what the future bolds, Xie’s expectation for the Tokyo Games remains the same become the first Chinese national to reach a hat-trick(三连胜) of sprint finals, in the 100m,200m and 4x100m events.“With the postponement of the Olympic Games, I need to be more patient and focused and make good use of this additional year to get better prepared for the Games,” said the 27-year-old, who is currently training at Beijing Sport University.Xie trained with his national teammates in the United States for four months during the winter. According to his original plan, he was due to take part in a series of outdoor races in Europe and the US to tune up for the Tokyo Games. That was until the COVID-19 pandemic changed everything.Xie flew to China’s coastal city of Qinhuangdao, Hebei province, at the end of March, and after a 28-day quarantine(隔离期), returned to Beijing to stan his lockdown training session.“Although most of the competitions have been canceled or postponed, I can still compete in some virtual events and testing events organized by the national team.” Xie said.“I am working closely with my coach and sticking to our new preparation plan. Our aim is to maintain my good form until the Tokyo Games next year.”Xie enjoyed a successful season in 2019, setting a new Asian record of 19.88 at the Diamond League London meeting. Later, at the world championships in Doha, the 2010 Youth Olympic champion became the first Chinese to reach the men’s 200m final.Xie has already met the Olympic entry standard for the 100m and 200m in Tokyo, while the Chinese relay team has also booked a berth(参赛权) in the 4x100m. Now, Xie wants to make more history in the finals of all three events in Tokyo next summer.“I have the confidence to pursue that. I will try my best and leave no regrets in Tokyo,” he said.24. What’s the main idea of the text?A. The pandemic has postponed the Tokyo Games.B. Xie is aiming for his Olympic dream through hard training.C. Xie has achieved great success in his sports life.D. The pandemic has caused great pressure to athletes.25. Which of the following can best replace the underlined phrase “tune up” in paragraph 4?A. Make up.B. Long.C. Leave.D. Prepare.26. What did Xie do in Qinhuangdao?A. He had a pleasant holiday with his team.B. He participated in the outdoor races.C. He had a quarantine for about a month.D. He started his training session.27. What does the underlined word “that” in the last paragraph probably refer to?A. Keeping good playing condition.B. Meeting the Olympic entry standard.C. Setting a new record of the men’s 200m.D. Winning the finals of all three events.C“Join our exciting wildlife watching tours and experience the holiday of a lifetime!” Eco-wildlife tours like this are becoming more and more popular with tourists. The opportunity to see whales and dolphins swimming in their natural habitat is so much better than seeing these great mammals in zoos and aquariums. As your boat edgesout into the blue water, a group of dolphins come to greet you and swim around the boat, jumping playfully around you. In some places, tour companies even encourage tourists to go swimming with the dolphins. These intelligent mammals seem to enjoy our company and interact with us. But is it possible that this kind of human activity putting their survival at risk?A recent