遗产地旅游产品开发外文文献翻译2014年译文3150字

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温泉旅游的开发与管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字

外文出处：Eagles, SF McCool , The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in Japan [J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2014, 15(3): 243-257.（本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in JapanEagles, SF McCoolAbstractTourist activity promotes the development of economy, which is an industrialized, diversified and global trend. Busy working people look forward to the casual life brought by traveling, thus the hot spring tourism has become one of the important ways for people to spend their holidays. The main reason for the popularity of hot spring tourism is its scarcity and uniqueness. So, the study and protection of hot spring tourism are undoubtedly of scientific importance.On the basis of literature review, this paper is intended to discuss the concept and cause of hot springs, the resource and classification of hot springs, the content and the scientific principle of it. With the application of location theory & experiencing marketing theory, this paper analyzed and summarized the unique culture, destination, marketing and the concept of environment protection of the hot spring tourism.When analyzing of the 221 hot springs in Japan as samples, This paper have summarized the geographic distribution and culture features of them. With the research of the 2013 Top 10 hot springs in Japan ，I have learned the unique culture features of Japan hot spring tourism: religion, catering and scenery culture. I have chosen the seven important hot springs in Japan and then studied their layout and planning, and summarize the four layout patterns of hot spring destinations in Japan. Though there are various ways of promoting and marketing of hot springs, this paper classify them into seven patterns. We should deeply think about the great attention paid to the tourism by the Japan government. In the year 1948, the Japan’s government issued the Hot Spring Act to revitalize the economy of Japan bydeveloping the hot spring tourism.Key words: Japan; Hot spring tourism; Culture; The destination; Distribution1 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization of the era changeBefore the Meiji restoration, the ancient Japanese hot spring used for the purpose of rehabilitation, and accumulated a wealth of experience. Nine and 12 century peace noble diary really mentioned in the jade leaf, spa is one period of treatment, 7 days three course 21 days as the minimum standard. In the folk, wash the hot spring in the different season also have different call. Such as bath is called "cold soup", where the spring into the bath is called "spring soup to cure" etc. The ancient form of some famous hot spring is famous for its special curative effect more. In the 19th century, after the Meiji restoration, Japan actively absorb the advanced western science and technology, great changes have taken place in the whole social economy, cities are also growing rapidly. The urban middle class demand for hot spring, contributed to the development and utilization of hot spring resources. At the same time the introduction of western modern science and technology to promote the scientific research of hot springs, hot springs, the maintenance function and utilizing came to be known. When the foreigners of the future building villas in the hot springs, hot spring development and utilization of beginning and combination of summer, maintenance, close to the city to some hot springs into a summer resort and maintenance.By 1973, Japan's hot spring hotel SuBo guest reached 120 million. In many hot springs to recreational direction at the same time, in 1954, the ministry to promote health, prevent disease, improving national quality as the goal, began to put some good hot springs spa, maintenance and environmental conditions, designated as national maintenance of hot springs to enrich SuBo facilities, institute of health and medical institutions, add hot springs health pavilion, tree-lined paths, hot spring park, such as sports facilities, servicing the surrounding cultural environment and natural environment. Hot springs and facilities open to citizens, with relatively low price to attract a variety of guest floor. A policy that continues to this day, until 2005, has reached the designated national maintenance of hot springs.Since the 1990 s, Japan's economy into the low speed growth, the development and utilization of hot spring resources has also changed. Metropolitan region and surrounding urban internal to the development and utilization of hot spring resources, hot spring distribution more close to the consumer. The new development of hot springs health maintenance facilities, including high temperature, low temperature sauna, thin body bath, hairdressing bath, relaxing bath, shower of rocks and other hot spring bath, at the same time also provide simple diet and rest places, but there is no accommodation facilities. Hot spring bath cost is low, customers is widespread, has the characteristics of the local residents and visitors can simultaneously into the bath. This large hot springs health center to the formation and development, the main reason is: one is the spread of hot spring culture, hot spring use become people's day-to-day work need; The second is the coming of aging society, increased the demand for spa facilities with health function; it is the need of the revitalization of the regional economy, introduced in 1989, 100 million yen creation cause, the government to give each town village 100 million yen for regional revitalization, many local governments to the 100 million yen to the development of this kind of hot spring; Four is hot spring development technology progress, make difficult to development of hot spring development.2 Japanese business model of the development of hot spring resources2.1 The development and utilization of the hot springsAccording to the geographical position, development and utilization mode and the different period, Japan's hot spring type can be divided into the rehabilitation and maintenance, improve health, banquet entertainment and large hot springs health centres. Characteristics of hot spring spa type springs epicuticular specific disease have medical effect. This kind of hot spring distribution in the mountains, due to opposite traffic inconvenience, sparsely populated, the lower level of development and utilization and thus maintain the traditional characteristics of hot spring as a treatment for places. Using facilities is relatively simple, even kept since for cooking, for cooking and other traditional facilities.High quality hot springs, the fresh air and good environment, a healthy diet isnecessary for maintenance type hot springs. This kind of hot springs are mainly distributed in mountain valleys, rural natural environment such as the beautiful place. Hot springs health pavilion, built in addition to hot springs maintain the maintenance SuBo facilities, such as opening a walking path, exploration road show and regional nature, traditional culture of museums, art galleries and other facilities.Health promotional type hot springs are mainly distributed in the natural environment of the mountain, plateau, seaside, its characteristic is to mountain climbing, skiing, go bathing, etc. Various kinds of sports and hot springs.Hot spring to have a tennis court, golf, ice skating rink etc. Various kinds of sports facilities and museums, art galleries and other cultural upbringing facilities, are often all kinds of sports training base.This kind of hot spring for the purpose of improving health, wash hot springs after exercise can relieve fatigue, promote metabolism of body function and prevent aging, young visitors and family more.Banquet, recreational spa is accompanied by the emergence of large group guest and formed, in addition to its large hot springs hotel, the hotel and the geisha house, massage shops, entertainment such as prostitutes field. This kind of hot spring distribution in traffic convenient traffic line. Many in the tide of economic formation of the large YangShi hot spring hotel facilities, after the group guest to reduce operation difficult.2.2 Hot spring capital sourceHot spring development mainly foreign capital and domestic capital, owing to the different hot springs. The strength of the local capital of hot spring to sustainable and healthy development has important influence. Foreign capital mainly comes from the strength of large enterprise groups, the development of large scale and shorter time, pay attention to economic benefits, mainly depends on large tour groups, water (Minakami) belongs to the hot springs and so on.Located in gunma, root water, on the edge of sichuan hot spring, there are on the line, the transportation is convenient, in the group guest more period had been injected with a large number of foreign capital, in the construction of river valleys in the more advanced large hotel. Later, with fewer group guest, business is becomingincreasingly difficult, hotel collapse, hot spring street residents also reduce to 1, 000 people, more than 000 people from 4 regional economy recession. Local capital strength is relatively small, developing step by step, and pay attention to protect environment and geographical features, grass (Kusatu) hot springs, by the court (Yufuyin) hot springs is representative of this kind.In recent years in the poll of the most popular of hot springs, grass springs in successive years, tianjin no. 1.Located in kyushu oita county by the court of hot springs, hot springs hotel employment of QuanJie roughly one-third of total employment, is a typical hot spring street. More than 120 hot springs hotel and the natural environment, formed the Japanese hot springs, high-grade products, recent years tourists reached 4 million people, the development and utilization methods of typical significance in the development of hot springs is in Japan.[9] in Japan's high economic growth period, many hot springs in the case of foreign capital into blood, hotel to large-scale, integrated, the same agitation also affected the springs back street by cloth college town, by the court became a local hot spring in what direction development. But by the court spa resisted the development of foreign capital to promote recreational hot spring pressure and foreign developers high-rise building plan, against the development of golf course, the surrounding to preserved intact, the surrounding wetland landscape of the hot spring, culture, natural hot spring development theme, abundant hot spring culture, let visitors in wash hot springs at the same time, enjoy the charm of hot spring culture and natural environment.3 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization management mode3.1 hot spring development and utilization of the legal system managementIn order to strengthen the legal management of hot spring, Japan in 1948 formulated the method of hot springs, hot springs, method of development and utilization and protection of hot spring resources made specific provision. Hot spring law, mining, power plant and so on must seek permission from the governor of prefectures (3-9);To protect a fountain springs, governor shall have the right to publish various commands (clause 10).Hot spring law also stipulates that the operator for hot spring bath, the composition indications, contraindications, and drinkingattention points, according to authorities analysis results in a bath facilities department express; Hot spring water, heating, circulation filtration and disinfection and so on have also made it clear that article (13, 14).Japan's hot spring law stipulated in article 14, in order to enhance the public utilization of hot spring, environment ministry for selected hot springs, hot springs according to its composition, performance and utilization of environment, planning, gearing up for hot spring use facilities, improve the guide to the environment. Its contents include hot spring gearing up to regional planning, functional area division, facilities, environment development, management, operation plan, etc.3.2 Concentration distribution and managementHot spring spa as a resource, prevent random drilling wasteful, prevent all kinds of disputes due to hot springs, to reasonable and effective use of resources to the hot spring facilities and centralized allocation is one of effective methods for hot spring hotel. Hot springs city battery (Sirozaki) concentration distribution and management system is worth reference, particular way similar to a centralized water supply device, set up in higher ground storage barrels, various springs spa focused on storage barrel, set up automatic monitoring device, adjusted according to the amount of chung springs, temperature. Through pipes adopts the circulating way to lose to the hot spring hotels and beaches, hot springs hotel and baths in accordance with the usage fee. Pipe length, discharge temperature are scientific measurement to ensure the supply of hot spring temperature remains constant. Since the implementation of centralized management to solve the hot springs of water temperature difference, the temperature of supply the homogenization, fair, hot spring use efficiency, business management tends to rationalize, hot spring resources get effective protection, fountain got the self-restraint, enlarged the hot spring supply capacity, development provides the possibility for the hot springs.4 Japanese hot spring tourismJapanese traffic survey of a community (2005), according to the tourists in choosing destinations, hot springs (52.4%), in the first place. Visible hot spring has extremely important meaning for the Japanese. National to hot spring needsdiversification makes competition more intense, make construction attractive hot springs hot springs the key to a successful business. The atmosphere of the quality of "hot spring", "hot spring", "natural environment" three has become the core elements. Ideal, led by open-air hot spring, spa facilities, followed by the boardwalk, public hot spring, the traditional view, of primitive simplicity style SuBo facilities, local snacks, local library, etc. Beautiful environment includes not only the nature, also including the natural and construction, the coordination between the buildings and roads, parks, and hot springs hot springs hotel, garden, walking street, parking lot etc. Landscape of coordination and unity.译文日本温泉旅游的开发与管理伊格斯；迈克尔摘要旅游活动带动了社会经济的发展，呈现出产业化、多元化、全球化的发展态势。

