American Drama
费城故事 知识点总结 视听说资料
Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama film and one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to acknowledge HIV/AIDS, homosexuality and homophobia. It was written by Ron Nyswaner and directed by Jonathan Demme. The film stars Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington.
Ⅳ. Critic Reviews for Philadelphia
Philadelphia by Roger Ebert/ January 14, 1994
More than a decade after AIDS was first identified as a disease, "Philadelphia"(the first high-profile Hollywood film to take the AIDS plague seriously,)marks the first time Hollywood has risked a big-budget film on the subject. No points for timeliness here; made-for-TV docudramas(文献电视片)and the independent film "Longtime Companion" have already explored the subject, and "Philadelphia" breaks no new dramatic ground. Instead, it relies on the safe formula of the courtroom drama to add suspense and resolution to a story that, by its nature, should have little suspense and only one possible outcome.
美剧背后的中国字幕组（Chine...
美剧背后的中国字幕组（Chinese subtitle group behind theAmerican drama）Chinese subtitles group for subtitle pirated Anglo American drama with, it is easy to be China as evidence of rampant piracy, "and" New York Times and their reporters dubbed "broken cultural shielding". This two reason is enough to Chinese friends all hanged in the caption group on the wire rod.With the popularity of the prison break in the American TV series, a mysterious group -- the subtitle group responsible for downloading, translating, making, pressing, releasing and diverting the prison powder, has gradually surfacedThe first is to uncover the mystery of "New York Times", not long ago, the newspaper published an article entitled "breaking the cultural shield subtitle group China" article, reported by columnist Lian Yue reproduced into personal blog, immediately attracted countless threads, the netizen replies loudly praise: "in the name of the natural law. Salute to the subtitle groups Comrades! They are the real educator in this era, without these people, China youth in the brain will at least half of the loss of knowledge."More and more netizens begin to wonder what kind of organization the Chinese subtitle group is. What kind of work are they doing? What are their original intentions and do they make a living here?In the garden of Eden forum, displayed such recruitment notice: the long-term recruitment of various language subtitles group(Britain, Japan and South Korea, Germany, France and Russia, Italy, and other West), listen to the translation of subtitle translation and timeline production staff, well paid. Welcome to join the master!Basic condition:(1) love movies or American TV shows;(2) there are certain network conditions (public network resources download speed above 10kb/s);(3) have some spare time (average more than 10 hours per month);(4) work conscientiously and conscientiously, with professionalism, team spirit and a strong sense of responsibility;(5) not performing or taking up positions in other movies or American drama subtitles groups.When a journalist tries to post a question as a candidate, he is refused admission because only members can post, and those who want to register in Eden must be invited by an existing member to register. According to an anonymous Eden member, the goal is to make sure the forum is safe, and the people inside do not want to be exposed to the sun too much.All the subtitle groups are playing the game and want to grab the Chinese subtitles at the first time. An unnamed "escape" subtitles group members about six hours from the source toupload subtitles receiving the "speed": Fox television after a set of "escape", there are sources from foreign BT website to domestic subtitle group FTP, this work is usually done by students abroad, takes about half an hour, in order to gain time, some Korean subtitles group will first route through the server, and then returned home to FTP, it will transfer sources from half an hour to 10 minutes. English subtitles are often passed directly to the subtitle director by MSN or QQ, and the subtitle director is distributed to the staff at the same time, informing the interpreter of the timeline, translation, proofreading, and tablet attendance.When a set of "escape" the caption is ready, the time axis personnel cleared subtitles advertising, and for the time axis English with subtitles, namely "from a few seconds to a few seconds, a role of what he has said," the most important part of this work is careful, because it may accidentally on the wrong time. A 45 minute movie, and a skilled timeline staff can do it in about two hours.The subtitle director received