2011年北京外国语大学811英语能力测试(写作)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院816英汉互译(同声传译)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院816英汉互译（同声传译）考研真题及详解(考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效)一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）It is not a coincidence that the global economy is experiencing the most severe case of unemployment during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. Unemployment is highly dependent on economic activity；in fact,growth and unemployment can be thought of as two sides of the same coin:when economic activity is high,more production happens overall,and more people are needed to produce the higher amount of goods and services.And when economic activity is low,firms cut jobs and unemployment rises.In that sense,unemployment is countercyclical,meaning that it rises when economic growth is low and vice versa.But unemployment does not fall in lockstep with an increase in growth.It is more common for businesses to first try to recover from a downturn by having the same number of employees do more work or turn out more products—that is,to increase their productivity.Only as the recovery takes hold would businesses add workers.As a consequence,unemployment may start to come down only well after an economic recovery begins.The phenomenon works in reverse at the start of a downturn,when firms would rather reduce work hours,or impose some pay cuts before they let workers go.Unemployment starts rising only if the downturn is prolonged.Because unemployment follows growth with a delay,it is called alagging indicator of economic activity.(228words)【参考译文】自大萧条后，最严重的经济危机与最高的失业率同时显现于全球经济，这并非偶然。
北京外国语大学811英语能力测试(写作)2011到2015五套考研真题
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2011考研英语(一)写作真题详解及参考范文
2011考研英语（一）写作真题详解及参考范文(2011-01-15 17:09:07)分类：考研复习标签：杂谈2011年考研英语已经尘埃落定，写作部分比起2010年超纲的“告示”和“变态”的火锅，难度大为降低，现解析如下。
Part A: 小作文Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)题目译文给你的一位朋友写一封信1）推荐你最喜欢的一部电影并2）给出推荐的原因。
真题详解令广大考生欣慰的是，2011年小作文并未考察大纲中已提到六年但并未考察过的摘要题型，也未考察2010年刚刚考察过的告示题型，而是考察了广大考生最为熟悉、从2005到2009已经连续五年考察的书信。
回顾刚刚过去的2010年，中国内地电影票房成功突破100亿元，成为旭日初升的朝阳产业。
从年中的《唐山大地震》、《盗梦空间》、《山楂树之恋》到年底的三大贺岁片《赵氏孤儿》、《让子弹飞》、《非诚勿扰2》，电影已经重新成为全民关注的话题。
今年的考研小作文即考察了“电影”这一热点话题。
本题属于推荐信，在拙著《2011考研英语高分写作》第64-65页详细讲解了推荐信的注意事项、写作方法，提供了经典范文及十大万能句型。
同时，该书76页提供的关于《八十天环游地球》的读书报告范文完全可以用于本文写作，下面的参考范文即由该文改写而成。
育明考研：2011年北京外国语大学翻译硕士真题及答案解析
汉语写作与百科知识一、百科知识：解释出现在下列短文中划线的名词，共25个名词，50分。
1. 原始人对自然界不只是简单地解释和探索，为了更好地生活，他们还要与自然做不屈的斗争，于是就创造了歌颂与自然作斗争的英雄的故事，如精卫填海、夸父逐日、鲧禹治水等。
2.从天宝十五载六月潼关失守，杜甫到奉先携家属北上避难，到乾元二年秋赴秦州之前，产生了两个系列的作品，一是自叙经历，兼抒优家国心情的作品，如《月夜》、《春望》、《喜达行在所》、《述怀》、《羌村三首》、《北征》、《彭衙行》等。
二是集中写时事见闻的新乐府诗，如《哀王孙》、《悲陈陶》、《悲青坂》、《哀江头》、《塞芦子》、《洗兵马》及“三吏”、“三别”等。
3.佛教对中国文化的影响广泛而深刻，远不止与上述几方面。
佛教是中国民众的一种普遍信仰，因此形成了很多佛教圣地，如佛教四大名山，它们分别是文殊菩萨、普贤菩萨、观音菩萨、地藏菩萨的道场。
4.在明清之际三大思想家中，王夫之的哲学思想丰富而深刻，代表了中国古代哲学发展的高峰。
他对前代哲人提出的问题几乎都进行了重新审视，或引申发挥，或批判匡正。
5.五代时，在南方和河东地区，先后存在过十个割据政权（不包括一些小的割据势力），史称“十国”。
6.唐代书法作品流传至今者比前代为多，留下了大量宝贵的艺术珍品。
“初唐四大家”、“颜柳”并称，成为书法史上的高峰。
7.《本草纲目》共分16部60类，以部为纲，以类为目。
每一种药又以正名、余名为目。
这个纲目分类法已经具有与现代科学双名法相同的性质，有的科学史家将之与林标的分类法相提并论。
8.古代四大发明是我国之所以成为文明古国的标志之一。
古代，我国的科学技术在许多方面居于世界的前列。
5世纪后的千余年里，欧洲处在封建社会中。
在这个漫长的时期里，我国的科学技术一直在向前发展，而欧洲的科学技术却停滞不前。
四大发明在欧洲近代文明产生之前陆续传入西方，成为“资产阶级发展的必要前提”。
9.作为四大文明古国之一的埃及，古王国时期包括3—6王朝，时间约为公元前2686—2181年，建都于孟斐斯。
2013年北京第二外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年北京第⼆外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2013年北京第⼆外国语学院811综合考试（英1）考研真题及详解第⼀部分语⾔学（50分）Ⅰ. Complete each of the following statements. (5 points, 1 point each)1. By _____, we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.【答案】Creativity【解析】本题考查语⾔的创造性。
创造性指语⾔的能产性，它能够使⼈造出和理解⽆穷的长句，其中很多句⼦是以前从未听过的。
2. The sound [d] can be described with “_____, alveolar stop/plosive”.【答案】voiced【解析】本题考查语⾳的发⾳特征。
[d]是浊辅⾳，齿龈⾳，爆破⾳。
3. _____ is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.【答案】inflection【解析】本题考查屈折变化的含义。
曲折变化是通过附加屈折词缀表现语法关系，如数、⼈称、有定性、体和格，不改变所附加词⼲的语法类别。
4. _____, the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership.【答案】hyponymy【解析】本题考查上下义关系的含义。
上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说⼀种类和成员间的关系。
北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2011年.doc