study has shown that the behavior of whales and dolphins changes greatly when they are close to boats. Interpreting the boats as a possible danger, they start to breathe more to breathe more quickly. The boats drive them away from the places where they feed and interrupt their routine of resting and taking care of their young. All of these factors could have a very negative effect on their general health. Another factor that should be taken into account is the effect of human attention on the animals. As they become more used to interacting with humans, they become less afraid of them. There have been several cases of tour boats running into dolphins or whales and causing their deaths. As dolphins live within close communities, events like these cause a lot of stress.Perhaps the best way to protect these animals is to reduce our interaction with them. This we could do by keeping a minimum distance between the animals and the boats, and by limiting the number of boats out on the water at one time. Most importantly, instead of interrupting these animals’ routines, we should try to adapt to them. In this way, we could learn to exist in harmony with these wild animals and ensure our continued co-existence on the planet that we shall share.28. Why are Eco-wildlife tours increasingly popular?A. Because they are widely advertised.B. Because tourists can visit wild animals in nature.C. Because wild animals enjoy our company.D. Because visitors do not disturb wild animals.29. What’s the author’s attitude towards Eco-wildlife tours?A. Interested.B. Supportive.C. Critical.D. Confused.30. What can we learn from the recent study?A. The visiting boats excite whales and dolphins.B. Boats drive young whales and dolphins away from their parents.C. Human’s attention benefits whales and dolphins a lot.D. Getting too close to wild animals may cause trouble to them.31. What is suggested to stay in harmony with wild animals according to the text?A. Making less interaction with them.B. Keeping a minimum distance between boats.C. Banning boats entering their habitat.D. Making them adapt to our daily routine.DChengdu, the capital of Southwest China’s Sichuan province, is promoting innovation in the new economy to create a powerhouse for regional economic development.The city’s recent move to open up registration for companies as part of the first of innovation-application experimental labs and future scene labs is an important part of its efforts to promote innovation. Officials saidthis will help with the development of business in the new economy.In order to be selected into Chengdu’s innovation-application experimental labs, companies should have an investment in research and development that accounted for 3-5 percent of their total experimental labs include having no less than five professionals working full-time in science and technology research. They also must have a three-to-five-year development plan.The city government said companies will receive investment or subsidies(补贴) worth up to 2 million yuan ($285,695) upon approval.Yang Quan, an official in charge, said the move will play an important role in promoting new technologies while facilitating their practical uses in urban development. He said the two lab projects will offer more opportunities in the development of small