the English subtitles of the time axis, assigned to 4 interpreters, about 10 minutes per person, with almost 200 dialogues and two hours of work. Translation is a very depressing thing, in order to hurry, so there is little communication in the process of translation, ask Google when you have problems.After the translation is completed, the proofreading staff will also need to check to correct the translation errors and unify the translation style,And review the timeline, because sometimes an English sentence should be shown in two lines, and a few words in Chinese can be expressed. What's more, subtitles are not words written on books or websites. They are available for readers to read at their own speed. Subtitles are flashed on the screen, and the audience's reading speed is controlled by their residence time. Even if the audience can read before the subtitle disappears, too long subtitles will occupy the audience's time and prevent them from viewing the picture.After proofreading, the subtitle director will be able to publish Chinese subtitles on the archer's Web site, the country's largest subtitle site. Usually, they will also translate simplified Chinese into traditional forms, and pack them together with English subtitles to download them separately. Subscene done a simple statistics, the second quarter of thirteenth sets of "escape" is the Eden of early release, get the source from Beijing at 9:30 in the morning, the afternoon sixteen two in the online publication, only 6.5 hours. The Eden subtitle group was downloaded more than 10 thousand times after the release of the document, and the subtitle of another subtitle group uploaded 3 hours later was downloaded less than its 1/10. This number may explain why the subtitle team raced against the clock like this.But love, ask no returnMany netizens feel the same way: "online translations are much better than DVD subtitles."". This is not only reflected in the accuracy and timeliness, but also reflected in the feelings between the translator and the translator, a feeling of the film.Singapore is now studying physics Dr. Wang Peng was once a common translation work of Eden forum, he told the "Oriental Outlook" reporter said: "the fans fans to see the subtitle translation, most can understand your smile."Yan Feng Chinese Professor Department of Fudan University on the "Oriental Outlook" said: "they are the translation of things is not reached how high, how well translated, but their translation as some formal, professional translation so stiff, their translation more of life, is very close to our natural language, sometimes they also we use some familiar idioms. The most valuable thing is that they add notes to some dialogues, such as cultural and historical allusions, which are very intimate. I can see a kind of professionalism in them.""New York Times" reported a "Crazy" Chinese hardcore fans and subtitle translation: "the 23 year old Ding Chengtai is an expert network technology of a bank, a year and a half, right after he locked himself in the room and began to destroy the American TV series the big head, such as" lost "" c.s.i. ", and" close to home ", a friend thought he was missing. He compiled subtitles for the series and posted them online. With the technology like BT, more and more Chinese viewers can download these programs for free."As long as you log on to the relevant subtitles website, it is not difficult to find that the recruitment of websites is part-time staff like Ding Chengtai, the so-called treatment is not to be measured by the rmb. TLF was recognized by netizens as one of the most powerful subtitle groups, founded in July 2002 and mainly engaged in film translation and American dramatranslation. Within 4 years, more than 500 movie lovers around the world contributed to the development of the TLF subtitle group. Currently, more than 100 active members of the TLF subtitles group are members of the three generation who were born in 60s, 70s and 80s, including four secondary schools, universities, masters, and doctors. The male and female ratio of 6:1 in the group includes the whole Chinese language elite, including a considerable number of overseas students, many of whom are from world famous universities such as harvard.None of the participants in the subtitle group was selfish. Many people went to the inner FTP account of the subtitle group. For those who love American drama, that account is a treasure, and almost all the American dramas are visible. Wang Peng told reporters: "I was to join the subtitle group motivation is also mainly here, the school once BT port to seal.",I had to join the subtitle group and translate three or four hours a week