Mechanical Character of Typica1 Plant Leaf Surfaces

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老托福阅读真题及答案：passage11

老托福阅读真题及答案:passage11为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11，希望大家喜欢！老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die —after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.正确答案:CAABD CADD托福阅读易错词汇的整理1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行4) angel 天使 angle 角度5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记6) contend 奋斗, 斗争content 内容, 满足的context 上下文contest 竞争, 比赛7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近14) costume 服装 custom 习惯15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机)18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水托福阅读学术词汇的解析什么是学术词汇在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。

机电专业英语PPT课件

他的价值观念似乎陈旧了。 • immense [i mens] adj.极大的，巨大的
例句：They made an immense improvement in English.
在E英nd语方面他们取得了巨大的进步To。pic Above Next
centrifugal [sen‘trifjugəl] adj.离心的
mass-produced大(批)量生产的
Section II Text
Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ev er since the beginning of the Industrial Revo lution at the end of the 18th century.（自从 18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化进程一直在不断地发展，并且变得越来越复杂。） The current developments of auto matic processes are, however, different from the old ones.（但目前的工业自动化过程较以前的工业自动化过程有很大的不同）
）
Now people often talk about “feedback” as b
eing an essential factor of the new industrial t
echniques, upon which is based an automatic
self-regulating system and by virtue of which
And in many, though not all, instances th e element of control is so great that me chanization displaces muscle, “automat ion” displaces brain as well.（尽管不是所有的情况，但在大多数情况下，控制元件依然发挥着强大的力量，机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自动化代替了脑力劳动。

机械制造专业英语答案

第一单元应力与应变‎That branc‎h of scien‎t ific‎analy‎s is which‎motio‎n s, times‎and force‎s is calle‎d mecha‎n ics and is mad e up of two parts‎, stati‎c s and dynam‎i cs.研究位移、时间和力运‎动乘力是科‎学分析法的‎一个分歧，被称作力学‎，力学由两大‎部分组成，静力学和动‎力学。

For examp‎le, if the force‎ opera‎t ing on a sleev‎e beari‎n g becom‎e s too high, it will squee‎ze out the oil film and cause‎ metal‎-to-metal‎ conta‎c t, overh‎e atin‎g and rapid‎ failu‎r e of the beari‎ng. 例如：如果止推轴‎承上的作用‎力过大的话‎，会挤出油膜‎，引起金属和‎金属之间的‎相互接触，轴承将过热‎而迅速失效‎。

Our intui‎t ive conce‎p t of force‎inclu‎d es such ideas‎as place‎of appli‎c atio‎n, direc‎t ion, and magni‎t ud e, and these‎are calle‎d the chara‎c teri‎s tics‎of a force‎.力的直观概‎念包括力的‎作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为‎力的三要素‎。

All bodie‎s are eithe‎r elast‎ic or plast‎ic and will be defor‎med if acted‎ upon by force‎s. When the defor‎m atio‎n of such bodie‎s is small‎, they are frequ‎e ntly‎ assum‎e d to be rigid ‎, i.e., incap‎able of defor‎m atio‎n, in order‎t o simpl‎ify the analy‎sis. 所有的物体‎既可以是弹‎性的也可以‎是塑性的，如果受到力‎的作用就产‎生变形。

植物学英语试题及答案

植物学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a type of plant?A. MushroomB. CactusC. DandelionD. All of the above2. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. FermentationD. Digestion3. What is the primary function of the root system in plants?A. SupportB. Nutrient absorptionC. ReproductionD. Photosynthesis4. What is the basic unit of life in a plant?A. CellB. TissueC. OrganD. System5. What is the term for the green pigment in plants?A. ChlorophyllB. HemoglobinC. MelaninD. Carotenoids6. Which part of the plant is responsible for reproduction?A. StemB. LeafC. FlowerD. Root7. What is the process by which plants lose water through small pores on their leaves?A. TranspirationB. EvaporationC. PerspirationD. Respiration8. What is the name of the process where plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. FermentationD. Transpiration9. Which of the following is not a type of plant tissue?A. ParenchymaB. CollenchymaC. SclerenchymaD. Muscle tissue10. What is the role of the cambium in a tree?A. Water transportB. Nutrient transportC. Growth in thicknessD. Support二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. The process by which plants grow in height is known as_________.12. The main component of the cell wall in plants is_________.13. The part of the plant that is responsible for water and nutrient transport is the _________.14. In flowering plants, the male reproductive organ iscalled the _________.15. The process by which plants produce seeds is known as_________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. Describe the role of chlorophyll in plants.17. Explain the significance of roots in the life of a plant.18. What are the main functions of the stem in a plant?19. Discuss the importance of flowers in the reproduction process of plants.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）20. Discuss the process of photosynthesis and its importance to life on Earth.21. Explain the different types of plant cells and their specific functions.五、案例分析题（共20分）22. Analyze the case of a plant that has adapted to a specific environmental condition, such as a cactus in the desert. Discuss how its structure and function have adapted to survive in such an environment.答案：一、选择题1. D2. B3. B4. A5. A6. C7. A8. A9. D10. C二、填空题11. Cell elongation12. Cellulose13. Vascular system14. Stamen15. Flowering三、简答题16. Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis by capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy, which is stored in the form of glucose.17. Roots anchor the plant in the soil, absorb water and nutrients, and in some cases, store food for the plant.18. The stem supports the plant, transports water and nutrients, and provides a structure for leaves and flowers.19. Flowers are the reproductive structures of flowering plants, containing the male and female reproductive organs necessary for sexual reproduction.四、论述题20. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight. It is vital for life on Earth as it provides oxygen and is the foundation of the food chain.21. Plant cells come in various types, each with specific functions. For example, parenchyma cells store nutrients, collenchyma cells provide flexible support, and sclerenchyma cells offer rigid support.五、案例分析题22. The cactus has adapted to the desert environment by developing extensive root systems to absorb water quickly during rare rainfalls, thick stems to store water, and reduced leaves or spines to minimize water loss through transpiration. These adaptations allow the cactus to survive in an arid。