and medium-sized companies in the new economy. This will help form relatively mature industry clusters(集群) to boost the local economy.The city’s supportive measures to boost the new economy have benefited numerous companies, with Chengdu Haier Sen Hospital being one of them.32. What can be the best title for the text?A. Chengdu boosts innovation efforts in new economy.B. Chengdu opens up registration for new companies.C. Chengdu announces strict criteria to select companies.D. Chengdu offers more chances for large companies.33. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A. Procedures for companies to register.B. Criteria for companies to be selected in the project.C. Investment in research and development.D. Development plans of selected companies.34. What can we learn from Yang’s remarks?A. Companies will get financial support.B. New technologies play an important role in the move.C. The move will speed up the local economy.D. Small companies will decline due to the move.35. What will the author probably write about in the next paragraph?A. Newly founded industry clusters.B. Other measures to develop economy in Chengdu.C. The development of Chengdu Haier Sen Hospital.D. The praise for the measures from all aspects第二节（共5小题：每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
青岛市2021届高三期初调研质量检测生物试题含答案
青岛市2021届高三期初调研质量检测生物试题注意事项：1。
答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号徐思。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡并交回。
第I卷(选择题共45分)一、选择题：本题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1.细胞自噬是指在一定条件下，细胞会将受损或功能退化的细胞结构,通过溶酶体降解后再利用。
研究表明，人类许多疾病的发生，可能与细胞自噬发生障碍有关。
下列有关叙述不正确的是A.溶酶体能够参与细胞自噬是因为它可以合成大量水解酶B。
在营养缺乏条件下,细胞可通过细胞自噬来维持生存C.细胞自噬有助于维持细胞内都环境的相对稳定D.通过对细胞自噬的研究有助于许多人类疾病的防治2.小肠是消化管中最长的部分,肠腺能够分泌多种消化酶，进步分解糖、脂肪、蛋白质等，同时小肠绒毛壁和毛细血管壁都只有一层上皮细胞构成，这有利于小肠的消化和吸收。
下列有关叙述不正确的是A。
肠腺分泌的消化酶都可以与双缩脲试剂产生紫色反应B.小肠绒毛壁和毛细血管璧的细胞膜由单层磷脂分子组成C.小肠绒毛对糖类的吸收需要细胞呼吸提供ATPD.消化液的分泌过程也需要膜上蛋白质的参与3.同位素标记可用于示踪物质的运行和变化规律。
通过追踪同位素标记的化合物，可以弄清化学反应的详细过程，在生物学研究中有广泛的应用。
下列有关叙述不正确的是A。
用同位素标记的化合物，其化学性质不会改变B.给水稻提供14CO2根细胞在缺氧环境下有可能出现14C2H5OHC.小鼠吸入18O2后，则在呼出的气体中有可能检测到C18O2D.卡尔文循环中14C的转移途径是14CO2→14C5→（14CH2O)4.性指数是指X染色体的教量和常染色体组数的比值，在人类和果频中性染色体和性别的关系如下表所示。
山东省青岛市2022-2023学年高三上学期期初测试英语试卷
山东省青岛市2022-2023学年高三上学期期初测试英语试卷学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解Community colleges offer low tuition, job-specific training and other benefits. Whether you’re a high school student unsure of which colleges to apply to or someone considering going back to school, there are plenty of reasons to put community colleges on your list.Lower CostsThe most frequently cited benefit of community colleges is the relatively low cost of attendance. According to data from the College Board, community colleges cost, on average, about one-third of in-state tuition at four-year public universities.A Path to a Four-year CollegeMany four-year universities have transfer agreements with local community colleges. These agreements allow students who complete specific requirements to easily transfer into a four-year program at a nearby university. Transfer students can then earn a bachelor’s degree while only having to pay two years of higher tuition.FlexibilityCommunity colleges allow for flexible scheduling, making them a particularly good option for older students who are working professionals or