写作教程总结

Unit 1 the Correct WordFocusDenotation and Connotation1. Denotation refers to the literal and primary meaning of a word-the definition you find in a dictionary.2. Connotation refers to the implied or suggested meaning of a word.Attitude : when we write in English, we have to be careful with some emotionally loadedwords-i.e. words that can reveal the writer ’s attitude.We can divide the words attitude into three parts: 1commendatory\positive 2neutral Collocation: fixed combination of wordsThere are several types of collocation: 1.V+N(follow the fashion) 2. A+N(a brilliant success) 3.V+AD(think alike) 4.PREP+N(the answer to a question) 5. V+PREP(think of an idea)False FriendsAdvise(v) vs. advice(n) angel （天使）vs. angle（角度）capital（首都，资金）vs. capitol（国会大厦）Complement（补充）vs. compliment （称赞）credible（可信的，确实的）vs. credulous（轻信的，易受骗的）get knowledge(t) vs. learn knowledge(f)GrammarSubject-Verb agreement1when the subject is compoundWork and play are equally important.Ham and eggs is my favorite breakfast.(1)由and或both…and连接的并列结构作主语时，如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；如果作主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数，则动词用单数；and与each等限定词时，随后动词用单数。

(2)由neither…nor not only…but also连接的并列结构作主语，随后动词形式常遵循就近原则。

(3)主语后用along with, together with引导等词组，动词形式根据主语形式而定。

2When the subject expresses quantity(1)有many a等限定词，其后动词形式为单数(2)a pair, heap of 后动词多接单数形式3when the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure(1)以nominal clause 作主语，随后动词通常用单数(2)relative clause 中谓语动词单复数形式通常以关系代词先行项的形式而定(3)there be 谓语动词单复数形式取决于所后的Unit2 The Appropriate Word FocusStyle: in English, words can be, roughly, formal , general, colloquial, and slang in terms of style. Formal and generalFormal words are not as common as general words, which form the basis of the vocabulary andNotice: a common belief among students is that formality is a virtue, but the best policy is to use general words in most cases and formal words in specific, formal contexts .Colloquial and slangWell, now, you know, I’d like to say, oh, may god, I think….which can be used in colloquial, and contraction and abbreviation also can be used. But in some formal constitution we’d better not use it.Notice : the colloquial style takes a less prominent role, therefore, for most writing tasks, it may not be ideal. Too much slang can make a passage loose and unserious; some may even sound odd.Style and audienceThe formal style is characterized by extensive vocabulary, frequent use of formal and abstract words, absence of slang and almost no contraction or clipped words.The informal style is characterized by vocabularies ranging from formal to colloquial but mostly general, and occasional and clipped words.Different style are used to address different audiences and on different occasions.Chinglish: it refers to the unidiomatic use of English by Chinese speaker请帮我们(宣传)一下这个新产品。

Please help us to propagate this new product.Propagate should be replaced by promote他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了He is self-concerned and individualistic。