文化遗产保护和旅游经济外文文献翻译2019中英文

文化遗产保护和旅游经济外文文献翻译中英文2019英文The Economy of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and ConservationPatin Valery1. The economy of cultural heritage, a recent theoretical approachAwareness of the economic role of cultural heritage is relatively recent. It principally stems from the rapid growth of tourism (roughly 1 billion international tourists worldwide in 2010), which is irrigating this sector intensely. This new approach entails reviewing the traditional status of cultural heritage, which until recently was partly not subject to the usual rules of competition-based economy. Cultural heritage is now considered as a form of enterprise and, especially, is solicited to become a key instrument to increase local development. Beyond direct site revenue (ticketing and ancillary revenue), expenditure on nearby facilities and services provides the most resources. These resources encompass indirect expenditure (purchases to companies working directly with the sites) and induced expenditure (in facilities near the sites, such as restaurants, shops and hotels, on services, and real-estate acquisitions).2. Financing and managing cultural heritage2.1 The new trendsThe relative economic autonomy that cultural heritage recently acquired, paired with broader megatrends (the economic downturn and globalization), has stretched the financial constraints that weighed on cultural assets. The institutions - the largest ones, principally - have embarked on a wide variety of initiatives to generate new resources. Engineering and franchises are two examples. The Louvre Museum, Guggenheim Foundation and Beau Bourg Centre are supporting the creation of new museums that will use their names in exchange for substantial compensation. Others, which are not creating new institutions, are letting outworks of art on long-term leases, either in existing museums (e.g., leases of works of art from the Louvre Museum to the Atlanta Museum, USA) or in newly-built museumsThe obvious increase in admission prices,in particular for temporary exhibitions (which sidestep the rule of free admission for people under 18 in France) is another clear sign. The larger business areas in cultural sites are also driving this movement. Large-scale works in Europe's leading museums (the Louvre, British Museum and Prado) led to noticeable extensions in shop, café and restaurant areas. Managing derived rights (image) more efficiently via international photo banks (Corbis) has also opened up new revenue streams. Large-scale temporary exhibitions, which often generate net profits besides encouraging people to visit the permanent collections as well, are now commonplace.We can also see a concurrent and symmetrical trend as regards the financing practices. French legislation is adjusting itself to promote private-sector financing (laws passed in 2003 and 2008) via patronage and associated management conditions. From this perspective. The use of subsidiary revenue earmarked for cultural heritage is developing, belying the principle that bans allocating tax revenue such as taxes on online gambling (poker), based on a model involving levies in several countries, and in the UK in particular (the Lottery Fund). The para-fiscal option that is already being used to acquire and protect natural areas (Departmental Tax for Sensitive Natural Areas) does not yet seem to be making significant inroads as regards cultural-heritage buildings, in spite of a few attempts (proposition to tax luxury hotels). There are efforts to make old monuments more profitable by building hotels and restaurants. The French Centre des Monuments Nationaux is seriously studying this option. The sacrosanct principle of inalienability is starting to splinter. And, if the market-economy rule takes over, it will not hold for long in current conditions.In the Anglo-Saxon world, where most sites are free of charge for the visitors, it is the opposite: private-sector management (trustees and foundations) are clearly the majority and are calling on public-sector institutions to protect their balance increasingly often.Naturally, earmarking cultural heritage as a real option to reinforce local development has kick-started a flurry of efforts to protect and promote the first to support the second. These operations have worked very well in some cases, but failed to deliver the expected results in others. Failures are often due to an overestimation ofthe expected profits or to projects inappropriate to the local reality.2.2 Conflicts of understandingSince economy has burst into the cultural heritage field, misunderstanding between actors from this sector and economic players has get worse. Their respective formations did not generally prepare them for dialoguing. Whereas the cultural heritage actors understand with difficulty the economic aspect of their activity, with its procession of constraints, the economic players do not still understand all the dimensions of the cultural object (historic, emotional, social, identical, etc.), have difficulty in defining clearly its place as "capital", "resource", or "production", and do not know where to classify its preservation, whether in the "investments" or in the "non-productive expenses"...For the first ones, the cultural heritage, priceless by definition, should escape the trivial contingency of the imperatives of profitability and competition. This collective feeling has been disseminated everywhere in France. The notion of "cultural exception" has maybe also intelligently educated it while inviting it to evolve since in fact it makes the cultural heritage actors get into the boxing ring of the competitive economy, while stressing its specificity and affirming the necessity of regulations, a notion we seem today to rediscover everywhere else...For the second ones, it is urgent to improve the econometric tools and the modelling regarding cultural heritage and the returns expected from enhancement and particularly tourist one. In spite of recent but real progress, as we shall see, the contribution of cultural heritage to a certain quality of life for the usual users of a territory, to its image and to the feeling of belonging, is still insufficiently taken into account.Finally, all share a real difficulty: reconcile the long term of cultural heritage preservation, which has to be passed on, thus preserved infinitely, with the short term of its economic operation and expected profits.2.3 The risksIn this situation and given recent developments, which have not always been properly managed, abuses can sometimes occur. This is at least the case in the light ofthe traditional and essential roles of cultural heritage, namely conservation, scientific research, knowledge dissemination and cementing social links. These abuses can take different shapes. Firstly, the quest for financing may lead to questionable schemes.To pay for refurbishing work on the Doge's Palace in Venice, for instance, the city council rented a section of the monument outside walls and a facade of the Bridge of Sighs to Coca-Cola, which set up massive promotional billboards on them.Poor visitor-flow management can damage sites and the visitor experience. Also in Venice, the city council allowed up to 300 metre long cruise ships to dock in Tronchetto port. These ships pour out several thousand visitors a day, and there is now way of channelling them. This city had managed to stem tourist flows by limiting the number of new hotels in it, but has moved into a new cycle now that it has agreed to plans to build new capacity (turning the former mill on Guidecca Island into an upmarket hotel). On specific days, the visitor crowds in certain sites (Versailles, the Louvre) make visiting conditions unacceptable.Seeking short-term profits can also contribute to deteriorating cultural heritage. Renting out works of art for more or less long exhibitions, shooting films in monuments and renting spaces for events (which is occurring increasingly often) can cause damage to certain objects and places, which restorers do not always have time to prevent or repair.Local populations may feel dispossessed of their cultural environment. Foreigners buying up real-estate en-masse can lead to excess. That is the case in Morocco in general and in Marrakech in particular, where national legislation entitles foreigners to buy freeholds. In that same vein, efforts to protect and promote heritage, in particular in character-filled historical town centres and villages, can lead to speculation on real-estate and land. In both cases, the local populations are faced with very fast and destabilizing changes in their economic and cultural environment.One of the risks that have made the most media headlines is the reproduction of sites and historical monuments. This trend is not new and has to be distinguished from the copying of fragile sites, validated by the scientific community and which contributes to their preservation (Lascaux, Egyptian tombs), whereas reproductionsare more and more often aimed to create attractions and thereby generate quick profits in more favorable conditions than in the original sites. The Japanese, for instance, have reproduced part of The Hague (The Netherlands) in Omura Bay, paired with a large-scale property development and marina, all of which did not turn out to be a great success. The Syrians created a fake Palmyra at the entrance to Damascus, which is on the contrary attracting a large number of visitors - who also flock to the restaurants and cafés around it. It is interesting to note that the international law is really uncertain in that field, which often leads to excesses. Abusive restoration for imperatives of comfort, modernization, or quick profits, constitutes another important risk.Management basically geared to generate short-term profit can also in a way drain meaning out of sites and works. In a number of well-known sites, literature is wanting or unavailable, there are too many visitors, the area is heavily built-up and commercial, the staging modest and the visitor circuits constraining. The Sphinx of Giza (Egypt) is one example.2.4. Sustainable management of cultural heritage: methods and techniques2.4.1 Methods of economic assessment of cultural heritageGiven those risks, authorities have set up a number of assessment methods and systems to step in.One of the first measures involves evaluating as accurately as possible the economic reality of the operations and the resulting proceeds involving culturalheritage. "This approach spurs concerted protection and promotion strategies and partnerships. It sharpens professional skills practices and partnerships between the cultural and tourism realms (coproducing data and pooling resources). Furthermore, highlighting the economic and social stakes associated with cultural heritage is a factor that contributes substantially to the acceptability, appropriation and support for local preservation and promotion strategy".In this area, the most traditional assessment methods combine approaches focusing on land and real-estate value, and on the balance sheet. These approaches are strictly limited to the site itself and to its financial dimension. It is therefore a fairlyrestrictive approach. It considerably undervalues fragile cultural assets that required heavy conservation investment, and pays little if any attention to the social and cultural dimensions.Methods stemming from economic theory nevertheless provide an option to assess cultural assets from a development and investment perspective. These methods are used by international backers, for instance. This is in particular the case for Contingent Valuation Methods (CVMs), which take into account nonmonetary value such as image of the site or the destination. It involves measuring the theoretical contribution that populations are willing to make (whether or not they use the site, and whether they live in the city or country or further away) to protect a component of cultural heritage. Other methods, such as relocation costs, costs versus advantages, hedonic costs and multi-criterion appraisals, are also sometimes used.Lastly, assessing indirect proceeds from cultural-heritage management most often involves the 'impacts' method which gauges the number of jobs, cash flows (wages, taxes) and social impacts (awareness of cultural heritage, the people's contribution to safeguarding and promoting cultural assets, the sense of belonging it nurtures, transmission, citizenship, etc.) generated by what visitors do and what they spend, in the area near the site (i.e. spanning transport, accommodation, restaurants, shops and services), as well as public and private investment to protect and promote cultural heritage.2.4.2 Sustainable management techniquesTo preserve cultural heritage, guarantee visitor comfort and spur indirect returns, managers and administrators use the specific techniques that provide the basis of the Site Management Plan recommended by UNESCO (World Heritage Centre).a) Visitor flow managementVisitor flow management contributes to site preservation and management. Several systems are now up and running, including visitor-number forecast