(完整版)济南大学_毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译_参考格式(文科类)2
《济南大学毕业设计(论文)工作管理规定》
济南大学毕业设计（论文）工作管理规定来源：实践教学管理发表日期：2007-03-04毕业设计（论文）工作是培养学生综合应用所学知识，分析和解决实际问题、培养创造能力的综合性实践教学环节；是学校实现培养目标、提高学生专业工作能力以及综合素质的重要手段；是对学校人才培养效果和教学质量的全面检验。
为保证毕业设计（论文）质量，实现本科培养目标，从加强毕业设计（论文）工作的严格、科学和规范化管理出发，对我校本科生毕业设计（论文）工作做如下规定:一、毕业设计（论文）选题（一）选题要符合专业培养目标，满足教学基本要求，必须围绕所学专业进行选题，不得跨专业选题。
（二）选题要有一定的研究价值和现实意义，有一定的开拓性和创新性，切实做到与科学研究、技术开发、经济建设和社会发展紧密结合。
（三）选题要避免盲目性和随意性，充分考虑主客观条件，题目应大小适中，难易适度。
（四）各学院对毕业设计（论文）的选题要进行规范管理。
一般应由各学院组织系、教研室确定指导教师、拟定题目，填写《济南大学本科毕业设计（论文）题目审核表》，经主管院长审核后，组织学生报名、选题，并为学生介绍辅导教师及研究内容。
自选题目要经系、教研室审核，并填写《济南大学本科毕业设计（论文）题目审核表》报主管院长批准。
（五）各学院要把一人一题作为选题工作的重要原则。
双学位的学生应根据所修专业上交两篇不同的论文。
二、指导教师(一)毕业设计（论文）的指导工作要由具有讲师或工程师及以上技术职称的教师或工程技术人员担任，由助教或初次参加指导的青年教师任指导教师时，应有副教授以上的教师参与指导。
校外进行的课题，可聘请有关单位的工程师或助研以上的技术人员指导，但要指定本专业教师负责掌握进度、要求及质量等情况，协助处理教学方面的问题。
鼓励有条件的专业与企业、科研单位联合指导毕业设计（论文），实行教产和教研的有机结合。
(二)指导教师下发给学生的任务书必须按学校统一模版，明确列出毕业设计（论文）的题目、给定条件及基本数据、具体设计要求、工作质量要求、完成期限等；任务书须经系主任批准并在毕业设计（论文）开始前发给学生；任务书一经下达原则上不得变动，如确需改变的，必须经系主任批准。
毕业设计外文翻译_英文版
A Design and Implementation of Active NetworkSocket ProgrammingK.L. Eddie Law, Roy LeungThe Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of TorontoToronto, Canadaeddie@, roy.leung@utoronto.caAbstract—The concept of programmable nodes and active networks introduces programmability into communication networks. Code and data can be sent and modified on their ways to destinations. Recently, various research groups have designed and implemented their own design platforms. Each design has its own benefits and drawbacks. Moreover, there exists an interoperability problem among platforms. As a result, we introduce a concept that is similar to the network socket programming. We intentionally establish a set of simple interfaces for programming active applications. This set of interfaces, known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP), will be working on top of all other execution environments in future. Therefore, the ANSP offers a concept that is similar to “write once, run everywhere.” It is an open programming model that active applications can work on all execution environments. It solves the heterogeneity within active networks. This is especially useful when active applications need to access all regions within a heterogeneous network to deploy special service at critical points or to monitor the performance of the entire networks. Instead of introducing a new platform, our approach provides a thin, transparent layer on top of existing environments that can be easily installed for all active applications.Keywords-active networks; application programming interface; active network socket programming;I. I NTRODUCTIONIn 1990, Clark and Tennenhouse [1] proposed a design framework for introducing new network protocols for the Internet. Since the publication of that position paper, active network design framework [2, 3, 10] has slowly taken shape in the late 1990s. The active network paradigm allows program code and data to be delivered simultaneously on the Internet. Moreover, they may get executed and modified on their ways to their destinations. At the moment, there is a global active network backbone, the ABone, for experiments on active networks. Apart from the immaturity of the executing platform, the primary hindrance on the deployment of active networks on the Internet is more on the commercially related issues. For example, a vendor may hesitate to allow network routers to run some unknown programs that may affect their expected routing performance. As a result, alternatives were proposed to allow active network concept to operate on the Internet, such as the application layer active networking (ALAN) project [4] from the European research community. In the ALAN project, there are active server systems located at different places in the networks and active applications are allowed to run in these servers at the application layer. Another potential approach from the network service provider is to offer active network service as the premium service class in the networks. This service class should provide the best Quality of Service (QoS), and allow the access of computing facility in routers. With this approach, the network service providers can create a new source of income.The research in active networks has been progressing steadily. Since active networks introduce programmability on the Internet, appropriate executing platforms for the active applications to execute should be established. These operating platforms are known as execution environments (EEs) and a few of them have been created, e.g., the Active Signaling Protocol (ASP) [12] and the Active Network Transport System (ANTS) [11]. Hence, different active applications can be implemented to test the active networking concept.With these EEs, some experiments have been carried out to examine the active network concept, for example, the mobile networks [5], web proxies [6], and multicast routers [7]. Active networks introduce a lot of program flexibility and extensibility in networks. Several research groups have proposed various designs of execution environments to offer network computation within routers. Their performance and potential benefits to existing infrastructure are being evaluated [8, 9]. Unfortunately, they seldom concern the interoperability problems when the active networks consist of multiple execution environments. For example, there are three EEs in ABone. Active applications written for one particular EE cannot be operated on other platforms. This introduces another problem of resources partitioning for different EEs to operate. Moreover, there are always some critical network applications that need to run under all network routers, such as collecting information and deploying service at critical points to monitor the networks.In this paper, a framework known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP) model is proposed to work with all EEs. It offers the following primary objectives.