Social Time The Heartbeat of Culture
想要了解的文化英语作文
想要了解的文化英语作文Diving into the heart of culture is like embarking on a thrilling adventure, where each step unveils a new treasure trove of customs, languages, and traditions. Culture is the tapestry of life, woven with threads of history, art, and social norms that define a people's identity. When we set out to understand a culture, we're not just learning about a place; we're engaging with the soul of its people.To truly grasp the essence of a culture, one must immerse themselves in its language. Language is the key that unlocks the door to understanding a society's values, humor, and wayof life. It's through language that we can connect with locals, share stories, and appreciate the subtleties ofcultural expressions.Next, we must explore the art and literature of a culture. Art reflects the aesthetic sensibilities and the collective emotions of a people. It tells the story of a society's evolution, from its ancient myths to modern-day narratives. Literature, on the other hand, provides a window into the psyche of a culture, allowing us to delve into thecomplexities of its characters and the landscapes they inhabit.Cuisine is another integral aspect of culture that isoften overlooked. Food is more than just sustenance; it's a reflection of a culture's history, climate, and resourceavailability. By tasting the local dishes, we can savor the flavors of tradition and gain insights into the lifestyle of the people.Festivals and celebrations are the heartbeat of a culture, pulsating with the rhythm of community and joy. They are the moments when a culture's spirit is most vibrant and accessible. By participating in these events, we can witness the communal bonds and shared experiences that define a culture.Lastly, understanding the social norms and etiquette of a culture is crucial. These unwritten rules guide theinteractions and behaviors within a society. They reveal the respect and consideration that a culture holds for its members and its environment.In conclusion, to understand a culture is to embark on a journey of discovery, where every experience enriches our understanding of the world's diversity. It's a journey thatnot only broadens our horizons but also deepens our appreciation for the human experience in all its rich and varied forms.。
风俗用英语作文
风俗用英语作文Customs and traditions are the heartbeat of a culture, reflecting its history, values, and way of life. They are the practices and rituals that communities observe, often passed down from generation to generation. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of customs, the diversity of traditions around the world, and the role they play in shaping our identities.Firstly, customs are more than just practices; they are the fabric of society that binds people together. They provide a sense of continuity and belonging, offering individuals a shared experience and a common ground. For instance, in many Asian cultures, the act of bowing is not merely a greeting but a deep-seated custom that signifies respect and humility.The diversity of customs is astounding. From the vibrant festivals of India, where colors and lights fill the streets during Diwali, to the solemn processions of Semana Santa in Spain, each tradition carries its own unique story. In Italy, the throwing of the lemons during the Battle of the Oranges in Ivrea is a custom steeped in history, symbolizing thefight against tyranny.Traditions also serve as a means of preserving heritage. They are the custodians of cultural memory, ensuring that the past is not forgotten. For example, the Native American powwow is not just a gathering but a celebration of indigenous culture,a testament to the resilience and spirit of a people.Moreover, customs are not static; they evolve with time, adapting to the changing social landscape. The modern interpretation of Halloween, with its fusion of ancientCeltic traditions and contemporary celebrations, is a prime example of how customs can transform while still retaining their essence.However, the preservation of customs is not without its challenges. Globalization and modernization often posethreats to traditional practices, as they can lead to the erosion of cultural identity. It is crucial for societies to strike a balance between embracing progress and safeguarding their cultural heritage.In conclusion, customs are the lifeblood of culture, offering a window into the soul of a community. They are the threads that weave the tapestry of our shared human experience. As we navigate the complexities of an increasingly interconnected world, it is imperative that we honor and respect the customs that make each culture unique. By doing so, we not only celebrate diversity but also contribute to the rich mosaic of global traditions.。
Unit 8 Time新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译