北京外国语大学英语语言学真题2011年(总分：150.01，做题时间：90分钟)ⅠBriefly explain the following terms. （分数：20.00）(1).perlocutionary act（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).minimal pair（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).distinctive feature（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).linguistic variable（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).lingua franca（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅡAnswer the following questions.（分数：30.00）(1).Why do we say linguistics is a science?（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Briefly explain how language is (a) systematic (b) symbolic, and (c) social.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅢRead the following paragraphs and then answer four questions.The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more "traditional" approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning) leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experiential approach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an "in at the deep end strategy". Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001:79)An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularities oflanguage and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularities can facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners" ability to put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general, the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996:83) refers to as "generativity" and "economy". Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners" ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001:86-7)（分数：50.00）(1).What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?（分数：12.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ⅣRead the following passage and answer three questions.Teachers employ different types of conceptual organization and meaning. One level of meaning relates to subject matter knowledge and how curricular and content aspects of teaching are conceptualized (Shulman 1987). Woods (1996) describes teachers" conceptions of lessons as made up of conceptual units at different levels of abstraction. He distinguishes between the following: overall conceptual goals—the overall purposes teachers identify for a course; global conceptual units—the individual subcomponents of the curriculum (e. g., the grammar, reading, writing, and listening components of an integrated skills course); intermediate conceptual units-activities or clusters of activities framed in terms of accomplishing one of the higher-level conceptual goals; and local conceptual units—the specific things teachers do to achieve particular instructional effects. Other constructs that have been proposed to account for how teachers realize the curricular agendas they set for lessons and the kinds of cognitive processes they employ include lesson formats (Wong-Fillmore 1985), tasks (Doyle 1983), scripts , and routines(Shavelson and Stem 1981). Constructs such as these seek to describe how teachers approach the subject matter of teaching and how they transform content into learning. Much of this research draws on a framework of cognitive psychology and has provided evidence of the kinds of pedagogical content knowledge, reasoning, and problem solving teachers make use of as they teach (Cliff 1991). In addition to the curricular goals and content, teachers have other more personal views of teaching (Johnston 1990). Zeichner, Tabachnick, and Densmore (1987) try to capture this with the notion of perspective, which they define as the ways in which teachers understand, interpret,and define their environment and use such interpretation to guide their actions. They followed teachers through their year-long professional training and their first year in the classroom, and found that their personal perspectives served as powerful influences on how they taught. In describing the basis for teachers" conceptualizations of good practice, Clandinin (1985, 1986) introduced the concept of image , which she describes as "a central construct for understanding teachers" knowledge" (1985:362). An image is a metaphor, such as "the classroom as home," "setting up a relationship with children," or "meeting the needs of students," that teachers may have in mind when they teach. Johnston (1992) suggests that images such as these are not always conscious, that they reflect how teachers view themselves in their teaching contexts, and that they form the subconscious assumptions on which their teaching practices are based. In a study of what second language teachers perceive to be good classes, Senior (1995) found that experienced ESL teachers in an Australian educational setting attempting to implement a communicative methodology appeared to have arrived at the tacit assumption that, to promote successful language learning, it is necessary to develop a bonded class—that is, one in which there is a positive, mutually supportive group atmosphere. The teachers appeared to employ a range of both conscious and unconscious strategies in order to develop a spirit of cohesion within their class groups.Halkes and Deijkers (1984) refer to teachers" teaching criteria, which are defined as "personal subjective values a person