parents. Many community colleges also allow high school students to take college-level courses during evenings or weekends.Workforce TrainingCommunity colleges tend to offer a wide range of career and technical education programs in fields like nursing or firefighting. The highly applied nature of these programs prepares students for entering the workforce. From culinary (烹饪) arts to automobile mechanics, community colleges offer a broad selection of professionalized coursework that four-year universities often do not.1．Who are most likely to attend community colleges?A．High school students facing college choices.B．Adults planning to work at high schools.C．College students anxious to improve themselves.D．Professionals eager for college-level courses.2．Which is thought to be the biggest advantage of community colleges?A．Lower Costs.B．A Path to a Four-year College.C．Flexibility.D．Workforce Training.3．Which of the following can best describe the workforce training programs?A．Interesting.B．Time-consuming.C．Practical.D．Demanding.Valerie Bolduc is exploring a path under a four-lane highway to fit wildlife cameras, when she gets stuck in the mud. “I am really stuck,” says the road ecology student, trying to pull her feet out of a streambed that travels through the concrete culvert (涵洞) of Quebec Route 117. “I do not want to be a deer going through that.”Bolduc’s dilemma makes evident the risks for wild animals using the same path.A warming climate is pushing many animals to migrate toward higher latitudes (纬度) to remain within their desirable environments, but that comes with risks as they cross dangerous areas, such as highways. In eastern Canada, Bolduc and other researchers and conservationists are trying to preserve safe corridors (走廊) for wildlife.The motion-activated cameras they have brought will record which species are using the tunnels. An outward-facing camera will identify what animals approach but do not enter, perhaps prevented by traffic noise, the tunnel’s size or other factors.Bolduc explains that this highway running through southern Quebec separates a series of Canadian national and regional parks on either side, along with their animal populations. “It’s super important,” she notes, “because the animals want to move north and they encounter these and then can they move through? Will they get hit by a car? We’ll need to figure that out. And we need to help them, at least I want to help them.”After finishing fitting their cameras on the northbound side of the highway, Bolduc and her team decide they need an alternate path to the other side to avoid another misfortune in the mud. “We’re generally trying to be safe,” Bolduc says, “but for the animals, this is their life!”4．What can we learn from Bolduc’s experience of being trapped?A．It is difficult to fit wildlife cameras.B．She is out of luck during the exploration.C．Road conditions of the highway are unexpected.D．It is dangerous for wild animals to cross this area.5．What do these animals move to higher latitudes for?A．Less traffic noise.B．Warmer climate.C．Safe corridors.D．Favorable environments.6．What function is expected of the wildlife cameras?A．To record the changes in traffic flow.B．To figure out difficulties wild animals face.C．To track animals in and around the tunnels.D．To photograph the livingenvironment of wild animals.7．