Unit 8 TimeHow to Take Your TimeDr. Larry Dossey has two antique clocks. "One fast, the other slow," says Dr Dossey. "They remind me that my life is not ruled by clocks, that I can choose the time I live by."How a person thinks about time can kill him, according to Dossey, a pioneer in the emerging science of chronobiology, the study of how time interacts with life. One of the most common ills in our society, he says, is "time sickness", a sense of time pressure and hurry that causes anxiety and tension. These symptoms can contribute to heart disease and strokes, two of our most frequent causes of death.Dossey has discovered that these and other stress-induced ills can often be successfully treated by using simple techniques to change how a person thinks about time.Dr Dossey became interested in time and health when he noticed how many patients insisted on having watches with them in the hospital, even though they had no schedules to keep. They were all time addicts, taught since childhood to schedule their lives by society's clock, and all felt lost without the security of a timepiece. Time seems to rule our lives. Time is money, to be saved and spent wisely, not wasted or lost.Almost all living things in our world carry their own biological clocks synchronised with the rhythms of nature. A crab can sense when the tide is about to change. A mouse wakes when night nears. A squirrel knows when to prepare for its long winter nap. These living clocks are not accurate in any robot-like mechanical sense. They adjust to changes in the environment.Light is the most powerful synchroniser in most living things. But in humans there is another powerful synchroniser: other people. Pioneering studies in Germany reported that when people were put together in groups isolated from external time cues of light, temperature and humidity, their own complex internal timekeeping rhythms became desynchronised; then they resynchronised in unison. Even body temperatures started to rise and fall together, a sign that subtle biochemical changes in each body were now happening together. These experiments may have discovered one of the mysterious forces that reshape individuals into members of a team, cult or mob.The mind can alter rhythms of time in various ways. People brought back from the brink of death often recall their entire lives flashing before them in an instant. Those who have been in a serious accident often report that, as it occurred, everything happened in slow motion; apparently this is a survival tool built into the brain, an ability to accelerateto several times normal perceptual speed, thereby "slowing down" the world and giving the victim "time" to think how to avoid disaster.Because the time our society keeps has been taught to us since birth, we think of it as something that everyone everywhere must somehow share. But cultures differ in how they perceive time. In North America and the industrialised countries of northern Europe, life is tightly scheduled. To keep someone waiting is frowned upon. But in southern Europe and in the Hispanic countries of Latin America, people are given priority over schedules and in making appointments the starting time is more flexible.Each view of time has advantages and disadvantages. But the costs can be great. When our natural inner rhythms are out of synchronisation with clock time, stress results. Under the tyranny of clock time, western industrialised society now finds that heart disease and related ills are leading causes of death. However, such "time illnesses" can be treated and prevented by changing the way we think about time, according to Dr Dossey. He applies simple techniques that you can also use to change and master your own time:1) Unclock your life. Stop wearing a wristwatch. Time becomes much less a concern when we break the habit of looking at clocks or watches.2) Set your own inner sense of time. To illustrate that time is relative, Einstein observed that to a person sitting on a hot stove, two minutes could feel like two hours; to the young man with a pretty girl, two hours could seem like two minutes.3) Tap your body's power to change time. We all possess an inborn ability to relax. Most people can summon it up merely by dismissing disturbing thoughts and by controlling their breathing-for example, by thinking the word "one" with each outgoing breath. Within several minutes this can produce deep calm.4) Synchronise yourself with nature. Take time to watch a sunset, or a cloud cross the sky. Remember that there is a time far older than what humankind has created with clocks.The cultural pattern we call time is learnt, and if we wish to live in harmony with nature we must learn to recognize that its time still shapes our world and should not be ignored. We created the mechanical time around which our society operates, and we have the freedom to choose whether we will be its slave or its master.如何从容使用时间1 拉里·多希博士有两个古董钟。
跨文化交际time-orientation
Time can be scheduled, managed, and arranged. Things should be done one at a time.
Informal time systems
the assumptions cultures make about how time should be used or experienced
Cultures have unstated expectation about the timing and duration of formal events such as
European Americans are very time-driven.
plan in detail; make lists; keep track of their activities; organize time into a daily routine
An event is regarded as separate and distinct from all others and should receive the exclusive focus of attention it deserves.
Current activities are accomplished and appreciated for the potential future benefits.
The fate is in one’s own hands and they control the consequences of their actions.