大学机械专业英语总结

大学机械专业英语总结第一篇：大学机械专业英语总结Unit 11 Machine tools have evoled from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson’s boring mill.Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry.Flat or plain surfaces are frequently required.Multiple-edged tools can also be used.The basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated in Fig11-3.Those operations performed on external surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning.The objective of boring a hole in a lathe is:1.Toenlarge the hole 2,Tomachine the hole to the desired diameter.3.To accurately locate the position of the hole.4.T o obtion a smoth surface finish in the hole.Unit12 Broaching is a process for internal or external machining of falt, round, or contoured surfaces.Sawing is the parting of material by using metal disks, blades, bands, or abrasive disks as the cutting tools, Reaming is a machining process for enlarging, smoothing and/or accurately sizing existing holes by means of multiedge flutes cutting tools.Unit 13 Welding is essential to the expansion and productivity of our industries.Electroplating is a process in which a metal is deposited onto a metallic substrate.Soldering is the joining of metals by causing a lower-melting-point metal to wet or alloy with the joint surfaces and then freeze in place.Cleaning operations are performed both preparatory to and after finishing operations.Unit 14 Lathes are designed to rotate the workpiece and feed the cutting tool in the direction necessary togenerate the required machined surface.Vertical-boring machine horizontal-boring machineplanning machinehorizontal-milling machinevertical-milling machine Unit 15 AJM removes material through the mechanical cation of a focused stream of abrasiveladen M is a mechanical material removal process which is used to generate holes and cavities in hard or brittle workpieces.ECM is a process that removes material through the ptinciple of eiectrolysis.Unit 16 Group technology is a very important methodology in today’s manufacturing environment, particularly for batch production, and is becoming increasingly significant.For parts to be grouped based on either design characteristics and featuers or manufacturing processes, they must be classified into predetermined categories and coded for retrieval and use.Unit 17 Flexibility is an important characteristic in the modern manufacturing setting.Cellular manufacturing is the concept of organizing plant facilities and process planning for family-of-part manufactuer.Machine centers originsted out of their capability to perform a variety of machining operations on a workpiece by changing their own cutting tools.Software is the vital invisible element than actually drives the FMS.There are two basic levels of software required for an FMS: 1:operating system 2:application software Unit 18 Computer integrated manufacturing is the term used to describe the modern approach to manufacturing.Management is the process of making directing the activities of personnel to achieve stated objectives.An AGV is a computer-controlled, driverless vehicle used for transporting materials form point in a manufacturing setting.In any discussion of AGVs, three key terms are frequently used: 1:Guide path.2:Routing.3:Traffic management.Unit 19 Part acquisition time is highly dependent on the nature of the layout of the assenmbly area and the method of assembly.Assembly inthe manufacturing process consists of putting together all the component parts and sub-assemblies of a given product, fastening, performing inspections and functional tests, labeling, separating good assemblies from bad, and packaging and or preparing them for final use.Unit 20Automation is a widely used term in manufacturing.Fixed automation is what Harder was referring to when he coined the word automation.Numerical control can be defined as a form of programmable automation in which the pross is controlled by numbers, letters, and symbols.The program of instructions is the detailed step-by-step set of directions which tell the machine tool what to do.The highest degree of automation obtainable with special-purpose, multifunction machines is achieved by using transfer machines.第二篇：大学机械专业英语情景对话Mr.Liu:Come in ,please.刘先生：请进。

三千多个植物学名词中英文对照

盖高楼：全国科技名词审定委员会－植物学名词（1）盖高楼：全国科技名词审定委员会－植物学名词(2）01.001 植物学botany, plant science01。

002 植物生物学plant biology01。

003 植物个体生物学plant autobiology01.004 发育植物学developmental botany01.005 植物形态学plant morphology01.006 植物解剖学plant anatomy, phytotomy01.007 植物细胞学plant cytology01.008 植物细胞生物学plant cell biology01。

009 植物细胞遗传学plant cytogenetics01.010 植物细胞形态学plant cell morphology01。

011 植物细胞生理学plant cell physiology01.012 植物细胞社会学plant cell sociology01。

013 植物细胞动力学plant cytodynamics01。

014 植物染色体学plant chromosomology01.015 植物胚胎学plant embryology01.016 系统植物学systematic botany，plant systematics01。

017 植物小分子系统学plant micromolecular systematics01.018 演化植物学evolutionary botany01。

019 植物分类学plant taxonomy01.020 植物实验分类学plant experimental taxonomy01.021 植物化学分类学plant chemotaxonomy01.022 植物化学系统学plant chemosystematics01。

023 植物血清分类学plant serotaxonomy01。

[整理]中英文草坪学专用术语.