for the latest episode of American drama. Then, when the TV series was over, I quit."Because of these subtitle groups, Chinese TV fans have been living in the "end of the world" day. The eastern part of the United States at 19 on the evening of November 27th, that is, Beijing time 28, 8 early, "prison break" second quarter thirteenth set in the United States Fawkes television network. This is the last episode of prison break in the second season before winter break. The rules of the American TV show are "every Monday", and the Chinese "prison break" fans have been waiting for a week. They have already been itching for a few hours. They go to the shooter net and the big American dramaforums every few hours to see the Chinese subtitles. Did they come out?.For a long time, the major Chinese subtitle groups have enjoyed the pleasure of translating subtitles, enjoying the simple pleasures of the speed and quality of their competition. They were similar to the early hacker as low-key, only in the works spread range will get enough self satisfaction.In subtitle translation to accept the "Oriental Outlook" in an interview and a Shanghai film studio is the signing of the interpreter Jiang Wei, he works as a part-time translation in film dubbing studio, different is the work of his return, he eventually did not disclose how much income. "Frankly, what I care about is not the rewards of translation, but I value my sense of achievement that I have been able to catch up with several nights of translating a work and finally being accepted by the Chinese audience."." Jiang Yu told reporters that he put each of his films to participate in the translation of the CD engraved, carefully preserved, "in the future, my son grew up, I would like to tell my son, the film also has a father's credit."."Mentioned in the film and Television Forum, those spontaneous organizations do not take a penny reward Chinese subtitles group, Jiang Wei admire such a hiding behind the scenes, silent dedication, silent groups. "If you're allowed to join them and don't pay a cent, will you?" asked the reporter. "I will."." Jiang Yu said tersely, "for the movie or TV drama fans fans, the first time to enjoy a good story, the first time with the story of the introduction, mood ups and downs, ending the firsttime that the fate of the characters, the meaning is far better than the outside approval or any substances. Return.Turning a wrong word is a desecration of the American dramaMany fans of the TV all know circulated on the Internet with an ace translation called re-quiem, who is a "super fan of Battlestar Galactica", this movie was originally popular online without English subtitles, he a sentence to listen, to toss about all day, such as the enemy, as if a wrong we are on this drama blasphemy. There are enthusiastic people to forget about him, he translated a film, at least 6 times to read subtitles. Therefore, colleagues joked that the new subtitle groups than who are not compared to re-quiem, abnormal levels belong to him.Listening comprehension is the highest level of translation." Wang Peng admitted that he had only once heard the translation, it was a translation of the film, spent a day, very hard, back and forth, repeatedly heard a lot of times. "Especially some people who are not familiar with the names of people, places, and some deep old movies. I always want to keep the history of Google.". A little more serious is to check and make notes, even though the audience doesn't pay attention to the notes."Some subtitles that are considered "Crazy" are often translated into 8 hours without eating, drinking, or sleeping. When you see some scenes of the translation will be moved by sight, while wiping tears while Jianpanshangqiao word, bun. The most let Wang Peng admire is a Japanese animation "ghost in shell" translation, quote inside a large number of world literaturemasterpiece, in his view of translation is really to perfection.A netizen named "winter" said: "I have the deepest impression of a sentence that is particularly rich in Chinese." I swear to God ",In a certain episode of shark, the sentence was translated as' fr 'to' Chairman Mao ', ha ha, too aptly, the Chinese would not swear to god."The United States said Chinese translated into their special difficulties. "Sex and the city" has an episode in which, "I think you two will be I thought two would hit it off" is turned into "I think you two will call" you". "Escape" inside: "the preparation is limited (" preparation can only take you so far) was changed to "Man proposes, God disposes". Although the background of the story is entirely in the United States, after such translation, more or less will bring a bit of Chinese characteristics. These are due to the careful translation of the translation.According to Wang Peng introduction, even volunteer translators, the level difference is very big, some poor quality, we will automatically clean up. Subtitle groups compete with each other in content, that is, subtitles are sent to the caption station and judged by public praise."There is competition between the subtitle groups. This competition is not from a business point of view, but from a business point of view. They compete with each other faster thanquality, and this benign competition is bound to make their translation better and better."