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．High Tech Protects Wildlife B．Animal Migration Is under ThreatC．Ecologists Fear the Future of Wildlife D．Researchers Seek Paths for Animals to MigrateCovered in lush fur, the thickest in the animal kingdom, sea otters (海獭) can live their entire lives in the ocean, feeding heavily upon seafloor animals such as shellfish. They are often seen to eat clams(蛤), which bury themselves in meadows of eelgrass (大叶藻场), a wide-ranging plant species growing in water. Eelgrass meadows where sea otters dig for clams become partly bare, which is commonly a concern for ecologists.As it turns out, the meadows with otters are healthier, with more eelgrass, according to a new study published in Science. That's because by gently disturbing the seabed, the otters make the plants flower and produce seeds. What's more, their digging provides more space and sunlight for seeds to settle and grow. The enhanced genetic diversity caused by sea otters could make eelgrass more adaptable to present and future threats.The finding is a powerful example of how animals such as otters influence their ecosystems beyond predation (捕食), often in unseen and little-known ways, says study leader Erin Foster, a research associate at the Hakai Institute. It also means sea otters, an endangered species, are vital to their environments and give eelgrass, which is in danger worldwide, a better chance at staying healthy and surviving.Seagrass habitats are also important for many fish, providing food for animals, absorbing, and filtering harmful pollution and bacteria from the water. "Genetic diversity typically strengthens the adaptability of species, and considering the challenges we're facing…this will be important for eelgrass meadows, and from this aspect, the impact the otters are havingdeserves our lasting concern," says Foster.8．What do we know about sea otters?A．They live part of their lives underwater.B．They mainly feed on sea animals like fish.C．They eat clams beneath eelgrass meadows.D．They become a new concern for ecologists.9．How does the author develop paragraph 2?A．By giving opinions.B．By presenting reasons.C．By clarifying concepts.D．By comparing results.10．Why does the author mention the endangered condition of eelgrass?A．To provide examples of sea otters' predation.B．To show the urgency to protect the environment.C．To highlight the role of otters in their ecosystems.D．To warn against the potential risk of climate change.11．What does Foster think of the impact otters have on underwater meadows?A．Overestimated.B．Noteworthy.C．Temporary.D．Unpredictable.Winter may be seen as the time to fill up with comfort food, but in fact, the sunny summer months are when men eat more calories-unlike women. “The effect may occur because sunlight makes the skin release an appetite-stimulating hormone called ghrelin(饥饿激素),” says Carmit Levy at Tel Aviv University.Levy and her team noticed the unexpected effect in experiments in mice that investigated mechanisms(机制)behind skin cancer, in which male animals exposed to UV light ate more food. To see if humans do the same, the researchers used existing data on 3,000 people who had filled in dietary questionnaires as part of the government’s regular national health and nutrition survey. Between