analysis on new sites. This technique makes it possible to assess a site's attendance over time, using a direct approach by analysing the territorial catchment, using a comparative approach, or combining both. The results are generally reliable. This assessment zerosin on "peak days" and peak times (visitor-number snapshots) to provide the maximum visitor numbers. Then it is used to assess daily and hourly visitor numbers during the 30, 40 or 50 busiest days of the year (design days). These estimates provide the raw material we need to devise the protection and promotion programme by calibrating facilities and amenities as effectively as possible. Some of the newly-built museums programming has been made on this basis, as in the Louvre Museum in Lens (France).In existing sites, there are also several techniques to support visitor management: group bookings, individual bookings (increasingly often), tariff schedules, longer opening hours, smaller guided-tour groups, quotas (in very fragile sites such as the Villa Borghese Gallery in Roma) and visit paths to deal with shortstay visitors (tourist groups) and long-stay visitors (groups with specialist lecturers and enthusiasts) separately. These strategies rely on the assessment of the site capacity (acceptable number of visitors depending on the site surface) in exterior as well as interior spaces. Then, a minimum surface per visitor is calculated. This surface can go down to 1,50m2 in very popular exhibitions. Such a technique can be difficult to apply in complex sites (archaeological/natural ones) but can often provide useful elements of management.Providing information before visitors reach the site (via the Internet, smartphone applications, visitor guides) also plays a role. Negative marketing (momentarily withdrawing communication) to contribute to limiting the number of visitors in a site at the same time is very rarely used. Lastly, networking sites into package deals such as the Carte Musées Monuments providing access to 70 museums and monuments in and around Paris, and sharing literature and road signs, can contribute to easing pressure on the main highlights. A beautiful example of this flow-management strategy was used in the Alhambra in Granada (Spain), which combines measures to restrict automobile traffic and visitor numbers, requires individual and group booking, limits group visit time slots, and associates the city's companies working with tourists (taxis, restaurants and hotels), entitling them to distribute top-priority visit bookings. The site attending which rose to 2,8 million of annual visits has come down to a little bit more than 2 millions. In terms of capacity, the average surface per visitor whichwas 3,44m2 has been turned into 5m2.b) Preventive conservation associated with tourist numbersAction on this front is still modest and mainly experimental. As it has been already noted, copies (Lascaux, Valley of the Kings) can contribute to the preservation of very fragile sites and monuments. Copying gets a lot of media attention but is still rare since these techniques are difficult, as the different attempts to reproduce the Lascaux cave has showed it. Reproduction of furniture or decoration occurs more often thanks to the two different techniques of copy and casting. When the copy or catering substitutes to the original in situ, it serves to protect the original value. When this is the original which stays in situ, the copy and catering have a cultural memory value, when the original has lost its representative value or has been destroyed (for instance, Roman copies of Greek works of art or the catering preserved in the Musée des Monuments français, such as the statues of the Reims cathedral or the Roman fresco of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe).Regarding tourism and housing, these trends led to successful economic realizations. New tourist resorts are borrowing local architectural and decorative vocabulary (Le Crouesty in Morbihan and Valmorel in Savoy are two French examples). It is also the case of rebuilt buildings inspired by traditional buildings, for instance in Beirut or Tunis (the Hafsia Quarter). This trend combines traditional charm with modern-day comfort and convenience. Cultural heritage becomes a backdrop stripped of some of its meaning but serves a profitable economic purpose. This also applies to urban revamps that involve keeping nothing but façades (façadism).The most common intervention consists in mapping out visit circuits in sites, and indeed in cities (Strasbourg) to provide tourists with an overview of the highlights while avoiding the more fragile spots by providing visitors with free documentation and informative marking. When this option is unfeasible, the classical measures such as closing off areas to visitors, permanent or temporary embedding objects (mosaics, in particular), adding security systems around attractions and indirectly around visitors (barriers, fences), are used. There are also specific measures for site fringes, inparticular as regards automobile traffic and parking, such as moving them further away from the site, blending them into the natural environment, establishing the principle of non co-visibility (facilities and historical sites should not be visible at the same time) and segregating areas (several little parking areas instead of a big one close to the site and too visible). Human risks can stretch beyond tourism-related concerns to urban issues. Here, it is rarely balanced. Site outskirt protection often involves legal measures that are difficult to apply. They often stem from contracts between site managers and owners (Hadrian's Wall in the UK, Cyrene in Libya).c) Integrating local populationsThis approach concurrently stems from sustainable-development ideology and a more efficient strategy to protect and promote cultural heritage. It contributes to preventive conservation. There are two main trends at work here: one to maintain cultural usage and the other to bolster economic activity. In the first case, it is a question of protecting site traditional use, which can range from mere walks to religious or 'magical' practices. In both cases, measures that do not necessarily rank profit cost-efficiency at the top of the list take precedence. It sometimes entails sidestepping fences (Palmyra in Syria, Petra in Jordan, Dougga in Tunisia) to allow people to cross the site to get to their workplace. In Chellah (Rabat) the site is accessible free of charge on Fridays to allow local people to reach natural springs that, according to local tradition, help women to give birth to their first child. Tour operators are also involved in efforts to raise visitor awareness via codes of conduct prescribing adequate behaviour (). Naturally, school trips and attractions for local people can only strengthen the appropriation bond.Integration, however, necessarily also entails supporting local economic development, which can be done in several ways such as training craftsmen, shopkeepers, hotel staff and innkeepers in visitor expectations, supporting exports, distributing micro-credit to small-scale local producers and, if possible, employing on the site the local population (security, guiding, maintenance).3. The example of the World Bank in Mauritania3.1 The World Bank and the Cultural HeritageThe World Bank is an intergovernmental agency of the United Nations Organization. Its mission is to help states to finance actions of development. Since 1975, the Bank has developed a strategy to support projects in the cultural heritage sector to serve as a basis for local growth. It intervened in Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Honduras, Russia, Mauritania, China, Peru, Ethiopia. It provides loans, which is the most frequent case, or grants, according to the economic level of countries.3.2 Conditions of intervention of the World BankThe recipient countries also give counterparts to the loans provided by the Bank (direct financing, allocation of staff, fiscal adjustments). This financing is used to rehabilitate or create museums or cultural institutions (such as conservatoire of music), to restore and renew historic centres, to produce cultural events, to strengthen the conditions of protection and preservation of cultural assets, to improve the economic and cultural integration of the local populations.3.3. The case of MauritaniaThe case of Mauritania is particular because the Bank intervention focused partly on the protection/enhancement of World Heritage sites (Caravan cities of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Oulata and Tichitt) and partly on the protection of the libraries and the numerous ancient manuscripts present in the country. These surprising libraries were constituted on the occasion of the pilgrimage in Mecca, but also by exchanges between the inhabitants and the caravanners coming from Mali or from Arabia and Egypt.These libraries are not under common law. They are family's properties and cannot be sold or donated. They traditionally go to the leader of the family owner who keeps watch over them and is answerable for them to the main family's members during annual stocktaking. The most important among them, the library of the Habott family in Chinguetti, includes more than 1 500 manuscripts mainly of the XIXth century -some of them are much more ancient (exegesis of the Koran, astronomy, mathematics and logic, law). Some of these libraries are preserved in boxes by the nomad tribes living in the north and east of the country. The intervention of the Bank took place between 2001 and 2005.A project unit gathering Mauritanian specialists was in charge of the onsite actions conception and management. The Bank regularly sent missions of evaluation to follow their progress. Punctually international institutions also provided a scientific and technical support: UNESCO regarding the operations of preservation and training dedicated to the caravan cities. The financing was assured through a subsidy to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.The strategy adopted by the Project with the support of the Bank consisted in implementing a series of actions of protection intended to strengthen the heritage knowledge and the associated know-how. Complete building surveys and inventories were made in the world heritage cities. Training courses on the restoration of dry-stone buildings were organized for the young local population. In Oualata, famous city for the inside and outside decorations of houses, an emergency action allowed to train girls in painting these very codified patterns and to preserve this knowledge about to disappear.Concerning manuscripts, the Bank financing was used to make an inventory of the private libraries (more than 600 on a total estimated at 700/750) and to catalog more than 40 000 works (on a total estimated at 50 000). These research works allowed to elaborate a computerized data bank of which the BnF (French National Library) has a copy (Department of manuscripts. Service of Arabic manuscripts). The service of restoration of the BnF assured the training of a group of owners of private libraries. Finally the Bank acquired neutral cardboards to distribute in libraries. But the political situation which became unstable in 2005 did not allow to finalize this initiative. A second project of reprinting the ten more important Mauritanian manuscripts suffered the same fate.This first phase of consolidation was completed by the publishing of travel guides in partnership with the Cultural Service of the Embassy of France in Nouakchott, the organization of trainings intended for the caravan cities innkeepers, the realization of a festival of nomadic musics in Nouackchott and punctual actions of support for the craft sector, in particular for the traditional hairdressers who have an exceptional know-how and were gathered within very dynamic associations of womenentrepreneurs. As in any project of the Bank, an important aspect of the program was dedicated to the institutional and legislative framework intensification.This Bank program certainly allowed to produce information and documents essential to the cultural heritage preservation (surveys, inventories, cataloguing, long-term preservation of know-how) and to the information circulation about the country (publishing of travel guides) without durably modifying the situation of the Mauritanian cultural heritage. The tourist flows, directed first and foremost to the visit of the caravan cities of the North (Oudane, Chinguetti), hiking in Sahara and the natural site of the Banc d'Arguin, registered as a world heritage site, benefited from these interventions, but the degradation of the political situation and the security conditions in this zone compromised the project results. On the other hand, the country limited institutional and economic capacities make it difficult to follow up these operations. Mauritania mainly progresses in this domain at the rate of international supports, while many Mauritanians have the skills required to assure a wider development of the cultural and tourism economy.中文文化遗产保护和旅游经济1.文化遗产旅游经济，一种最新的理论方法对文化遗产的经济作用的认识是相对较新的。