tries to pursue or keep constant while teaching." Teachers hold personal views of themselves, their learners, their goals, and their role in the classroom and they presumably try to reflect these in their practice. Marland (1987) examined the principles used to guide and interpret teaching, and identified five such working principles that were derived from stimulated recall interviews with teachers. For example, the "principle of progressive checking" involved checking students" progress periodically, identifying problems, and providing individual encouragement for low-ability students. Conners (1978) studied elementary teachers and found that all of those in her study used three overarching principles of practice to guide and explain their interactive teaching behavior: "suppressing emotions," "teacher authenticity," and "self-monitoring." The "principle of teacher authenticity" involved the teacher presenting herself in such a way that good personal relationships with students and a socially supportive classroom atmosphere would be achieved. This principle required the teacher to attempt to be open, sincere, and honest, as well as fallible.（分数：50.01）(1).What could be the title of this passage?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).What are the functions of those conceptual units as described by Woods (1996) in language teaching?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Discuss the relationship between "perspective" and "image" and between "image" and "teaching criteria" as mentioned in this passage?（分数：16.67）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
北京外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题解析
真题解析2011年北外真题英语翻译基础一、名词解释：汉译英全面建设小康社会Build a moderately prosperous society in all aspects中国特色社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics构建两岸关系和平发展的框架Build the framework of peaceful development for the relationship across the Taiwan Strait.祸从口入a close mouth catches no fire知足常乐content is happiness水火无情fire and water have no mercy一蹶不振cannot recover from a setback黑帮sinister gang经济刺激方案economic stimulus plan留守儿童left-behind children降半旗致哀fly a flag at half-staff as a sign of mourning厨房重地闲人免进kitchen area,staff only紧俏型轿车cars in short supply无党派人士person with no political affiliation包容经济inclusive economyNASA–National二，汉译英：真题漓江，无数仁人志士寻找灵感的地方。
/两岸是连绵的山峰，秀丽的河水上倒映着魔幻般的美景，宛如神话。
山峰在薄雾的笼罩下时隐时现。
//泛舟漓江，每一个转弯处都有新奇：或是懒洋洋的水牛在拉水车，或是渔夫在狭窄的竹筏上悠闲自得。
解析漓江，无数仁人志士寻找灵感的地方。
The Li River of Yunnan province in China is a famous scenic spot which has inspired many people’s love of nature.[意译比直译好]两岸是连绵的山峰，秀丽的河水上倒映着魔幻般的美景，宛如神话。
北京外国语大学英语基础测试(技能)考研真题及详解(2013～2014)【圣才出品】
北京外国语大学英语基础测试（技能）考研真题及详解（2013～2014）北京外国语大学2014年英语基础测试（技能）考研真题Part I GRAMMAR(30Points)Correct ErrorsThe passage contains ten errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of one error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word,copy the wrong word to your answer sheet and write the correct one after it.For a missing word,write∧on the answer sheet followed by the word after the missing word,and then write the word which you believe is missing.For an unnecessary word,copy the unnecessary word to your answer sheet and cross it with a slash/.In Hardy's fiction and poetry，letters are ready sources of excitement and suspense，harbingers of loss and disappointment．They go missing，fall to1.______ the wrong hands，or arrive too lately．Most famously，Tess's letter of 2.______ confession，hastily pushed not just under the door but under the carpet too，remains unread by the priggish Angel Clare，as Hardy delivers his mostpowerful attack of the Victorian sexual double standard． 3.______ Hardy's own letters were places for quite reflection and deepening 4.______ emotional ties，for occasional advice，details to visitors of the times of theWaterloo trains，and for public protests towards the iniquity of war 5.______ and against cruelty to animals．They ensured regular contact with their 6.______ friends and the publishing world，contained correctives to readings ofhis work．More than any other form，letters make insight into Hardy's7.______ many—sidedness．Writing in1907to the poet Elspeth Grahame，he expressed admiration，and not little surprise，that she had written8.______ verses on the top of an omnibus．Commiserating with one of his American admirers，Rebekah Owen，for having to get in a plumber，he suggestedthat she took up plumbing herself．Such solid practical advice exists9.______ alongside Hardy the natural modernist，wrote to tell Arthur Symons that10.______ he liked his poem“Haschisch”(the world is“the phantom of a haschisch dream”)，discussing timeless reality and the nature of matter at the drop ofa hat．【答案与解析】1.to→into(fall into固定词组，意思为“陷入、落入”。