• One single programming interface is introduced for writing active applications.• Since ANSP offers the programming interface, the design of EE can be made independent of the ANSP.This enables a transparency in developing andenhancing future execution environments.• ANSP addresses the interoperability issues among different execution environments.• Through the design of ANSP, the pros and cons of different EEs will be gained. This may help design abetter EE with improved performance in future.The primary objective of the ANSP is to enable all active applications that are written in ANSP can operate in the ABone testbed . While the proposed ANSP framework is essential in unifying the network environments, we believe that the availability of different environments is beneficial in the development of a better execution environment in future. ANSP is not intended to replace all existing environments, but to enable the studies of new network services which are orthogonal to the designs of execution environments. Therefore, ANSP is designed to be a thin and transparent layer on top of all execution environments. Currently, its deployment relies on automatic code loading with the underlying environments. As a result, the deployment of ANSP at a router is optional and does not require any change to the execution environments.II. D ESIGN I SSUES ON ANSPThe ANSP unifies existing programming interfaces among all EEs. Conceptually, the design of ANSP is similar to the middleware design that offers proper translation mechanisms to different EEs. The provisioning of a unified interface is only one part of the whole ANSP platform. There are many other issues that need to be considered. Apart from translating a set of programming interfaces to other executable calls in different EEs, there are other design issues that should be covered, e.g., • a unified thread library handles thread operations regardless of the thread libraries used in the EEs;• a global soft-store allows information sharing among capsules that may execute over different environmentsat a given router;• a unified addressing scheme used across different environments; more importantly, a routing informationexchange mechanism should be designed across EEs toobtain a global view of the unified networks;• a programming model that should be independent to any programming languages in active networks;• and finally, a translation mechanism to hide the heterogeneity of capsule header structures.A. Heterogeneity in programming modelEach execution environment provides various abstractions for its services and resources in the form of program calls. The model consists of a set of well-defined components, each of them has its own programming interfaces. For the abstractions, capsule-based programming model [10] is the most popular design in active networks. It is used in ANTS [11] and ASP [12], and they are being supported in ABone. Although they are developed based on the same capsule model, their respective components and interfaces are different. Therefore, programs written in one EE cannot run in anther EE. The conceptual views of the programming models in ANTS and ASP are shown in Figure 1.There are three distinct components in ANTS: application, capsule, and execution environment. There exist user interfaces for the active applications at only the source and destination routers. Then the users can specify their customized actions to the networks. According to the program function, the applications send one or more capsules to carry out the operations. Both applications and capsules operate on top of an execution environment that exports an interface to its internal programming resources. Capsule executes its program at each router it has visited. When it arrives at its destination, the application at destination may either reply it with another capsule or presents this arrival event to the user. One drawback with ANTS is that it only allows “bootstrap” application.Figure 1. Programming Models in ASP and ANTS.In contrast, ASP does not limit its users to run “bootstrap” applications. Its program interfaces are different from ANTS, but there are also has three components in ASP: application client, environment, and AAContext. The application client can run on active or non-active host. It can start an active application by simply sending a request message to the EE. The client presents information to users and allows its users to trigger actions at a nearby active router. AAContext is the core of the network service and its specification is divided into two parts. One part specifies its actions at its source and destination routers. Its role is similar to that of the application in ANTS, except that it does not provide a direct interface with the user. The other