March and September, men consumed about 17 percent more calories per day than they did during the rest of the year while women’s food intake stayed about the same.Human appetite is influenced by many systems, but ghrelin seems to be the only hormone that directly stimulates eating. It was thought to be mainly secreted by the stomach when empty. “It tells the brain to eat more,” says Caroline Gorvin at the University of Birmingham.Further investigation revealed that exposing male mice to UVB radiation raised levels of ghrelin secretion by fat cells in their skin. Boosted levels of ghrelin were also seen in skin samples that were taken from men and exposed to UV light in the lab. Gorvin says the skin hadn’t previously been thought to play a role in appetite. “If it’s real, it’s quite exciting and we should spare no efforts to get to the bottom,” she says.It is unclear why the effect happens, but it may be an adaptive response to fuel greater physical activity in summer, says Gorvin. “As the largest organ of the body, it makes sense that the skin can sense the environment, sensing that there is UV now, that now is the time to go out.”12．What can we learn about the effect from paragraph 1?A．Humans tend to eat more food in winter.B．Our skin contains a hormone that makes us active.C．Summer sunlight seems to boost men’s calorie intake.D．Women suffer loss of appetite because of summer heat.13．What helped the team look into the effect on humans?A．Doing experiments in UV light.B．Analysing existing data offered.C．Carrying out dietary questionnaires.D．Surveying national health condition. 14．What does the underlined word “secreted” mean in paragraph 3?A．Balanced.B．Influenced.C．Raised.D．Produced. 15．What can we learn from Gorvin’s words?A．The skin is a decisive factor in physical activities.B．Exposure to UV light contributes to calorie burnup.C．The role of the skin in appetite needs further research.D．Higher food intake makes men gain weight in summer.二、七选五Surprise is the error signal our brains produce when something unexpected happens. It is a dopamine (多巴胺) trigger, producing the neurotransmitter (神经递质) that drives attention18 Samantha felt her shyness was a weakness, until her swim coach surprised her by naming her captain. He said, “She may be quiet, but when this girl says something, you’re going to want to listen.” The surprise left her feeling quietly powerful. The change in her beliefs and behaviors was instant and lasting.Not all surprising moments are created equal. Rousell illustrates some research-backed steps to use surprise well.Spot a self-criticism you’d like to help someone revise. For example, perhaps your student sees himself as a slow learner, or your employee believes he lacks creativity. 19 Maybe the student who thinks he learns slowly is also very thorough. The employee who thinks he lacks creativity is highly logical. Make your message quick and to the point. The more you delay on the topic or dress it up as flowery praise, the less surprising it will be.20A．Point out his weakness.B．It was an essential adaptation for humans.C．Identify the opposite side of the same coin.D．Also, it will make less difference to one’s mind.E．Here is an example the author shares in his book.F．To put it simply, surprise is a big deal to our brains.G．