." Yan Feng said.The famous subtitle team of the Korean drama "hot sun subtitle group" was accepted by Korean fans. Some netizens wrote: "through the" poor weather, "the sun was recognized. Since then, "19 years of pure love", "really really like you", "a beautiful day", as well as "great legacy", are also look at the sun produced. I believe in the sun, the sun did not let us down! The sun's service is first class, you accept opinions; take the initiative to communicate with Korean fans; after the drama aired online, sun group all night making subtitles, morning released! This dedication touched us! The sun, you all the blood and sweat of Korean fans they do, dedication, we look at the eyes, in the heart of gratitude!"You're not the Public Security Bureau, are you?"You are not the Public Security Bureau," said Wang Peng, who also read subtitles translation in Singapore. "Through an interview with MSN this year, no less than five times questioned the identity of journalists. A person claiming to be "autistic" users in the forum post also expressed such concerns: "subtitles group members should be named the CCTV 2006 moved China person of the year, alas, is not speculation, otherwise these unsung heroes will hang up."Anonymity of users speak in "log": "Chinese subtitles group for subtitle pirated Anglo American drama with, it is easy to be Chinese as evidence of rampant piracy," and "New York Times reporters and their title of" break the cultural shielding.These two reasons are enough to hang all the Chinese subtitle buddies on a pole." Some netizens are ready to publish a joint statement on the Internet, and even the sensational title is well thought out: "please, let's pass the Chinese subtitle group!"For the loyal fans of countless American TV series, their mood is complicated and contradictory. "From Ding Chengtai's interview with New York Times, Domino began to fall.". As a result, all Chinese subtitle groups were exposed to sunlight, which was the case for hackers." A "prison break" fans lament, "and I can't say what, who can't even blame. Because I am Chinese subtitles group of beneficiaries, I have no right to demand they always go incognito. If one day they do not want it, go to the front desk and get their due glory, which is their freedom. Or because they are invited to work in the United States, it is their rights. Even if I did not translate the American drama, so can I see. I can regret, I can be sad, but I can not call, can not ask. No one has stipulated that they must remain silent,As a result, my protection is out of the question. Just think of the future may not be BT, my heart always feel very disappointed.""You worry China law one day will be blocked Chinese subtitles group?" said Wang Peng told reporters: "I was concerned about the legal one day will prohibit downloads, as the subtitle groups also exist in name only. If the lads and misfortune, means that many fans will not be able to see the timely and accurate translation of drama, but hard English, Chinese subtitle group is a product, Chinese characteristics inSingapore, American TV fans English than Chinese fortunately, no Chinese caption group does not exist such worry."Smart subtitling group has already done a Fight fire with water. Careful viewers will "escape" in episode logo next to see such a text: "Eden Television Forum honored the subtitle, only to learn communication, is strictly prohibited for commercial purposes, please delete within 24 hours, please buy genuine". The subtitle group also realized that their work might be considered infringement in other countries. However, according to Chinese law, these works are likely to be considered academic research. Because they neither charge nor profit.Shanghai Univer Institute of technology of film and television art professor Lin Shaoxiong reviewed the normal channels and procedures in China: the introduction of the film "Cultural Revolution" and the last century in 80s, the country for the introduction of foreign films have a special review body, the main factors