中英文草坪学专用术语--草坪词典acropetal leaf 上生叶10，534-septate cell4隔膜细胞(14,213)5-septate cell5隔膜细胞(14,213)abacterial 无细菌的abandon 抛[放、废、舍]弃abatement of noise 消除噪声abatement of pollution 消除污染abaxial ①远[背]轴的,轴外的②远轴侧abaxial surface 背轴面abaxile 远[背]轴的,轴外的abductor 离心的,从中央[线]离开的abembryonic 胚外的aberrant type 畸变[异常]型aberration ①异[反]常,错误②变型[种]③反常,畸变aberration rate 畸变率aberrations in chromosome 染色体畸变ability 能力abiochemistry 无机化学abiocoen 无机生境,生境非生物成分abiogenetic 自然发生的abiogenic organic molecule 非生物源有机分子abiogeny ①自然发生②无生源说abiologic process 非生物过程abiologic(al) 非生物学的abiology 非生物学abionergy 生活力缺失abioseston 非生物悬浮物abiosis ①生活力缺失②营养性衰竭③无生命,死亡abiotic component 非生命(物)成分abiotic disease 非生物性病害abiotic environment 非生物环境abiotic factor 非生命[物]因子abiotic model 非生物模型abiotic substances 无生命物质〈生物的非生物环境物质,如水、日光、氧气、二氧化碳、矿质养分等〉abiotic surround 无生命环境abiotic synthesis 非生物合成〈有机物在生物体以外形成〉abiotic 无生命的,非生物的abiotrophia 营养不足,生活力缺失abiotrophic ,生活力缺失的abiotrophy 营养性衰竭, ,生活力缺失abjoint 切离,分隔abjunction ①分割(离),脱离②孢子切落abkultur 退化培养系ablastin 抗殖素,制繁素〈抑制或防止微生物细胞分裂或生殖的一种抗体〉ablastous 无芽[胚]的ablation ①脱离②切[摘]除③部分切除abloom(正在)开花abnormal ①不正常的,反常的,变态的②反常的事物③畸形abnormal balance of acid-base 酸碱平衡异常abnormal behaviour 异常行为abnormal drinking 饮水异常abnormal embryo 异常胚abnormal growth 异常生长abnormal host 非正常宿主,异常宿主abnormal metabolism 异常代谢abnormal mitosis 异常有丝分裂abnormal profile 异常剖面abnormal scour 非正常[不规则]冲刷abnormal seedling 异状苗,畸形苗,不正常苗abnormal soil 异常土abnormal state 反常状态abnormal water level 异[非]常水位abnormal weather 异常天气abnormality ①异常②畸形③变态abnormality of soil environment 土壤环境异常abnormal-spoilage 非正常损坏abnormity 异[反]常,畸形aboriginal ①本地[乡土]动植物②土著[本地]的③固有[本来]的aborigines ①土著居民②固有[土生]动植物abort ①故障,失灵②败育abort engine 失事应急发动机abort handle 紧急停车把柄,应急把手abort sensing 故障测定abort situation 故障位置aborted pollen 败育花粉aborted seed 败育种子aborted 发育不全的〈发育不适于正常机能的〉abortive infection ①未成的感染②顿挫性感染,非生产性感染〈一种病毒感染宿主细胞后合成部分或全部病毒成分,但不产生传染性病毒粒子〉abortive ovule 败育胚珠,不完全胚珠abortive pollen 败育花粉abortive saving 应急储蓄abortive seed 败育种子,瘪子abortive 发育不全的,败育的,无效的above average farmer 中等以上农场主above sea level 海拔(高度)above water ①水面(上)的②吃水线以上的above-critical 超临界的,临界以上的aboveground irrigation 地上灌溉（1，220）aboveground rotary sprinker system 地上旋转喷灌系统（2，474）aboveground symptom 地上症状(14,198)above-ground tissue（草坪草）地上组织（6，101）abradability ①磨蚀(损)性②磨损度abradant ①磨料,研磨材料,磨蚀剂②磨蚀的abrade 磨蚀[损、光]abraded 刮擦的abradged drawing 略图abrase 剥去abrasion ①磨损[耗、蚀] ②研磨③剥蚀④擦伤abrasion index 磨损指数abrasion resistance 抗磨力,耐磨性abrasion resisting pump 耐磨泵abrasion test 抗磨实验abrasion testing machine 磨损实验机abrasion wheel 砂轮abrasion 回旋钻,旋转式钻机abrasion-proof 耐磨的abrasive ①磨料，磨蚀剂②[复]引起磨损的硬粒③磨料的abrasive band 砂带abrasive blasting 喷砂abrasive compound 复合磨料，研磨混合剂，研磨剂abrasive disk 研磨盘[轮]，砂轮abrasive dust 磨屑abrasive grit 铁粒，研磨用沙粒abrasive substance 研磨材料，研磨剂abrasive wear 磨损[耗]abrasive wheel 砂[磨]轮，研磨轮abrasiveness 磨损性，磨蚀（性），耐磨性abrasivity of ground 土壤冲蚀度，地面冲蚀度abraum salt 层积盐abridged general view 示意图abroach ①开口②打开abrupt ①突然[急转]的②平截的③陡的④不连续的⑤裂状的abrupt curve 陡度曲线abrupt slope 陡坡，峭壁abrupt style 裂状花柱abrupt textural change 质地突变Abruptic Argiaquoll 质地突变的粘淀潮湿软土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Argiboroll 质地突变的粘淀冷凉软土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Aridic Argiboroll 质地突变干旱的粘淀冷凉软土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Cryic Paleboroll 质地突变冷冻的强发育冷凉软土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Cryoboroll 质地突变的冷冻性冷凉软土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Durargid 质地突变的硬磐夏旱淋溶土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Haplic Durixerralf 质地突变弱发育的硬磐夏旱淋溶土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Tropaqualf 质地突变的热带潮湿淋溶土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Udic Arigiboroll 质地突变湿润的粘淀冷凉软土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic Xerollic Durargid 质地突变夏旱松软的硬磐粘淀干旱土〈美国土壤亚类名〉Abruptic 质地突变的〈土壤分类中亚类形容词〉abruptly bulbous 平截球茎状的abruptly pinnate 平截羽状的〈指复叶〉abruptly-acuminate 急尖的〈常指叶尖〉abrupto-argillic horizon 质地突变-（淀积）粘化层〈土壤〉abscess type nocardiosis 脓肿型诺卡氏（放线）菌病abscess 脓肿，脓疡abscise （花、果、叶）脱落[离]abscisic acid 脱落酸abscisin 脱落酸[素]〈植物生长调节剂，C15H20O4〉abscission ①脱离，脱落②切除[断]，截去abscission ①脱落，脱离②截断，切除(14,154)abscission period 落叶期absolute activity 绝对反射性活度，绝对活性absolute age 绝对年龄absolute air mass 绝对大气质量absolute alcohol 纯酒精，无水酒精，绝对酒精absolute altitude ①绝对高度，绝对高程，海拔高度②标高absolute amount of skewness 偏态绝对量absolute annual range 绝对年较差absolute deviation 绝对偏差，绝对离差absolute diversity 绝对多样性absolute drought 绝对干旱absolute dry weigh 绝对干重absolute duty of water 低限水〈指植物生长所必需的〉absolute elevation 绝对高程，海拔absolute error 绝对误差absolute expansion 绝对膨胀absolute extreme 绝对极值absolute forest-land专用[绝对、完全]林地absolute forest-soil专用[绝对]林地absolute frequency 绝对频率absolute growth curve 绝对生长曲线absolute growth 绝对生长absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute hygrometer 绝对湿度表absolute immunity 完全免疫absolute lethal dose 绝对致死剂量absolute lethal genes 完全致死基因absolute magnitude 绝对量absolute maximum gradient 绝对最大坡度absolute mean deviation 绝对平均离[偏]差absolute moisture 绝对含水量absolute numerical change 绝对数值改变absolute population size 绝对种群[群体]大小absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute probability 绝对概率absolute pyrheliometer 绝对直接日照强度表absolute