part defines its actions when it runs inside the active networks and it is similar to the functional behaviors of a capsule in ANTS.In order to deal with the heterogeneity of these two models, ANSP needs to introduce a new set of programming interfaces and map its interfaces and execution model to those within the routers’ EEs.B. Unified Thread LibraryEach execution environment must ensure the isolation of instance executions, so they do not affect each other or accessThe authors appreciate the Nortel Institute for Telecommunications (NIT) at the University of Toronto to allow them to access the computing facilitiesothers’ information. There are various ways to enforce the access control. One simple way is to have one virtual machine for one instance of active applications. This relies on the security design in the virtual machines to isolate services. ANTS is one example that is using this method. Nevertheless, the use of multiple virtual machines requires relatively large amount of resources and may be inefficient in some cases. Therefore, certain environments, such as ASP, allow network services to run within a virtual machine but restrict the use of their services to a limited set of libraries in their packages. For instance, ASP provides its thread library to enforce access control. Because of the differences in these types of thread mechanism, ANSP devises a new thread library to allow uniform accesses to different thread mechanisms.C. Soft-StoreSoft-store allows capsule to insert and retrieve information at a router, thus allowing more than one capsules to exchange information within a network. However, problem arises when a network service can execute under different environments within a router. The problem occurs especially when a network service inserts its soft-store information in one environment and retrieves its data at a later time in another environment at the same router. Due to the fact that execution environments are not allowed to exchange information, the network service cannot retrieve its previous data. Therefore, our ANSP framework needs to take into account of this problem and provides soft-store mechanism that allows universal access of its data at each router.D. Global View of a Unified NetworkWhen an active application is written with ANSP, it can execute on different environment seamlessly. The previously smaller and partitioned networks based on different EEs can now be merging into one large active network. It is then necessary to advise the network topology across the networks. However, different execution environments have different addressing schemes and proprietary routing protocols. In order to merge these partitions together, ANSP must provide a new unified addressing scheme. This new scheme should be interpretable by any environments through appropriate translations with the ANSP. Upon defining the new addressing scheme, a new routing protocol should be designed to operate among environments to exchange topology information. This allows each environment in a network to have a complete view of its network topology.E. Language-Independent ModelExecution environment can be programmed in any programming language. One of the most commonly used languages is Java [13] due to its dynamic code loading capability. In fact, both ANTS and ASP are developed in Java. Nevertheless, the active network architecture shown in Figure 2 does not restrict the use of additional environments that are developed in other languages. For instance, the active network daemon, anted, in Abone provides a workspace to execute multiple execution environments within a router. PLAN, for example, is implemented in Ocaml that will be deployable on ABone in future. Although the current active network is designed to deploy multiple environments that can be in any programming languages, there lacks the tool to allow active applications to run seamlessly upon these environments. Hence, one of the issues that ANSP needs to address is to design a programming model that can work with different programming languages. Although our current prototype only considers ANTS and ASP in its design, PLAN will be the next target to address the programming language issue and to improve the design of ANSP.Figure 2. ANSP Framework Model.F. Heterogeneity of Capsule Header StructureThe structures of the capsule headers are different in different EEs. They carries capsule-related information, for example, the capsule types, sources and destinations. This information is important when certain decision needs to be made within its target environment. A unified model should allow its program code to be executed on different environments. However, the capsule header prevents different environments to interpret its information successfully. Therefore, ANSP should carry out appropriate translation to the header information before the target environment receives this capsule.III. ANSP P ROGRAMMING M ODELWe have outlined the design issues encountered with the ANSP. In the following, the design of the programming model in ANSP will be discussed. This proposed framework provides a set of unified programming interfaces that allows active applications to work on all execution environments. The framework is shown in Figure 2. It is composed of two layers integrated within the active network architecture. These two layers can operate independently