accounting for ideology. At that time, domestic audiences were able to see films from socialist countries like the Soviet Union and Albania. Later, our country began to introduce foreign blockbusters, I remember the introduction of the first foreign movie is Harrison Ford starring the "fugitive"."Now our country introduces foreign films and implements quota system. The number of foreign films imported each year has specific regulations, and has increased year by year. As for the introduction of foreign TV play, it will be done by the television station. For example, South Korea's "Dae Jang Geum" was introduced by Hunan economic satellite tv." Lin Shaoxiongsays.The messenger of composition communicationWhether or not Chinese subtitle groups are engaged in legal work, at least they are regarded as fans and disseminators of American pop culture by net friends. They provide an excellent platform for those who want to learn English and learn about western culture by watching a lot of American TV and movies.A lot of prison break fans say they've learned a lot from TV, from fashion to biochemistry, as well as the names and geography of American States, the workflow of FBI, and even the dating culture of the United states."From television you can see all aspects of everyday life, from politics to history to culture and art."." Ding Chengtai said, "that's what makes American TV unique.". When I first saw "Friends", I found the knowledge of American history and the rapid development of the United states. It's much more interesting than the book."In an interview with "Oriental Outlook Weekly", Lin Shaoxiong said that the subtitle groups at home would objectively affect three aspects of the domestic audience:"First of all, a lot of changes have taken place in the audience's appreciation habits." After the "Cultural Revolution", in 80s, the appreciation and acceptance of foreign films were done through translation and dubbing, and many audiences now have to listen to the original sound and watchsubtitles while watching foreign films. When I was in class, I tried the students and played the dubbing films. The students would find it difficult.""Second, maintain the original quality of the film. In the film, the gap between sound and dubbing is obvious, and dialogue and music are the most important aspects of film and television works.""Third, change people's cognitive ability.". Although the audience is watching the original movie, on the one hand, to look at the picture, on the other hand, busy watching subtitles,This will surely distract them, but reading and watching together, after a long period of training, may have an impact on people's cognitive abilities."。
美国戏剧
II. Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953)
Introduction Literary Career Characteristics Comment
A. Introduction
Eugene (Gladstone) O'Neill was born in a Broadway hotel room in New York City on October 16, 1888. O'Neill won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936, and Pulitzer Prizes for four of his plays: Beyond the Horizon (1920); Anna Christie (1922); Strange Interlude (1928); and Long Day's Journey Into Night (1957). O'Neill is credited with raising American dramatic theater from its narrow origins to an art form respected around the world. He is regarded as America's premier playwright.
American TV Drama
美国主要的电视网 ：
哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）
全国广播公司（NBC）
美国广播公司（ABC）
福克斯广播公司（FOX）
哥伦比亚及华纳兄弟联合电视网（CW）
美剧分类:
Soap Opera（肥皂剧 ） Situation Comedy/Sitcom
(情景喜剧)
Drama（情节系列剧）
Soap Opera（肥皂剧）
（情节系列剧）
每集分为：序幕、4幕主戏、尾声，每一幕之间是 加广告的时间。《24》就是最好的例子。 按内容分：Science-fiction show（科幻剧） Crime show（犯罪剧）Medical show（医疗剧）
Adventure show（冒险剧）Fantasy show（奇幻 剧：一般以漫画，小说，电子游戏的超级英雄为 主角，如《超人》），war show（战争剧：一般 美国人对此类剧不太感兴趣，所以很少拍摄， 《兄弟连》除外）
艾美奖（Emmy Awards）美国电视界的最高 奖项
“艾美奖”其实是由两个奖构成的。通 常说的“艾美奖”是指黄金时TAS)颁发。此外还有一个日 间节目艾美奖，由总部位于纽约的国家 电视艺术与科学学院（NATAS）颁发。
THE END
以家庭妇女为主要观众，家庭日用品商家 为赞助商，普通家庭生活环境为舞台.分为 日间肥皂剧 和晚间肥皂剧
Situation Comedy/Sitcom (情景喜剧)
长度为30分钟左右（包括广告时间），播出 是往往伴随着现场观众（或后期合成）的笑 声。新作总在演季的黄金时段，在每周固定 的时间播出。
Drama
Drama
An American Shakespeare
The founder of American drama
His life
An actor’s family (1888)
Princeton University (1906)
Life on Sea (1910-1912) Tuberculosis (1912-1913) Baker's 47 Workshop at Harvard (1914-1915)
生活现实和现代技巧的巧妙结合
The Hairy Ape (1)
1.
The plot (p293) 2. Theme 1) Human regression by industrialization Industrialization has reduced the human workers into a machine. The men are programmed to do one task, are turned on and off by whistles, and are not required to think independently. Workers are thus forced into jobs that require nothing but physical labor, which has caused a general deterioration of the worker into an animal or Ape.