refractory period ①绝对反应[休复期②绝对不应期〈活组织接受刺激产生反应后对第二个刺激不论其强度如何大也不能引起兴奋的一个极短暂的时期〉absolute resistance 完全抗（病）性absolute respiratory index 绝对呼吸率absolute roughness 绝对糙度absolute scale 绝对尺度absolute specific gravity 绝对比重absolute specificity 绝对专一性，绝对特效性absolute susceptibility 完全感病性absolute temperature极端[绝对]温度absolute term 绝对[常数]项absolute threshold 绝对[刺激]absolute total loss 绝对全损absolute unit 绝对单位absolute value 绝对值absolute viscosity 绝对粘度absolute volume 绝对容积absolute yield 绝对产量absolute zero 绝对零度〈一种理想气体在定量容积中无压力时的温度，等于-273.16℃〉absolutely dried condition 绝对[完全]状态absorb ①吸收②减震，缓冲absorbability 吸收能力，吸收性absorbance ①吸收比，吸收率，吸光度②吸收本领absorbate 吸收物absorbed dose 吸收（剂）量absorbed energy 吸收能absorbent bed 吸收层absorbent carbon 活性碳absorbent cotton 脱脂[吸水]棉，药棉absorbent filter 吸收过滤器absorbent refining 吸附净化absorbent 有吸收能力的，吸收性的吸收[吸附、中和]体，吸收质[剂] absorbing zone 吸收层absorption by capillarity 毛细管吸收作用absorption rate 吸水率absorption 吸收1，absorptive clay 吸附性粘土1,243absorptive outlet 吸水性排水absorptive surface 吸收表面abstraction ofwater 取水，汲水acariasis 螨病acaricidal 杀螨的acaricide 杀螨剂1,228acarine 螨，真螨，真螨目的，蜱螨，蜱螨目的(15,236)accelerated germination test 加速发芽实验accelerated growth phase 加速生长期accelerating germination 催芽，促进发芽acceptability 可接受性，嗜食性（家畜对牧草的爱好程度acclimatization ①气候适应，气候驯化②风土驯化，驯化作用accommodation of peds 土壤结构体排列的协调性accompanying species 伴生种accountant 会计1，accounting 会计学1，accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 积累（2，472）accustom to climate ①气候适应②风土驯化acephate 高灭磷，乙酰甲胺磷，（有机磷杀虫，C4H10NO3PS（12，763）acervulus （复）acervuli 分生孢子盘(14,236)acetochlor 〈通〉乙草胺〈除草剂，C14H20ClNO2〉acetose 微酸的acetous ①醋的，酸的②醋酸的acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱1,238acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱脂酶(15,457)Acetylene dibromid 〈商〉二溴乙烯〈杀线虫剂，C2H2Br2〉achroa 色素缺乏，白化病achroic 无色的achroma 色素缺乏achromatosis ①色素缺乏，无色性②染色性缺乏achromatous 无色的achromia ①色素缺乏，白化病②无色性achromic 无色的，色素缺乏的achromoviromycin 无色病毒素achromycin ①无色霉素②四环素〈商品名〉Aciculate chrysopogon 竹节草〈暖季型草坪草〉Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin. aciculiform 针形acid ①酸的，酸性的②酸acid activation 〈用〉酸活化acid bog 酸性沼泽acid brown soil 酸性棕壤acid cleaning 酸洗acid complex 酸式络合物（12，180）acid deposition 酸性沉淀物(15,111)acid endurance 耐酸性acid fast 耐酸的，抗酸的acid fastness 抗（耐）酸性acid forest soil 酸性森林土acid forming fertilizer （生理）酸性肥料acid humification 酸性腐殖化（作用）acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid response 酸性反应（12，180）acid soil condition 酸性土壤环境(22,123)acid soil 酸性土壤1，acidation ①酸化②酰化acid-base balance 酸碱平衡acid-base dissociation 酸碱离解acid-base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂acid-fast bacterium 耐（抗）酸细菌acid-forming nitrogen fertilizer 成酸氮肥(20,76)acid-forming substance 成酸物质acidic ①酸式[性] ②酸（性）的acidic bath ①酸性（电解）液②酸性（电解）质acidic fertilizer 酸性肥料acidic intoxication 酸中毒acidic medium 酸性培养基acidic oxide 酸性氧化物，成酸氧化物acidify 酸化，变酸acidifying fertilizer 酸性肥料（12，388）acidifying materials 酸化物质(22,123)acidimeter 酸度计，ph计，酸（液）比重计acidity酸度，酸性10,113acidity indicator plant 酸度指示剂acreage of turfgrass 草坪种植面积(10,)acreage 英亩数，（以英亩计算的）土地面积(15,12)acrophyll 顶生叶acrospire 初生叶（茎）acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene （ABS）丙烯睛丁二烯一苯乙烯actinomycetes放线菌类10,115action threshold 启动子部位(15,111)activated charcoal 活性炭1,243activated charcoal 活性炭(13,661)activated sewage sludge 活性下水污泥(15,200)active growing 生长旺盛的（13，207）active ingredient 活性成分，有效成分(15,444)active ingredient（al）有效成分1,237activity index （AI）活性指数〈一种相对溶解度的计量〉（1，165）actual fertilizer 实际肥料(22,124)actual inside diameter 实际管道内径（4，120）acute nitrate poisoning 严重氮毒害(15,111)acute toxicity 急性毒性(15,240)acute water stress 严重水分胁迫(15,77)adaptation 适应性1，adapted soil 改良土壤adapteness 适应性adaptive zone 适应（地）带adaptivity 适应[用]性adhesion 附着力（水分子和土壤颗粒表面之间的吸引力）（1，204）adjustable nozzle 可调（节）喷头adjutage 喷嘴[口]，喷水管adjuvant 辅助药1,233adobe ①（砂）灰质粘土，冲积粘土②砖坯，土坯，土墙(22,121) adsorption 吸附作用1,235adult leaf 成长叶advanced turfgrass science 高级草坪学1，adventitious roots 不定根(10,)adventitious species 外来种，入侵种(10,)adventitious 不定的，偶发的，外来的(10,)adverse condition 不利条件（1，284）adverse conditions 逆境，不利环境(22,116)adverse effect 不利影响（6，427）adverse temperature 不利温度（12，334）adverse weather condition 不利天气条件(22,119)aerating green 果领（土壤）通气(16,95)aerating 充气1，aeration pores大孔隙，通气孔隙（1，202）aeration root 通气根aeration透气1，313aerator 通孔机（1，222）aerial mycelium 气生菌丝体(14,205)aerial oversowing 飞机播种aerial shoot 地上枝aerial stem 地上茎aerification 透气1，aerify （草坪）通气aerifying 充气1，aerobic composting 好气堆肥aerobic condition富氧环境10,119aeroblade 透气刀片机1，325aerosol ①气溶胶，悬浮微粒②烟雾③烟雾剂(13,661)aerosol emitter 气雾喷射器（4，91）aesthetic 美观的，美学的（1，176）aesthetically pleasing turf 美观的草坪，令人愉悦的草坪(13,317) affected head 影响水头Africa molecricket 非洲蝼蛄（草坪害虫）Gryllotapla africana Palisitafter manuring 追肥after-grass 再萌（生）草aftermath paster 再生草地aftermath①再生②再生草aftermathing qualities 再生能力agar 琼脂，琼脂培养基(14,236)agent （化学）剂（2，483）agricultural crop 农作物1，137agricultural engineering 农业工程学1，agropyron mosaic virus 冰草花叶病毒病air cushion mower 气垫式剪草机（1，195）air gap 气隙〈一种防止回流的方法〉air jet 空气喷射器1,387airborne 空气传播的，气传，空运的，大气浮游物(14,159)airtight container 密闭容器(22,127)alcohol burner 酒精灯(14,207)aldicarb 涕灭威（杀虫剂、杀螨剂、杀线虫剂，C7H14N2O2S）(15,242) alfalfa anthracnose 苜蓿炭疽病Alfalfa 