The Movement of Legal Services between the European Union and Switzerland
法律案件的结果的英文(3篇)
第1篇Case Overview:The landmark legal case of Smith vs. Johnson, which has been the subject of extensive media coverage and public interest, has finally reached its conclusion after a lengthy and complex trial. The case centered around a dispute over land ownership rights, with both parties presenting compelling arguments and evidence.Facts of the Case:The case began when Mr. James Smith, a local farmer, and Mr. Robert Johnson, a real estate developer, both laid claim to a 50-acre plot of land situated on the outskirts of the city. The land in question had been unused for years and was believed to have significant potential for both agricultural and residential development. Both parties had legal documents and historical records supporting their claims, leading to a protracted legal battle.The Arguments:The trial saw both parties presenting their respective cases. Mr. Smith argued that his great-grandfather had purchased the land in the 19th century, and the deed had been passed down through generations. He further claimed that the land had been used for farming purposes continuously since then, providing a strong case for adverse possession. On the other hand, Mr. Johnson presented evidence that the land had been part of his family's estate for over a century and that the deeds had been registered with the appropriate authorities.The Evidence:The court heard testimonies from a variety of witnesses, including historians, real estate experts, and legal scholars. Mr. Smith's witnesses spoke about the historical use of the land for farming, while Mr. Johnson's witnesses highlighted the family's long-standing ownership and the legal registration of the deeds. Additionally, both partiessubmitted a plethora of documents, including property tax records, surveys, and legal correspondence.The Court's Decision:After a thorough examination of the evidence and testimonies, the court delivered its verdict. The presiding judge, Honorable Eliza Thompson, announced the following decision:Verdict:The court finds that Mr. James Smith is the rightful owner of the 50-acre plot of land in question. The evidence presented by Mr. Smith, particularly the historical use of the land for farming purposes, supports the claim of adverse possession. Furthermore, the court notes that Mr. Johnson's evidence, while compelling, does not conclusively prove continuous and exclusive ownership of the land. Therefore, the court rules in favor of Mr. Smith.Reasoning:The court's decision was based on several key factors. Firstly, the court recognized the principle of adverse possession, which allows for the acquisition of property rights through continuous and uninterrupted use over a certain period. The evidence presented by Mr. Smith demonstrated that the land had been used for farming purposes without interruption for a significant portion of the 19th century and into the 20th century.Secondly, the court took into consideration the lack of evidence regarding Mr. Johnson's family's continuous and exclusive use of the land. While the deeds were registered, the court noted that the land had been unused for a considerable time and that there was no clear evidence of Mr. Johnson's family utilizing the land for any purpose during that period.Impact of the Verdict:The verdict in the Smith vs. Johnson case has significant implications for land ownership laws and practices. It reinforces the principle ofadverse possession and highlights the importance of continuous and uninterrupted use of land for property rights acquisition. The case also serves as a reminder to property owners to maintain clear and accurate records of their land ownership and to actively utilize their land to prevent potential disputes.Public Reaction:The public has reacted to the verdict with mixed emotions. Many local farmers and landowners have expressed relief and support for the decision, viewing it as a victory for the principle of adverse possession. Conversely, some developers and real estate professionals have criticized the verdict, arguing that it could discourage investment and development in the area.Conclusion:In conclusion, the Smith vs. Johnson land dispute case has provided a clear and definitive answer to the question of land ownership rights. The court's decision has set a precedent for future cases and willlikely influence land ownership laws and practices in the region. While the outcome has been met with varying degrees of satisfaction, the case has undoubtedly sparked important discussions about property rights and the use of land.第2篇In the bustling city of New York, a landmark legal battle recently concluded with a verdict that has sparked widespread debate and attention. The case, titled "Smith v. Johnson," involved a contentious land dispute that had been dragging on for years. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the case's outcome, highlighting the key arguments, legal precedents, and the implications of the verdict.I. Background of the CaseThe dispute began when two neighboring families, the Smiths and the Johnsons, both claimed ownership of a piece of land situated at the heart of a bustling urban area. The land had been in the Smith familyfor generations, while the Johnsons claimed that they had legally purchased the property from a third party.The conflict escalated when both families attempted to develop the land, leading to a series of legal battles. The case eventually reached the Supreme Court of New York, where it was heard by a panel of judges.II. Key ArgumentsThe Smiths argued that they had clear and uninterrupted possession ofthe land for many years, which should entitle them to ownership. They cited historical documents and witnesses who supported their claim.On the other hand, the Johnsons presented evidence of their legal purchase of the property. They argued that the Smiths' claim was basedon an outdated and fraudulent document.III. Legal PrecedentsThe court carefully examined relevant legal precedents to guide their decision. One of the key precedents was the "Adverse Possession" doctrine, which states that if a person possesses land openly, exclusively, and continuously for a certain period, they can acquire ownership by prescription.The court also considered the "Statute of Frauds" and "Equitable Estoppel" principles, which require written agreements and prohibit parties from being unfairly prejudiced by their own actions.IV. The VerdictAfter a lengthy and thorough examination of the evidence and legal precedents, the Supreme Court of New York ruled in favor of the Johnsons. The court found that the Johnsons had legally purchased the property and had established adverse possession, thereby acquiring ownership rights.The court held that the Smiths' claim was based on a fraudulent document and that they had not demonstrated continuous and exclusive possessionof the land for the required period.V. Implications of the VerdictThe verdict in the Smith v. Johnson case has significant implicationsfor property law in New York and beyond. Here are some of the key takeaways:1. The decision reinforces the importance of legal documentation in property transactions. Parties must ensure that their agreements are properly documented and comply with the Statute of Frauds.2. The court's emphasis on adverse possession highlights the need for clear and uninterrupted possession of land to establish ownership rights.3. The verdict serves as a warning against fraudulent activities in property transactions. Parties must exercise due diligence and verify the authenticity of documents before entering into agreements.4. The case has sparked a debate on the fairness of property laws and the rights of long-standing residents versus new owners. Critics argue that the decision may disadvantage individuals who have lived on landfor generations.VI. ConclusionThe verdict in the Smith v. Johnson case has sent ripples through the legal community and the public at large. While the Johnsons have been declared the rightful owners of the disputed land, the case has raised important questions about property rights, legal documentation, and the fairness of property laws.As the debate continues, it is crucial for all parties involved to understand the implications of the verdict and the legal precedents that guided the court's decision. Only through a thorough examination of these issues can we hope to ensure a fair and just property system for all.