旅游贸易竞争力外文文献翻译2014年译文3500多字

文献出处：Bobirca A, Cristureanu C. The international competitiveness of trade in tourism services [J]Advances in Tourism Economics.，2014，16（5）: 189-202.原文The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism ServicesAna Bobirca and Cristiana Cristureanu1 IntroductionTourism is the only service activity that can potentially provide trading opportunities for all nations, regardless of their level of development. However, it is also a sector where there is clearly an uneven distribution of beneﬁts that is l argely dependant on countries’ ability to strengthen their performance in the global economy, which in turn requires improving their competitiveness.Since the beginning of the 1990s, Romania has experienced major changes in its tourism exports volume, growth rate and structure. These disparate punctuations have all inﬂuenced the relative competitive position of Romania on the international tourism market and have been associated with changes in its tourism trade balance. In the same time, the new and more heterogeneous European architecture has induced signiﬁcant changes in Romania’s regional tourism competitiveness.Against this background, the paper attempts to suggest a framework for assessing the international competitiveness of Romania’s tourism services trade, by focusing on the relationship between competitiveness and tourism trade performance.To this end, the ﬁrst part starts by introducing the concept of international competitiveness and by presenting, evaluating and systematizing key issues of the complex analysis on international competitiveness. The paper subsequently considers the relationship between export performance and international competitiveness, as well as its relevance for international tourism. The second part includes a macro overview of the tourism sector, focusing spherically on its importance to the econ omy. The third part of the paper sets out in detail the framework for calculating the proposed measures of competitiveness and shows the importance of the methodological approach in interpreting the information provided by these indicators. It also illustrates the recent performance of Romanian tourism, based on an integrated measure of international trade competitiveness. The paper concludes by explaining the competitive position of Romania on the European tourism market and by identifying research issues that require further study.2 Perspectives on International Competitiveness – The Relationship Between Export Performance and International Competitiveness and its Relevance for International TourismThe concept of international competitiveness, although controversial and elusive, has gained acceptance and continues to attract the attention of both academics and policymakers worldwide.Most measures of international competitiveness that have so far been considered were undertaken at the economy-wide level (Garelli 2003) and generally refer to the ability of a country to produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real income of its citizens (European Commission 2007).Because competitiveness ultimately depends upon ﬁrms in a country competing successfully on the domestic and international markets, attention has focused on competitiveness at the ﬁrm level (Porter 1990), where it is generally understood to refer to ―.. . the ability of the ﬁrm to retain and, better still, enlarge its global market share, increase its proﬁts and expand‖ (Clark and Guy 1998, OECD 1993).According to traditional economic theory, a ﬁrm can gain competitive advanage through comparative cost of production by, for example, reducing labor cost. However, recent research suggests that non-price factors are equally important determinants of competitiveness. The range of non-price factors is diverse and includes human resource endowment, such as skills; technical factors, such as research and development capabilities and the ability to innovate; managerial and organization factors, both internal to the ﬁrm and externally organized through relationships with other bodies, customers, suppliers, public and private research institutes, and other ﬁrms (Clark and Guy 1998, Fagerberg 1986). Together, these factors determine the ability of the ﬁrm to compete successfully in international markets, on the background of changing technological, economic, and social environments. Export performance and the ability of the ﬁrm to maintain its market share remain the ultimate indicators of international competitiveness.Consequently, although widely proclaimed, the theoretical bases of international competitiveness as it relates to national economies and their international trade have been less analyzed in academic literature. Thus, the nature, beneﬁts and constraints on a nation of being internationally competitive remain ambiguous (Coldwell 2000, Krugman 1994, 1996).International competitiveness, within the context of trade in goods and services, refers to a nation securing and maintaining a trade advantage vis-à-vis the rest of the world. International competitiveness is advanced whenever the economic welfare of a nation is enhanced through an increase in the ﬂow of trade or through an alteration in the conditions of trade starting from a presumed initial equilibrium (Coldwell 2000).Trade theory asserts that economic welfare is dependent on the production of goods and services that a country has comparative advantage in. This, in effect, means that international competitiveness is secured when production is in line with a country’s comparative advantage situation. If countries perform well internati onally and compete successfully for export markets, this could be a sign of their sound international competitiveness.Therefore, at the international level, competitiveness can be deﬁned as the abilityof an economy to attract the demand for its exports and the investment to supply that demand, all within social norms that result in an improved standard of living for its citizens. This, in turn, depends on the macro and microeconomic policies, regulations and institutions that affect the productivity of the economy’s factors of production and the costs of doing business.A review of available literature and empirical evidences supports the notion that international competitivenes s can be explained, to some extent, by a country’s ability to export (Dollar and Wolff 1993, Fagerberg et al. 2004). There is, in fact, a self-recurring relationship between export performance and international competitiveness. Exports are the ﬁrst level o f international competitiveness affirmation. The improvement in export performance leads to an increase in a country’s competitiveness. This effect is a result of enterprises’ skills, knowledge, propensity to innovate and use new technology, ability to exploit technological opportunities in a successfully commercial way, etc.On the other hand, in striving to achieve successful exports in highly competitive global markets, a country is forced to improve its competitiveness. The more competitive a country is, the more economically powerful it is. Consequently, it is more capable to compete on the global market, to attract people with higher level of knowledge, skills, to buy new technologies, etc., and to improve its export performance, as well as to achieve better export results. This can, in turn, favor additional innovations and trigger an improvement in its competitiveness.Consequently, export performance and competitiveness should not be considered in isolation, since they are mutually interdependent.However, competitiveness should not be equated only with a country’s ability to export. The evolution of export market shares is also an important element of trade competitiveness, while the latter is just a component of a nation’s competitivenes s deﬁned by the European Declaration of Lisbon as the capacity to improve and raise the standard of living of its habitants by providing more and higher quality employment, and a greater social cohesion. The gains or losses of world market shares by individual countries are often considered as an index of their trade competitiveness. However, market share growth depends also on structural factors. Due to changes in demand, a country’s geographical and sect oral specialization at the beginning of a period is an important factor shaping future market share growth. Similarly, the country’s ability to adapt its exports to such changes will also affect the ﬁnal outcome. Furthermore, the concept of international competitiveness in tourism services also encompasses qualitative factors, that are difficult to quantify; the quality of services involved, the degree of specialization, the capacity for technological innovation, the quality of human resources (Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001) are factors that may inﬂuence a country’s tourism trade performance favorably. Likewise, high rates of productivity growth are often sought as a way of strengthening competitiveness. But it is not necessarily the case that favorable structural factors of this sort will give rise to increased sales on foreign markets. They may, instead, show up as improving terms of trade brought about through exchange-rate appreciation, while leaving export performance broadly unchanged. It is for this reason, as well as because these factorsare hard to measure in quantitative terms, that consideration here is conﬁned to a more speciﬁc and integrated method for determining Romania’s relative competitive position in international tourism.3 An Overview of Romania’s International Trade in Tourism Services3.1 Key FactsRomania’s Travel and Tourism Economy1 currently shows a return to positive territory, following negative results posted during the early years of economic transition, with an optimistic outlook for growth over the next ten years, much stronger than that of the EU.With a 4.8% contribution of tourism to GDP, Romania ranks the 162nd among 174 countries, being currently among the lower-tier, tourism-intensive countries of the region and the world. However, Romania’s prospects for tourism sector growth are better than for most of its neighbors and competitors within the regional and world ranking, i.e. 6.7% contribution to GDP over the next 10 years and 12th position, respectively (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).Romania’s Travel and Tourism Industry2 contributed 1.9% to GDP in 2006, rising to 2.5% of total GDP by 2016, while in the European Union, the Travel and Tourism Industry posted a GDP contribution of 3.9% in 2006 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).While the Travel and Tourism Economy accounts for 8.7% of global employment, Romania’s Travel and Tourism Economy employment was estimated at 485,000 jobs in 2006, representing 5.8% of total employment, or one in every 17.4 jobs. The current 265,000 Travel and Tourism Industry jobs account for 3.1% of total employment, as compared with 4.2% of total employment in the European Union (8.6 million jobs) (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).Travel and Tourism represented, in the European Union, 13.0% of total exports in 2006. In Romania, exports make up a very important share of Travel and Tourism’s contribution to GDP. Out of the total Romanian exports, Travel and Tourism represented 5.2% (1.2 billion Euros) in 2004, with a prospect to increase, in nominal terms, to 1.8 billion Euros (4.6% of total) by 2016 (World Travel and Tourism Council 2007).The vast majority of international arrivals in Romania are from Europe. Since 2000, some 95% of visitors every year have been intra-regional. Out of these, a growing number – 75% according to 2004 ﬁgures –represent arrivals from the ﬁve countries with which Romania shares a border: Ukraine, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro.3.2 Major FindingsThe analysis shows that, while still lagging behind the developed economies, the trend towards a service-oriented society is observable for Romania. This is also reﬂected by the increasing proportion of GDP attributable to tourism services and the growing share of employment in the tourism services sector.Although the overall tourism balance of Romania is positive, EU represents a net exporter of tourism services to Romania (the tourism balance is negative, with aworsening deﬁcit from 2005 to 2006); still, the propensity to trade with EU partners is stronger in this ﬁeld, reﬂecting a high er degree of integration into the EU tourism services market (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006).While Romania’s Travel and Tourism is growing in terms of international visitors, the country’s tourism receipts have been lagging considerably behind neighbori n countries. In 2004, Romania registered some 38% of those registered by Bulgaria, approximately 12% of those registered by Hungary and the Czech Republic and a mere 7% of Croatia’s receipts. This reﬂects the fact that many of Romania’s visitors do not stay overnight or spend anything while they are in the country, an important weakness to address for any tourism plan going forward (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 20058, 2006).