without the other layer. The upper layer provides a unified programming model to active applications. The lower layer provides appropriate translation procedure to the ANSP applications when it is processed by different environments. This service is necessary because each environment has its own header definition.The ANSP framework provides a set of programming calls which are abstractions of ANSP services and resources. A capsule-based model is used for ANSP, and it is currently extended to map to other capsule-based models used in ANTSand ASP. The mapping possibility to other models remains as our future works. Hence, the mapping technique in ANSP allows any ANSP applications to access the same programming resources in different environments through a single set of interfaces. The mapping has to be done in a consistent and transparent manner. Therefore, the ANSP appears as an execution environment that provides a complete set of functionalities to active applications. While in fact, it is an overlay structure that makes use of the services provided from the underlying environments. In the following, the high-level functional descriptions of the ANSP model are described. Then, the implementations will be discussed. The ANSP programming model is based upon the interactions between four components: application client , application stub , capsule , and active service base.Figure 3. Information Flow with the ANSP.•Application Client : In a typical scenario, an active application requires some means to present information to its users, e.g., the state of the networks. A graphical user interface (GUI) is designed to operate with the application client if the ANSP runs on a non-active host.•Application Stub : When an application starts, it activates the application client to create a new instance of application stub at its near-by active node. There are two responsibilities for the application stub. One of them is to receive users’ instructions from the application client. Another one is to receive incoming capsules from networks and to perform appropriate actions. Typically, there are two types of actions, thatare, to reply or relay in capsules through the networks, or to notify the users regarding the incoming capsule. •Capsule : An active application may contain several capsule types. Each of them carries program code (also referred to as forwarding routine). Since the application defines a protocol to specify the interactions among capsules as well as the application stubs. Every capsule executes its forwarding routine at each router it visits along the path between the source and destination.•Active Service Base : An active service base is designed to export routers’ environments’ services and execute program calls from application stubs and capsules from different EEs. The base is loaded automatically at each router whenever a capsule arrives.The interactions among components within ANSP are shown in Figure 3. The designs of some key components in the ANSP will be discussed in the following subsections. A. Capsule (ANSPCapsule)ANSPXdr decode () ANSPXdr encode () int length ()Boolean execute ()New types of capsule are created by extending the abstract class ANSPCapsule . New extensions are required to define their own forwarding routines as well as their serialization procedures. These methods are indicated below:The execution of a capsule in ANSP is listed below. It is similar to the process in ANTS.1. A capsule is in serial binary representation before it issent to the network. When an active router receives a byte sequence, it invokes decode() to convert the sequence into a capsule. 2. The router invokes the forwarding routine of thecapsule, execute(). 3. When the capsule has finished its job and forwardsitself to its next hop by calling send(), this call implicitly invokes encode() to convert the capsule into a new serial byte representation. length() isused inside the call of encode() to determine the length of the resulting byte sequence. ANSP provides a XDR library called ANSPXdr to ease the jobs of encoding and decoding.B. Active Service Base (ANSPBase)In an active node, the Active Service Base provides a unified interface to export the available resources in EEs for the rest of the ANSP components. The services may include thread management, node query, and soft-store operation, as shown in Table 1.TABLE I. ACTIVE SERVICE BASE FUNCTION CALLSFunction Definition Descriptionboolean send (Capsule, Address) Transmit a capsule towards its destination using the routing table of theunderlying environment.ANSPAddress getLocalHost () Return address of the local host as an ANSPAddress structure. This isuseful when a capsule wants to check its current location.boolean isLocal (ANSPAddress) Return true if its input argument matches the local host’s address andreturn false otherwise.createThread () Create a new thread that is a class ofANSPThreadInterface (discussed later in Section VIA “Unified Thread Abstraction”).putSStore (key, Object) Object getSStore (key) removeSStore (key)The soft-store operations are provided by putSStore(), getSSTore(), and removeSStore(), and they put, retrieve, and remove data respectively. forName (PathName) Supported in ANSP to retrieve a classobject corresponding to the given path name in its argument. This code retrieval may rely on the code loading mechanism in the environment