第3篇Introduction:In the realm of law, the outcome of a legal case is often a subject of great interest and debate. This essay aims to provide a detailedanalysis of a particular legal case, focusing on the key issues, arguments, and the final judgment rendered by the court. The case in question involves a complex set of facts and legal principles, making it a compelling example of the judicial process.Background:The legal case revolves around a dispute between two parties, Party Aand Party B. Party A, a corporation, accused Party B, an individual, of breaching a contract. The contract in question pertained to the supplyof goods and services, and the parties had entered into it with the intention of establishing a business relationship.Facts of the Case:The facts of the case revealed that Party B had failed to deliver the goods and services as stipulated in the contract. Furthermore, Party B had failed to provide any explanation or justification for the breach.As a result, Party A suffered significant financial losses and sought damages from Party B.Arguments and Issues:The case presented several key issues and arguments, which were crucial in shaping the final judgment. These included:1. Contractual Interpretation:The court had to determine the meaning and scope of the contract between the parties. This involved examining the language used in the contract and considering the context in which the agreement was made.2. Breach of Contract:The court had to establish whether Party B had indeed breached the contract. This required analyzing the evidence presented by both parties, including emails, letters, and other documentary evidence.3. Damages:The court had to determine the appropriate amount of damages that Party A should be awarded. This involved assessing the extent of the losses suffered by Party A and considering any contributory factors that may have mitigated the damages.Judgment and Outcome:After considering the arguments and evidence presented by both parties, the court rendered its judgment. The following key points were highlighted in the judgment:1. Contractual Interpretation:The court held that the contract between the parties was clear and unambiguous. The language used in the contract was straightforward, and there was no room for interpretation. Therefore, the court concludedthat Party B had indeed breached the contract by failing to deliver the goods and services.2. Breach of Contract:The court found that Party B had breached the contract by failing to deliver the goods and services as agreed. The evidence presented by Party A, including emails and letters, supported the claim that Party B had failed to fulfill its obligations under the contract.3. Damages:The court awarded damages to Party A in the amount of $500,000. This amount was calculated based on the evidence presented by Party A, which demonstrated the extent of the financial losses suffered. The court also took into account any contributory factors that may have mitigated the damages.Reasoning:The court's reasoning in reaching its decision was based on thefollowing key principles:1. Contract Law:The court applied the principles of contract law to determine the obligations and rights of the parties. The court emphasized the importance of fulfilling contractual obligations and the consequences of breaching a contract.2. Precedent:The court referred to relevant legal precedents to support its decision. These precedents provided guidance on how similar cases had been decided in the past, ensuring consistency and fairness in the judicial process.3. Equity:The court considered the principle of equity, which allows the court to take into account any mitigating factors that may affect the outcome of the case. In this case, the court determined that Party A's losses were significant and justified the award of damages.Conclusion:The outcome of this legal case serves as a compelling example of the judicial process and the application of legal principles. The court's thorough analysis of the facts, arguments, and evidence led to a fair and just decision. The case highlights the importance of fulfilling contractual obligations and the consequences of breaching a contract. It also demonstrates the role of the court in ensuring equity and fairness in legal disputes.。
文体学答案
文体学答案集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）文体学课后题 1、2单元1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples.1）Words and phrasesshilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhymehigh and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhymekith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhymepart and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme2）Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliterationBill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliterationFather in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliterationThe Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements--Drinka Pinta Milka Day = soundelision--Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision--Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment,but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration2 The underlined word(s) in each of thefollowing examples1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hardit is taught.2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main characterin Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master.3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick.3 1)phonological devices in thefollowing extract.A creak of hinges...aisle.In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonancetiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable.2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom3）Sawyer and comment on thegraphological forms.“TOM!”No answer. ...--Mark TwaiThis is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “—“ impl ies her sudden stop. Theitalicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very muchlike a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humourall through.3单元1 What are thethree ways of clause classificationclassification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause.2 how do we distinguish situation typesBy according to meaning or sense of the verb.3 Name the participant roles in action typesThe participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of theaction), external force (causer ofthe action), intrumental role (toolto do the action with), recipientrole (receiver of the action) andobjective role (the affected or theresult of the action).4 What is a simple sentence What is amultiple sentenceDirectly/indirectlyA simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A).A multiple sentence consists of morethan one clause. It may be either acompound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence.D :nominal clauses function as S OC .I:relative clauses function asmodified in NP and comparative c fas m in NP ADJP5 What is the difference between aminor sentence and an incomplete sentenceNeither type conforms to the basicclause structure. But a minor sentenceis supposed to be “complete” in the sense that it is finished. Anincomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. For example,(1) Attention, please. (2) H elp!(3) Going to the lecture (4) Whyare you late Because I—Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an incomplete.6 What are the major components of a noun phraseWhat is the use of pre-modificationWhat is the function of post-modificationA complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determiner, pre-modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article, numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc.Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economize space, and arouse the reader’s interest aswell because pre-modification isusually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagernessto find out. Pre-modification tends tobe informal and appears in less formal style.Post-modification can be very long and complicated. Using post-modificationcan give enough room for details andfor further information. Therefore, itis frequently used in more formal contexts, for instance, written language. Written legal English prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly,guarding against any possible misinterpretation.7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written textsFor effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentation and salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written.8 Which type of branching is common ininformal speech Which type ofbranching is preferred in writtenstylesRight-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informal presentation ofideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use short, simplesentences to represent a narrativestyle of simplicity, directness and intensity. Left-branching, however, is better adapted to writing because it is structurally more compact and logical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas are presented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel in suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards the end of the sentence.9 What is the basic phrase orderWhatare the stylistic effects offronting and postponementThe basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less fixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change of the ordercan make a particular language unit more salient.Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usualposition to the front, andpostponement refers the movement ofa linguistic unit from its normalplace towards the end of thesentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. For example, (1) Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronting talent and capital for emphasis)(2) A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University. (Postponing President of the University again for emphasis)10 What is syntactic parallelism andits functionSyntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form (e.g. tense, aspect) and phrase/clause structure in two or more neighboring clauses or sentences. It reinforces meaning by contrast or antithesis, or helps to build up an emotional climax. For example,See how they can saw. Power saw. And drill. Power drill. And sand. Power sand.This is an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of tools. When the reader finishes the reading, they will not forget the brand name Power.4单元2 What is the difference in the effectbetween the use of Latinate and that of native words WhyGenerally speaking, Latinate words are words of science, religion andofficial communication; and in mostcases, they help to create theeffect of coolness, dignity andintellectual distance.Words ofAnglo-Saxon origin constituteEnglish-speaking people’s basicvocabulary.Such words areemotionally charged. A highpercentage of Anglo-Saxon words isquite usual in informal style.3 What is the difference between ageneral word and a specific word Is it true that use of specific words should always be recommendedA word is general when it refers to agroup of objects or a class of objects or action, and specific when it refers to a member of that group or class. The(superordinate) and specific (subordinate) term is hyponymy. General terms are often too vague to convey any precise meaning. The use of specific words is more informative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the reader’s or hearer’s mind. However, general terms are preferred, when there is no need for specification, or when the user wants to leave things vague for some (tactical) reason. 5 What is repetition What is reiteration Why should people employ repetition and reiteration in speech or writing When a linguistic form is used twice or more, the result is repetition. For example, We begin our morning class at 8:00. Lunch begins at 11:30 and afternoon classes begin at 2:00 again. When the same idea is repeated in a different form, it is reiteration. For example, We begin our morning classes at 8:00, and afternoon classes start at 2:00 again. In literary texts, repetition is usually rhetorical. The intensive repetition of an expression can be a powerful thematic device. It helps to direct the reader’s attention to the interpretation of its significance. Whatever is repeated is emphasized. Reiteration is used to avoid the monotonous effect of the repetition of the same expression. 6 What is collocation What is the use pf analyzing lexical collocation of an item in a piece of language Collocation refers to the concurrence of words or conventional use of certain words together in a text. In a given text, the collocates of an item constitute its lexical context which determines the meaning of the item. This device may contribute to the theme of the text. The analysis of collocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text. 7 The following are groups of specific words. Name a general word whose meaning is included in the meaning of the specific words. 1) stride, strut, march, amble, strode, saunter (walk) 2) drag, haul, heave, wrench, tow (pull) 3) whisper, chatter, babble, mumble, mutter (talk) 4) bottle, vase, jug, cup, pot, barrel, bucket, box (container) 5) car, jeep, van, tanker, minibus, cart, bicycle (vehicle) 8 The words in each of the following groups have roughly a similar conceptual meaning. Discuss the difference in their associate meanings. 9 Compare the A B extracts in terms 1) the percentage of Anglo-Saxon words; 2) the percentage of Latinate words of three syllables and more. In A of the 48 words, only six come from other languages, four of which are from French, but in B of the 39 words, 18 words are from Latin and another one from Greek. Since Latinate words make up a high percentage in B, it is much more difficult to understand. 10 Comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement. (Manhattan shirts, slacks and accessories) To persuade the would-be customers to buy the product, the author uses a series of appreciative adjectives: confident, correct, successful, strong, savvy, fashionable, happy, robust, virile, and wise, plus famous to show what good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer. 5单元 1 What is dialect A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain region (regional dialect) or by people of a certain social group (social dialect). Dialects differ from one another in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. one regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one social dialect when needed. 2 What is the difference between dialect and accent Accent is the special phonological features shown by one who speaks a dialect. It is regional in nature. A dialect can be spoken with different accents, standard and non-standard. A person may shift from one dialect to another while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or her accent. For example, a Londoner speaks British English with a London accent, but a person born and brought up in Manchester may speak British English with a Manchester accent. 