–Within EU-15 countries, Romani a’s largest markets are Germany, Italy, France, Austria and the UK. Worryingly, arrivals from all of the EU-15 countries showed negative growth in 2004. This can be attributed in part to the accession of ten new countries to the EU and related incentives for visitors to these countries, such as low-cost airlines.– Growth in 2004 was driven by Hungary, which showed a 69% increase in arrivals in Romania. Outside Europe, Romania’s main international markets are the USA, which has shown steady growth since 2000, to 111,000 arrivals in 2004, as American tourists have started to be aware of the fact that Romania is more than a ―Dracula‖ destination; and Israel, although the Israeli market has remained stagnant in recent years. Tourists from China are also expected to increase in the future, as Romania received approved destination status in June 2004 (EUROSTAT 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006). Analysis of accommodation ﬁgures shows that a large number of these visitors do not stay in registered facilities and either reside with friends or relatives, or do not overnight in Romania. Thus, it is difficult to quantify their impact on the economy.– The majority of international arrivals to Romania are by road, again mirroring the large proportion of the country’s visitors from bordering countries. However, arrivals by air have also seen a healthy rise over the past ﬁve years, with increased frequency of scheduled services and some charters operating in regional airports.As Romania is forced to liberalize its aviation industry as a consequence of EU accession, air transport is set to rise dramatically in the near future. Arrivals by rail are decreasing at almost the same rate that air arrivals are increasing, as air travel becomes cheaper and more accessible.4 Methods for Assessing the International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services4.1 The Research MethodFor the speciﬁc assessment of the international competitiveness of trade in tourism services, the underlying methodological approach undertaken in this study is based on the idea that the economy with an improving degree of competitiveness in tourism services is the one able to enhance the size of its tourism services exports to a certain market. Similarly, the economy with a declining degree of competitiveness is the one that increases the size of its tourism services imports coming from other countries.The greater or smaller degree of competitiveness a country (or sector) has shows the nature and degree of participation it has – through its exports – in the imports carried out by the analyzed market, i.e., a country improves its competitiveness in the way that the other country increases its imports coming from the former one (Mandeng 1991).In addition, the process of inserting a country in the international economy is related not only to its exporting progresses, but also to the behavior and actions of other competitors. The model is adapted from De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez (De la Guardia et al. 2004) that introduced the aspect of the dynamic nature of markets and implemented through their work an ex—post assessment of services competitiveness, by providing a descriptive reference on the changes produced in the competitiveness level and specialization degree, in international trade. The commercial advantage is revealed through the evolution of tourism exports which reﬂects improvements in competi tiveness, and through the evolution of tourism imports that reﬂects a worsening of the commercial advantage.(1). Based on the aforesaid, the changes in the international tourism services trade competitiveness are measured through the analysis of different variables: 1. the ﬁrst variable is the market share or participation in the market, and measures the portion of the market that is supplied by a certain country or the tourism sector of this country;(2). the second variable used is the export structure of the analyzed country. This variable reﬂects the relative weight of the tourism sector in the total exports of that country;(3) ﬁnally, by means of the import structure of the market, the degree of dynamism that the tourism sector has in the analyzed import market can be determined. Through the combination of the aforementioned variables, three ―tourism competitiveness matrices‖ (see Table 12.1) are constructed, that allow for the description of Romania’s international tourism trade development proﬁle.The Market Share Competitiveness Matrix illustrates the fact that a country’s tourism exports can be classiﬁed according to their international competitiveness starting from the behavior of the country’s market share in tourism exports and the evolution of the world tourism services imports over time.In effect, the world market share held by each country in tourism services exports can increase or diminish throughout time; such modiﬁcations take place in the same time with the increase or decline that tourism imports register in international trade.This allows for the classiﬁcation of a country’s tourism exports as performing, missed opportunities, declining and retreating.Tourism services are performing when a country enhances its market share in tourism, in circumstances in which this activity has an increasing importance in world-wide trade.Tourism services are missed opportunities when a country is losing market share, while international trade in the sector is enhancing.Declining are those tourism services in which the exporting country increases its market share, while the international market is shrinking.Finally, we deﬁne the situation of tourism services as retreating when thiseconomic activity, besides losing market share, registers a decline of dynamism in international trade.The competitiveness matrix of the export structure is obtained relating the behavior of a country’s tourism services export structure with the tourism services import dynamism of the international market.This matrix shows how the adjustments of the export structure can take place in the same direction or in the opposite direction with respect to the changes in world imports structure. The different segments of services exports, including tourism, can be classiﬁed, from the point of view of their international competitiveness, through the changes that take place in the services export structure of the country and the world services imports structure throughout time.Combining these two variables, tourism, as a services exporting sector can be classiﬁed as performing, missed opportunity, declining and retreating, with the equivalent meaning mentioned before.Finally, tourism exports can also be classiﬁed from the point of view of their international competitiveness throughout time, when the degree of trade specialization of each country and the evolution of the world imports are simultaneously analyzed.The specialization index is deﬁned as the relative par ticipation that an exporting sector of a country has in world trade.3Similarly, tourism, as an exporting sector can be classiﬁed as performing, missed opportunity, declining and retreating, with an identical interpretation to the ones previously indicated.Our aim here is to adapt and apply the model developed by De la Guardia, Molero, and Valadez in order to assess the international competitiveness of tourism services, using information related to the current situation of the EU-25 countries and to that of Romania, based on the statistical information available.Balance of payments transactions for tourism services are less easy to link to actual tourism services provision than is the case for goods; some tourism activities may be difficult to disentangle from goods or capital transactions. Countries have developed unique national methods for assembling the data: some have tended to rely more on statistical surveys and others have relied more on central banks’ administrative systems. Even so, there has been and still remains considerable variation in data collection methods. To compound the picture, methods of collection have changed considerably over time.Despite these troubles, we believe that the forthcoming descriptive analysis could bring some highlights on international competitiveness and the factors determining the commercial position in tourism services trade.The sample data is drawn from UNCTAD-IMF-BOP Statistics on Trade in Services by sector and country (OECD 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, UNCTAD 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006), a data-set which covers exports (credits) and imports (debits) of three main services categories: transportation, tourism and travel and other commercial services, according to the concepts and dentitions’ of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual with a focus on tourism services. Data-set comprises the 25 EU countries, Romania and the world (178 countries) and covers a yearly time periodcomprising 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006.4.2 The Research Results4.2.1 The IndicatorsThe evolution of the market share shows the penetration ability of tourism as a services exporting sector of each country in the international economy.The data reveal that, for the analyzed period, the EU-25 economies were among the main world suppliers of tourism services, since they maintained an overall participation next to 45% of the world supply in tourism exports. Altogether, the group constituted by these countries slightly diminished the held proportions of the world quota in tourism services (–0.68% growth rate).From the perspective of individual countries, the economies that registered an increase of their quotas in the world market of tourism services were, in order, those of Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, UK and Luxemburg.By contrast, especially signiﬁcant are the results registered by countries like Hungary, Finland and Spain, which decreased their market share in tourism.Romania’s market share in tourism services exports declined at both world level (Romania –world) and in relation to EU-25 countries (Romania –EU-25), but the decrease in the latter case was more severe (20.85%, as opposed to 4.65%). Also, the reduction in Romania’s market share on the EU-25 market was much higher then the overall European market retreat.Through the analysis of the export structure we can appreciate the importance that export of services has as currency provider for the EU-25 economies and Romania.Data show that, in relation to the examined services sectors, the exports of tourism services represent about 27% of the overall services exports in the EU-25 countries and about 28% at world level, meaning that, compared to the world export structure, the EU-25 countries exhibit a similar pattern, with a slight negative deviation for tourism services.In the analyzed period, most of the countries registered minor decreases in their currency entry through exports of tourism services. The countries that opposed this trend were Poland, Estonia, Malta, Germany, UK.In Romania, tourism services represent about 14% of the overall services exports, which is below the world and European average (27–28%).The evolution is similar with that signaled above, meaning that the structure of Romania’s exports is altered in the detriment of tourism services, that are decreasing both in relation to the world and to the EU-25 countries, but with a much higher amplitude in the latter case (27.85%, as compared to 6.14%).译文旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力安娜；克瑞斯缇娜1 引言对所有国家来说，旅游业都可以为本国提供交易机会，这也是唯一可能的服务活动。

国外有关表达文化遗产保护和旅游业发展的文献

文献名：《文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系》1.前言国外关于表达文化遗产保护和旅游业发展的文献，涵盖了丰富的知识和经验，对于我们理解文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系具有重要意义。