2)Tom escapes into space
His mental suffering: being torn between responsibilities for the family and a free life as a writer responsible to only himself
试论美国音乐剧的发展及其社会、文化影响
试论美国音乐剧的发展及其社会、文化影响□孙赫/文美国音乐剧是一种独具特色的表演艺术形式。
它将以叙事为主的戏剧表演和优美通俗的人声歌唱、多样化的舞蹈形体动作结合起来，同时融合服饰、布景、灯光等舞台艺术，呈现出整体的舞台效果。
美国音乐剧不仅在美国本土广受欢迎，而且对世界文化产生了深远的影响。
本文旨在深入研究美国音乐剧的发展历程，探讨其在不同时期的演变，以及它对世界的影响。
通过对美国音乐剧的起源、核心要素、代表作品以及其全球传播进行分析，可以更好地理解音乐剧在全球文化舞台上所作出的贡献。
1 美国音乐剧的起源与历史发展1.1 美国音乐剧的起源：19世纪末20世纪初美国音乐剧的起源可以追溯到19世纪末。
这个时期，美国社会经历了快速的城市化和工业化，市民阶层扩大，娱乐需求也随之增加。
在此背景下，一种新的表演艺术形式逐渐崭露头角，它融合了音乐、戏剧和舞蹈等多种元素，这就是美国音乐剧的前身。
早期的美国音乐剧以轻松的歌曲和舞蹈为主，以吸引大众观众。
其中一些著名的早期音乐剧包括《黑钩子》（The Black Crook）和《乞讨学生》（The Beggar Student）。
这些作品强调了娱乐性，但也具有一定程度的音乐和戏剧性[1]。
图1为第一个现代音乐剧《黑钩子》首演信息报纸版面。
1.2 百老汇（Broadway）的兴起和发展20世纪初，纽约市的百老汇成为美国音乐剧的中心。
百老汇地区的剧院开始举办音乐剧表演后，这个地区的名称很快成为音乐剧的代名词。
百老汇优越的地理位置、先进的剧院设施以及所吸引到的来自世界各地的才华横溢的创作者和演员，使其成为音乐剧的理想发展地[2,3]。
图2为百老汇街景。
20世纪初至中叶是美国音乐剧的黄金时期，这个时期涌现出了众多经典作品。
在这个时期，音乐剧取图1 《黑钩子》首演信息报纸版面１得了许多成就：（1）经典音乐剧作品：作曲家如尤比·布雷克（Eubie Blake）、约翰·坎德尔（John Kander）和乔尔·斯泰恩（Jule Styne）创作了一系列经典音乐剧作品，如《翩翩起舞》（Shuffle Along）、《芝加哥》（Chicago）、《滑稽女郎》（Funny Girl）等。
《英美戏剧》课程教学大纲
*学习目标
(LearningOutcomes)
1．能够阅读英美戏剧代表性剧作英文原文
2．理解戏剧这一文学样式的基本特征及重要元素
3．了解英语国家文学文化传统及重要特征
4．初步了解文艺复兴时期等历史时期的主要文化特征
5.提升文学欣赏能力
6.培养思辨能力、分析问题和英文表达能力
和团组合作能力
完成阅读量、形成观点、说理清晰
课堂汇报、小组展示
戏剧基本概念和技巧介绍
2
课堂讲授与讨论
课堂讨论、课后文献搜索
书面汇报
文本细读：《哈姆雷特》-讨论主题：1.文学作品中的复仇主题；2.“独白”在戏剧中的作用；3.时代背景与主人公性格分析
6
课堂讲授与讨论、小组展示
阅读原文、课堂讨论、小组PPT展示
完成阅读量、形成观点、说理清晰
《英美戏剧》课程教学大纲
课程基本信息（CourseInformation）
课程代码
FL3326
*学时
32
学分
（Credits）
2课Leabharlann 名称（中文）英美戏剧（英文）British and American Drama
课程性质
(CourseType)
选修课/Optional
授课对象
（TargetAudience）
*课程简介（Description）
本课程以戏剧体裁的特征、要素、种类和风格为基本知识，精选英美主要剧作家的代表作品，以英美优秀剧作为主要授课内容，兼顾英美戏剧各个发展阶段的重要流派及其相应的历史文化背景，培养学生理解、欣赏和批评英美戏剧作品的基本能力和必要技巧。
我们的课程主要侧重于课堂教学，同时结合自学、团队大作业和表演等多种形式以促进互动学习。在课堂内，我们专注于解析戏剧的基本要素、作品所处的历史背景以及文化含义，并深入剖析所选剧本的精彩部分。此外，通过音频和视频资料，我们致力于帮助同学们更深入地理解戏剧语言，从而激发他们对英语和戏剧作品的兴趣。同时，本课程还将引导同学们初步认识戏剧的理论框架、思考模式以及研究方法。
美国戏剧和黑人文学
美国戏剧概说美国戏剧的历史较短。
从殖民地时代起到19世纪初，戏剧在成就上远逊于同时期的散文、诗歌和小说。
直到20世纪初，才渐趋成熟，在两次世界大战之间赶上了世界水平而进入黄金时代殖民地时代的戏剧戏剧等文艺活动由于受清教主义的束缚和教会的敌视而被视为一种―罪恶‖，尽管如此，17和18世纪仍然出现个别欧洲移民创作的剧本，例如，W.达尔贝(William Darby) 1665年写的《裸者和幼兽》(Ye Bare and Ye Cubb)是迄今已知的第一出北美戏剧，但已失传18世纪的戏剧•American subjects began to be treated seriously. The first tragedy is The Contrast(1787) by Royal Tyler. It is considered ―typical American play‖ about American soldiers.19世纪的戏剧–poetical plays, esp in the first half of a group of playwrights–after civil war: realism, melodrama情节剧, emotional incidents (domestic melodrama), with simple plots•The latter half of the 19th century was a time of great change for the American theater. It was atime of tremendous growth in population in America, especially in cities on the East Coast. Americans had more leisure time and better standards of living, and they looked to the theater to provide entertainment. As the population of the country grew rapidly, the number of theaters in large and mid-size cities grew as well. From the 1850s until the turn of the century, thousands of new theaters were built•The 1828 election of Andrew Jackson as President of the United States fueled the spirit ofnationalism that had been growing in the country. Hallmarks of the nationalistic movement were patriotism, optimism, and idealism, and these values were reflected in the American theater. Romanticism, the