whennecessary.C. Application Client (ANSPClient)boolean start (args[])boolean start (args[],runningEEs) boolean start (args[],startClient)boolean start (args[],startClient, runningEE)Application Client is an interface between users and the nearby active source router. It does the following responsibilities.1. Code registration: It may be necessary to specify thelocation and name of the application code in some execution environments, e.g., ANTS. 2. Application initialization: It includes selecting anexecution environment to execute the application among those are available at the source router. Each active application can create an application client instance by extending the abstract class, ANSPClient . The extension inherits a method, start(), to automatically handle both the registration and initialization processes. All overloaded versions of start() accept a list of arguments, args , that are passed to the application stub during its initialization. An optional argument called runningEEs allows an application client to select a particular set of environment variables, specified by a list of standardized numerical environment ID, the ANEP ID, to perform code registration. If this argument is not specified, the default setting can only include ANTS and ASP. D. Application Stub (ANSPApplication)receive (ANSPCapsule)Application stubs reside at the source and destination routers to initialize the ANSP application after the application clients complete the initialization and registration processes. It is responsible for receiving and serving capsules from the networks as well as actions requested from the clients. A new instance is created by extending the application client abstract class, ANSPApplication . This extension includes the definition of a handling routine called receive(), which is invoked when a stub receives a new capsule.IV. ANSP E XAMPLE : T RACE -R OUTEA testbed has been created to verify the design correctnessof ANSP in heterogeneous environments. There are three types of router setting on this testbed:1. Router that contains ANTS and a ANSP daemonrunning on behalf of ASP; 2. Router that contains ASP and a ANSP daemon thatruns on behalf of ANTS; 3. Router that contains both ASP and ANTS.The prototype is written in Java [11] with a traceroute testing program. The program records the execution environments of all intermediate routers that it has visited between the source and destination. It also measures the RTT between them. Figure 4 shows the GUI from the application client, and it finds three execution environments along the path: ASP, ANTS, and ASP. The execution sequence of the traceroute program is shown in Figure 5.Figure 4. The GUI for the TRACEROUTE Program.The TraceCapsule program code is created byextending the ANSPCapsule abstract class. When execute() starts, it checks the Boolean value of returning to determine if it is returning from the destination. It is set to true if TraceCapsule is traveling back to the source router; otherwise it is false . When traveling towards the destination, TraceCapsule keeps track of the environments and addresses of the routers it has visited in two arrays, path and trace , respectively. When it arrives at a new router, it calls addHop() to append the router address and its environment to these two arrays. When it finally arrives at the destination, it sets returning to false and forwards itself back to the source by calling send().When it returns to source, it invokes deliverToApp() to deliver itself to the application stub that has been running at the source. TraceCapsule carries information in its data field through the networks by executing encode() and decode(), which encapsulates and de-capsulates its data using External Data Representation (XDR) respectively. The syntax of ANSP XDR follows the syntax of XDR library from ANTS. length() in TraceCapsule returns the data length, or it can be calculated by using the primitive types in the XDRlibrary.Figure 5. Flow of the TRACEROUTE Capsules.V. C ONCLUSIONSIn this paper, we present a new unified layered architecture for active networks. The new model is known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP). It allows each active application to be written once and run on multiple environments in active networks. Our experiments successfully verify the design of ANSP architecture, and it has been successfully deployed to work harmoniously with ANTS and ASP without making any changes to their architectures. In fact, the unified programming interface layer is light-weighted and can be dynamically deployable upon request.R EFERENCES[1] D.D. Clark, D.L. Tennenhouse, “Architectural Considerations for a NewGeneration of Protocols,” in Proc. ACM Sigcomm’90, pp.200-208, 1990. [2] D. Tennenhouse, J. M. Smith, W. D. Sicoskie, D. J. Wetherall, and G. J.Minden, “A survey of active network research,” IEEE Communications Magazine , pp. 80-86, Jan 1997.[3] D. Wetherall, U. Legedza, and J. Guttag, “Introducing new internetservices: Why and how,” IEEE Network Magazine, July/August 1998. [4] M. Fry, A. Ghosh, “Application Layer Active Networking,” in ComputerNetworks , Vol.31, No.7, pp.655-667, 1999.[5] K. W. Chin, “An Investigation into The Application of Active Networksto Mobile Computing Environments”, Curtin University of Technology, March 2000.