本文将从深度和广度两个方面来探讨该主题，以期能够全面地理解文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的复杂关系。

2.文献综述2.1 《文化遗产保护与旅游业发展》这篇文献主要探讨了文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系，指出文化遗产保护是旅游业可持续发展的重要保障。

作者通过对多个国家和地区的案例研究发现，文化遗产保护可以有效地促进当地旅游业的发展，为当地经济增长和居民生活改善作出了积极贡献。

2.2 《国外文化遗产保护与旅游业发展的经验与启示》本文献总结了多个国家在文化遗产保护与旅游业发展方面的经验与教训，提出了一些有益的启示。

作者指出，文化遗产保护应当与旅游业发展相互促进，同时也需要注意保护的可持续性和非侵蚀性，避免过度商业化对文化遗产的损害。

3.个人观点与理解我认为，文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系是一个复杂而又紧密相连的话题。

在实践中，我们需要充分认识到文化遗产的保护不仅仅是为了保护历史和传统，更是为了实现文化的传承和保护，为后人留下宝贵的精神财富。

旅游业作为一个重要的经济产业，也需要在发展中尊重和保护当地的文化遗产，实现可持续发展。

4.总结与回顾通过阅读上述文献，我对文化遗产保护与旅游业发展的关系有了更深入的理解。

文化遗产保护不仅仅是一种传统和历史的保护，更是为了实现文化的传承和发展。

旅游业的发展也需要尊重和保护当地的文化遗产，实现可持续发展。

在未来的工作中，我将更加重视文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系，并积极探索其可持续发展的路径。

在本文中，我通过综合分析国外的文献，深入探讨了文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系。

希望本文的内容对于您对于以上主题有所帮助。

5.深入探讨文化遗产保护与旅游业发展之间的关系在我们的日常生活中，文化遗产和旅游业都扮演着重要的角色。

非物质文化遗产的旅游商品化对策研究文献综述

非物质文化遗产的旅游商品化对策研究文献综述非物质文化遗产是一个地方民俗文化的精华，它可以满足不同游客寻求异质文化的心理需求，也是一种很重要的旅游资源。

从非物质文化遗产本身，各种民间舞蹈、地方戏曲、民俗节日、传统工艺品是承载一个国家民族的文化基因，体现着一个民族的审美情趣，欣赏和理解这种本质的非物质文化遗产，就可以享受当地的民俗文化，掌握当地的情况，体验当地的文化。

当然作为游客去体验不同地方的民族特色也是旅游的本质，非物质文化是旅游的内涵和核心属性，寻求不同的文化体验是旅游行为的重要驱动力。

非物质文化遗产作为传统文化的载体，可以满足游客的需求，寻求文化的差异性和体验性。

是旅游业发展中的一种重要的旅游资源。

今天，许多珍贵的非物质文化遗产是在灭绝和濒临灭绝的边缘，我们对非物质文化遗产的旅游商品化也使一些濒临灭绝的非物质文化遗产得到保护。

因此，非物质文化遗产资源的旅游商品化具有重要的意义。

非物质文化遗产的旅游商品化是目前旅游发展的一种趋势，越来越多游客愿意去了解非物质文化，使得一些濒临失传的非物质传统文化又恢复了生机。

通过旅游商品化让更多非物质文化遗产得到利用，使它产生了经济效益，不仅对非物质文化遗产有传承和保护作用，也对当地经济和文化都有促进作用。

例如:许多人文景观得以修复，东巴文化和纳西古乐的保护被提到了法制化的高度；东巴造纸技术被恢复；打铜，打银，制陶等传统手工业获得新生；民间的传统饮食凉粉，发糖，粑粑，酥油茶等都成了颇受游客喜爱的风味食品。

随着地方旅游业的不断发展，游客的不断涌入，带来了许多方面尤其是对当地传统文化的需求，使得许多濒危的非物质文化和旅游的潮流慢慢复苏，并且重新组建融入新兴旅游市场。

通过对中国期刊全文数据库（2000-2016，检索时间2016年11月）进行相关文献检索，我们发现主题含“非物质文化遗产”检索词的文献记录共有22355条，关键词为“非物质文化遗产”的文献记录有6843条，篇名含“非物质文化遗产”检索词的文献记录共8739条。

乡村旅游外文翻译文献

乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。

旅游产品开发的新视角外文文献翻译2014年译文3300字

文献出处: Hill, John. A new perspective of tourism product development: The Case of South Korea [J]. The Journal of International Travel, 2014, 35(3): 125-141.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文A new perspective of tourism product development: The Case of South KoreaHill, JohnAbstractAs the tourism consumption rising demand for personalized, tourism consumer’s independent participation consciousness enhancement. Tourism product development to meet the growing demand for personalized, tourists pay attention to the experience of tourists is crucial. The development of modern society and the change of consumption concept, tourism are more likely to experience the real life experience, enhance feelings of self-realization. The authenticity of the tourist experience is the cultural meaning of tourism activities.In the study of tourism experience, authenticity is one of the core issues. The study of experience of tourism authenticity, not only has theoretical significance of cultural studies, and has a guiding significance to tourism development. In recent years, tourism research in the field of authenticity as the academic concern increasingly, especially in terms of tourism culture, from the perspective of tourism experience less research of the tourism product development research.Key words: authenticity; Experience; Tourists; Tourism product development1 Tourism product development processContrast the status of the previous South Korean tourism product development, be helpful for us in the tourism product development in the era of experience economy into more targeted experience elements, enhancing the market value of tourism products. In South Korea tourism product of the market by the buyer to the seller's market, selling changes - the three stages of buyer's market.1.1 The first stageThe characteristics of this stage is give play to the resource advantage of primarycharacteristics of supply oriented seller's market, is also the number of tourist product innovation stage of development, especially the number of tourist spots. Before 1987, nearly 70% of tourists tourists travel purpose is, arguably, the history of South Korea tourism is in accordance with the history of tourism products. This one phase, the south Korean tourism under the policy of opening to the outside world and invigorating, started from the past political reception, cultural exchange is given priority to, to give priority to with business services, earning foreign exchange of economic business, the tourism market is basically a seller's market, tourism product innovation basic work mainly focused on giving full play to the advantages of resources, expand the number of tourist spots. South Korea tourism products in this period is given priority to with primary resources, variety single, the structure is not complete, rely mainly on the increase of the number of the tourist attractions and tourism facilities to meet the needs of tourists. Traditional on the basis of the resources of tourism products is very rich, South Korea tourism product development based on tourism as the breakthrough point, to Korean culture as the main body of the purpose of the rapid development of market monopoly to South Korea tourism products play an important role1.2 The second stageThis stage is the continuing development of tourism at the same time, begin to pay close attention to the special tourism products and the development of special tourism products. After the first phase of development, a south Korean tourist product and have been able to put into the market on a large scale, but the same time the world tourism market consumption trend towards, pure purpose of products in the market space gradually narrowing, real special tourism and special tourism products, tourism market a major Asian tourism at the same time adjustment, declining proportion of intercontinental travelers, tourists from close range scale expands rapidly. Close the popularity of the tourist not only expand the market space, deduce the specific tourist motives more diversification and the diversification of tourism way. Participatory, entertaining and distinct personality constitutes a new market focus for the integration of new products and development trend. In 1987, the national tourism administrationproposed change single do line situation, special tourism and special tourism development, the development of the individual and family travel, form a pattern of diversification of products. Since the early 1990 s, South Korea tourism departments and enterprises pay attention to the use of South Korean tourist resources type, features colorful compose various types of tourism product development. Since 1992, a year to determine the different theme, with focus on the promotion of different types of tourism products. Holiday products to drive the rise of the special tourism development and construction, prompted South Korea tourism products to form sightseeing, holiday and special pattern of the three pillars of tourism products. (2) This reflect a shift from a seller's market to a buyer's market, on the other hand shows that South Korea tourism market consciousness and competition consciousness gradually enhanced. Tourism product development by relying on resources to expand the number of tourist spots, also gradually transformed into construction with emphasis and plan a batch of tourist routes, tourist route construction to stimulate the development of tourist spots and the depth of the tourism resources development. At this stage, a buyer's market trend of tourism product makes tourism products in every link more closely contact with the market demand, tourism product diversification and specialization trend gradually formed, and pay attention to hardware product quality and improve the quality of our services, in order to improve the economic benefits of the tourism industry as a whole.1.3 The third stageThis stage is a buyer's market stage of development. Concept of market competition, tourism enterprises and tourism managers to research the demand of tourists, to design a marketable product. Is a comprehensive very strong products, tourism products require breakthrough construction of tourist route in the past, become a including tourism destination image construction, the coordination with economic and social development of tourism, tourists, local residents and tourism practitioners, the tourist ecological social environment coordinated coexistence, every aspect of system engineering. Along with the development of regional tourism, tourist activities on the near distance and developed, and the supply of tourist activitiescharacteristics change requirements change along the traveling route line of original model, and into the travel purpose ground roll out, to tourism destination as a unit of overall construction, coordination and optimization of the tourist products, the tourists in the tourist destination can fully meet the demand of various substances spirit. This prompted the tourism product marketing gimmick diversification, into service and experience factors in the product, meet the demand of tourist’s mental stage.2 Two problems existing in the tourism product experience2.1 Type single tourism product experiencePine with Gilmore put forward to make people feel is one of the most abundant experience include entertainment, education, and escape from reality, aesthetics four types of experience, the experience type is rich, experience the better the results. South Korea now experience of tourism products is given priority to with the purpose, more dominant aesthetic experience, only to mobilize the visual sense in experience, experience type single make profound cultural connotation of tourism products difficult to explicit, and for some cultural relics of ornamental also need certain professional background knowledge, aesthetics and education experience very snorkeling, tourists to tourism products stay in watching, buildings, monuments and so on the surface of the scenic spot tourism experience content, the lack of deep, various types of tourism experience.2.2 Travel experience the same contentNo patents, tourism products have the features of easy to imitate. Traditional Korean tourism product innovation is insufficient, the phenomenon of redundant construction is more common. South Korea tourism product regardless of from the type and quantity is very rich, but in actual travel, content is similar, resource characteristics have not been able to come out of the full performance. At the same time, the design of tourism projects lack of features, the experience of the same content makes visitors feel familiar, it is difficult to obtain the unforgettable travel experience, tourism products lack of professional travel experience design. And experience respectively the core elements of tourism is the tourism product experience provided by the object with the tourists everyday life, the difference of the differenceis larger, the more can stimulate the tourists travel desire, also has development value. The present tourism products lack of diversity development, it is difficult to meet the demand of tourist’s experience.Experience respectively the development of tourism products in South Korea is still in the theory of infancy, domestic academia for its research is limited, although scholars have carried on the preliminary study on tourism experience, is only for one tourism product shallow levels of discussion. Due to the development of the theory of experience economy in South Korea at an early stage, there was lack of experience on tourism products design experience respectively.2.3 Tourism experience of participationTraditional Korean tourism product development mode is a resource - oriented, the dependence on resources to product development. For most of the tourism products, or directly to the original resources as the project, make tourists can experience the resources of ecological and historical value, the development depth is not enough, not characteristics. At the same time, need few tourists involved to complete the project, the development of tourism products to stay on the surface of experience, and the resource itself very little contact with the local population. Product development lack of innovation, imitation, following severe, similar products, to the use of resources at the simple extensive stage, can't meet the personalized needs of unusual experience for visitors3 The tourists and the development of tourism productsFor different types of tourism products, the authenticity of tourists demand is different. Here we combine clement chug in the authenticity of the tourism experience rule and the scenic area management problem "as a law in this paper, we summed up experience of tourism authenticity. Author put all the scenic spot is classified into humanities scenic spot and the natural scenic area, and puts forward the concept of the original true scenic area, it refers to those who have experienced a certain time of the historical and cultural precipitation, less interference or destruction of the scenic spot.For with a history of ontology in the sense of real estate field and reflect real life custom tourism destination specific landmark tourism cultural products, namely theoriginal true strong tourism products, such as historical and cultural heritage, cultural relics sites, from the objective, they are real, for these scenic area, the main task of management is to protect the good humanities and natural environment, the less artificial interference, to give visitors experience the real; At the same time in the cultural objective authenticity intact at the same time, should pay attention to environment, and guide the design of the artificial factors such as service. To reflect the cultural activities held at the destination, such as some real folk music, dance, and some onto the stage of festival celebration activities, can understand from the perspective of structuralism real authenticity. Authenticity of experience can be increased by operating organization, Pierce (1986) argues that authenticity can be achieved by the experience of the physical environment, social interaction, and based on the experience of people get, theatrical real also can let visitors get high quality tourism experience. At the same time, the enthusiasm of the community residents to participate in is also very important.England's rural tourism is, through the method of "reproduction history", through the participation of visitors and the community residents to improve interaction effect of the authenticity of the experience. Held in destination for the destination of the cultural activities outside of products (such as theme parks) the authenticity of the experience, can be interpreted from the perspective of existentialism real, tourist experience has nothing to do with the object of tourism, tourist experience has intensified, intoxicated, feel the real self. Experience of this kind of tourism products is short, need to inspire visitor’s experience, objective existence not true to the real experience, and constantly to update the tourism products, tourism products to achieve sustained development.译文旅游产品开发的新视角：以韩国为例作者：希尔·约翰斯摘要随着旅游消费个性化需求的上升,旅游消费者自主参与意识增强。