3 What is Standard English Is there a standard accent with which peoplespeak Standard EnglishStandard English refers to the particular socially-favoured variety which is based on the speech and writing of educated users of the language. With a widely accepted, codified grammar and vocabulary, SE is primarily used for public communication: used in books and newspapers, official documents and news broadcasts; in schools, taught to non-native learners of English.Yes. In each regional variety, one accent is most widely accepted such as RP (received pronunciation) in British English. Since this accent is relatedto BBC broadcaster, the royal familyand educated speech, it is consideredto be the standard accent in Britain.6单元1 1）What does ‘channel limitation’mean How does channel limitationaffect language useChannel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limited to one channel only—visual or auditory. Speech, in most cases, has no channel limitation. Talking face-to-face, both the speaker and hearer can see and hear each other. Apart from the language, gestures, facial expressions, shared knowledge, and situation all contribute to the communication. Therefore, the language is often inexplicit. Writing,on the other hand, has channel limitation. Then the language should be explicit. For example, The teacher standing there is her mother”, whichis understandable if the two speakersare together in the same context. Butin written language such should be forbidden. We should make it explicitlike The teacher standing under thetree in front of the classroom building is Wang Qian’s mother.2）In what ways does spontaneously spoken language differ from preparedwritten formIn spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising one’s utterance. While speaking, one has to monitor what has been said and its response by the hearer, and simultaneously to plan the next utterance. If one’s planning falls behind the delivery, the speech is characteristically broken up by the following features of normal non-fluency: filled/ unfilled pauses, unintended repetitions, and false starts. For example,He was - as it were - you know him do you - how shall I say er - withdrawn - er shut-in as though as though he had a kind of - mm goldfish bowl round his head - not very easy…7单元1What is role relationship Give some examples.By role relationship we mean therelationship between the rolesadopted by addresser and addressee in a given situation. Role relationships range from temporary to permanent: casual acquaintances on a train, customer—salesman, colleagues in an office, management—employees, teacher—pupil, parent—child.2 By what scales do we classifylanguage features typical of various attitudesLanguage features indicating theattitude are usually classified along four scales: formality, politeness, impersonality and accessibility3.What factors affect the degrees of formalityThe degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships, number of hearers, and contexts of situation, such as a public lecture, playground at playtime, church service, cocktail party, and so on.4 How does language vary in terms of politenessLanguage varies according to the degree of intimacy between the address and addressee; the degree of socialdistance separating the addresser and addressee. Language becomes more and more polite when the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate in relation.5 What are the basic patterns of theuse of address formsThe basic address patterns include: Title (Professor, Doctor, Reverend), Title + Last Name (Professor Zhang, Mr Smith, Miss Thatcher), First name + Last Name (Michael Hall, John Smith), Last Name (Smith, Thatcher), First Name (Michael, John), Shortened First Name (Mike=Michael, Elizabeth=Liza/Liz), Nickname (Piggy, Bully) and Terms of Endearment (Darling, Dear, Honey, Sweet).6 What is linguistic impersonality Language becomes impersonal when it avoids direct reference to the addresser and addressee. That is the writing avoids the use of personal pronouns such as I, we, you, etc7 . How do we measure the degrees of accessibilityWe can measure the degrees ofaccessibility by the followingformula:FOG INDEX = 0.4 (L+H)L = the average sentence length ina passageH = the percentage of hard(inaccessible) words in the passageSuppose a passage has:--a total number of words 120--the number of sentences 6--the number of “hard” words 16L: 120 ÷ 6 = 20H: (16 ÷ 120) × 100 = 13.3Fog index: 0.4 × (20 + 13.3) =13.32Since an easily accessible text issupposed to have a fog index ofabout 10, the mentioned text is justa little difficult. 8 Compare Extracts A and B in terms of the degree of accessibility.A There was real stress I had to face, about 1970, three years into publication of Rolling Stone (newspaper). The company was bankrupt in essence. I’d gotten top ambitious. I remember one day, just driving around and waiting for an accident to happen. It was n’t suicide as such. It was just driving around very sloppily, saying. Fuck it, maybe somebody’ll get me in an accident. I was facing failure, real failure. I’d never faced complete failure before. I was really depressed. In retrospect, to go bankrupt with a little newspaper at the age of 24 is not the most terrible thing. It was absurd. It didn’t last long. You reach a point where your confidence is really shattered. It takes other people to help build up your confidence. Come on now, face the bastards down. You start to build and put it back together. Jann Wenner, editor of Rolling Stone B (The passage is a parody of the speech style of an American politician, once a presidential adviser.) My on-going advisational capacity having been terminalised presidentially, I wish to submit my applicationised notification for immediate considerational verification. Qualificationally, my recent policalisational experience has suitabilized me for the Editorship of the NS, both in literary manipulativeness and socioeconomic logistics, thereby ensuring financial viability. My aim would be the immediate terminalisation of readership fallout by content amendment through extreme conservation…. “Weekend Competition”, New Statesman Extract A uses short sentences and most of them are simple. The sentences are mostly in the active with a high frequency of personal pronouns. The words are common. Although the diction indicates the speaker is educated, the whole passage is highly accessible. Extract B is written in professional jargons relating to the speaker’s profession as a politician’s adviser. Most of the content words are Latinate and learned, which make the writing very formal and difficult to process, though it is personal. 9 Identify the language markers in the following extract, which indicate the degree of impersonality. The symbol * against a subscriber’s entry in the Dictionary denotes that the telephone number is withheld publication at the subscriber’s request and the Post Office is not authorized to supply it to enquirers. Then names and addresses of such subscribers are, however, shown in the Directory in cases where frequent enquires are received by the Post Office for the exchange number, with a view to saving members of the public the trouble of fruitless enquiry. London Telephone Directory 10 Compare the following two passages and comment on the degree of formality. A I’m a college professor. As a communications specialist, I train students to become more sensitive and aware of interpersonal communication —symbolic behavior, use of words, as well as nonverbal behavior. I try to ignite symbols in your mind, so we can come to a point of agreement on language. This is an invisible industry. Since the Second World War we’ve strong teachers in this discipline. B (The passage is a parody of the speech style of an American politician, once a presidential adviser.) My on-going advisational capacity having been terminalised presidentially, I wish to submit my applicationised notification for immediate considerational verification. Qualificationally, my recent policalisational experience has suitabilized me for the Editorship of the NS, both in literary manipulativeness and socioeconomic logistics, thereby ensuring financial viability. My aim would be the immediate terminalisation of readership fallout by content amendment through extreme conservation…. “Weekend Competition”, New Statesman Comparatively speaking, B is much more formal than A though both are formal in a sense. A is less formal because the speaker uses short sentences and a fair portion of common words. But there are professional jargons. It is well planned and logical. B is written in professional jargons relating to the speaker’s profession as a politician’s adviser. Most of the content words are Latinate and learned, which make the writing very formal and difficult to process. 8 单元 1 What functions does language serve in social activities Language serves a number of functions in social activities. Linguists have come up with different numbers of functions. The widely accepted functions are: referential, expressive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic and poetic. 2 What functions does a newspaper serve A newspaper has two main functions: togive information and to reflect, shape and guide public opinion.34 What are the functions of aheadline/body copy in a press advertisementThe headline is the most indispensable element in an advertisement. It hasbeen estimated that five times asmany people read the headline. Itshould be so designed as to capturea prospective buyer’s attention, tostimulate interest or desire, tomake him/her remember theadvertisement brand name.7 What are the main components of a press advertisementA complete press advertisement consists of the following components:HeadlineIllustrationBody copySignature lineStanding detailsBut illustration is optional and signature line and standing details are sometimes missing.10 Rewrite the following headlines in ordinary English.Move to Axe Miners’ JobsWoman Pilot’s Bid for Solo Flight RecordBaby Boom Threat in BeijingCar Ads Target WomenChina Stepping up Agro-Cooperation with W. EuropeTwo Killed in Freak StormsEaster Holiday Bus Crash Trial Verdict Rewritten versions (suggested):(1) A move was submitted to reduce miners’ jobs.(2) A woman pilot bid for breaking single-flight record.(3) A sharp increase in births poses a threat in Beijing.(4) Car advertisements aim at women buyers.(5) China is speeding up cooperationin agriculture with West Europe.(6) Two persons were killed in a freakish storm.(7) A verdict was reached at the trial for the bus crash for Easter Holidays.。