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2011年北京外国语大学811英语能力测试（写作）考研真题及详解I.Summarize the view(s)in the following passage(around300words)and then write a commentary(around500words)(70points)I appreciate the arts,I love film,TV,music and books like most people,I enjoy the occasional trip to the theatre or art gallery and I am in awe of the skill of the world’s greatest athletes.Although I have an appreciation from these arts and gain enjoyment from them on the whole I detest what they have collectively become.It’s long since gone beyond providing entertainment and has evolved into a business that we call the“entertainment industry”.The face of this industry is a mosaic of aesthetically pleasing masks covering a collectively ignorant mind controlled only by financial gain and the ultimate social status of“celebrity”.In the western world it now seems that the status of“celebrity”has became akin to that of the God status.We look to these people with their plastic faces and hollow minds that are motivated by greed as role models,a task they are neither suitable for nor capable of.This status of theirs is promoted by a media that has long since given up on reporting real news in favour of religiously following the lives of celebrities.The more media attention they get the more attention is drawn away from the real issues that we should really be concerning ourselves with.This role model responsibility that society has placed upon the celebrity status has either been ignored by the celebrities or abused.Celebrities are the worst possible role model for any society,especially the young who look up to them withsuch admiration.Celebrities glamorise sex,abuse drugs,degrade women,promote ignorance and ultimately of all the people in society,they are not fit for purpose.It appears that celebrities actively sexualise themselves like high—end prostitutes,this is intimated by those in society who are infatuated with the cult of celebrity.As a result society has become increasingly shallow,the measure of man is no longer his morals but his appearance,and as a result morality has lost its place in society in favour of casual sex,and other morally deprived actions advocated by the celebrity.The celebrity cult has also once again reduced the status of women in society who are overtly objectified by both sexes in the celebrity world.Whether it be a rapper boosting about his sexual exploits with his“bitch”or a female singer selling her albums not by her voice but by parading herself half naked all over TV, this has become inter-wound into our every day life and it is now accepted that women are objects of sex.It seems the term“‘n-word’”has made it back into society this time through popular music.Although it still conjures up images of1960’s American racism and slavery it is tolerated even by those who it should offend most. Narcotics use has become another decedent pastime glorified by the celebrities who excuse themselves through the biased and ignorant press.Then we have the violence portrayed in movies,music and video games in such a wav that it appears almost fashionable to shoot one’s fellow man or bash his head in with a bat.It sickens me to know that Footballers can earn￡90,000per week and havethe respect of thousands while a front.Line solider fighting in Afghanistan might be on less than￡20,000per year,yet the latter is doing a significantly more important job than any footballer ever will but nobody knows his name or sacrifice.I have noticed this get progressively worse over the years,I fail to see why it is that society is fascinated by a group of people who are motivated by selfish desires and greed.It only seems appropriate on ATS to suggest that this may be caused by some type of mass brain washing or a symptom of the NWO’s plans,however I do not think this is true.Rather I think that it is just a symptom of the nature of man we always seem to want more and are for the most incapable of a humble status. Greed is what is fuelling this ultimately evil and corrupt culture that we have developed.The celebrities want to get rich by flaunting their mediocre talent and beautiful yet plastic faces.Their producers,agents,directors and just about everyone else in this entertainment industry want to get rich by prostituting the celebrities.The ignorant masses who follow them seek similar riches and so they imitate the celebrates in everything they do in attempt to find similar riches because they,like most of men,are inherently greedy and lazy.Becoming a celebrity by going on a12 talent competition is a much easier and lazier way to achieve riches,without having to go through the challenge of working through a university course or career ladder. These people who worship these celebrities as a collective omnipotent being are fundamentally greedy and lazy.Celebrities do make some contribution to a society in helping to shame ourculture,however it is my opinion that doctors,religious leaders,troops,scientists and so on make a much more significant contribution to our communities and should therefore be respected and paid in the same way as celebrities.Celebrity culture has created a society where the ignorant and selfish are leading and breading the selfish and ignorant...