世界遗产地的可持续旅游市场营销-外文翻译

外文翻译原文Title:Sustainable tourism marketing at a World Heritage siteMaterial Source: Journal of strategic marketing Author:David Carson The tourism industry is a major contributor to the gross national product of many nations(Reige and Perry,2000)and is one of the fastest growing industries in the world.Today the marketing of tourist destinations and tourism service products is a widely recognised phenomenon.However,the growth in tourism has created new challenges to tourism sites in terms of increased visitor numbers and their potential detrimental impact on the environment.This is becoming evident in popular tourist sites and often in unique and fragile environments such as World Heritage sites. The focus of this study was on the Giant’s Causeway W H site,the most iconic and most visited site in Northern Ireland representing almost a quarter of all trips to the region(Northern Ireland Tourist Board,2004).The current growth in tourist numbers to the site has led to the recognition that consideration needs to be given to a sustainable tourism marketing strategy if the site is to be maintained for future generations.The objectives of the study were to gain an understanding of the nature of interactions between the organisations involved in managing the site,and to identify the dimensions of a sustainable tourism service-product offering in a WH site context.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MARKETINGFollowing the popularisation of the concept of sustainable development,sustainable tourism as a concept developed during the late 1980s and early 1990s(Bramwell and Lane,1993;Hunter,995).This concept evolved in line with growing recognition of the potential for tourism to have a negative impact on the environment and social fabric of destinations.However,there is some concern that widely adopted interpretations of sustainable tourism are overly focused on a need to conserve the resources on which the tourism industry depends(Dewhurst and Thomas，2003).For example,some view natural sites as conservationists and argue for de-marketing and‘stay away’messages to be given to tourists(Quan,2000).Theimportance of trying to achieve a social,economic and environmentally balanced approach(according to the Brundtland(1987) principles,WCED)to managing and marketing tourist sites was the perspective taken in this study.The core aim of the social and economic perspectives of tourism is to encourage more tourists to visit and to promote the growth of tourist value.The focus is on creating employment，achieving revenue return and developing some local engagement and interaction with tourists.The anticipated outcome is more tourist‘dollar’which contributes more GNP and eventually leads to large scale tourism.The environmental focus of tourism is at a different end of the spectrum to the economic and social perspectives.The core aim is to protect and to conserve both the culture and the environment(as both are inextricably linked).There is often a dichotomy or conflict between the social and economic focus of tourism and the environmental perspective.For example,the environmental focus is on conservation and protection and is often about restricting the use of a particular site or keeping large numbers of visitors away.If a natural tourist attraction is to exist and be economically viable,it must embrace economic and social objectives and also incorporate the environmental issues in the context of economic and social wellbeing.From a marketing management viewpoint,environmental objectives should not dictate the agenda for tourism attraction provision and perspectives.Delivering a sustainable tourism service product will depend upon interactive management,planning and decision-making and the implementation of a consistent service product to large groups of people in a well-managed way.SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MARKETINGRegional Tourism Organisation)and DoE(Department of Environment)regarding advisory and promotional support.There was a commitment to the provision of support,both advisory and financially through grant aid from the Environment Service.However the interactions and collaborations with these bodies were not specific or explicit and did not have any impact on the current management of the site. In summary,the three organisations that own the land and the stones at the Giant’s Causeway have different perspectives.One has a single focus on conservation,restriction and perhaps closure to visitors.The second organisations’objectives are to bring more visitors to the area,encourage them to stay longer in order to contribute to the economy of the whole region.The third organisation wantsto develop a wider range of visitor facilities and services within the immediate area,to make profit and provide jobs for local people.These different perspectives result in little interaction and collaboration between the organizations,in fact they see each other as competitors for the same business.In addition,the interactions between the on-site landowner organizations and the wider range of public and private sector tourism related businesses were very limited. Such lack of communication led to conflicting decisions being made by each organization resulting in confusing communication messages for visitors.To summarise,there was little evidence of sustainable tourism management,there was no unified sense of direction and the implementation of the tourism service product was limited and the site was poorly managed as described below.Delivery of the WHS service productThe physical features and core product of the WH site,the Giant’s Causeway stones(a natural feature)was poorly presented and maintained.At the most famous part of the site,the‘honeycomb’area where the majority of visitors go,there was evidence of neglect(mud and litter)and vandalism(graffiti and chipping)on the stones.With regard to visitor facilities on site there was little evidence of recent capital expenditure,the buildings were old,and small.The size of the buildings(shop and visitor centre)were inadequate and often became congested due to the limited space available and queues for toilets and cash desks.In terms of accessibility of the core product,new transport services to bring visitors to the site were introduced in the areas adjacent to the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast during the time of study.These included a heritage railway service and a‘rambler’bus service.However these services were introduced incrementally without any overall plan on vision.One on-site manager commented:‘these facilities are planned on an ad-hoc basis’.The majority of visitors to the site arrived by car.If they arrived between the hours of 9.30am and 5.00pm，a car-park attendant was positioned at the entrance of the park to request payment. Often there was confusion regarding what the payment was for as there were car parking ticket machines clearly evident within the car park.Because of the payment required within the car park areas or at busy times when the car park was full,cars parked along the roadside causing congestion,disruption，tailbacks and contributing to erosion at the side of the main road.Communication and interactive management of visitorsThere was little communication of any kind to stimulate visitor interest in the site,for example,promotional signs or pictures to illustrate the features of the site or service areas such as the cafeteria or souvenir shop.One on-site manager commented: we don’t market the Giant’s Causeway,there is a policy of not really marketing it because it receives so many visitors already. There was an overall lack of clear directional signs for visitor information.The site had poor visual communication in terms of guidance,information or advice on-site.Signs on the site and on the way to the stones were too small to be read from the path，making it necessary to step off the path (onto grass or heathland)to read signs.Within the site,the only staff available were those employed within the retail outlet and cafe′facilities(open between 9.30am and 5.00pm only),otherwise there were no staff available for guidance,direction or supervision of visitors. Overall interpretation of the site and attempts to engage or ‘educate’ the visitor was very poor. Some of the on-site managers did not want any interpretative material or activities provided at the site unless it was about conservation.They also thought that the companies bringing people to the site(such as bus and tour operators)should provide interpretative information about the site.More fundamentally the opinion of the site-owners was that the site could be managed by restricting the number of visitors instead of addressing the issues of interpretation,education and visitor guidance as illustrated in the following statement: I guess we would prefer to ask people to voluntarily stay out of areas,we may have to consider more severe fencing and things to keep people out…(Site manager) To summarise,there was a limited choice and range of visitor facilities in terms of catering,entertainment and shopping opportunities on-site.The more intangible dimensions such as providing guidance,communication and interpretation facilities for visitors were very ad-hoc and informal.Overall the site itself was poorly maintained and there was little evidence of interactive management of visitors.译文标题：世界遗产地的可持续旅游市场营销资料来源:《战略营销杂志》(2007，5) 作者：大卫·卡而森旅游业是许多国家国民生产的一个重要贡献来源，并且是世界上发展最快的行业之一。