初中英语作文关于传统
初中英语作文关于传统In the vast tapestry of cultures that make up our world, traditions stand as the threads that weave together the rich history and heritage of various societies. In my essay, Iwill explore the significance of traditions in our lives and how they shape our identity, values, and community.Traditions are the customs and beliefs that are passed down from generation to generation. They are the heartbeat of a culture, providing a sense of continuity and connection to the past. For instance, in Chinese culture, the Spring Festival, or Chinese New Year, is a time for family reunions, feasting, and the exchange of red envelopes filled with money, symbolizing good luck and prosperity.Traditions play a crucial role in preserving the cultural heritage of a community. They are the custodians of history, ensuring that the stories, rituals, and practices of our ancestors are not lost to time. Festivals, such as Diwali in India, with its vibrant displays of lights and colors, or Hanukkah, the Jewish Festival of Lights, are not just celebrations but also a testament to the resilience andspirit of the people.Moreover, traditions are a source of identity and pride. They help individuals to understand where they come from and what they stand for. For many, participating in traditional practices is a way to express their cultural identity and toconnect with their roots. This connection can be particularly important for those living in diaspora communities, as it helps to maintain a sense of belonging and unity.In addition to their cultural significance, traditions also serve a social function. They bring people together, fostering a sense of community and shared experience. Whether it's a community gathering for a harvest festival or a neighborhood coming together for a traditional dance, these events provide opportunities for social interaction and bonding.However, it is important to recognize that traditions are not static. They evolve and adapt to the changing times and needs of the society. While it is essential to preserve the core values and essence of traditions, it is equally important to ensure that they remain inclusive and relevant to all members of the community.In conclusion, traditions are the soul of a culture, offering a link to our past and a guide for our future. They are a source of identity, a means of social cohesion, and a testament to the enduring spirit of humanity. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, it is the traditions that remind us of our roots and provide a sense of belonging and continuity.。
英语作文culture
英语作文cultureCulture is the heartbeat of a society, a vibrant tapestry woven from the threads of history, tradition, and values. It is the lifeblood that flows through the veins of a nation, shaping its identity and influencing its interactions with the world.In the realm of culture, language plays a pivotal role. It is the medium through which cultural narratives are shared, and it is through language that we can truly immerse ourselves in the customs and beliefs of a people. English, as a global lingua franca, has become a bridge connecting diverse cultures, allowing for the exchange of ideas and fostering a greater understanding among nations.Art, too, is an integral part of culture. It is a reflection of the human spirit, capturing the essence of a society's emotions, aspirations, and struggles. From the intricate brushstrokes of a painting to the rhythmic beats of a drum, art transcends borders, connecting us all through the universal language of creativity.Festivals and celebrations are another facet of culture that brings communities together. They are occasions to rejoice, to remember, and to honor the traditions that have been passed down through generations. Whether it's the vibrant colors of Holi in India, the lanterns of the Mid-Autumn Festival in China, or the parades of Mardi Gras in NewOrleans, these events are a testament to the richness and diversity of cultural expressions.Food is perhaps the most tangible expression of culture. Each dish tells a story, reflecting the history, geography, and climate of a region. The flavors, spices, and ingredients used in a cuisine are a direct reflection of the land and its people. Sharing a meal is not just about sustenance; it is about sharing a piece of one's culture with others.In the digital age, culture has taken on new dimensions. Social media, films, and music have become powerful tools for cultural exchange. They allow us to experience different cultures from the comfort of our homes, and they challenge us to broaden our perspectives and embrace the diversity of the world.As we navigate through this interconnected world, it is essential that we approach other cultures with an open mind and a willingness to learn. By doing so, we enrich our own cultural understanding and contribute to a more harmonious global community.In conclusion, culture is a living, breathing entity that evolves and adapts with time. It is a treasure trove of knowledge, beauty, and wisdom that we must cherish and preserve. By appreciating and respecting the cultural diversity around us, we can build bridges of understanding and foster a world where unity in diversity is celebrated.。
民族的文化英语介绍作文