我与法治的生活作文英语
Growing up in a society that values the rule of law has been an integral part of my life. The concept of living under a system where laws are not just written but are actively upheld and respected has shaped my understanding of justice, fairness, and the importance of civic responsibility. This essay will delve into my personal experiences and reflections on how the rule of law has influenced my life and the lives of those around me.From a young age, I was taught that laws are the bedrock of a civilized society. They provide a framework within which individuals can coexist peacefully, resolving disputes and ensuring that everyones rights are protected. My parents, both professionals who work within the legal system, have always emphasized the importance of understanding and respecting the law. They would often discuss cases and legal principles around the dinner table, sparking my curiosity and interest in the subject.One of the most profound experiences that highlighted the impact of the rule of law in my life occurred during my high school years. Our school organized a mock trial as part of our civic education curriculum. I was selected to play the role of a defense attorney, and the experience was both challenging and enlightening. Preparing for the trial involved researching legal precedents, understanding the nuances of the case, and learning how to present a compelling argument. The mock trial was not just an academic exercise it was a practical demonstration of how the legal process works to uphold justice.The trial itself was a dramatic event, with each side presenting their casepassionately. As the defense attorney, I had to navigate the complexities of the law, ensuring that my clients rights were protected and that the truth was presented fairly. The experience taught me the importance of critical thinking, persuasive communication, and the value of a fair and just legal system.Another instance where the rule of law had a direct impact on my life was when a close friend of mine was involved in a minor traffic accident. The incident was a stark reminder of the importance of adhering to traffic laws for the safety of all road users. My friend, although shaken, was grateful for the clear legal procedures that were followed to resolve the issue. The police investigation, the insurance claims process, and the subsequent legal proceedings all unfolded in an orderly and transparent manner, ensuring that both parties were treated fairly.Living in a society governed by the rule of law has also instilled in me a sense of security and trust in institutions. Knowing that there are established procedures for addressing grievances and disputes gives me confidence in the stability of the society I live in. This trust is not just limited to the legal system but extends to other areas of governance, such as education, healthcare, and public services.Furthermore, the rule of law has played a significant role in shaping my views on social issues. It has taught me that change and progress in society are often the result of legal battles and the persistent efforts of individuals and groups advocating for justice. For example, the civil rights movement in the United States, which fought for racial equality, waslargely driven by legal challenges to discriminatory laws.In conclusion, the rule of law is not just a theoretical concept but a living reality that influences every aspect of my life. It has shaped my understanding of justice, my approach to problemsolving, and my appreciation for the stability and fairness that a wellfunctioning legal system provides. As I continue to grow and engage with the world around me, I am committed to upholding the principles of the rule of law and contributing to a society that values fairness, transparency, and the protection of individual rights.。
举行法律讲座的主要内容英语作文
举行法律讲座的主要内容英语作文The legal lecture I attended covered a wide range of important topics that are essential for individuals to understand in order to navigate the complex legal landscape. The lecture began by providing an overview of the fundamental principles of law, including the sources of law, the role of the judiciary, and the different types of legal systems around the world. The speaker emphasized the importance of having a basic understanding of the law, as it affects every aspect of our lives, from our personal relationships to our professional activities.One of the key topics discussed during the lecture was the concept of civil law and its practical applications. The speaker delved into the various areas of civil law, such as contract law, property law, and tort law, explaining the rights and obligations of individuals and businesses in these domains. They highlighted the significance of understanding contract law, as it governs the agreements we make in our daily lives, from renting an apartment to purchasing a car. The lecture also covered the principles of property law, including the different types of property ownership and the legal protectionsafforded to property owners.Another important aspect of the lecture was the discussion of criminal law and its implications for individuals. The speaker provided an in-depth explanation of the criminal justice system, outlining the roles of law enforcement, prosecutors, and the courts. They discussed the various types of crimes, from misdemeanors to felonies, and the potential consequences for those convicted of criminal offenses. The lecture also touched on the importance of understanding one's rights when interacting with law enforcement, such as the right to remain silent and the right to legal representation.The lecture also addressed the topic of family law, which encompasses a wide range of issues related to personal relationships and family dynamics. The speaker discussed the legal aspects of marriage, divorce, child custody, and child support, emphasizing the need for individuals to be aware of their rights and responsibilities in these areas. They also highlighted the growing importance of estate planning, including the creation of wills and trusts, to ensure the smooth transfer of assets upon an individual's passing.One of the most engaging and thought-provoking segments of the lecture was the discussion of human rights and the role of the law in protecting these fundamental freedoms. The speaker delved into thehistory of the human rights movement, the various international treaties and conventions that enshrine these rights, and the mechanisms in place to hold governments accountable for upholding them. They also addressed the challenges of balancing individual rights with the needs of society, and the ongoing debates surrounding issues such as privacy, freedom of speech, and the use of technology.Throughout the lecture, the speaker emphasized the importance of staying informed about changes in the law and seeking professional legal advice when necessary. They highlighted the various resources available to individuals, such as legal aid organizations, pro bono legal services, and online legal databases, to help navigate the complexities of the legal system.One of the key takeaways from the lecture was the importance of civic engagement and the role that individuals can play in shaping the legal landscape. The speaker encouraged attendees to stay informed about legislative and judicial developments, to participate in the political process, and to advocate for the protection of their rights and the rights of their communities.Overall, the legal lecture provided a comprehensive overview of the various areas of law and their practical implications for individuals and society as a whole. The speaker's engaging and informativepresentation left the attendees with a greater appreciation for the role of law in our daily lives and a better understanding of how to navigate the complex legal system.。