紫花苜蓿〈过渡型草坪草〉Medicago sativa L.algae（2，472）algae水藻，藻类1，311alien ①外来[相异]的②外来[归化]种③外国的alien weed 外来杂草aliuminum shovel 铝制铁锹(16,87)alkalescence 微碱性alkali affected soil 碱化土壤alkali land 碱地alkali soil 碱土1，alkali 碱，碱性，碱质alkaliflat 碱滩alkalify 碱化alkaligrass 碱茅属alkaline ①碱性的②含碱的③碱度[性]alkaline land 碱地alkaline soil condition 碱性土壤环境(22,123)alkaline soil 碱性土壤1，alkalinity碱度，碱性10,113allelic 等位的，等位基因的（6，236）allowable depletion 允许损耗值（4，181）allowable pressure variation 允许压变（4，131）alloxydim-sodium 〈通〉禾草灭（草坪除草剂，C17H24NO5）alm 高山草甸alpine bluegrass 高原早熟禾Poa alpinaalpine meadow soil 高山草原土alpine steppe soil 高山草原土alpine sward 高山草皮alpine thimothy 高山梯牧草alpine timothy高山猫尾草Alsike clover 杂三叶〈过渡型草坪草〉Trifolium hybridum L.alternate host 交替寄主，转主寄主(14,236)alternate planting棋盘式（梅花式）栽植alternate row mulching 隔行覆盖alternate row seeding 隔行[交替]条播alternate row sod system 草皮条状繁殖aluminum resistance 对铝元素的抗性（12，180）aluminum toxicity 铝中毒（12，180）amending 改良(22,122)amendment （土壤）改良剂（1，222）amenity grass 见turfgrass 草坪草(20,99)American coast grass 美国海滨草〈冷季型草坪草〉Ammophila breriligulate Fernald. amine formulation 胺配制剂1,256amino acid 氨基酸（12，259）amitraz 双甲脒ammonia 氨ammonia-nitrogen （NH3-N）铵态氮（4，24）ammonium accumulation rate 胺积累率（12，303）ammonium assimilation rate 胺同化率（12，303）ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵（1，168）ammonium phosphate 磷酸氨（1，164）ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵（1，168）ammonium sulfate 硫酸氨（1，164）ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵（1，168）amount of water 水量（2，469）amphibian ①两栖动物②两栖的，水陆两用的(20,54)amplexivcaul 卷茎的anaerobic condition缺氧环境10,119anaerobic microbe厌氧微生物10,116anamorph无性型（以分生孢子等无性孢子为特征的阶段）(14,236)anchorage 固定(10,)angiosperm 被子植物1，14animal manure 动物有机肥(15,119)anion exchange capacity 阴离子交换能力(13,661)annelid 环节动物(20,60)Annual bluegrass 一年生早熟禾〈冷季型草坪草〉Poa annua L.annual bluegrass 早熟禾（草坪杂草）Poa annua L.Annual cicada 一年生蝉（草坪害虫）Tibicen speciesannual fleabane 一年蓬（草坪杂草）Erigeron annuus（L.）Pers.annual herb 一年生草本Annual ryegrass 一年生黑麦草〈冷季型草坪草〉Lolium annua L.anoxic condition 无（缺）氧条件（12，317）ant 蚁1,233antagonistic effect 拮抗作用，对抗作用(13,281)antheridium （复）antheridia雄器，精子囊，（苔藓类植物）精子器(14,236) anthocyanin花青苷，花色素苷(14,177)anthracnose 炭疽病(病原菌为Colletotrichum graminicola) (14,227) anthropogenic grassland 人工草地[草原]antiauxin抑制植物生长素antibiotic 抗菌素1,227antidote 解毒物1,240anti-transpirant 抗蒸腾剂apartment complexes 综合性公寓(10,)apex （复）apices，apexes 树顶，叶尖，顶端(20,96)apical dominance 顶端优势(10,)apical meristem 顶端分生组织(10,)apical 顶生的，顶端的，向顶的(10,)apomictic 无性的（12，169）apomixes 无融合生殖（6，229）apophyte 当地杂草apparatus 仪器，设备（6，188）apparent-disease 表观病害(14,200)application technique （肥料、农药等）施用方法（技巧）(15,233) applicator 施肥器1,224apron 护围1，aquatic malachium 牛繁缕（草坪杂草）Malachium aquaticum （L.）Fries aquatic organism 水生生物(15,1)aquatic weed 水草(13,313)aqueous concentration 水溶液浓度(15,266)arboriculture 树木栽培学1，argy wormwood 艾蒿（草坪杂草）Artemisia argy i Levl.et Vantarid climates 干旱气候(22,123)arid regions 干旱地区1，arid-semiarid region 干旱半干旱地区Army worm 粘虫（草坪害虫）Leucania separata （Walker）army worm 粘虫，行军虫，一星粘虫10，51arthroconidium 节分生孢子(14,236)arthropod 节肢动物(20,60)artificial covers 人造覆盖物(22,128)artificial flooding 漫灌artificial soil mixes 人造土壤混合物10,107artificial turf 人造草坪1，383artificially inoculated 人工接种的(14,136)asbestos cement pipe 石棉水泥管（2，477）asbestos 石棉（2，477）asbestos-cement pipe 水泥管（1，212）ascocarp 子囊果(14,239)ascochyta leaf blight 壳二孢叶枯病Ascochyta spp.ascomycete(14,236)ascomycetous fungus(14,236)ascorbate peroxidase 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（12，297）ascorbic acid 维生素C（12，202）ascospore 子囊孢子(14,236)ascus （复）asci 子囊(14,236)aseptate 无隔膜的(14,236)asexual 无性的(14,2336)Asiatic garden beetle 粟马绒金龟（草坪害虫）Maladera castanea（Arrow）asiatic plantain 车前（草坪杂草）Plantago asiatica L.asphalt binder 沥青粘结剂1，144assimilates 同化物(10,)asulam 黄草灵（除草剂）1,254athletic club 运动俱乐部(18,32)athletic committee 运动员联合会(18,32)Athletic field 运动场地1，atmometer （水）蒸发剂，汽化剂(13,661)atmospheric condition 大气条件（1,201）atmospheric vacuum breaker device 真空开关阀atmospheric water stess 大气水胁迫（2，469）atrazine 莠去津（除草剂）1,259attaching fitting 连接装置attact rate 发病率auricle 叶耳1，automatic irrigation system 自动灌溉系统（2，469）automatic system 自动化系统（1，212）automatic system 自动系统（2，475）automatic vent valve 自动排气阀（3，325）autum seeding 秋天播种auxin 生长素(10,)available flow （Qa）可用流量（4，119）available flow 有效流量（4，119）available nitrogen 有效氮（1，165）available nutrient level 有效养分水平(20,73)available phosphoric acid （P2O5）有效磷酸（1，162）available water 有效水（4，187）avalanche grassland雪崩草地avirulent 无致病力的，无毒害的(14,236)axillary bud 腋芽(10,label color （种子袋）标签颜色(22,125)labor saving 节省劳力（1，218）laboratory worksheet 实验室结果单(22,127)labor-free 不需劳力（1，218）lalang grass 白茅（草坪杂草）Imperata cylindrical var. major（Nees）C.E.Hubb. lambsquarters 藜（灰菜）（草坪杂草）Chenopodium album L.lamea(14,157)lamella 叶突，叶片(13,633)lamina 叶片，花瓣(13,633)lance nematode 纽带线虫(13,666)lanceolate 披针形的(13,633)land rent 租借场地(13,347)landscape construction 景观建设1,landscape situation 景观所在地(22,120)landscape weed 景观杂草(22,120)landscaping 园林，园林设计，园林绿化12lapping 滚卷1,large combine 大型联合收割机1,387large harvesting machine 大型收获机large patch[Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2(LP)] (14,228)Large sod