Surprise brings the experiences shaping who we believe we are.三、完形填空leg.Word 30 and soon Jandrisevits was making dolls for children with birthmarks or facial deformities (畸形), from photos sent by parents. She 31 her previous job and started a nonprofit, A Doll Like Me. She hasn’t 32 for a doll since she began her nonprofit.In all, she’s made more than 400 dolls. The waiting list is long but Jandrisevits is 33 . As she explains, “Every kid, 34 gender, age, medical issue or body type, should look into the 35 face of a doll and see their own.”21．A．power B．theme C．system D．fashion 22．A．lesson B．inspiration C．reward D．experience 23．A．turn to B．adapt to C．realize D．ignore 24．A．worker B．patient C．volunteer D．friend 25．A．unforgettable B．challenging C．complex D．impressive 26．A．natural B．generous C．helpful D．hard 27．A．confidence B．connection C．trust D．communication 28．A．following B．blessing C．explaining D．changing 29．A．took B．sent C．saw D．posted 30．A．came B．failed C．spread D．read 31．A．loved B．quit C．began D．lost 32．A．charged B．gone C．asked D．paid 33．A．tired B．curious C．determined D．famous 34．A．regardless of B．instead of C．apart from D．according to 35．A．restored B．beautified C．sweet D．funny四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
2024-2025学年山东省青岛市高三上学期期初考生物试题及答案
2024年高三年级期初调研检测生物试题 2024.09注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置。
2. 回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3. 考试时长90分钟, 满分 100分。
一、选择题：本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1. 原生内共生是指原核细胞被真核细胞吞噬并从共生进化为细胞器的过程。
科学家在某单细胞海洋藻类中发现了新的细胞结构，并将其命名为硝质体。
有科学家认为硝质体是由与之共生的 UCYN-A(一种固氮蓝细菌)演化而来的细胞器。
下列说法最支持上述观点的是A. 硝质体含环状DNA分子，可进行自我复制B. 硝质体需要“进口”细胞制造的蛋白质C. 硝质体的大小和其所在的细胞大小成正比D. 硝质体在细胞分裂时能够均等分配给子细胞2. 果蝇的神经干细胞(NB)通过不对称分裂形成NB和GMC(神经节母细胞)，后者将分裂分化为神经细胞。
分裂机制如图：NB顶端的 Par复合物通过转运蛋白 Insc连接Pins/Gαi/ Mud复合物，后者结合星射线，引导纺锤体方向的确定。
同时，细胞命运决定因子 Pros、Brat和 Numb由于顶端复合物的作用，被不对称分布于细胞底部，使得底部的子细胞趋向于分化为GMC；而顶部的子细胞没有细胞命运决定因子的作用，依旧保持干性。
下列说法错误的是A. 神经干细胞经历一次不对称分裂后，干细胞的数量不变B. NB 与GMC 在蛋白质种类、细胞器数量等方面存在差异C. 神经干细胞不对称分裂过程中，Insc形成星射线进而引导纺锤体定位D. 顶端复合物和细胞命运决定因子共同决定细胞干性是否能够保持3. 下图为溶酶体膜上的部分蛋白质及其作用示意图，其中 V-ATP 酶能利用水解ATP 释放的能量跨膜转运H⁺。
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2020年高三年级期初调研检测生物试题2020.09注意事项∶1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题共45分）一、选择题∶本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1.细胞自噬是指在一定条件下，细胞会将受损或功能退化的细胞结构，通过溶酶体降解后再利用。
研究表明，人类许多疾病的发生，可能与细胞自噬发生障碍有关。
下列有关叙途不正确的是（）A.溶酶体能够参与细胞自噬是因为它可以合成大量水解酶B.在营养缺乏条件下，细胞可通过细胞自噬来维持生存C.细胞自噬有助于维持细胞内部环境的相对稳定D.通过对细胞自噬的研究有助于许多人类疾病的防治2.小肠是消化管中最长的部分，肠腺能够分泌多种消化酶，进一步分解糖、脂肪、蛋白质等，同时小肠绒毛壁和毛细血管壁都只有一层上皮细胞构成，这有利于小肠的消化和吸收。
下列有关叙述不卫确的是（）A.肠腺分泌的消化酶都可以与双缩脲试剂产生紫色反应B.小肠绒毛壁和毛细血管壁的细胞膜由单层磷脂分子组成C.小肠绒毛对糖类的吸收需要细胞呼吸提供ATPD.消化液的分泌过程也需要膜上蛋白质的参与3.同位素标记可用于示踪物质的运行和变化规律。
通过追踪同位素标记的化合物，可以弄清化学反应的详细过程，在生物学研究中有广泛的应用。
下列有关叙述不正确的是（）A.用同位素标记的化合物，其化学性质不会改变B.给水稻提供14CO2，根细胞在缺氧环境下有可能出现14C2H5OHC.小鼠吸入18O2后，则在呼出的气体中有可能检测到C18O2D.卡尔文循环中14C的转移途径是I4CO2→14C5→（14CH2O）4.性指数是指X染色体的数量和常染色体组数的比值，在人类和果蝇中性染色体和性别的关系如下表所示。
下列叙论不正确的是（）A.性染色体上的基因所控制的性众都与性别相关联B.人和果蝇中性染色体对性别的决定方式不完全相同C.当性指数小于1时，果蝇中一般无雌性个体出现D.超男性个体减数第一次分裂中期细胞中含48条染色体5.随着抗生素的人均用量增多，细菌耐药率也逐年提高。
为探究抗生素对细菌的选择用，科研人员做了如下实验：步骤一∶取少量金黄色葡萄球菌的培养液，均匀涂在培养基的平板上，再放上4片含有青霉素的圆形滤纸，无菌适宜条件下培养12～16h，滤纸片周围出现抑菌圈（如下图所示），测量并记录抑菌圈的直径取平均值。
记为N1。
步骤二∶从抑菌圈边缘的菌落上挑取细菌，重复上述步骤，培养至第5代。
测量并记录每一代抑菌圈直径的平均值（N2～N5）。