英语作文关于黑人运动
英语作文关于黑人运动In the heart of America's history lies a struggle forequality that has shaped the nation's conscience and spurred social change. The Black Movement, a term that encompasses a multitude of efforts and initiatives, has been a driving force in the fight against racial discrimination and the quest for civil rights. This essay seeks to explore the essence of the Black Movement, its milestones, and its impact on society today.The Black Movement traces its roots back to the early 20th century, with the Harlem Renaissance serving as a cultural awakening that celebrated African American art, literature, and music. It was a time when African Americans began to assert their identity and challenge the status quo. However, it was the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s that truly brought the fight for racial equality to the forefront.Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks became household names as they advocated for nonviolent protest and equal rights under the law. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington were pivotal moments that demonstrated the power of collective action and the unwavering determination of the African American community.The Black Movement has not been limited to the United States. Across the globe, it has inspired similar movements that seek to address systemic racism and promote social justice. InSouth Africa, the struggle against apartheid was a testament to the resilience of the Black community and their allies in the face of oppressive policies.The Black Lives Matter movement, which emerged in the 21st century, is a contemporary manifestation of the Black Movement. It has brought attention to the systemic racism and police brutality that disproportionately affect Black individuals. Through social media and grassroots organizing, it has mobilized a new generation of activists who are committed to creating a more just and equitable society.The legacy of the Black Movement is evident in the progress that has been made in terms of legal equality and social awareness. However, it also serves as a reminder that the fight for true equality is ongoing. The movement has evolved to address a range of issues, from economic disparities to educational inequalities, and it continues to push for comprehensive change.In conclusion, the Black Movement has been a transformative force in the history of civil rights. It has not only changed laws but also shifted societal attitudes and expectations. As we reflect on the achievements of the past, we must also look forward to the work that remains to be done. The journey toward equality is a collective one, and it requires the commitment and action of all members of society.。
高二英语法律用语单选题40题
高二英语法律用语单选题40题1. In a court case, the person who represents the accused is called a _____.A.judgewyerC.prosecutorD.clerk答案：B。
本题考查法律名词的含义。
“judge”是法官；“lawyer”是律师，代表被指控的人；“prosecutor”是检察官；“clerk”是职员。
2. The place where legal cases are heard is a _____.w firmB.courtroomC.officeD.library答案：B。
“law firm”是律师事务所；“courtroom”是法庭，是审理法律案件的地方；“office”是办公室；“library”是图书馆。
3. A document that sets out the rules and regulations is called a _____.A.constitutionB.contractC.statuteD.decree答案：C。
“constitution”是宪法；“contract”是合同；“statute”是法规；“decree”是法令。
4. The person who decides the outcome of a legal case is the _____.A.juryB.witnessC.defendantD.judge答案：D。
“jury”是陪审团；“witness”是证人；“defendant”是被告；“judge”是法官，决定法律案件的结果。
5. A legal agreement between two or more parties is a _____.A.treatyB.pactC.contractD.covenant答案：C。
“treaty”是条约；“pact”是协定；“contract”是合同；“covenant”是契约。
自考翻译之词语翻译
Lesson 1 The Questlate/early October 十月底/初fellow countrymen 同胞手足cold suspicion 疑虑重重militarist 军阀军阀家average height 中等身材gleaming eyes 眼睛闪者光辉border on the beautiful 称得上清秀in one’s middle twenties 二十五六岁stand squarely 端端正正地站着in a level voice 以平稳的语调the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党candidate 候选人full member 正式会员（成员）keep a secret 保密in one’s honor以某人名义premier 总理（中国）Prime Minister 首相（英澳等国）The Grand Canal （京杭）大运河（07年考题）VIP贵宾（贵人）Lesson 2 The Story of My Lifethe immeasurable contrast 迥然不同an eventful day 一个重要的日子guess vaguely模模糊糊地预感到to and fro 来来往往an upturned face 微微仰着的脸prey upon sb 折磨某人a deep languor 身心疲惫passionate struggle 感情上的激烈的斗争dense fog 浓雾grope one’s way 摸索着向前wordless cry 无言的呼喊have no way of knowing 无法lesson 3 我和文学文学家a man of letters文学界literary circles传统观念traditional thinking人性发展human development 不合理的制度irrational system 攻击strike out主人公chief/principal characters 最高境界the highest ideal/state 作品a work of literature 浓妆艳抹heavy make-up丑八怪ugly monster流传久远stand the test of time 花言巧语flowery language各种流派different schools福利工厂welfare factory聋哑人deaf mute手语sign language（）百家争鸣let a hundred schools of thought contend伸冤to redress the injustices it had sufferedLesson 4 England before the Industrial Revolutionfrom dawn to dark 从早到晚the Industrial Revolution 工业革命self-made career 自我奋斗的生涯in the air 正在酝酿之中go about 四处奔走the rising town 新兴城市practical men 实干家grammar school 英国中等学校/文法学校conform to 遵从、信奉the Church of England 英国国教arteries of communication 交通动脉especially/peculiarly English具有英国特色的cottage industry 家庭手工业the Royal Society 皇家学会Oxford 牛津Cambridge 剑桥navigation 航行Lesson 5 Opportunities Open in the Westthe gold rush 淘金热mountainous regions 山区open up 开发high plains 高原lay the foundation for 为…打下基础permanent settlement 永久居住stock-raising 畜牧业enterprising men 有创意的人heavily pastured 过度放牧Homestead Act 宅地法legal title 合法手续wild west 西部荒原cease to be 不复存在basic occupation 基础产业machine farming 机械农业expansion into the west 向西部扩张Congress 国会Department of Agriculture 农业部门educational institutions 教育机构centers for scientific research 科学研究中心appropriate funds for 为…拨款lesson 6 新民主主义论新民主主义论On New Democracy五四运动the May 4th Movement辛亥革命the Revolution of 1911戊戌变法the Reform Movement of 1898 革命知识分子revolutionary intellectuals 无产阶级proletariat资产阶级bourgeoisie共产主义思想communist ideology统一战线a united front左/右翼left/right wing六三运动the June 3rd Movement广大的无产阶级the mass of the Proletariat 文化革命the cultural revolution 市民阶级the urban intelligentsia五卅运动the May 30th Movement in 1925北伐战争the Northern Expedition第一次世界大战World War I北洋军阀政府the Northern Warlord government民族危机national crisis巴黎和会the Paris Pease Conference示威游行hold a demonstration变本加厉to intensify罢工to go on strike马克思主义Marxism反封建运动anti-feudal movement反帝爱国斗争anti-imperialist patriotic struggle中国新民主主义革命China’s new-democratic revolution废除二十一条Abolish the Twenty-One Demands!