webworm 大草皮卷螟（草坪害虫）Pediasia trisectusLargeleaf bluegrass 林地早熟禾〈冷季型草坪草〉Poa nemoralis L. Largespike lawngrass 大穗结缕草〈过渡型草坪草〉Zoysia macrostachya Frach. larva 幼虫，幼体(13,633)larvae 幼虫（1，262）late season fertilization 晚季施肥(10,)latent heat of vaporization 汽化潜热(13,666)latent period 潜伏期(14,239)lateral ①支线，分管线②支渠，支沟③侧生的，横生的④侧生芽[枝]（2，477）lateral bud 侧芽(10,)lateral line侧管道10,106lateral shoot 侧茎(14,238)lateral stem 横向茎1，26late-season N application 晚季施N肥(10,)latin binomial name 植物拉丁名(13,666)lawn bowling 滚木球，草地保龄球1,⒉lawn care business 草坪管理业1, Ⅶlawn care program草地养护计划(20,65)lawn clipping 草坪草屑（6，88）lawn pennywort 天胡荽（草坪杂草）Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.layered soil profiles分层的土壤断面10,117layering 层次1,layout ①布局，配置②方案，规划③布置，定线④规划图，设计图（2，475）LC50 valueLC值（致死浓度，用于度量急性吸入毒性）1,237LD50 valueLD值（使50%的试验动物致死所需的农药量）1,236leach 淋溶（2，472）leaching淋溶（2，470）leaching loss 淋失（2，470）leaf and stem feeder 食茎叶害虫（1，270）leaf axil 叶轴(13,633)leaf blade 叶片(14,236)leaf death 叶枯黄(14,198)leaf epidermis 叶表皮(14,162)leaf expansion 叶生长，叶伸展(10,)leaf fresh weight 叶鲜重（12，297）leaf growth 叶生长(10,)leaf habit 叶习性，叶生活型（6，306）leaf lesion 叶斑（1，287）leaf removal machine 叶片拾取机1，310leaf residues 剩余叶(10,)leaf roll 卷叶，卷叶病（13，261）leaf rust 叶锈病(Uromyces dactylidis ) (14,228)leaf sheath 叶鞘(10,)leaf spot 叶斑病，叶斑10，52leaf surface area 叶表面积1，309leaf texture 叶质地1,leaf tissue potassium 叶组织钾含量（12，375）leaf tissue 叶片组织（2，466）leaf width 叶宽(14,237)leaf yield 叶生产(10,)leaf 叶1，21leaf-colour 叶色（6，401）leaf-feeding insect 食叶害虫（1，277）leaf-firing 叶干燥（12，311）leafhopper ①棉叶跳虫Empoasca flavescens②叶蝉，叶跳虫，浮尘子(20,66)legumes ①豆科植物②荚果(10,)lemma ①外稃②果皮，皮，壳③鞘膜(10,)lemma 果皮，外稃(13,633)lens ①透镜，镜片②（眼）晶状体③（汽车灯）玻璃(14,207)Leptosphaeria spring dead spot (Leptosphaeria korrae ,Leptosphaeria narmari) (14,227) lesion ①损害（伤）②病迹(13,633)lethal concentration 致死浓度1,237lethal dose 致死量（致死所需农药量）1,236level of maintenance 养护水平（1,201）level 平整（土壤）1，135level 平整，弄平(22,121)life cycle 生活史，生活周期，发育史(14,236)life expectancy 预期使用寿命（2，477）life span 寿命(10,)light blockage 光阻挡1，309light duration 光长，光周期(10,)light intensity 光强度1，305light irrigation 少量灌溉（2，470）light requirement 光需求，光要求10，42lighter green淡绿（2，468）ligneous tissue 木质素组织1，323lignin 木素，木质(13,633)lignin 木质素1，323lignitic-organic material(13,169)ligule composed of a fringe of hairs 叶舌-圆呈毛状1，435ligule 叶舌1，435lime 石灰1，132lime 石灰，用石灰处理(22,122)liming materials 浸灰法（所用）材料(22,122)liming 浸灰法，（土壤上）施石灰(22,122)line flushing 管道冲洗（3，361）line trenching (22,121)linoleic acid 亚油酸（12，259）lipophilic 亲脂的（2，483）liquid carrier 液态载体1,229liquid fertilizer 液体肥料（1，175）liquid spills 溢出的液体1，243liter （容量单位）升（1,201）little black ant 小黑蚁（草坪害虫）Monomorium minimum（Buckley）little branched 少分枝的(10,)little starwort 禾叶繁缕（草坪杂草）Stellaria graminea L.livestock herbage牧草（6，393）living host 寄主（1，283）living tissue 活组织（1，200）loam soil 壤土1，384lobe 裂片(13,633)lobed hyphopodia 有裂片附着枝(14,215)local leaf lesions 局部叶病斑(14,198)local shoot lesions 局部茎轴病斑(14,198)localized dry spot （草坪）局部干斑(13,633)localized penetrant fungicide 局部渗透性杀菌剂(14,153)locker room 更衣室1，394log chains ①原木测链（长度单位，等于20.1168 米）②原木输送链(22,128) long-lived seed 长命种子(10,)long-maintenance plan长期养护计划，长期管理计划(13,317)long-range planning 长期计划(13,346)longtamen onion 小根蒜（草坪杂草）Allium macrostemon Bungelong-term insecticide 长效杀虫剂（1，277）longtube groundivy 活血丹（草坪杂草）Rorippa palustris（Nakai）Kupr. loosen 疏松（土壤等）1，133lot number 批号，批数(22,125)low absorptive capacity低吸收能力(15,63)low fertility 低肥1,low levels of maintenance 低水平养护(22,120)low maintenance turf 低保养（管理）草坪（6，283）low nitrogen levels 低氮水平(14,139)low pressure system 低压系统low spot 低凹地(22,121)low-friction-loss valve 低摩擦损失阀low-growing 矮生的(22,119)low-input sustainable turf （12，25）low-maintenance turf 低养护草坪(22,120)low-maintenance turfgrass 低养护草坪草(20,63)low-power objective （显微镜）低倍物镜(14,207)low-precipitation areas 低降雨量地区(22,123)low-quality turf 低质量草坪(22,120)low-salinity water低盐浓度水〈EC值0.1-0.25Ω/cm〉Lucerne moth 苜蓿蛾（草坪害虫）Bomopnilia noctuellalunata type (14,213)lush 葱绿（1，222）lush 茂盛1，308luxury consumption （肥料的）过度吸收（1，167）U.S. Environment Protection Agency 美国国家环境保护局(15,941)umbellate hawkweed 山柳菊（伞花山柳菊）（草坪杂草）Hiercium umbellatum L. Hiercium umbellatum L.unavailable water 无效水（4，187）underground irrigation system 地下灌溉系统1，132underground irrigation 地下灌溉（1，220）underground stem 地下茎(20,102)undesirable grass 不受欢迎的草种(22,122)uniform coverage均一覆盖度(22,127)uniform distribution 均匀分配（2，473）uniform seedling 均一出苗（6，101）uniformity 一致性，均一性1,university club 大学生俱乐部(18,34)unlobed hyphopodia 无裂附着枝(14,215)unmaintained site 未加养护地区(22,120)unroll 展开1，150upward movement 向上移动（1,201）urban environment 城市环境(15,19)urban greenways 城市绿地(15,1)urea formaldehyde 尿甲醛(13,671)urea nitrogen 尿素氮（1，165）urea 尿素（1，168）Ureaformaldehyde （UF）甲醛尿素（1，165）uredinia formation夏孢子形成(14,159)urediniosori (14,216)urediniospore 夏孢子(14,159)use-life 使用寿命1，402USGA Green Section method ＵＳＧＡ果领区建设法10,103using tolerant grass 使用抗性草种(22,123)utility turf 实用草坪1，34UV radiation-resistance pipe 抗紫外线辐射管（4，144）UV-inhibiting agent 防紫外线剂（4，91）vacuum cooling 真空冷却(22,127)Vagabond webworm 徘徊草螟（草坪害虫）Crambus vulgivagellusvalue added ①价值积累（全部产出的合计价值与全部投入的合计价值之差）②增值，附加价值6，1117value added