[6] S. Bhattacharjee, K. L. Calvert, and E. W. Zegura, “Self OrganizingWide-Area Network Caches”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[7] L. H. Leman, S. J. Garland, and D. L. Tennenhouse, “Active ReliableMulticast”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[8] D. Descasper, G. Parulkar, B. Plattner, “A Scalable, High PerformanceActive Network Node”, In IEEE Network, January/February 1999.[9] E. L. Nygren, S. J. Garland, and M. F. Kaashoek, “PAN: a high-performance active network node supporting multiple mobile code system”, In the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Conference on Open Architectures and Network Programming (OpenArch ’99), March 1999. [10] D. L. Tennenhouse, and D. J. Wetherall. “Towards an Active NetworkArchitecture”, In Proceeding of Multimedia Computing and Networking , January 1996.[11] D. J. Wetherall, J. V. Guttag, D. L. Tennenhouse, “ANTS: A toolkit forBuilding and Dynamically Deploying Network Protocols”, Open Architectures and Network Programming, 1998 IEEE , 1998 , Page(s): 117 –129.[12] B. Braden, A. Cerpa, T. Faber, B. Lindell, G. Phillips, and J. Kann.“Introduction to the ASP Execution Environment”: /active-signal/ARP/index.html .[13] “The java language: A white paper,” Tech. Rep., Sun Microsystems,1998.。
山东科技大学济南校区毕业设计(论文)排版格式规范
山东科技大学济南校区毕业设计（论文）排版格式规范根据学校相关规定，结合校区实际，就本科生毕业设计（论文）排版做如下规定。
1 纸张与页面设置1.1 纸张选定1）纸张材质除了用校区统一印制的“山东科技大学学生毕业设计（论文）”用纸手写毕业设计（论文）外，凡需打印的均要求选定符合国家质量标准的优质白色复印纸。
2）纸张尺寸学术论文及各类报告均选定A4纸张，毕业设计（论文）说明书选定B5（JIS）纸张。
1.2 页边距设置纵向放置纸张时，页边距设置为上2.5厘米，下2厘米；内侧（或左）2.5厘米，外侧（或右）2厘米，1.5倍行距；要求单面打印的文档选定多页范围为“普通”页边距，要求双面打印的文档，则选定“对称页边距”。
装订线无需边距，即设定0厘米，装订线位置设定左侧。
页眉、页脚的边距分别设定为1.7厘米、1.5厘米（或者在版式设置项）。
页边距的具体设置如图1.1所示。
图1.1 页边距设置1.3 板式设置分节的起始位置设定为新建页，设定页眉页脚的奇偶页不同，页面的垂直对齐方式设定为顶端对齐，预览设定为整篇文档。
文档网格设置文字的排列为水平方向。
1.4 页眉页脚Office2003在视图/页眉页脚工具栏中设置页眉页脚，office2010则在章节/页眉页脚中设置。
页眉页脚字体字号为宋体、小五号，居中方式。
页眉字样中文摘要部分的页眉字样为“摘要”；英文摘要部分的页眉字样为“ABSTRACT”；目录部分的页眉字样为“目录”；正文部分奇数页面的页眉字样为“山东科技大学学生毕业设计（论文）”，偶数页面的页眉字样为页面所属一级标题的文字；参考文献部分的页眉字样为“参考文献”；致谢辞部分的页眉字样为“致谢辞”；附录部分的页眉字样为“附录”。
页脚字样页脚字样为所属的页码。
从摘要到目录，采用大写罗马字体连续编排页码，如I、II、III式样；从论文正文部分开始，一直到附录的结尾，均采用阿拉伯数字连续编排页码，插入的图文集格式设定为“第X页共Y 页”。
济南大学毕业设计外文资料翻译参考格式(理工科类)2014
Powder Technology ,2007,178:114–118)Regulating characteristics of loop seal in a 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boilerXiangxin Han, Zhigang Cui, Xiumin Jiang⁎, Jianguo LiuInstitute of Thermal Energy Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China摘要本文对65t/h油页岩燃烧流化床锅炉的环封调节特性的研究是为了引导一个工业冷却试验。
环封的起始特性、空气供给度的影响和密闭液态空气是需要调查的。
与其他的校正模型比，保持流化空气速率恒定和调节供应空气流量的联合监控模式可使环封获得更好的调节质量，也为循环流化床锅炉稳定运行提供更可靠的保证。
为了防止循环材料在循环底部的沉积和结渣,流化空气流量和空气供应度最好为分别为循环材料的最小流化速度的2-3倍和1.2-1.5倍。
这些实验结果可以为调节65t/h循环流化床锅炉的热条件和设计一个新的环封作为一个参考。
关键词油页岩，循环流化床，环封，调节特性曲线1.引言油页岩的燃烧技术主要包括粉燃料炉、气泡流化床和循环流化床。
因为它非常低的污染排放量和对低级的化石燃料的良好适应性,油页岩循环流化床技术已经被广泛认为是在所有油页岩的利用率模式中最干净、最经济的途径。
作为一个循环流化床锅炉循环回路的重要组成部分,固体循环回收系统控制固体循环率。
一般来说,有两种类型的阀门可用于固体循环系统:一类是是机械阀,另一类是是非机械阀。
典型机械阀门有旋转形，螺丝形,蝶形,和滑动形阀门,机械的移动部件驱动并控制燃料的流动率。
毕业设计 某外文翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译题目智能变电站技术的研究学院自动化与电气工程学院专业电气工程及其自动化班级电控0903学生徐浩军学号20090321264指导教师李毅二〇一三年四月二十三日Energy Procedia 12 (2011) 113 – 119Research on Technologies in Smart SubstationHongwei Li*, Lixin WangTechnology College, State Grid Corporation of China , Jinan, China摘要：一个强大的智能电网是未来发展的方向，同时也建立了中国电网未来的目标。
智能变电站是智能电网的重要技术基础，对智能变电站的核心技术的研究在近年来已经吸引了越来越多的关注，在本文中我们演示了概念，策略和国家电网在智能变电站方面的目标，同时我们提出了在智能变电站最新的研究技术。
关键词：智能电网，智能变电站，智能设备，智能组件，智能电子设备，电子仪器。
1.介绍智能电网是一个现代电网，具有信息化、自动化和互动特征。
为了实现数字化变电站信息、网络通信平台和标准信息共享，智能变电站使用先进、可靠性能力、集成、低碳和环保的智能设备，从而实现信息采集，测量、控制、保护、计量、监测与其他基本功能,支持一系列的先进的功能,如顺序控制、智能报警和分析、故障信息综合分析、智能操作票系统,源——终端维护、变电站区域控制,等等。
作为一个具有六个环节的智能电网，智能变电站的发展目标是通过收集宽区域的的整个电网运行实时信息数据，实现智能灵活集群和自我适应地区控制保护变电站,支持安全的和稳定的合作，每个层次的电网和设备确保了信息的综合交流.与传统变电站年代相比,智能变电站基于先进的传感器技术点的信息数据分析方法取得了智能管理变电站设备的优点。
集成的一次和二次设备是采用的是通过智能改革的主要设备和电子仪器，变压器和条件的监测技术。
毕业设计外文资料翻译_文献英文原文
毕业设计外文资料题目面对对象技术学院信息科学与工程学院专业计算机科学与技术班级计软1202学生刘桂斌学号20121214073指导教师史桂娴，王海燕二〇一六年三月二十日Object Technology2004, Vol.14 (2), pp.20.Object TechnologyTimothy A.BuddAbstract Object technology is a new approach to developing software that allows programmers to create objects, a combination of data and program instructions. This new technology has been steadily developed since the late 1960s and promises to be one of the major ingredients in the response to the ongoing software crisis.Keywords Object technology Optimization1.1 Introduction to OTThere exists a critical technology that is changing the way we conceive, build, use and evolve our computer systems. It is a technology that many companies are adopting to increase their efficiency, reduce costs and adapt to a dynamic marketplace. It is called Object Technology (OT).By allowing the integration of disparate and non compatible source, OT has the potential to precipitate a revolution in information systems design on a par with that caused in computer hardware by the introduction of the computer chip. Yet OT is not a newphenomenon. Development and product releases have been ongoing since its origin many years ago. However, the recent emphasis task of enterprise information technology integration has brought OT into the spotlight.OT promises to provide component-level software objects that can be quickly combined to build new applications that respond to changing business conditions. Once used, objects may be reused in other applications, lowering development costs and speeding up the development process. Because objects communicate