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外文出处：Romita T, Perri A. The Development Mode of Heritage Site Tourism Product[J].An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 2014,6(2): 277-292. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。

）原文The Development Mode of Heritage Site Tourism ProductRomita T, Perri AAbstractAt present, the cultural heritage tourism is gradually popular, loved by people. However, the product development of heritage site tourism is worth our thinking. On the world heritage site tourism product development requirements, the world heritage site should have the characteristics of tourism products, the world heritage sites suitable for the development of tourism products, tourism product development mode from the aspects such as thinking, conducive to the protection of world heritage. Keywords: world heritage; Tourism products; Characteristic; Type; Development mode1 Development requirements of heritage site tourism productThe heritage site tourism product development, both to meet the needs of tourists, and to meet the world heritage protection goal request, and the latter is more important. Because of world heritage resources are not common tourist resources, the world heritage has unique value and are protected by international law, aim of development of world heritage is to let people know the world heritage by tourism, to realize the importance of world heritage value, so as to achieve the purpose of better protection of world heritage sites, rather than the destruction of the world heritage. Therefore, when we are on the world heritage tourism products development, not only just meet the needs of tourists and developers, some tourist products cannot be developed within the scope of world heritage site, resolute can't development. For example, in the world natural heritage site, the special geological features are protected, will not be able to develop the tourism projects, such as rock climbing, bungee jumping. Although these projects are very popular with tourists, although afterdevelopment also can bring short-term big profits to developers.2 The characteristics of heritage site tourism productIs according to the particularity of world heritage resources, it has the value of a world class, irrefragable and uniqueness in a certain range, the integrity of world heritage and integral sex, cosmopolitan, supervision jointly by all mankind, to protect its authenticity and integrity requirements, has its unique evaluation standard and testing inspection system such as particularity, summarized the world heritage site tourism product is different from the general characteristics of tourism products. World heritage site of tourism products in addition to general tourism products have a comprehensive, shall not transfer, production and consumption of indivisible, cannot be stored, vulnerability, and other characteristics, but also has the features of high protective and boutique.High protective the biggest characteristics is a world heritage site tourism products. Authenticity and integrity of world heritage protection is one of the world heritage convention states parties to the highest requirements for protection of world heritage. Therefore, the development of the world heritage site should not only on the world heritage tourism products have protective, and demanding, to protect the authenticity and integrity of world heritage site.Boutique sex refers to the development of world heritage site tourism products should be high quality, high grade of products; The development of the world heritage site tourism products need to be able to fully display the value of world heritage world class; The development of the world heritage site tourism products should be original, to make the world heritage sites of natural and cultural resources, environment, keep its original genuine and integrity.3 Types of the development of heritage site tourism productsBased on the protection of world heritage authenticity and integrity, the development of the world heritage site types, properties and characteristics of tourism product must conform to the requirements of a world heritage site. In the world heritage site can develop tourism product types are: tourism, cultural tourism, folk tourism and folk customs tourism, religious tourism travel, scientific expedition travel,study and geological tourism, photography, tourism, ecological tourism, etc. Tourism is one of the most common tourism products, is the human in order to satisfy their curiosity and the primary tourism products. He is because of its primary sex, and hence the most popular a kind of tourism products. In the world heritage site can carry out natural tourism and scenic spots and historical sites. Natural tourism has good function of environmental education, at the same time can also provide tourists enjoyed the beauty of nature, life will cultivate a personal sentiment, exercise benefits. Places of historic interest in swimming can increase knowledge, enjoy art creation, and enhance the effectiveness of patriotic.Folk tourism is a folk thing like as the main content of cultural tourism activities, is a high level of cultural tourism. It USES the destination way of daily life and folk culture to attract foreign tourists, is a lively, emphasize the participation of emerging tourism products, has a unique aesthetic features. World heritage sites in China are often inhabited by ethnic minorities, the national each have a unique ethnic customs, such as: valley, the three parallel rivers region area. Thus, can carry out folk customs tourism in these areas.Religious tourism and religious belief and religious cultural experience about two kinds of activities. On the one hand, to carry out the religious tourism, can meet the needs of believers pilgrimages, prayer, pilgrimage; o carry out the religious tourism, on the other hand, for non-believers, can enjoy religious architectural culture, sculpture and stone carving art, the activities of the special atmosphere. World heritage sites. Study of tourism and education in the form of a variety of forms, it includes scientific research, collecting folk customs, etc. This kind of tourism products to the participants have education significance. Scientific survey and geological tourism driven by curiosity and desire to scientific exploration, many tourists on the field survey, natural observation and science adventure has a great enthusiasm. Tourism is a kind of scientific research of tourism geological investigation form more mature products. In the rich world heritage site can carry out geological investigation of geological remains tourism.Travel photography is refers to the tourists to the unique natural landscape,ethnic customs keen to travel to places and shot his way of travel, can this kind of tourism activities in the unique natural scenery, rich cultural tourism resources of world heritage site.Ecological tourism is a kind of protective, professional and high-quality goods and so on the characteristic of tourism products. Protection is the biggest characteristic of ecological tourism products, ecotourism product development design to follow the rules of natural ecology and human and the nature harmonious unification principle. Professional refers to the activities of ecotourism products should have professional projects and management. High-quality goods refers to the ecological tourism products should be high quality, high grade products. First performance in developed original of tourism products, in addition, in terms of quality should be the real high grade product. Thus, in the world heritage sites to develop ecological tourism products, conducive to the protection of world heritage. However, because of the holiday leisure tourism tourists stay time long and higher demand for tourist facilities, climbing on the harmfulness of geological landscape does not fit in the tourism activities within the scope of world heritage site, but can in its surrounding areas, as long as there is condition, or can be, in order to enrich tourism product structure and pattern.4 Development mode of heritage site tourism product4.1 Development mode heritage site tourism productIn this paper, based on the world heritage background resources, the status of the world heritage site tourism resources around, and the particularity of the world heritage, the world heritage site tourism product development model is summarized as the following.4.4.1 Development model partitioningIs the result of biosphere reserve grading partition protection theory. Man and biosphere program (MAB) by the United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO), launched in 1971, biosphere reserve is an important part of man and biosphere program, it is a protected land, coastal zone, or on behalf of the area of the Marine ecosystem. Biosphere reserve goal is to build harmony betweenman and nature, utilization and protection of the coordinated development pattern. Biosphere reserve is divided into three management zones: core, buffer and peripheral transition zone [5].The three zones are usually in many different ways to implement in order to adapt to the local geographical conditions and limitations. Biosphere reserve partition mode applies the world heritage, the development of world heritage site, according to the world heritage landscape value will be divided into several districts of concrete partition (different), define the scope, boundaries, and activities of each block types, in different areas for different tourism product development.4.1.2 "Dwell" type development mode of space and timeThis pattern is first used in the agricultural use of cultivated land, namely "rest", arable land in certain proportion each year to maintain soil fertility, guarantee the output of crops. This method can also be applied to the development of the world heritage, every year or every part of the tourist season opening scenic spots (points), and the other part of the scenic area (spot) closed, scenic area (spot) over the break, to reduce the pressure on its protection, better protection of heritage. This model is suitable for covering an area of small, scenic spots are relatively independent, and fragile ecological or cultural heritage sites.4.2 Classification of the world heritage and its suitable tourism products development modeThe world heritage by heritage resources in the scenic spot, the heritage resources (such as ethnic cultural resources and natural resources), the surrounding resource and location conditions are divided into the following kinds.Type 2 depends on the city's cultural heritageThe characteristics of this kind of world heritage: in big cities, traffic is convenient, the food, living, transportation, shopping, entertainment facilities such as use of existing facilities in the city. Cooperation to develop the tourism product development pattern: the scenic spots and community. Tourism product development train of thought: the scenic spot is given priority to with activities such as cultural tourism and cultural experience, in the community surrounding the world heritage development activities such as leisure, entertainment, tourism facilities, no need tobuild business and tourism facilities, tourism, shopping and so on, if you want to build infrastructure, should be layout outside the scenic area, and the structure of the size, color, style should be consistent with the heritage.4.2.2 Cultural heritage of the city typeThe characteristics of this kind of cultural heritage: it is a small city, inhabited by ethnic minorities, in the old town has a distinctive ethnic folk houses, folk customs tourism resources, etc. Cooperation to develop the tourism product development pattern: the scenic spots and community. Tourism product development train of thought: the product is given priority to with activities such as cultural tourism and cultural experience, can make use of the heritage scenic minority dwellings, internal transformation into tourism facilities, can preserve heritage of traditional commercial facilities, new tourism facilities and business facilities are should be layout in the scenic spot, and architectural style, size, color should be in the heritage of architectural style, the color is consistent.译文遗产地旅游产品开发研究罗米塔；佩里摘要目前，文化遗产旅游正逐渐流行起来，深受人们的喜爱。