The tapestry of human civilization is richly woven with the vibrant threads of diverse cultures. Each culture, with its unique customs, traditions, and values, contributes to the intricate design that makes up the global community. One of the most fascinating aspects of exploring different cultures is understanding their languages, which serve as the primary medium for communication and expression.Language is the heartbeat of a culture, pulsating with the rhythm of its peoples daily lives. It is through language that the stories of a nation are told, its history is recorded, and its identity is shaped. English, as a global lingua franca, has become a bridge connecting people from various ethnic backgrounds, allowing them to share and appreciate the cultural diversity that enriches our world.In the realm of English language learning, the study of cultural nuances is as crucial as mastering the grammar and vocabulary. For instance, the English spoken in the United States is distinct from that in the United Kingdom, Australia, or India. Each variant carries with it the cultural imprints of its speakers, reflecting regional accents, idiomatic expressions, and colloquialisms that are deeply rooted in the local way of life.Take, for example, the British use of cheers as an informal expression of gratitude, which might be unfamiliar to an American English speaker. Similarly, Australians might use mate to address a friend, a term that would be considered unusual in other Englishspeaking countries. These subtle differences not only add color to the language but also provide insights into the social dynamics and cultural practices of the respectivecommunities.Moreover, the study of English as a second language ESL often involves an exploration of the cultural context in which the language is used. This includes understanding the etiquette, humor, and social norms that are integral to effective communication. For example, the British are known for their politeness and understatement, which is reflected in their language use. An English learner might need to grasp the concept of Tongue in cheek, a phrase that denotes irony or humor, to fully appreciate the nuances of British English.The influence of culture on language is also evident in the way English has absorbed words and phrases from other languages. The English lexicon is a melting pot of words borrowed from French, Latin, and other languages, reflecting the historical interactions and exchanges between different cultures. This linguistic borrowing has not only enriched the English language but also served as a testament to the cultural intermingling that has occurred over centuries.Furthermore, the study of English literature offers a window into the cultural ethos of Englishspeaking societies. Works by authors such as William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, and Charles Dickens not only showcase the evolution of the English language but also provide a glimpse into the social, political, and moral landscapes of their respective eras. Through the study of these literary masterpieces, English learners can develop a deeper appreciation for the cultural heritage that has shaped the Englishspeaking world.In conclusion, the exploration of English as a cultural language is a journey of discovery that transcends mere language acquisition. It is an opportunity to delve into the rich tapestry of human experiences, to understand the values and beliefs that define different societies, and to appreciate the beauty of cultural diversity. As English learners navigate this journey, they not only enhance their linguistic skills but also broaden their horizons, fostering a global perspective that is essential in todays interconnected world.。
英语作文 关于文化
英语作文关于文化Title: Exploring the Richness of Culture。
Culture is the heartbeat of society, pulsating with traditions, customs, and values that shape the identity of communities worldwide. In this essay, we delve into the essence of culture, exploring its significance, diversity, and enduring impact on human civilization.At its core, culture encompasses a broad spectrum of elements, ranging from language and religion to art, cuisine, and social norms. It serves as a bridge connecting individuals within a society while also distinguishing one group from another. Through cultural practices, beliefs,and expressions, people communicate their heritage, history, and collective experiences, fostering a sense of belonging and shared identity.One of the most compelling aspects of culture is its diversity. Across the globe, countless cultures thrive,each with its own unique traditions and rituals. From the colorful festivals of India to the intricate tea ceremonies of Japan, the tapestry of human culture is woven with myriad threads, each contributing to the richness of our collective heritage.Moreover, culture is not static but dynamic, evolvingin response to changing societal dynamics, globalization, and technological advancements. While some traditions endure for centuries, others adapt and transform over time, reflecting the ever-shifting landscape of human experience. This dynamic nature ensures that culture remains relevant and resilient, capable of bridging the divide between the past and the present.Furthermore, culture plays a pivotal role in shaping individual identities and worldviews. From childhood, we are immersed in the cultural fabric of our society, absorbing its values, beliefs, and customs. These cultural influences shape our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, influencing everything from the way we communicate to our understanding of the world around us.However, while culture provides a sense of belonging and identity, it can also be a source of division and conflict. Throughout history, clashes between different cultures have led to misunderstanding, discrimination, and even violence. In an increasingly interconnected world, fostering cultural understanding and dialogue is essential for promoting peace, tolerance, and mutual respect.Education plays a crucial role in promoting cultural awareness and appreciation. By teaching about different cultures, languages, and traditions, we can cultivate empathy, curiosity, and a sense of global citizenship. Through cultural exchange programs, language immersion, and multicultural curriculum, we can bridge the gap between cultures, fostering mutual understanding and appreciation.In conclusion, culture is a multifaceted phenomenonthat shapes our identities, societies, and worldviews. From its diverse expressions to its enduring impact on human civilization, culture is a testament to the richness and complexity of the human experience. By embracing culturaldiversity, fostering dialogue, and promoting mutual respect, we can build a more inclusive and harmonious world forfuture generations to inherit.。
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Social Time: The Heartbeat of Culture1 “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.” This thought by Thoreau strikes a chord in so many people that it has become part of our language. We use the ph rase “the beat of a different drummer” to explain any pace of life unlike our own. Such colorful vagueness reveals how informal our rules of time really are. The world over, children simply “pick up” their society’s time concepts as they mature. No diction ary clearly defines the meaning of “early” or “late” for them or for strangers who stumble over the annoying differences between the time sense they bring with them and the one they face in a new land.2 I learned this a few years ago, and the resulting culture shock1forced me to search for answers. It seemed clear that time “talks”. But what is it telling us?3 My journey started shortly after I accepted an appointment as visiting professor of psychology at the federal university in Niteroi, Brazil, a small city across the bay from Rio de Janeiro. As I left home for my first day of class, I asked someone the time. It was 9:05 a.m., which allowed me time to relax and look around the campus before my 10 o’clock lecture. After what I judged to be half an hour, I glanced at a clock I was passing. It said 10:20! In panic2, I broke for the classroom, followed by gentle calls of “Hola3, professor” and “Tudo bem4, professor?” from unhurried students, many of whom, I later realized, were my ow n. I arrived breathless to find an empty room.4 Frantically, I asked a passerby the time. “Nine forty-five” was the answer. No, that couldn’t be. I asked someone else. “Nine fifty-five.” Another said: “Exactly 9:43.” The clock in a nearby office read 3:15. I had learned my first lesson about Brazilians: Their timepieces are consistently inaccurate. And nobody minds.5 My class was scheduled from 10 until noon.Many students came late, some very late. Several arrived after 10:30. A few showed up closer to 11. Two came after that. All of the latecomers wore the relaxed smiles that I came, later, to enjoy. Each one said hello, and although a few apologized briefly, none seemed terribly concerned about lateness. They assumed that I understood.6 The idea of Brazilians arriving lat e was not a great shock. I had learned about “mãnha”, the Portuguese equivalent of “manana” in Spanish. This term, meaning “tomorrow” or, “the morning”, stereotypes the Brazilian who puts off the business of today until tomorrow. The real surprise came at noon that first day, when the end of class arrived.7 Back home in California, I never need to look at a clock to know when the class hour is ending. The shuffling of books is accompanied by strained expressions that say, “I’m starving ... I’ve got to go t o the bathroom ... I’m going to suffocate if you keep us one more second.” (The pain usually becomes unbearable at two minutes to the hour5in undergraduate classes and five minutes before the close of graduate classes.)8 When noon arrived in my first Brazilian class, only a few students left immediately. Others slowly drifted out during the next 15 minutes, and some continued asking me questions long after that. When several remaining students kicked off their shoes6at 12:30, I went into my own “starving/ bathroom / suffocating” routine.9 I could not, in all honesty, attribute their lingering to my superb teaching style. I had just spent two hours lecturing on statistics in halting Portuguese. Apparently, for many of my students, staying late was simply of no more importance than arriving late in the first place. As I observedthis casual approach in infinite variations during the year, I learned that the “mãnha” stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time7. (651 words)Proper NamesAnglo / / adj.盎格鲁的[Anglo- 作形容词前缀，表示“与英国（人）有关的”。
美国人中有许多是有英国血统的，故该词也适用于本文。