methodology 价值积累法6，1127valve sequencing 顺序阀valve 阀们（1，212）vapam10，101variable arc nozzle 可变弧形喷嘴（4，61）Variegated cutworm 杂色地老虎（豆杂色夜蛾）（草坪害虫）Peridroma saucia（Hubner）varietal characteristic 品种特性6，321varietal trials 品种试验1，31variety protection 品种保护6，229variety 品种1，15vascular system 维管系统1，23vascular tissue 维管组织（1,200）vascular 脉管的，维管的（1,200）vegetative bud 营养芽(14,238)vegetative establishment 营养繁殖法1，147vegetative ground cover 地被植物1，1vegetative growth 营养生长1，29vegetative incompatibility植物不适性(12,674)vegetative material 营养体材料(22,124)vegetative plant(22,127)vegetative plant parts 植物营养生长部分(14,162)vegetative propagation 营养繁殖vegetative spread （草坪草）营养匍匐生长(12,910)vehicle traffic 车辆（对草坪的）践踏(20,80)Velvet bentgrass 绒毛翦股颖〈冷季型草坪草〉Agrostis canina L. Velvetgrass绒毛草（草坪杂草）Holcus lanatus L.vermiculite 蛭石（1，279）vernalization requirement 春化要求(10,)vernalization 春化作用，春化处理(10,)vertical distribution 垂直分布(12,463)vertical groomer 垂直刷草机(13,323)vertical growth 垂直生长，向上生长1，146vertical motion 垂直移动1，314vertical mow 垂直修剪1,vertical mower 垂直剪切机（1，222）vertical mowing 垂直剪切（1，295）vertical mowing 垂直修剪1，133vertical rebound 垂直回弹率(12,451)verticut 垂直修剪1,157verticuter 垂直修剪机1，325verticutting equipment 垂直剪切设备(16,262)very high-salinity water 极高盐浓度水〈EC值＞2.25Ω/cm〉viable 有生命的，有活力的1，136vibrating screen 震动筛1,387vibratory plow 振动犁（4，147）vigor evaluation 活力[性]评定（2，468）vigor of germination 发芽势（2，468）vigor of stooling 分蘖能力（2，468）vigorous seeding 壮苗（2，468）vigorous turf 生长旺盛的草坪[皮] （2，468）vigorous 强壮的，有力的1，30堇菜类（草坪杂草）Viola spp.violets 堇菜类Viola spp.virus 病毒(13,672)virus 病毒（1，282）visual colour assessments 视觉颜色估计6，711visual observation （视觉）观察（12，311）visual quality 视觉效果6，175volatile loss 挥发损失(15,60)volatilization 挥发作用1,234volcanic material 火山物质(12,629)volume①卷，册②体积，容积③大量，大量的④材积10,110volume basis容积基础10,115volumetric water content 容积含水量，容积含水率6，1252volute centrifugal pump 涡旋型离心泵（3，324）walk-behind mower 步行剪草机（1，191）wall thickness 管壁厚度（4，137）walnut shell 胡桃壳1,230warm season zone 温暖气候区1，36washoff （除草剂、杀菌剂等被）冲洗（12，1）washoff 淋洗(12,1)washout 冲刷，冲拾，冲洗，冲洗沟(22,122) Wasps 胡蜂（草坪害虫）Sphecidae species waste bunker 废弃的沙坑(16,61)waste lime sludge 废石灰淤泥(12,817)water application rate（2，469）water application（2，469）water audits 水审查（4，191）water availability 水分有效性（1，202）water availability 用水效率（2，468）water balance 水分平衡（4，180）water ballast roller 水镇滚压机1，322water bottle 采水瓶(14,200)water conservation 水资源保持，水资源利用，水利(10,)water cycle 水循环(15,1)water deficity 缺水(12,323)water dispersible granule （除草剂、杀菌剂等）水溶性颗粒（12，1）water dispersible granule 水溶性颗粒(13,672)water dispersible liquid 水溶性液体(13,672)water distribution line 配[分]水管道（1，212）water drop penetration time 雨滴渗透时间(12,498)water dropping 洒水water flow 水分流动(12,615)water hammer 水锤作用，水力冲击（4，114）water holding capacity 持水率(10,)water holding capacity 土壤持水能力（1，202）water infiltration rate 水分渗入速率1，323water infiltration rates 水渗透率6，65water molecule 水分子（1，204）water pressure 水压（2，473）water purifier 水净化器water quality 水质（2，466）water relation 水分关系(12,323)water relations characteristics 水分关系特征6，1298water repellent soil 斥水土壤(12,537)water reserve水土保护(12,291)water retention （土壤）持水量，保水性（2，468）water retention 持水性，保水性6，65water retention 水的保持1,water softener 水软化剂water source 水源（2，466）water storage 水分贮存（1，202）water stress 缺水（2，466）water stress 水分胁迫，水分限制6，1364water usage 水分利用(16,262)water use practices 用水措施（2，471）water use rates 水分利用律6，1268water valve 水阀（1，212）water vapor 水蒸汽（1,201）water window （4，123）water-balance method 水量平衡法（4，180）water-holding capacity 持水力，保水力，含水量，吸水量(22,121)water-insoluble humic acid 不溶性性腐殖质酸(13,168)water-insoluble nitrogen 不溶性氮（1，165）water-insoluble 不溶性的（1，165）waterlogged condition 水涝环境（2，470）soil oxygen level 土壤氧气含量[水平] （2，470）waterlogged soil 水淹地（土壤）（13，207）waterlogging 水淹，水涝（2，480）waterproof connection （3，360）waterproof coveralls 防水工作服1,241water-saturated soil 水饱和土壤（12，317）water-soluble nitrogen 水溶性氮（1，165）water-soluble sugar 水溶性糖(13,168)water-stressed appearance 水分胁迫症状(14,152)water-tight connection 防水连接（4，141）waterway水道10，43wave type sprinkler 摆动式（2，474）wave-shapedbelt 波状带(14,173)wavy-shaped波状的(14,173)wax formation 蜡质层形成6，603waxy 蜡质的，蜡的（2，483）wear ①磨损，损耗②耐磨6，3wear injury 磨损伤害（12，137）wear tolerance 耐践踏力1,wear-tolerant turf 耐践踏草坪，耐磨草坪1，157weather conditions 天气状况(22,124)weed competition 杂草竞争1，139weed control 杂草防治1,weed free 无杂草的（6，101）weed killer 除草剂1,227weed lifecycle 杂草生命周期(13,672)weed scientist 杂草科学家(15,1)weed seed 杂草种子1，137weed seed 杂草种子(22,126)weed 杂草（2，472）weedy grass 杂草型草种weedy 具杂草性状的，长满杂草的(22,122)Weeping alkaligrass碱茅（草坪杂草）Puccinellia distans(L.)Parl.Weeping lovegrass 弯叶画眉草〈暖季型草坪草〉Eragrotis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. weevil 象甲，象鼻虫(13,672)weight basis重量基础10,114weight basis(22,119)well-drained 排水性好的wepta(14,236)West Africa pennisetum 铺地狼尾草〈暖季型草坪草〉Pennisetum clandetinum Hochst. wet condition潮湿状况，(14,168)wet site 湿地(22,118)wettability 可湿性，湿润度(12,624)wettable powder 可湿性粉剂(13,672)wetted profile 湿润剖面（4，91）wetted radius 湿润半径（4，91）wetting （2，469）wetting agent 湿润剂（2，483）wetting down mulches (22,128)wheatstraw 麦秸1，144Wheat aphid 麦长管蚜（草坪害虫）Macrosiphum guanarium Kirbywheat mottle dwarf virus (WMDV)小麦花斑矮化病毒(14,196)。