Individualistic should be replaced by selfishness GrammarPronouns1Subjective vs. objectiveSubjective: I she you he it who whom theyObjective: me her you his whom whose them its2Singular vs. plural3Point of view is used to describe the perspective in writing.Unit 3 the Better WordFocusConciseness (Brevity is the soul of wit. )Tip: 1 eliminate or expression rewrite that repeat the same point2cut out unnecessary intensifiers3avoid overusing the noun forms of verbs4change phrase into single words5 change unnecessary “that, who and which” clause into phrases.Notice: redundancy is not always easy to spot. the best way is to proofread your writing carefully and try to find words, phrases or even sentence that are not essential.Preciseness：The concreteness of expressionGeneral words convey inexact intangible and often abstract concepts whereas specific words provide precise, sensory or concrete details.For example: it was fine last weekend, so we went to the countryside and had a good time. We saw many things and people there. And we had a wonderful time.Improved: It was a wonderful and relaxed weekend, we drive our private and spacious car to the countryside, there we were a enjoyable and relax time. We saw so many people who wearied plain and simple clothes and there are so much interesting tings like assembly and folk dance. We’re welcomed by passionate villager and had delicious dinner with them. That was really a memorable and wonderful time.EffectivenessSentence Base Unit 4FocusThe sentence base, which is like the trunk of a tree, consists of at least one subject and one verb.Subject: to choose a good subject is the first crucial step in sentence writing, tell us who orwhat is responsible for an action, feelings, and state or process.Position of the subject: The subject is usually, through not always ,put at the beginning of a sentence.The subject of a declarative sentence- a sentence that makes a statement – usually precedes the verb .but in one situation , it follows the verb,( In the center of the painting stands a lady in white. )V oice: the voice of a verb depends on the relation between the verb and its subject. when thesubject acts, the verb is in the active voice; when the subject is acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice.1Choosing the active voiceThe active voice stresses the activity of the subject and helps to make a sentence direct, concise, and vigorous.2Choosing the passive voiceThough the active voice is more commonly used in writing, the passive voice may be moresuitable for the following:1when the agent is followed by a long modifier, we use the passive voice to avoid suspension of the verb2the passive also used to keep the focus of two sentencesGrammarTense1The simple present: a表示现在的状态，b表经常或习惯性动作，c表主语具备的性格和功能d普遍真理和自然规律e表示将来和过去时间2Sequence of tenses: simple present, simple past, present progressive, past progressive, present perfective, past perfective, present perfective progressive, past perfective progressiveMood: the indicative mood, the imperative mood, the subjunctive moodThe subjunctive mood:I n grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated sjv or sbjv) is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred. It is sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood, as it often follows a conjunctionUnit 5 Expanded Sentence BaseFocusAttributes: words or phrases used to narrow down or describe nouns are called attributes. What can be used as attribute?A Determiners: refers to words that are used to define the referential meaning of a noun or a nominal phrase.It included articles, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, and cardinal and ordinal numerals.B adjectives are the most common attributes.For example: hairy animals, a red roseC nouns: most of them indicate the feature of the noun modified.For example: Her boy friend is a fashion designer.D-ing forms : to describe the function ,feature ,or to indicate the present state of the noun.We all like her smiling face.E–ed formsHe only drinks imported wine.F infinitives: now it must be placed after the noun.Do you have a friend to talk to.G prepositional phrases: it is placed after the noun it modifiers.I can’t stand that silly ad for dog food, can you?Relative ClausesWhy use relative clause: to make the nouns either more exact or more vivid; we can direct readers’attention to the main clauseMy son liked the toy car very much which I bought for his birthday.The toy car was liked by my son very much which I bought for my son.Writing correct relative clausesRULE1 where the antecedent refers to a thingFor example A+ that\which +clause\RULE2 where the antecedent refers to a personFor example A+ that\who +clause\RULE3 where the antecedent is used as possessive in the clauseFor example A +whose +clauseRULE4 where the antecedent refers to a timeFor example A+ when + clauseRULE5 where the antecedent refers to a placeFor example A+ where\ (in\at+ which) + clauseRULE6 where the antecedent refers to a causeFor example A+ why + clauseRULE7 where the antecedent refers to a mannerFor example A+ in which + clauseRULE8 where the antecedent refers to the main clause as a wholeFoe example preceding sentence+ which +clauseRule 9 where the relative clause has no relative wordIf the relative is used as object, it can be omitted.Rule 10 where the relative begins with a prepositionFor example antecedent+ prep+ which+ clauseRule 11 where the antecedent and the relative clause are separated by a commaFor example: a non-restrictive clause (The boy, who have played truant to watch the football match, will have to copy the text.)GrammarIncomplete SentenceA Phrase fragment: inexperienced writers may write a phrase as if it were a sentence because they borrow the phrase directly from the spoken language.I’ll meet you in the library. At four in the afternoon.. ( I’ll meet you in the library at four in the afternoon.)B fragment without a subjectShe stood by the window. And looked at the street below. ( She stood by the window and looked at the street below.)C fragment without a auxiliary verb: fragments often contain verb-like particles or infinitives which cause the writer to think a verb has been include.D fragment of dependent clauses: when a dependent clause are fairl long, a writer might mispuctuate it as a sentence.Word OrderDeterminers: 名词前的限定词顺序为前位-中位-后位，同时一个名词中心词前不能同时用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。