外争国权内惩国贼Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!Lesson 7 Journey up the NileLife-giving 赋予生命的Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲Mediterranean 地中海Nile Valley 尼罗河河谷freshly harvested 刚刚收割的Aswan High Dam 阿斯旺大坝floods and droughts 旱涝灾害negative effects 不良的后果ghost town 被遗弃而无人烟的村镇at the mouth of the river 河流的入海口summer resort 避暑胜地member of a team 队员drop anchor 抛锚pharaoh 法老（）the course of the Nile 尼罗河河道the Equator 赤道pyramid 金字塔half in, half out of the sea 一半泡在海里，一半在陆地上Lesson 8 AdelaideMediterranean climate 地中海气候mean temperature 平均温度surveyor general 测量总监Torrens River 托伦斯河business district 商业区residential section 居民区name for 任命lord mayoralty 市长职位municipal government 市政府marketing centre 贸易中心aided by 借助于raw material 原材料the bulk of 大部分、大半Natural History Museum 自然博物馆Festival of Arts 艺术节to the west of the city 市区以西backdrop 背景、布景Victoria Square 维多利亚广场gain a reputation as 赢得…荣誉automobile components 汽车零部件Lesson 9 The Imperial PalaceThe Imperial Palace 皇宫Moat 护城河the imperial garden 御花园the Palace Museum 故宫博物馆the Sun Yat-Sen Park 中山公园historical sites 历史遗址the cobbled roadway 鹅卵石路the cultural relics 文物the Nine-Dragon Screen 九龙壁glazed tiles 琉璃瓦the White Dagoba 白塔Iron Screen 铁影壁the Meridian Gate 午门the Outer Palace 外朝the Inner Court 内廷周长circumferenceHall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿the Gate of Supreme Harmony 太和门the Hall of Complete Harmony 中和门the Hall of Preservation Harmony 保和殿Lesson 10 A Global Economyfortunes are tied together 命运相连international trade 世界贸易embrace discipline 支持或遵守准则sovereign nation 主权国家foreign investment 海外投资aggregate output总产量coastal areas 沿海地区per capita GNP 人均生产总值telephone connections 电话用户two way trade 双向贸易/进出口贸易foreign exchange 外汇foreign exchange dealing 外汇交易mutual prosperity 共同繁荣bilateral trade 双边贸易a sound foundation 坚实基础sum total 总额joint ventures 合资企业offshore oil exploration 近海石油勘测Economic Performance 经济实力economic course 经济道路labor intensive industries 劳动密集型产业food production 食品加工业heavy/light industries 重/轻工业commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系emerging markets 新兴市场industrial productivity 工业生产率Lesson11 China and Britain in the World Economymajor economy 经济大国financial services sector 金融服务业international bank lending 国际银行借贷flows of capital 资本流动outward investor 海外投资者trading nation 贸易国the Pacific region 太平洋地区net income 净收入inward investment 对内投资economic reform 经济改革a tribute to 归功于the open door policy 对外开放政策draw a conclusion 得出结论statistics 统计数字share of markets 市场份额economic liberalization 经济自由化domestic competition 国内竞争established markets 发育健全的市场European Union 欧盟（欧洲同盟）World Trade Organisation 世界贸易组织finite stock 定数、定量keep inflation in cheek 控制通货膨胀the international community 国际社会an average growth rate 平均增长率vast size and resources 地大物博have a stake in 与…利害攸关international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资viable future:有前景的未来the liberalization of world trade:世界贸易自由化lesson 12 中国能够依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给基本方针basic principle现阶段at the present stage单位面积产量the yield per unit area粮食总产量目标the total grain output target 兴修水利intensify water-control projects自给率self-sufficiency rate加快speed up弥补make up for复种指数the multiple crop index内陆水域inland waters 水产品aquatic products集约化intensification供需supply and demand畜产品animal by-products木本食物arbor foodstuffs努力于make efforts to do sth人工草场the artificial grassland 测算calculation可耕地arable land科技进步the development of science and technology生产力productivity/productive capacity/ productive forcesLesson 13 A V alentine to One Who Cared—Too MuchSaint Valentine’s Day 情人节footbridge 过街桥/人行桥agonizing flashbacks 痛苦的回忆reel down 蹒跚地走teem with 充满downpour 倾盆大雨river bed 河床in an instant 瞬间，片刻to give sth. much thought 仔细想某事fall apart 坍塌，四分五裂in spring and summer 春夏两季come and go 瞬时即去in need 需要帮助to walk a dog 遛狗mind you 请注意to take one’s report 做记录fiancé未婚夫the far bank 河对岸Lesson 14 How to Grow Oldmaternal grandfather 外祖父guard against 提防，防止great-grand mother 曾祖母devote oneself to 献身于popular science 科普读物absorption in the past 沉湎于过去the flower of one’s youth 风华正茂think to oneself 反思，细想length of infancy 幼年期的长度joys and sorrows 酸甜苦辣high er education 高等教育liver one’s own life 独立生活as regards至于，关于to cling to sth 依附，抓紧in the hope of 寄希望于be not unwelcome 未尝不好Lesson 15 旧梦重温旧梦重温going through old dreams所剩不多running short圣彼得（教堂）St Peter’s威斯敏斯特教堂the Westminster Abbey 梵蒂冈Vatican卢浮宫the Louvre花坛flower bed井底之蛙a frog at the bottom of a well中国少儿出版社the China Children Press 作序write a preface 大英博物馆the Britain Museum 游记travel notes散文集a collection of essays郁金香tulip丝绸之路the Silk Road教皇Pope斗兽场arena在…附近be close to使…能干… enable sb. to do sth 绚丽生动colorful and vividLesson 16 Tess of D’Urbervilleslineal representative 嫡系子孙be well-dressed 衣着讲究，衣冠楚楚on account of 由于，因为from head to toe 从头到脚to pick and choose 仔细挑选hum a tune 哼曲子，哼小调some little time ago 不久以前ride a step or two nearer 走近一两步country history 郡志the club dance 俱乐部舞会renowned knight 有名的武士in confirmation of 证实Lesson 17 An American Tragedyby nature 本性，本质drugstore 药店be engrossed in 专注于to hover about 犹豫，徘徊cast at him a glance 向他一瞥the capital of the boys 领班to get on 上进，进步pick up 学习，习得by nature a little irritable 生性有点暴躁Lesson 18 祝福祝福（中国习俗）the New Year’s Sacrifice 祥林嫂Xiang Lin’s Wife中间人，媒人the go-between小叔子brother-in-law不惜力气not to spare oneself没有神采的眼睛lackluster eyes 初冬early winter试工期内during one’s trial period 草窠the wolf’s den劈柴to chop wood福礼sacrificial meat果真sure enoughLesson 19 East of Edenwind and twist 蜿蜒曲折a part-time river 季节性河流to boast about 吹嘘，吹牛皮the late spring 暮春brush line灌木林带full of sun 阳光璀璨the Salinas Valley萨利纳斯河谷slip out of 流出the range of mountain 山脉a kind of invitation 殷勤邀请arid gully 干涸的峡谷a long narrow swale 狭长的洼地Lesson 20 The Sound of Musictake in 打量break the ice 打破沉默a far cry from 与…迥然不同a girl in her early teens 十来岁的女孩call sb. by name 点名，喊名the New Testament 《新约圣经》in utter amazement 非常惊奇the light of the setting sun 夕阳的余辉a delighted giggle 咯咯的笑声step by step 逐渐a resonant voice 响亮的声音night table 床头柜brass whistle 铜哨in well-mannered silence 规规矩矩，一声不响Lesson 21 找点活拉家带口be saddled with big families不响锣就不给钱No show, no pay绞尽脑汁to rack one’s brains灶王爷the kitten God烟头cigarette stubs排队queue up剧社opera troupe发烧run a fever瓢泼大雨（倾盆大雨）it rains cats and dogs 露天，户外in the open air零工odd jobs中国评剧院the China Pingju Theatre 都说我好speak well of me下班to knock off纺线to spin织毛衣to knit腊月the twelfth lunar month青一块紫一块get black and blueLesson 22 oilenormous creature 庞然大物the Arctic seas 北冰洋crude oil 原油oil drillers 钻探石油的人mineral oil 矿物油，石油lubrication 润滑sedimentary rocks 沉积岩pitch Lack 沥青湖a low boiling point 低沸点antiquity 古代superior to 优于，好于minute sea creature 海洋微生物geologist 地质学家paraffin 煤油perfume 香水oil-burning lamps 油灯gallon 加仑blubber 鲸脂in this respect 在这方面cod 鳕鱼halibut 比目鱼warship 军舰diesel locomotive 柴油机车internal combustion engine 内燃机refined into petrol 提炼成汽油a thin film of oil 一层薄薄的油whale 鲸鱼asphalt: 沥青prospecting 勘探gallon 加仑vapour 蒸汽shale 页岩refinery 炼油厂natural gas 天然气sedimentary rocks 沉积岩Lesson 23 The Other Roadright to know 知情权natural enemies of insects 昆虫的天敌subtropical plant 亚热带植物applied entomology 应用昆虫学an insect-free world 无昆虫的世界turn one’s back on 拒绝marine biologist 海洋生物学家living organisms 生物体be likened to 被比作a full-scale test 大规模实验infertile eggs 未受精卵superhigh way 高速公路pioneering work 尖端工作under the impetus of 在…推动下fork of the road 岔路口no more than 仅仅，只不过set foot on 走上，踏上the screw-worm fly 螺旋锥蝇the host 寄主mutations 变异infestation 传染colleagues 同事cigarette beetles 烟草甲虫open up new area 拓展新领域a warm-blooded animal 恒温动物new areas of thought 新的思维空间be taken in traps 落入圈套（或陷阱）而被捕获poisonous chemicals 有毒化学物质（化学毒物）the science of biotic control 生物控制（科）学Lesson 24 海洋可持续发展战略可持续发展sustainable development 大陆架continental shelf 沉积盆地sedimentation basins 纬度latitude淡水资源freshwater resources联合国公约UN Convention宝库treasure house生命支持系统bio-support system居世界第六位ranking sixth in the world 渔场the fishing grounds前言forward调节器regulators 观光景点scenic spots专属经济区exclusive economic zones滩涂tide lands海洋旅游业marine tourism国民经济national economy富于，有大量abound in行驶主权exercise sovereignty可再生能源the regenerable energy resource淡水资源总量amount of freshwater resources自然资源人均占有量natural resources per capitaLesson 25 Environmental Lawwaste disposal 废料处理/排污ecological environment 生态环境vaguely worded 含糊其词enacting legislation 立法strip mining 露天采矿to grant a license 颁发许可证a host of 大量的，众多的court action 诉讼aim at 针对，瞄准public concerns 公众关注federal law 联邦法enforcement power 执法权Federal Power Commission 联邦电力委员会court of appeals 上诉法院hearings 听证会cultural setting 文化背景lobby 院外活动集团amendment 修正案receptor language 接受语，译语national life 国民生计，人民生活Lesson 26 UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTIONInstrument of ratification 批准书Universal Convention 世界公约to be lost 迷失方向Contracting States 缔约国/成员国come into force 生效Geneva 日内瓦copyright proprietors 版权所有者works of the human mind 人类精神产品international system 国际制度as follows 如下be party to 参与hereinafter called 以下简称for the purpose of 就…而言Copyright protection/protection of the copyright 版权保护Lesson 27 中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法合营企业the equity joint venture 合法权益lawful rights and interests 毛利润gross profit 不可抵抗力force majeure停止营业the termination of business 个人所得税individual income tax董事会a board of directors储备基金reserve fund奖金与福利bonus and welfare注册资本the registered capital依法according to the law有限责任公司limited liability company 外汇帐户foreign exchange account公司章程articles of association生效come into force 