dominant aesthetic mode in writing and the arts in Europe, was embraced in America theater as well but was blended with nationalistic overtones, producing more democratic and populist themes•Another aspect of the prosperity of this era was the growth of businesses serving the theater industry. Especially in New York City, there was tremendous growth of businesses such as dramatic agencies, costume shops, theater suppliers, photography studios, trade newspapers, boarding houses公寓and hotels, and restaurants catering to the theater trade20世纪的戏剧separation from the old tradition•1920s: ―Little Theatre Movement‖ began after 1912, Washington Square Players华盛顿广场剧团, Provincetown普罗温斯顿剧团Players (New York City, Greenage Village). They are freed from the conventional theatre and can be as experimental as they like.As the new medium of cinema was beginning to replace theatre as a source of large-scale spectacle, the Little Theatre Movement developed in the United States around 1912. In several large cities, beginning with Chicago, Boston, Seattle and Detroit companies formed to produce more intimate, noncommercial, and reform-minded致力改革的entertainments•1930s: Eugene O‘Ne il, Clifford Odets•Post-war: second climax of American drama, Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman•60s: Theatre of the Absurd, Edward AlbeeEugene O’Neil尤金·奥尼尔（1888-1953）作品•Bound East for Cardiff《东航卡迪夫》•Beyond the Horizon《天边外》•The Emperor Jones《琼斯皇帝》•The Hairy Ape《毛猿》•Desire under the Elms《榆树下》•The Iceman Cometh《卖冰的人来了》•Long Day‘s Journey into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》point of view•His purpose is to get the root of human desires and frustrations.人的欲望和挫败的根源•He showed most characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives, some through love, some through religion, some through revenge, all met disappointment.•The characters seem to share O‘Neil‘s perplexities of human nature人性的困惑. As a result of his tragic and nihilistic虚无主义view of life, his works, in general, indicated chaos混乱andhopelessness无望.The Hairy Ape•《毛猿》(1922)是作者在完成《安娜·克里斯蒂》(Anna Christie)的同时又创作的一部兼有现实主义、表现主义和象征主义的戏剧•主人公扬克(Yank)是一艘远洋轮船上的司炉，以身强力壮得到同伴的敬畏而自豪，但遭到旅客中一个有钱的女人的侮辱,便到去寻找他的生活地位,最后只好与动物园的一只大猩猩结交朋友，结果却死在它的大力拥抱之中。
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American Drama—Prison BreakIntroduction:American Drama blends into people’s daily life little by little, especially for our undergraduate students. We can improve our English listening level, learn about some American cultures and obtain many distinctive thoughts from splendid ones. There are so many popular American television serial dramas talked about in China, such as Friends, Broken Girls, The Big Bong Theory and so on. And we choose Prison Break as our theme to display the charm of the American Drama.Methods and Procedures:●Basic InformationPrison Break is an American television serial drama created by Paul Scheuring, that was broadcast on Fox for four seasons, from 2005 until 2009. The series revolves around two brothers; one has been sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit, and the other devises an elaborate plan to help his brother escape prison. The series was produced by Adelstein-Parouse Productions, in association with Original Television and 20th Century Fox Television. Dominic Purcell, Wentworth Miller, Robin Tunney and many other famous actors star in it. Prison Break was nominated for several industry awards, and won the 2006 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama and was nominated for the 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series Drama.