]Brazil / / n.巴西（南美洲国家）Brazilian / / n.巴西人(Henry David) Thoreau / / (男子名) (亨利·大卫·)梭罗(美国作家，超验主义运动的代表人物)Niteroi / / n.尼泰罗伊（巴西东南部港市）Rio de Janerio/ / n.里约热内卢（巴西东南部港市）New Wordsattribute // v. believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something归因于e.g. I) We attribute our good health to well-balanced diet and regular exercise.II) Some people tend to attribute their success to external causes such as luck.n. quality regarded as a natural or typical part of somebody or something属性，特质e.g. I) Her greatest attribute was her kindness.II) Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.briefly / / adv.1) in a few words 简单地说e.g. I) Sonia explained briefly what we had to do.II) Briefly, I think we should accept their offer.2) for a short time 简短地，短暂地e.g. I) He worked briefly for Walt Disney Studios.II) We stopped off briefly in London on our way to Geneva.★conception / / n.a general idea which one has in one’s mind 概念e.g. I) He had a conception of how he wanted things arranged.II) The report challenges traditional conceptions of the role of women in society. consistently/ / adv. in a way of constantly adhering to the same principles, course, form, etc. 一贯地，一致地e.g. I) He consistently got marks of over 90.II) Overeating is something I have consistently denied.drummer / / n. someone who plays drums 鼓手e.g. I) He hopes to become a good drummer.II) Before his management career Ed worked as a drummer.inaccurate / / adj. having errors; not completely correct or accurate不准确的e.g. I) To call their relationship “love” is inaccurate.II) Some of the information provided was inaccurate or incomplete.informal / / adj.1) not official and having no fixed rules 非正式的，不拘礼节的e.g. I) This is an informal party, so this sweater is OK.II) I was offered the job after an informal interview in the staff canteen.2) being more appropriate for use in the spoken language通俗的; 口语的e.g. I) Informal English is very popular among students.II) An informal style of writing or speaking is suitable for ordinary conversations or letters to friends.latecomer // n. one who arrives late迟到者，后来者e.g.I) I’m afraid there are no more tickets for latecomers.II) This company was a latecomer to the video-game market.oversimplify / / v. describe or explain something too simply 过于简单化e.g. I) We must be careful not to oversimplify the issue.II) To describe all these people as refugees is to oversimplify the situation.★stumble / / v.1) falter or hesitate, as at an obstacle to progress or belief 迟疑，生疑e.g. I) He stumbled over the math problem before finally solving it.II) The pianist stumbled on the fast part of the piece, but recovered and finished his program.2) walk unsteadily and often almost fall 跌跌撞撞地走e.g. I) In her hurry, she stumbled and spilled the milk all over the floor.II) He stumbled over the upturned pot but scrambled back to his feet.stereotype/ / v. have a fixed idea about what a particular type of person is like 对……形成固定看法e.g.I) It’s wrong to stereotype people, as if they were all alike.II) It’s distressing to see stereotyped images of women in advertisements every day.n. a fixed belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like 固有模式，老一套，旧框框e.g.I) There’s always been a stereotype about successful businessme n.II) He certainly doesn’t fit the stereotype of the emotional Italian.superb/ / adj.1) of the highest quality; excellent 极好的e.g. I) The lilies we got from the flower market were absolutely superb.II) The waters are crystal clear and offer a superb opportunity for swimming.2) majestic; imposing 威严的，壮丽的e.g. I) Mountain scenery of the Grand Canyon area is superb.II) This is quite a steady climb but well worth it for the superb views.terribly / / adv.1) very; extremely 非常地，极度地e.g. I) They were terribly pleased to see you.II) The coach was not terribly worried about his team’s poor performance.2) in a very bad way很糟糕e.g. I) What’s wrong? You’re p laying terribly today.II) My son has suffered terribly. He has lost his best friend.undergraduate / / n.a college or university student who has not yetreceived a bachelor’s or similar degree大学本科生（阶段）e.g. I) They met when they were undergraduates at Cambridge.II) They are undergraduates so they can not take graduate courses.vagueness/ / n. a state of being unclearly expressed模糊e.g. I) The terms of the agreement contain too much vagueness.II) There is a v agueness in John’s later account of his feelings.Phrases and Expressionsattribute to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something归因于e.g. I) Her teachers attributed her learning difficulties to emotional problems.II) The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.break for suddenly run or drive somewhere 突然跑向……，将车开到……e.g. I) Teddy broke for the exit but was caught.II) I caught a glimpse of him when he broke for the door.in all honesty truthfully; without hiding anything坦诚地e.g. I) It was not, in all honesty, a very good start.II) I must add, in all honesty, that I think the task ahead of us will be difficult.keep pace with move or change as fast as someone or something elsee.g. I) She followed Bobby, barely keeping pace with him.II) Farmers are angry because their rise in income failed to keep pace with inflation. show up arrive or appear到达，出现e.g. I) I was almost asleep when Chris finally showed up.II) We were hoping for a full team today but only five players showed up.Notes1.“culture shock”：文化冲击（指首次去国外或一个新地方的人感受到的震惊和焦虑）e.g. John found life in London a bit of a culture shock at first.2. “in panic”：惊慌地e.g. Shoppers fled the street in panic after two bombs exploded in Central London.3.“Hola” (Portuguese):“Hello” in English.4.“Tudo bem” (Portuguese):“How are you?” in English.5.In “at two minutes to the hour”, the word “hour” means the close or the end of class. “Hour” is often used to refer to a period in a class which is often less than one hour and which can begin or end at any time (e.g. from 10:30 to 11:20).6.“K ick off one’s shoes” means “really relax”. Here, the students may not have actually removed their shoes, but they appeared totally relaxed, showing no signs of wanting to leave.e.g. I sat in a comfortable armchair and kicked off my shoes.7. “As I observed this casual approach in infinite variations during the year, I learned that the ‘mãnha’ stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/Brazilian differences in conceptions of time.” 此处大意为：在这一年里，我观察到这种对时间的随意态度千变万化，于是我懂得了“manha”这个老生常谈把盎格鲁与巴西人之间在时间概念上的真正差异过分简单化了。