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Advances in Natural Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2010, pp. 218-224 www.cscanada.net ISSN 1715-7862 [PRINT] ISSN 1715-7870 [ONLINE] www.cscanada.org

218 *The 3rd International Conference of Bionic Engineering* Mechanical Character of Typica1 Plant Leaf Surfaces1

WANG Shu-jie2 REN Lu-quan3 LIU Yan4 YANG Yue5

Abstract: The hardness of typical plant leaves surfaces was investigated and analyzed

by nano-hardness tester. Results show that the mechanical character of varied texture and varied surface morphologies shows regularity. The hardness of coriaceous fresh leaves (Bambusa phyllostachys pubescens etc.) and ligneous leaves is great. Waxiness leaves′ hardness (such as Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, Canna indica Linn (generalis) is

little. The hardness of convex morphology part is better than that of concave morphology part on non-smooth morphology leaf surfaces. And that the hardness of surface layer is better than that of internal layer in the same leaf. This study may be important biological foundation for design and fabrication of bionic engineering surface and composite materials. Key words: engineering bionic; plant leaf; hardness; mechanical character

1. INTRODUCTION Non-smoothness is a widely natural phenomenon in biological world, which has been formed during the long evolutionary process of living creatures as a stable self-adaptive system. There are non-smooth morphology surfaces including the aquatics, geobionts, plant leaves, insects and birds. However, it is a polymorphism character of non-smooth morphologies due to living creature diversity and complexity of nature surroundings, which have divers functions (such as hydrophobicity, anti-adhesion, visbreaking, wear-resistant, noise elimination etc.). Bathlott (University of Bonn, Germany) discovered the non-smooth lotus leaves with micrometer scale non-smooth morphologies have a self cleaning effect firstly and carried out a series of researches concentrating on relation between the morphology and hydrophobicity of plant leaves surfaces (Barthlott & Neinbus, 1997; Barthiott, 1990; Barthlatt et al., 1993). The researchers of key

1The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50635030,50905071), the Key

Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 105059) and Program for the Development of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(No. 20090539). 2 The Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China

3 The Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China

4 The Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China

5 The Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China

*Received !0 May 2010; accepted 15 July 2010 WANG Shu-jie; REN Lu-quan; LIU Yan; YANG Yue/Advances in Natural Science Vol.3 No.2, 2010

219 laboratory of bionic engineering (Jilin University, P.R.China) systematically researched on hydrophobicity and anti-abhesion character of non-smooth morphology on the biological surface, established“Theory of non-smooth surface anti-adhension” (REN et al., 1998; REN et al., 1999; REN et al., 2004; SHUN et al., 2004; DAI et al., 2006; REN, 2008), which screened the biological model of typical non-smooth surfaces and discussed quantitative relationship between non-smooth surface and characteristics of hydrophobicity and anti-abhesion (WANG et al., 2005; WANG et al., 2005; REN et al., 2007). This study discussed features of organization mechanics and nano-mechanics on non-smooth plant leaf surfaces firstly, attempted to analyse mechanical character of a few kinds of typical non-smooth plant leaves and provided an insight into design for bionic engineering surface and selection for biological composite materials.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples collection: Some typical plant leaves in hearty growing period were chosed such as Bambusa phyllostachys pubescens, Nelumbo nucifera aertn, Ginkgobiloba Linn, Syringa oblate Linn(Var giraldii), Canna indica Linn(generalis), Calathea zebrine’Humilior’,Begonia masoniana, Callistephus chinensis.

Hardness was measured by nano-hardness tester, which was Triboinddenter root position nano-mechanic testing system produced by Hysitron Company (U.S.). Resolving power of mechanics and displacement are 1 nm and 0.2 nm respectively. Maximal loading is 30mN and minimal loading is 100nN. Step length of displacement in longitudinal direction is 13 Nm, heat drifting is less than 0.05nN/sec, and have a capacity of root position photo and root position sound launching test.