下列叙述正确的是（）A.细菌的抗药性变异来源于突变和基因重组B.抑菌圈大小可判定药物抑菌效果，抑菌圈越小抑菌作用越强C.随着培养代数的增加，抑菌圈直径数据从N1→N5会逐渐变大D.抗生素的滥用会使耐药性基因在细菌种群中的基因频率逐年上升6.科学研究发现，在人类肿瘤细胞中发现大量如"甜甜圈"般的独立于染色体存在的环状DNA（简称（ecDNA）。
在人类健康的细胞中几乎看不到ecDNA的痕迹，而在将近一半的人类癌细胞中，都可以观察到它，且其上普遍带有癌基因。
癌细胞能够熟练地使用ecDNA，启动大量癌基因表达，帮助它们快速生长，并对环境快速做出反应。
下列叙述中错误的是（）A."甜甜圈"般的ecDNA是癌细胞中癌基因的载体B."甜甜圈"般的ecDNA类似于细菌的质粒DNAC.癌细胞依靠DNA聚合酶启动ecDNA上癌基因的表达D.当癌细胞发生分裂时，其子代癌细胞中可能没有ecDNA7.研究发现，新型冠状病毒（2019-nCOV）是一类单链+RNA病毒，其自身RNA能直接作为模板合成蛋白质，其蛋白质衣壳外包裹有一层包膜，这层包膜主要来源于宿主细胞膜的磷脂层和膜蛋白组分，还含有一些病毒自身的糖蛋白，包膜可与宿主细胞膜融合。
下列相关叙述正确的是（）A.2019-nCOV的包膜可帮助病毒进入宿主细胞B.dATP是2019-nCOV遗传物质进行自我复制的原料之一C.2019-nCOV进入宿主细胞的方式与噬菌体是相同的D.2019-nCOV遗传物质的表达有3种碱基配对方式8.小儿急性支气管炎容易引发发热、乏力、干咳等症状。
机体发热是生物体受到病原体感染、产生损伤或炎症后的复杂生理应激反应，在发热过程中，机体温度上升与生物体对病原体的清除和生存率的提高密切相关，利于机体快速清除病原体以维持机体的稳态。
下列关于稳态调节的叙述，错误的是（）A.机体可通过分级调节使甲状腺激素分泌增多，产热增加B.发热能通过血管舒张促进免疫细胞向炎症部位运输C.发热可提高浆细胞识别并通过抗体清除病原体的能力D.若患者出现脱水现象，则垂体释放的抗利尿激素增加9.神经系统的疾病与突触的结构与功能密切相关。
肌萎缩侧索硬化症（俗称"渐冻人"）的发病机理是突触间隙谷氨酸过多，持续作用引起Na+过度内流，最终导致患者的运动神经细胞受损，肌肉因失去神经支配而逐渐萎缩，四肢像被冻住一样。
如图是患者病变部位的有关生理过程，据图分析下列叙述错误的是（）A.Ca2进入突触小体受阻可能会使谷氨酸的释放减少B.谷氨酸的释放消耗ATP且使突触后膜面积增大C.突触后膜上NMDA 的作用是识别谷氨酸、运输Na+D.运动神经细胞可能因细胞内液渗透压过度升高而受损10.2020年4月小珠山国家森林公园经历了百年不遇的火灾，对生态环境造成巨大破坏，有关部门相继采取了多种环境保护和修复措施，期待几年后这里会蔚然成林。
下列相关叙述错误的是（）A.小珠山低、中、高地带分布着不同的生物种群，体现了群落的水平构B.小珠山南坡与北坡植被数量存在一定差异，影响该差异的主要环境因素是光照C.群落演替过程是一些物种取代另一些物种，一个种群取代另一个种群的过程D.新形成群落的物种组成与以前有所不同，物种丰富度与种间关系也发生了变化11.调查研究表明，红树林是世界上少数几个物种最多样化的生态系统之一，一般分布于高潮线与低潮线之间的潮间带，既是海岸的天然防护林又是湖间带多种贝类、鱼类、水鸟的栖息繁衍地。
由于不合理的开发利用，导致一些物种的生存受到影响。
下列叙述错误的是（）A.人类不合理的开发利用使红树林中物种多样性减少，降低了其抵抗力稳定性B.潮间带中的贝类、鱼类、水鸟组成食物链，能量沿着食物链单向传递C.决定水鸟种群密度的主要因素是出生率、死亡率和迁入率、迁出率D.红树林能防风消浪、促淤保滩、净化海水，体现了红树林的间接价值12.棉蚜主要危害棉花等经济作物，普通草岭是棉蚜的捕食性天敌。
科研人员通过人工释放普通草岭和施用农药分别对棉努进行生物防治和化学防治，分别在处理后的第6天、第12 天、第18天测量田中的棉呀减退率{棉呀减退率一（处理前棉蚜数-处理后棉蚜数）/处理前棉呀数×100%}如下图。
下列相关叙述错误的是（）A.可采用样方法进行棉呀种群密度调查，对照组棉好种群数量将呈S型增长B.生物防治的原理是利用物种之间的关系，生物防治田内棉螃种群的出生率小于死亡率入C.依据棉好减退率可预测种群数量变化，化学防治使棉奶的种群数量变化呈衰退型D.化学防治后，随时间的推移，种群密度对棉螃数量增长的制约作用越来越强13.下图为某同学设计的"胡萝卜的组织培养"实验流程。
有关叙述正确的是（）A.切取的组织块中必须要带有形成层细胞否则不会成功B.诱导产生的愈伤组织，通过细胞分裂过程最终形成试管苗C.在愈伤组织中加入细胞融合的诱导剂，可获得染色体加倍的细胞D.获得试管苗时，培养基通常应含生长素和细胞分裂素类物质14.下图是利用现代生物技术获取转基因羊的流程图，并利用PCR技术检测目的基因的转录水平来推断目的基因的表达情况。
下列有关叙述不正确的是（）A.在转基因羊发育的不同时期提取的总mRNA不完全相同B.图中A过程需要逆转录酶参与，获得的cDNA不含基因的启动子序列C.利用目的基因cDNA与总cDNA的比值可以推测目的基因的转录水平D.PCR扩增过程中需要用耐热的DNA聚合酶来合成与模板结合的引物15.果酒和果醋都具有一定的保健养生功效。
图甲表示果酒和傈醋生产工艺流程简图，图乙为果酒果醋发酵装置示意图。
下列叙述正确的是（）A.葡萄冲洗前要去除葡萄枝梗，以便于洗去浮尘B.酒精、醋酸发酵过程中温度分别控制在30℃、20℃左右C.利用酵母菌进行酒精发酵时，充气口应该先打开后关闭D.尽量缩短排气口胶管的长度，以便顺利排除发酵产生的气体二、选择题∶本题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分。
每小题有一个或多个选项符合题目要求，全部选对得3分，选对但不全的得1分，有选错的得0分。
16.研究发现细菌中的天然蛋白质-分子伴侣GroEL可作为携带疏水药物的纳米机器，肿瘤微环境中的高浓度ATP可以激发GroEL改变构象，蛋白构象的变化导致其内部由疏水微环境交成亲水性环境，进而主动释放携带的药物来杀伤肿瘤细胞，实现了药物的精准可控释放。
下列叙述不合理的是（）A.肿瘤细胞中的DNA 可能受到损伤，细胞的增殖失去控制B.高浓度ATP激发GroEL 蛋白构象的改变会导致其变性失活C.肿瘤微环境中高浓度的ATP在肿瘤组织液中合成D.分子伴侣GroEL的合成需要多种细胞器的共同参与17.顶芽优先生长，而侧芽受到抑制的现象称为顶端优势。
研究发现，较高浓度的生长素可以抑制细胞分裂素的合成，侧芽部位施加细胞分裂素可解除植物的顶端优势现象。
已知生长素和细胞分裂素都具有促进细胞分裂的效应，生长素只促进核的分裂，与细胞质的分裂无关，而细胞分裂素主要是对细胞质的分裂起作用。
下列相关分析错误的是（）A、顶端优势现象中生长素发生了极性运输并体现了生长素作用的两重性B.细胞分裂素解除顶端优势的原因是其影响了生长素在侧芽处的积累C.验证细胞分裂素解除顶端优势时需在侧芽涂抹细胞分裂素溶液并摘除顶芽D.细胞分裂素促进分裂的效应需要在生长素存在时才能更好的寿现出来18.人类视网膜色素变性是一种致首性遗传病，致病基因被定位于3号染色体上。
2019年，我国科学家利用基因编辑技术将视网膜色素变性基因进行编辑后导入患病小鼠眼部，使小鼠重获部分视觉功能，该成果给患者带来了曙光。
下图是一个视网膜色素变性家系的遗传图谱，Ⅳ-5无家族病史，下列叙述中不正确的是（）A.视网膜色素变性的遗传方式属于常染色体显性遗传病B.调查该病在某地区的发病率，应注意在人群中随机调查C.利用基因编辑技术治疗成功的小鼠能把编辑后的正常基因遗传给后代D.IV-6的致病基因来自I-2，IV-6和IV-7再生一个患病男孩的概率是1/419.某些T细胞在癌组织环境中能合成膜蛋白CTLA-4，这种膜蛋白对T细胞的杀伤功能具有抑制作用，因此这个蛋白被称作"刹车分子"。