by sending messages that can be understood by other objects, large integrated systems are easier to assemble.Each object is responsible for a specific function within either an application or a distributed system. That means that as the business changes, individual object may be easily upgraded, augmented or replaced, leaving the rest of the system untouched. This directly reduces the cost of maintenance and the timing and extendibility of new systems.1.2 OT-based ProductsThe current market for OT-based products can be divided into four major segments: ·Languages and programming tools·Developers’ toolkits·Object-Oriented database·Object-Oriented CASE toolsThe largest segment of the current market for OT-based products is languages andprogramming tools. Products in this area include language compliers for C++, Smalltalk, Common Lisp Object System (CLOS), Eiffel, Ada and Objective-C, as well as extensions to PASCAL and Modula-2.Products in this category are available from a variety of vendors. Increasingly, the trend in this group is to offer the language compliers with associated development tools as part of a complete development environment.Developers’ toolkits account for the next largest part of the OT market. These products are designed to develop a program that enables a developer to easily do one of two things. The first is interfacing an application to distributed environment. The second is developing a graphical screen through a product.By providing developers with higher level description language and reusablecomponents, products in this category give developers an easy and cost effective way to begin producing object-oriented systems.An important component in this category is the relatively new area of end-users tools. This element is important because organizing and analying the increasingly large amounts of data that computer systems are capable of collecting is a key problem.Object-oriented database management systems are one of the most interesting and rapidly growing segments of the OT market. A number of companies, including systems vendors like Digital and HP, and start-ups such as Object Design, Servio, and Objectivity, have all produced products.These products, dubbed ‖Objectbases‖, fill an important need by storing complexobjects as a single entity. The objectbase products allow objects to be stored, retrieved and shared in much the same way as data is stored in a relational database management system. The value of an objectbase, as opposed to a database, is best described as following: ―Object databases offer a better way to store objects because they provide all of the traditional database services without the overhead of disassembling and reassemblingobjects every time they are stored and retrieved. Compared with an object database, storing complex objects in a relational database is tedious at best. It’s like having to disassembling your car each night rather than just putting it into the gar age!‖Over the next few years, a shift from proprietary CASE implementations to those based on the object paradigm can be expected. This area has lagged growth from earlier projections. OT-based CASE tools will have to emerge as a viable product category to address the wide scale development of large systems. This category also include those tools that are methodological in nature.1.3 0bject-oriented ProgrammingObject-oriented programming (OOP) is a new approach to developing software that allows programmers to create objects, a combination of data and program instructions. Traditional programming methods keep data, such as files, independent of the programs that work with the data. Each traditional program, t5herfore, must define how the data will be used for that particular program. This often results in redundant programming code that must be changed every time the structure of the data is changed, such as when a new field is added to a file. With OOP, the program instructions and data are combined into objects that can be used repeatedly by programmers whenever they need them. Specificinstructions, called methods define how the object acts when it is used by a program.With OOP, programmers define classes of objects. Each class contains the methods that are unique to that class. Each class can have one or more subclasses. Each subclass contains the methods of its higher level classes plus whatever methods are unique to the subclass. The OOP capability to pass methods to lower levels is called ―inheritance‖.A specific instance of an object contains all methods from its higher level classes plus any methods that a unique to the object. When an OOP object is sent an instruction to do something, called a message, unlike a traditional program, the message does not have to tell the OOP object exactly what to do. What to do is defined by the methods that the OOP object contains or has inherited.Object—oriented programming can bring many advantages to users. It can bring productivity gains as high as 1000 to 1500 percent instead of the 10 or 15 percent gainsavailable from structured programming methods. It allows large complex systems to be built which are not economically feasible using traditional programming techniques. It allows program modifications to be made more easily. It could mean two different user interfaces within an application, one for the user who likes to type, and another for the