仲裁机构arbitration agency违反合同 a breach of contract遵守comply with调解conciliation仲裁arbitration申请apply for向…提出申请file an application with合营各方the parties to the venture有关外汇事宜foreign exchange transactions享受免税的优惠待遇enjoy preferential treatment for exemptions根据平等互利的原则on the principle of equality and mutual benefit第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议the second session of the Fifth National People’s Congress Lesson 28 Speech by President Nixon of the United States at Welcoming Banquetwelcoming banquet 欢迎宴会on behalf of 代表，以…名义pay tribute to 赞美/赞扬at the outset 首先，开始the magnificent dinner 盛宴the form of government 政体形式at this very moment 此时此刻differences 分歧compromise 妥协be destined to do sth 注定要telecommunications 电讯/电信common ground 共同点toast 祝酒词in lockstep 一起迈步plague 灾难in a personal sense 就个人来讲two peoples 两国人民in the spirit of frankness 本着坦率的精神all of your distinguished guests 诸位贵宾Lesson 29 Speech by Former U.S. President Carter at Welcoming BanquetFormer U.S. President 美国前总统the Long March 长征scientific exchange 科学交流full diplomatic relations 正式外交关系Sino-American relationship 中美关系international affairs 国际事物draw upon 利用the entire party 全体随行人员the hope and vision 希望与憧憬foundation 基金会Chinese citizen 中国公民non-governmental 非政府的，民间的in that regard就此而言national security policies 国家安全政策social security system 社会保障制度a historically significant experiment 具有历史意义的尝试policies of reform and opening to the outside world 改革开放政策Lesson 30 增进相互了解加强友好合作金秋时节golden fall生活方式way of life民族精神national spirit周边环境neighboring environment 民族意识national identity政治基础political foundation 先秦the pre-Qin days独立自主independence面向be oriented to归根到底in the final analysis自我完善self-improvement精神力量moral force不屈不挠的斗争dauntless struggle 文明的culturally advanced 民主政治democracy民族团结ethnic harmony 设法解决grapple with it彻底粉碎completely smash现代化建设modernization/ modernization drive半殖民地半封建semi-colonial and semi-feudal社会主义法治国家a socialist country under the rule of law历史文化传统historical and cultural traditions和平共处五项原则the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence（历年试题）互不干涉内政non-interference in each other’s internal affairs科教兴国rejuvenate China through science and education社会主义市场经济socialist market economy完成祖国统一大业achieve national reunification、学术交流academic exchange诺贝尔奖获得者Nobel Prize winner振兴中华rejuvenation of China人类文明的发祥地the cradle of human civilization区域自治regional autonomy平等互利的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit（06年）Saint Valentine’s Day 情人节Right to know 知情权The stock of foreign investment 外资存量Summer resort 避暑胜地A breach of contract 违约Presidential campaign 总统竞选Advanced agrotechnology 先进的农业技术Economic sanctions 经济制裁Pharaoh法老G8 summit 八国集团首脑会议互不干涉内政non-interference in each other’s internal affairs平等互利的原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit科教兴国rejuvenate China through science and education享受免税的优惠待遇enjoy the preferential treatment of tax exemption社会主义市场经济the socialist market economy完成祖国统一大业achieve national reunification七届人大第三次会议the third session of the Seventh National People’s Congress 合同的中止或终止the suspension or termination of the contract安理会常任理事国permanent member of the Security Council和谐社会harmonious society07Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚Encyclopaedia Britannica 大英百科全书The budget for revenues and expenditures 收支平衡Investment in cash and in kind 以现金和实物进行投资Multilateral principles 多边规则Geneticist遗传学家Self-sufficiency through self-reliance 通过自力实现自给自足Diesel locomotive 柴油机车Aviation and marine insurance 航空和海事保险Appreciation of RMB 人民币升值润滑油lubrication oil《世界版权公约》Universal Copyright Convention欢迎宴会the welcoming banquet欧盟联盟European Union非政府组织non-governmental organization文学流派school of literature京杭大运河the Grand Canal专属经济区the exclusive economic zones青藏铁路the Qinghai-Tibet Railway社会保障social security08Man of letters 作家Roman Catholic cathedral 罗马天主教堂Maternal grandfather外祖父Mineral deposits 矿藏Offshore oil exploration 近海石油勘探Arteries of communication 交通动脉Director-general 总干事The Clean Air Act Amendment 空气洁净法修正案Olympic mascot 奥运吉祥物Global warming 全球变暖外汇交易foreign exchange dealing手语sign language荒漠desert海洋旅游业marine tourism水产品aquatic products调解或仲裁conciliation or arbitration上海合作组织Shanghai Cooperation Organization食品安全food safety中共十七大the 17th National Congress of the CPC志愿者volunteer09Exclusive right 专有权Al-Qaeda 基地组织Livestock raiser 家畜饲养者Epicenter 震中Bear market 熊市Arable land 可耕种土地CPI 消费者价格指数historic sites 历史古迹Bull’s-eye 耙心Urban dweller 城市居民文学界literary circle节能减排energy-saving and emission reduction 火炬接力一项长期的战略任务法律咨询反腐败畅销书自然资源海峡两岸关系双赢。
关于法家的英文介绍作文
关于法家的英文介绍作文"英文，"The Legalist School, or Fa-Jia, was a prominent philosophical and political movement in ancient China. It emerged during the Warring States period (475-221 BCE) and exerted a significant influence on the development of Chinese legal and political systems.The Legalists emphasized the importance of strict laws, centralized authority, and the power of the state. One of the key figures associated with this school of thought is Han Feizi, who wrote extensively on governance and statecraft.Legalist thinkers believed that human nature was inherently selfish and that people could only be governed through a system of rewards and punishments. They advocated for the implementation of clear and harsh laws to maintain social order and stability. For example, the Legalistsargued that severe penalties should be imposed on those who violated the law, regardless of their social status.Legalist principles were put into practice by several rulers during the Warring States period, most notably by Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. Qin Shi Huang's regime was characterized by its authoritarianism and the centralization of power. Under his rule, Legalist policies such as standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a uniform legal code, were implemented to strengthen the state.Despite its effectiveness in centralizing power and maintaining social order, Legalism was often criticized for its harsh and authoritarian methods. Confucian scholars, in particular, opposed Legalist ideas, advocating instead for benevolent governance and moral education.In summary, the Legalist School was a significant philosophical and political movement in ancient China, advocating for strict laws, centralized authority, and the power of the state. While it played a crucial role inshaping Chinese governance, it also faced criticism for its authoritarian methods."中文，"法家是古代中国一支重要的哲学和政治运动。
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The movement of legal services between the European Union and Switzerland: Polish and Swiss legal solutions after Poland's accession to the EU
Inga Kawka, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Chair of Law and Administrative Sciences Institute of Political Sciences, Pedagogical University of Krakow
• The free movement of legal services is subject to the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (FMP) which came into force on 1 June 2002.
Chronology
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Feb 2014: acceptance of the "Against mass immigration" people's initiative 24 April 2013: invocation of the safeguard clause against 17 other EU Member States for one year 24 April 2013: prolongation of the safeguard clause against the EU-8 for one additional year 18 April 2012: invocation of the safeguard clause against the EU-8 1 May 2011: termination of the job market restrictions against the EU-8 1 June 2009: FMP Protocol II enters into force 8 Feb 2009: approval by the people (59.6% in favour) 13 June 2008: approval of the continuation of the FMP and Protocol II by Parliament 1 June 2007: termination of the job market restrictions against the EU-17 1 April 2006: FMP Protocol I enters into force 25 Sept 2005: approval of FMP Protocol I by the electorate (56% in favour) 26 Oct 2004: signing of FMP Protocol I (for the countries that joined the EU in 2004) 1 June 2002: entry into force 21 May 2000: approval by the people (67.2% in favour) 21 June 1999: signing of the FMP agreement (in the framework of Bilateral Agreements I)
Switzerland – vote against mass immigration
Posters from the nationalist Swiss People’s Party demanding a stop for immigration to Switzerland
As a result of this referendum, Article 121a (immigration ment) was added to the Swiss Federal Constitution, stating that: