大学英语四级考试语法：—定语从句
大学英语四级常用翻译方法和技巧：定语从句的翻译.doc
2018年大学英语四级常用翻译方法和技巧：定语从句的翻译定语从句在英语中大量出现，它有长有短，结构有简有繁，对先行词的限制有强有弱。
定语从句有时起补充说明和分层叙述的作用，或在逻辑上表示原因、目的、条件、让步和结果等等意义。
在语序上，英语的定语从句位于被其修饰的词语之后。
所以汉译时必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念，合理安排译文的语序，按汉语的表达方式处理行文。
1)压缩法这种译法就是把英语的定语从句压缩成汉语的一个句子成分，也就是译成汉语中带的的词组。
当定语从句较简短而且与先行词关系密切，则把这个带的的汉语定语词组置于被其修饰的词语之前，从而把英语的复句译成汉语的单句。
[例1]Thats the reason why she spoke.这就是她为什么发言的理由。
[例2]The war, which had gone on for more than ten years, was over.那场延续了十年之久的战争结束了。
2)溶合法把定语从句译成汉语的谓语，同时把主句译成汉语的词组作主语，二者溶合，译成独立的简单句。
由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，所以此法较适用于翻译带限制件定语从句的复合句，尤其是翻译there be结构的句子。
[例1]There was another man who seemed to have answer.另外有一人似乎胸有成竹。
[例2]This poem which almost everybody knows is by Tennyson.丁尼生写的这首诗几乎人人皆知。
3)拆译法如果定语从句冗长复杂，不论是限制性的或是非限制性的.往往可以译成并列句，放在主句的前后，有的还可以完全脱离主句而独立成句。
[例1]There will come a day when he will become a well-known musician.将来总有那么一天，他将成为一位著名的音乐家。
whose四级语法定语从句考研长难句
whose四级语法定语从句考研长难句在英语四级和考研中，定语从句是一个常见的语法考点。
其中，带有“whose”引导的定语从句是一种比较难的结构。
下面是一个例句，展示了这种结构的用法：1. I have a friend whose sister is a famous actress.在这个句子中，定语从句“whose sister is a famous actress”修饰了名词“friend”。
这个句子的意思是，“我有一个朋友，他的姐姐是一位著名的演员。
”这种用法中，“whose”引导的定语从句用来描述某人拥有的事物或特征。
在考试中，我们经常会遇到一些较长且复杂的句子，其中含有这种结构。
以下是一些考研长难句的例子：2. The company, whose CEO was recently appointed, has announceda new product.在这个句子中，定语从句“whose CEO was recently appointed”修饰了名词“company”。
意思是，“这家公司的首席执行官最近被任命，并宣布了一款新产品。
”3. The book, whose pages are filled with beautiful illustrations, has become a bestseller.这个句子中，定语从句“whose pages are filled with beautiful illustrations”修饰了名词“book”。
它表明，“这本书的页面上满是美丽的插图，已成为畅销书。
”这些例句展示了在定语从句中使用'whose'引导的一些难句结构。
在考试中，理解和正确运用这种结构对于提高语法得分至关重要。
通过大量练习和积累，我们可以逐渐掌握这一语法点，并在考试中得心应手。
大学英语四级考试的考点有哪些知识点汇总
英语四级考试的考点有哪些一、语法部分考查重点1 、虚拟语气的考点为：would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时；It is vital／necessary／important／urgent ／imperative ／desirable ／advisable ／natural ／essential ＋that ＋（ should ）动词原形；proposal ／suggestion ＋that ＋动词原形；It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时；lest ＋that ＋should ＋动词原形；if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。
2 、状语从句的考点为：非if 引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times ，provided ，so long as ，in case ，once 等来替代if ；由 even if ／so，now that ，for all 等引导的让步状语从句；just ／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than ，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
3 、独立主格结构：多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。
4 、情态动词：多与完成时形式连用。
5、定语从句：重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和 as 作为关系代词。
二、词汇部分考查重点1、动词、名词与介词的搭配如： popular ／patient ＋with ；yield ／s olution ／adapt ／transfer ／access ＋to ；accuse／require ＋of ；charge ＋for ；under ＋discussion等等。
2、习惯用法如： confess to ／set about ／be used to ＋doing ；be supposed to ／have／make sb．＋ do 等。
邢帅教育英语四级教程--语法之定语从句
定语从句
1.定义： 在复合句中用来用来修饰名词或代词的
从句叫定语从句。 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫 2.先行词： 先行词（antecedent）。
3.关系代词、关系副词： 引导定语从句的词
关系代词： Who, whom, whose, which, that等
Summarize:
在定语从句中关系副词都等于一个适当的介词加 上which，在从句中作状语
When=in/at/on/…+which;
Where=in/at/on/…+which;
Why=for /…+which
Practice:
1.---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. (1999)
A 3. I don’t like __________ you speak to her. (1993上海)
A.the way C.the way which B.the way in that D.the way of which
Correct the following sentences:
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定义： 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的
修饰成分，否则主句的意思不完整或不成立。 非限制性定语从句只对所修饰的词作进一步 的说明，去掉之后主句的意思照样完整。
Compare the following sentences: A man who does not try to learn from others can’t
A. what B. that C. which D. where
大学英语四级必考句型72种
一、“闪光点”1）主语从句Why he would reject such a good offer remained unknown all these years.Whether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts.What you have done for us will be in our memory forever.It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.It is well-known that…It is self-evident that…It goes without saying that…It is universally acknowledged that…2）宾语从句They believe that the central government’s decision to develop the western part of the country and the success of Beijing’s bid to host the 2008 Olympics will open up further opportunities for the country’s development.We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates.Experience from foreign countries suggests that no aircraft manufacturers can survive depending only on their domestic market.3）表语从句This is where she lived when she was young.Quality is what counts most.The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.What we want to know is whether the government may take measures to tackle this problem.The question is which one you may choose.4）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）As is shown/demonstrated/illustrated/depicted/described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…,There are many reasons why I want to study in your university.It is estimated that tens of billions of yuan is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.5）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster (怪物) which will devour him.Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well.6）分词短语做定语或状语Prof. Kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire English better.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.7）强调句It was him who gave us much hope for the future.8）倒装句Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.9）省略句If so, we have to give it up.If necessary…Whatever the reason…10）What句型We totally agree with what you have just said.11）设问句Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him?12) 被动句Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds.Many people believe that…(It is believed that…) The government and the public should pay enough attention to…(Enough attention should be paid to…from both the government and the public.)二．提高1.The above mentioned issue results from the following factors./ Many factors are responsible for the problem. To begin with, ________. What’s more, _________. Last but not the least, ____________.2．There is no doubt that____________.…No one can deny that____________.…It goes without saying that____________.…3. When it comes to the issue, different people have different opinions.4．Just as any coin has two sides. I believe there is some truth to both. If I am allowed to make a decision, I prefer _____ to _______ because _______.5．sth. is an indispensable part of sth.6．People can not imagine the world without_______./ People can not imagine whatthe world would be like without_______.7.In my view, we have to think carefully before we make the decision to _____. Question1 ? Question2 ? These questions need to be answered before we make the final decision.8．in all walks of life9．As an old saying goes,10．Instead of doing sth, we should.…rather than11．It is true that…, but… eg. It is true that we can’t do anything without money, but money is not everything.12．attach great importance to sth.13．… is a hot issue14. satisfy/meet one’s needs and desires15．sth. benefit sb.= sth. do good to sb.sb. benefit from sth. sb. receive benefit from/by sth.sth/it. is beneficial to sth./sb.16．try every means to do sth./strive to do sth.17．sb. do sth., while sb. others do sth. else18. it is supposed to do sth.。
大学英语四级定语从句
定语从句■有关定语从句的概念(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose,which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。
如：This is the book that my father bought yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。
说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。
■关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。
在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。
关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。
(作主语) The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。
(作see 的宾语，可以省略)I met a boy whose father was an astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。
四级语法知识点中哪些容易出错
四级语法知识点中哪些容易出错在大学英语四级考试中，语法是重要的考查内容之一。
对于许多考生来说，掌握语法并非易事，有些知识点尤其容易出错。
以下是一些常见的容易出错的四级语法知识点。
一、时态时态的运用在英语中至关重要，但也是容易混淆的部分。
比如现在完成时和一般过去时，很多同学难以准确区分。
现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，常与“since”“for”等时间状语连用；而一般过去时则单纯描述过去发生的动作，与现在没有直接联系。
例如：“I have lived here for five years”（现在完成时，表示从过去到现在的持续状态）；“I lived here five years ago”（一般过去时，只讲述过去的一个动作）还有过去完成时，它表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。
在复杂的句子结构中，判断过去完成时的使用时机常常让人困惑。
二、虚拟语气虚拟语气是四级语法中的一个难点。
对于与现在、过去和将来事实相反的情况，其表达形式各不相同，容易出错。
比如，与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，主句用“would/should/could/might ＋动词原形”。
“If I were you, I would study harder” （“were”体现与现在事实相反）而与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时，主句用“would/should/could/might ＋ have ＋过去分词”。
“If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam”三、非谓语动词非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。
它们的用法复杂，容易引起错误。
动名词通常表示一般性、习惯性的动作，而不定式往往表示具体的、一次性的动作。
例如：“I like swimming”（swimming 是动名词，表示喜欢游泳这个一般性的爱好）；“I want to swim today”（to swim 是不定式，强调今天想要去游泳这个具体的动作）分词在句中的作用也容易混淆。
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法：表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es）。
例如：I play football every Sunday.（play，动词原形，[pleɪ]）He plays football every Sunday.（plays，动词第三人称单数形式，[pleɪz]）- 一般过去时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构：主语+动词的过去式。
例如：I saw a movie yesterday.（saw，see的过去式，[sɔː]，动词）- 现在进行时。
- 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（am/is/are）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：She is reading a book.（is，be动词第三人称单数形式，[ɪz]；reading，动词的 -ing形式，['ri ːdɪŋ]）- 过去进行时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（was/were）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.（was，be动词第一、三人称单数过去式，[wɒz]；watching，动词的 -ing形式，['wɒtʃɪŋ]）2. 从句。
- 定语从句。
- 概念：在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。
- 关系代词：who（指人，主格，[huː]），whom（指人，宾格，[huːm]），which（指物，[wɪtʃ]），that（指人或物，[ðæt]）。
例如：The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.（这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy）- 名词性从句。
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大学英语四级考试语法：—定语从句
很多同学在大学英语四级考试中会存在一些误区，认为语法不那么重要，其实英
语语法是学习英语的指南，对我们帮助很大。
以下是小编给大家整理的大学英语四级
考试语法：—定语从句，希望可以帮到大家
1、mary is a beautiful girl.
名词的扩展靠限定，最基本的就是在名词的前面增加一个形容词这样的定语，上
面的句子就是表语girl的前面加了一个形容词。
显然，如果只是mary is a girl这样的
句子会让人觉得非常枯燥，没有什么意义，所传递的信息量极其有限。
所以，名词前
面加定语，可以使被限定的名词更加生动，更加形象而富有生命。
如果要对名词给出
更多限定，挖掘更多内部信息，我们可以在名词前面加多个定语来限定，如mary is a beautiful chinese girl.
放在名词前面起到限定作用的定语有很多种形式，形容词，名词，动词现在分词，动词过去分词等。
虽然形式多样，但是这类定语还是比较好理解，只要顺着句子的顺序，就基本可以明白是怎么回事。
2、the computer that i bought yesterday works well.
有时候，我们需要对名词给出很多的说明，用大量的信息来限定名词。
这时，如
果还是把长长的限定成分放在名词前面，就会头重脚轻，所以英语中会用跟在名词后
面的定语从句来限定前面的名词。
根据定语的功能还可以分为限制性定语从句和非限
制性定语从句。
两者的区别在于前者与被限定名词之间没有逗号，而后者则有逗号隔开;前者起到限定作用，不可或缺，后者起到补充作用，舍去后对剩余部分影响不大。
本句子通过“that i bought yesterday”这个that引导的定语从句，使得主语the computer得到限定而明确，是我昨天买的计算机而不是别的。
如果明白了这个名词可
以通过后面加定语从句来扩展，我们的句子马上可以变得复杂起来，请看下例：another popular spectator sport, which is known as the sport of kings, is horse-racing, which is controlled by the jockey club.
译文：另一种以特大型运动著称的流行观赏运动是赛马，这种比赛由赛马总会控制。
本句话中，两个which引导的定语从句分别对前面的名词“spectator sport”和“horse-racing”，如果去掉这两个定语从句，句子就比较简单“another popular spectator sport is horse-racing.”
请再看下例：
each course which a student attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree.
译文：学生所上的每门课都将给他一个学分，当学生把所得学分累加到一定数量
就可以获得一个学位。
本句子的表象也是有点复杂，但是如果我们明白定语从句可以限定名词，就可以
把定语从句的部分先括起来跳过不看，抓住主干。
第一个从句which a student
attends到这里已经完整，所以括起来，同理第二个从句which he may count towards a degree，剩下的即为主干each course gives him a credit.在翻译时，要注意汉语句
子的结构平衡，所以一般把短的定语从句放在被限定名词前面翻译，而把相对较长的
定语从句放在被限定的名词后面翻译。
有时候，定语从句的引导词如果在从句中作宾语，那么引导词可以省略，如下例：pollution and waste is a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.
本句话的主干就是开头部分pollution and waste is a problem.在problem后面紧
跟着everyone can help to solve这个定语从句，省略了引导词that，by后面引导的是限定动词solve的状语by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products。
在状语部分，最后是名词products，后面又有一
个省略that的定语从句(that) we use in our daily lives。
显然，省略引导词后，定语从
句判断的难度会加大，但是我们可以根据句子的含义来判断句子和前面名词的限定关系。