●SynopsisMichael Scofield is a desperate man in a desperate situation. His brother, Lincoln Burrows, is on death row and scheduled to die in a few months for an assassination. Michael convinced Lincoln did not commit. With no other options and time winding down, Michael held up a bank to get himself incarcerated alongside his brother in Fox River State Penitentiary. Once he's inside, Michael —a structural engineer with the blueprints for the prison - begins to execute an elaborate plan to break out Lincoln and prove him innocent of this sensational murder. With the help of his cellmate, Sucre, Michael begins to align himself with a disparate group of prisoners, including former mob boss John Abruzzi and Charles Westmoreland, a man some believe to be the infamous skyjacker D.B. Cooper. On the outside Michael has only one ally, his defense attorney and longtime friend, Veronica Donovan - who also happens to be Lincoln's former girlfriend. Meanwhile, Lincoln's 15-year-old son, LJ, is now adrift without his uncle Michael's positive influence in his life.Break Prison combines the hope of "The Shawshank Redemption," the camaraderie of "The Longest Yard" and the tense procedure and spectacle of "The great Escape." This intriguing new series will reveal additional pieces of the puzzle each week as Michael carries out his daring plan to mastermind the ultimate prison break and solve the far-reaching national-scale conspiracy that landed his brother there in the first place.●CommentThe series has been aired and all seasons have been released on Blu-ray internationally. Besides, it became the only new television series to be positioned in the top twenty television shows of 2005–2006 in Canada, achieving an average of 876,000 viewers in the key demographic of 18–49 and 1.4 million viewers nationally for its first season. The score of weighted average is65, signifying generally favorable reviews. The N.Y Time describes it is more intriguing, also is one of the most original and suspenseful thriller. And ENT Weekly observed it is a original drama, and it also noted the show's a edge-of-the-seat action.ReasonIts plot is so rigorous and soul-stirring that people will be addicted to it. The large number of audiences proves it strongly. We can also be touched deeply by the kinship between the brothers, the friendship among the inmates and the constant love between the lovers even facing the menace of death reflected in the drama. The characters’ resistance, struggle and effort are thought-provoking as well. Moreover, the wonderful story is performed by many great actors and actresses perfectly.Conclusion:All of these will over so you should never give up. You should just have a little faith and be the change you want to see in the world. In the end, what you need to change your situation is just a gun and a friend. Break Prison really teaches a profound lesson and show us the meaning of life through the escapes. People watch American Drama not just for improving English ability but taste the distinctive life style and creative ideas.。