【答案】Summary:Though I appreciate the art and artistic activities,I detest the“entertainment industry”they have now become,for this industry is hypothetical and produces the so-called“celebrity”.In the western world,the status of“celebrity”has become similar to that of the God status as role models and they don’t deserve such status.This is attributed to the media,who give up reporting the real issues.Celebrities are the worst possible role model for any society for they ignore or abuse their role model responsibility and they are not fit for purpose.Celebrities have also had bad influence on the society and those who admire the celebrities because of the morally deprived actions advocated by the celebrity.The celebrity cult has also once again reduced the status of women in society and women become objects of sex due to the images of female celebrity on the screen.Popular music has brought back to society the‘n-word’which arouses the racial discrimination and celebrities have made public drug abuse and violence through movies or report of their personal lives by the biased and ignorant press.Footballers appearing on thescreen can earn much more than the frontline soldier,whose job is of greater importance and at the cost of their lives.This situation gets progressively worse over the years and greed is what is fuelling this ultimately evil and corrupt culture.The celebrities are greedy and lazy when seeking riches,while these people who worship these celebrities are as greedy and lazy.Celebrity culture has created a society where the ignorant and selfish are leading and breading the selfish and ignorant.Other respectful profession,which have contributed more to society should be much more respected and get better paid.Commentary:Celebrities,as public figures,have great influence on people’s lives,the lives of young people in particular.And in this world with increasingly explosive information and free access to it,these celebrities would take a even greater role in our lives,representing not only what they should be in their works on screen,but also their real values and ideas.These celebrities or stars can play positive role in the audience’s lives,only when they observe their professional ethics and behave ethically on screen.If they do so,they can not only bring to the audience meaningful and interesting works to enjoy and entertain with,but also guide the audience with right moral standards and encourage the audience to do what they should do rather than what they want to.In this process,all personnel,including the actor or actress,director,screenwriter,producer and etc.in the entertainment industry are very important.They must behave in accordance with their professional ethics and produce works to educate, to move or to entertain the audience.But celebrities,if involved in negative or immoral things,will exert bad influence on audiences,especially their fans,who admires them not only because who they are in certain works,but also because who they really are.And some extremist fans may even justify the wrong deeds of their idols,which is utterly destructive.And in modern world,it seems that scandals or gossips always accompany the celebrities;things like drug abuse and involvement in sexual scandal seem quite common.Fortunately,in China,celebrities are not that high-profile,arrogant and privileged.They have to behave,at least in public,and stay away from immoral things or scandals,for Chinese audiences,as a relatively rational group,would despise those immoral ones and make them lose face or even fame.In this information age in particular,when everyone has access to postering pictures or videos and with the rapid spreading and exchange of information,a wrong doing may cost the celebrity large amounts of fans or potential fans and his moral reputation as well as the public trust on him.And the media is also relatively harsh on the celebrities,who are often watched by the media for any big news.And scandals seems always win over good news.So in China,celebrities need to be quite careful about their personal life.So in general,Chinese celebrities,though not completely immune from scandals,are relatively trustworthy.。