Final Study Guide

Part A: Logical FallaciesOn the final exam, you will be given examples of bad logic and need to write what type of fallacy it is.1. Stereotype/GeneralizationAssuming that the traits of one individual apply to an entire groupe.g. I knew an American who was fat and lazy. Therefore, all Americans are fat an lazy.e.g. John’s iPhone broke after two weeks. Therefore, all iPhones are poorly built.2. Ad Hominem/Personal AttackCriticizing your opponent’s personal characteristics instead of the argumente.g. He’s addicted to cigarette s! Of course he’d say smoking is okay!e.g. She didn’t even finish college –clearly she doesn’t know anything about politics.3. False Correlation (Remember: CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION)Implying that two events/tre nds are related, but they really aren’t.e.g. Since the 1950s, carbon dioxide levels and obesity levels have risen sharply. Therefore, carbon dioxide causes obesity.e.g. George W. Bush ruined the economy because the economy went down when he was president.4. Bandwagon“Everyone is doing it! Therefore, it must be good!”e.g. Everyone is voting for John Smith, so he must be the best choice for president!e.g. So many people believe the number 4 is unlucky. How could they ALL be wrong?5. Slippery SlopePredicting disastrous events resulting from one evente.g. If the teacher doesn’t give us extra time to study for the exam, we’ll fail the test, we’ll fail out of school, and we won’t get jobs, so we’ll end up homeless! We’ll live on the streets and be poo r forever! e.g. If the government bans pornography, soon they’ll be banning all sorts of literature!6. Appeal to tradition“It’s traditional, so it must be good!”e.g. People have believed in Jesus Christ for thousands of years, so Christianity must be true.e.g. Writing letters is the traditional way of communication, so it must be better than phones.7. Appeal to emotionUsing emotion to distract from bad logice.g. Luke didn’t want to eat his dinner, but his father told him to think about the poor, s tarving children in Africa who didn’t have any food at alle.g. The new immigrants are taking our jobs! They’re introducing new values that will corrupt our children! They’re stealing from us and ruining this town! If you vote for me, I’ll get rid of them.8. Circular reasoningBeginning with what you end with. The logic goes in a circle, and there’s no real reason.e.g. All people have a right to freedom of speech because people should be able to say what they want to say.e.g. We know that the Bible is true because God wrote it, and God is always right. We know God is always right because it says so in the Bible.Part B: Compound/Complex SentencesOn the final exam, you will need to know how to correctly join dependent and independent clauses. You will not need to know the vocabulary terms like independent, dependent, compound, complex, etc.Independent Clause (IC): Can be a complete sentence by itself. Has a subject and a verb. Dependent Clause (DC): Cannot be a complete sentence by itself. Has a subject and a verb.DCs are marked by subordinating conjunctions:although, because, while, if, after, unless, since, as (plus many others)A DEPENDENT CLAUSE IS NOT A COMPLETE SENTENCE.X Because my cat is cute. X As the economy develops quickly.X Although I want to go to America. X Since my parents paid my university tuition.YOU MUST ALWAYS JOIN IT WITH AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.Complex Sentence: One dependent clause + one independent clause (IC + DC)Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses. (IC + IC)Complex-Compound Sentence: At least one dependent clause and at least two independent clauses. (IC + IC + DC)How to join DC + IC:If the DC comes first, you need a comma. (DC + IC)You don’t need a comma if the IC comes first. (IC + DC)How to join IC + IC:1. semicolon OR periodTuition at university is expensive. I have to work a part-time job to afford it.2. comma + FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)Tuition at university is expensive, so I have to work a part-time job to afford it.Tuition at university is expensive; therefore,I have to work a part-time job to afford it.Decide if each of the following sentences/pairs of sentences is incorrect. If incorrect, fix it.1. My mother gave me a dollar, so I went and bought a collar.2. I walked around the corner and I walked around the block. Until I walked right in to a donut shop.3. Jack fell down and broke his crown Jill came tumbling after.4. Three little kittens lost their mittens they were so sad.5. The cat jumped over the moon. Because it was so happy.6. The ants go marching four by four. And the little one stops to slam the door.7. Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear; Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair.8. While this little piggy went to the market this little piggy stayed home.9. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.10. Mary’s lamb followed her to school one day, because it was too lonely.11. The itsy bitsy spider went down the water spout after the rain came.Part C: Know the parts of a persuasive essayOn the final exam, I will give you an issue, and you will need to choose a position and create an outline of a possible essay.Introduction-Hook: __________-Issue: __________-Position: __________Reason 1: __________Details/examples: __________Reason 2: __________Details/examples: __________Reason 3: __________Details/examples: __________Objection: __________-Refutation: __________Conclusion: __________Note: You don’t have to write anything after “Introduction.” You need to fill in the three parts of the introduction.part d: Write a RefutationOn the final exam, I will give you an objection, and you need to write a refutation.There are four parts to the objection:1. State the objectionThe writer summarizes the opposition's viewpoint openly and honestly. Make sure to choose an argument that you have NOT already countered in your first three reasons.2. Acknowledge parts of the objection that are valid (optional)If parts of your opponent’s arguments are true, you must acknowledge that. This is optional because sometimes the objection may be completely false.3. Refute the argumentExplain why the objection is not a good argument for the other side. Maybe it is factually wrong. Maybe it is not a logical reason to oppose your thesis. Maybe it is an insignificant detail, a minor weakness that can’t compare to the many strong points of your argument. Remember that you must include as much evidence/details as you would in one of your reason paragraphs.4. Introduce the ConclusionThe conclusion should summarize why the objection is not a sufficient argument.。