users who just want to shout at the terminal.Objects can be viewed as reusable components, and once the programmer has developed a library of these components, he can minimize the amount of new coding required. One user envisions a commercial library of objects which could be purchased byprogrammers and reused for various applications. But creating a library is no simple task because the integrity of the original software design is critical. Reusability can be a mixed blessing for users, too, as a programmers has to be able to find the object he needs. But if productivity is your aim, reusability is worth the risks.The long-term productivity of systems is enhanced by object-oriented programming. Because of the modular nature of the code, programs are more malleable. This is particularly beneficial for applications that will be used for many years, during which company needs may change and make software modifications necessary.Software reliability can be improved by object-oriented programming. Since the objects are repeatedly tested in a variety of applications, bugs are more likely to be found and corrected. Object-oriented programming also has potential benefits in parallel processing. Execution speed under object oriented methods will improve with parallel processing.1.4 Object-oriented DBMSA shift toward object-oriented DBMSs does not have to replace relational DNMS. As its name implies, it is orientation rather than a full-blown DBMS model. As such, it can blend with and build on the relational schema.Object-oriented DBMSs integrate a variety of real-world data types –such as business procedures and policies, graphics, pictures, voice, and an non-tated text. Current relational products are not equipped to handle them efficiently. Data types in RDBMSs are more commonly record-oriented and expressed in numbers and text.Object orientation also makes contributions to application development efficiency.makes the data function, attributes, and relationships an integral part of the object. In this way, objects can be reused and replicated. You can query the data on its functions, attributes, and relationships.By contrast, most RDBMSs demand that the knowledge associated with the data be written into and maintained separately in each application program.Object orientation is going to be available in two forms: one for those who need and want a radical change, and one for those who want some of its advantages without going through a major conversion.The first form of object-oriented DBMS focused largely on the computer-aided design (CAD) market, which needed to store complex data types such as the graphics involved with an aircraft design.The second form is made up of the leading RDBMS vendors who support the concept of integrating object management capabilities whit their current line of relational products. Sybase, Inc, the first vendor to introduce an object-oriented capability,offers Sybase , which enables the user to program a limited number of business procedures along with the data types in a server’s database engine . Any client attempting a transaction that does not conform to these procedures is simply rejected by the database. That capability enables users to shorten the development cycle, since integrity logic and business rules no longer need to be programmed into each application.This approach reduces maintenance costs as well, since any changes in the procedure can be made once at the server level instead of several times within all the affected applications.Last, the server-level procedures increase the system’s performance, since the operations are taking place closer to where the data is actually stored.。
最全毕业设计方案外文资料翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译题目山东省统计学会官方网站的设计与实现学院XX专业XX班级XX学生XX学号XX指导教师XX二〇一〇年六月五日可扩展的开放源码内容管理系统和框架：一组生物信息学解决方案摘要这是一个为生物信息学家的学术或行业实验室环境提出的共同的挑战，它提供了一套基于B/S的解决方案。
近日，开源社区开始开发建设和维护Web应用程序的许多学科的工具。
这些内容管理系统<CMS）提供的一组信息学的许多基本需要，无论是小公司，在一个更大的组织或一个学术实验室小组。
这些管理软件开发，网站开发，文档开发，课程开发，数据集，协作和客户工具的帮助。
由于这些工具有不少是扩展的，他们可以开发，以支持诸如处理大型数据集或部署bioanalytic生物医学等研究工具的具体活动。
在这个开放源码的审查网站管理工具，内容管理系统的基本特征进行了讨论随着常用的开源软件。
此外，他们在生物医学研究中使用的一些实例。
关键词：内容管理系统，CMS，实验室信息管理系统，LIMS，网站设计，数据管理，开放源码软件引言一般而言，用内容管理系统<CMS）的软件工具来管理网页和网站。
我们的社会的对CMS工具的想法，他们往往认为，如维基的mediawiki。
事实上，社区驱动的数据库注释的使用已吸引了许多科学的兴趣。
但是，也有许多开源工具，交换内容，发展社区推动知识和维护网站。
这些系统提供了一个有用的工具和插件，可以解决几乎所有的管理任务繁多。
选择其他的许多此前已书面审查，在这里我们提供一个在内容管理系统如何可用于促进生物医学研究人员的最新审查工作的重点。
在CMS内容的界定比较松散，但是，大部分系统作为例子，考虑以下各项内容：传统的网页，维基，论坛，社交网络，工程管理，文档管理和组<表1）。
一个特别有用的流行的开源CMS的工具方面是他们的可扩展和模块化设计，新内容的能力的发展允许。
这种特性使网络编程知识群体与发展，而不必维持基本的网络架构，其群体定制应用。
高清扁平化毕业论文答辩通用模板济南大学
指导教师： xxx
答辩学生：Zeng Zi
竢实扬华 自强不息
目录
CONTENTS
1. 背景介绍 2. 技术路线 3. 方案规划 4. 展望未来
目录
CONTENTS
1. 背景介绍 2. 技术路线 3. 方案规划 4. 展望未来
第一部分
请在此处添加你的标题
• 所有的胜利，与征服自己的胜利比起来，都是微不足道；所有的失败，与失去自 己的失败比起来，更是微不足道国外现状
竢实扬华 自强不息
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如果你需要用一句话来总结 你的观点
如果这里 你想引用一句名人名言。
谢谢观看 敬请各位老师批评指正
指导教师: XXX 答辩学生: XXX
竢实扬华 自强不息
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多项递进关系页
第一步
第三步
第五步
第二步
第四步
每一个人都多多少少有点惰性。一个人的意志力量不够推动他自己，他就失败，谁最能推动自己， 谁就最先得到成功。每一个人都多多少少有点惰性。一个人的意志力量不够推动他自己，他就失 败，谁最能推动自己，谁就最先得到成功。每一个人都多多少少有点惰性。一个人的意志力量不 够推动他自己，他就失败，谁最能推动自己，谁就最先得到成功。
第三阶段
这是此模版设计师留下 的一段内容，你可以看 到部分页面顶部有提示 条，提示你这个模版隐 藏的小功能和一些幻灯 片制作技巧，一定记得 要看哦。
第四阶段
这是此模版设计师留下 的一段内容，你可以看 到部分页面顶部有提示 条，提示你这个模版隐 藏的小功能和一些幻灯 片制作技巧，一定记得 要看哦。
竢实扬华 自强不息
竢实扬华 自强不息
这是一张漏斗图
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