GMAT逻辑典型错误解析
gmat逻辑容易出现的五大误区

gmat逻辑考试有很多同学们在考试的时候往往因为没掌握好的方法导致做题的时候不太顺利,那么gmat逻辑在做题的时候同学们都容易出现哪些错误呢,gmat逻辑考试同学们需要注意哪些方面,下面天道小编就来为各位讲解吧。
一、同语反复和循环定义定义是明确概念内涵的gmat逻辑方法。
定义由定义项、被定义项和定义联项构成。
例如:商品是为交换而生产的劳动产品。
这是一个定义。
其中“商品”是被定义项;“为交换而生产的劳动产品”是定义项;“是”是定义联项。
定义规则要求定义项中不能直接或间接地包含被定义项。
如果直接包含被定义项,犯的gmat逻辑错误是“同语反复”;如果韵包含被定义项,犯的错误是“循环定义”例如:形式主义者就是形式主义地以观察和处理问题的人。
这一定义就犯了“同语反复”的错误。
再如:如果把“奇数”定义为“偶数加1”,那么,偶数是奇数加1得到的数。
这一定义就犯了“循环定义”的错误。
二、概念不当并列划分是明确概念外延的逻辑方法。
gmat逻辑划分由母项、子项和划分一个要素构成。
例如:人分为老、中、青、少幼。
这是一划分,其中“人”是母项,“老”、“中”、“青、”、“少”、“幼”是子项,划分标准是年龄。
分划可以连续进行,gmat逻辑考试即子项可以作为项继续划分。
在连续划分中,每次划分得到的概念属于同一层次,不同次划分得到的概念属于不同层次。
一般地说,把不同层次的概念,或把具有交叉或属种关系的概念并列使用,称为“概念不当并列”。
例如:出席座谈会的有著名的社会科学家、数学家和核物学家。
其中,社会科学家、数学家和核物理学家是不同层次的概念,属概念不当并列。
三、偷换概念和转移论题这是违反同一律所犯的gmat逻辑错误。
gmat入门生要知道例如:老大娘:请问,你们这儿有没有好布。
我闺女要绘声绘色了,我想给她扯块好布。
营业员(没好气地):我们这儿的都是好布,次品、废品不让出厂的。
营业员犯了“偷的概念”的错误。
上下文中的“好布”不是同一概念。
GMAT写作逻辑问题分析

GMAT写作逻辑问题分析GMAT写作的主要内容就是针对题干中的逻辑错误进行评论和反驳,因此,准确找到题干中的逻辑错误就成了GMAT写作的前提。
接下来小编就为大家带来GMAT写作逻辑问题分析,希望对大家的GMAT写作备考有帮助。
一、常见GMAT写作逻辑错误分析考生在备考GMAT写作前一定要对GMAT写作常见的逻辑错误进行了解和熟悉,这样才能在考试时快速准确的找出并快速作答。
为了帮助考生快速记忆,小编把GMAT作文常见逻辑错误进行了总结,主要包括错误类比,以偏概全,样本不足,无因果联系,可疑调查,时地全等和结论无据等。
接下来就为大家详细分析:1. 错误类比。
即把毫不相关的两个事物拿来作比较,并强行把一个事物的经验特征等运用到另一个事物中。
如:在A国家实行鼓励消费政策对国家经济是非常有效的,但在B国家却不见得,因为每个国家的国情,经济状况都是不一样的,要实事求是,因地制宜。
更多相关内容请点击》GMAT 写作七宗罪详细分析。
2. 以偏概全。
即限制了得出结论的范围,认为不是A就是B,排除了其他的可能性,按照非此即彼的观点得出结论。
如,北上广的人均工资水平不能代表全国人民的工资水平,因为北上广是中国经济最发达的三个城市,不能代表全国平均水平。
3. 样本不足。
是指给出的论据或例子不充分,不足以说明某个问题,不能支撑作者得出某一结论。
如:不能因为有几个公司实行了A政策,就得出结论说A政策适用于所有公司。
4. 无因果联系。
即作者给出的解释和得出的结论没有因果上的联系,或者是二者毫不相关。
如:汽车追尾的原因有很多,不能看到车辆追尾就认为是超载造成的,要具体问题具体分析。
更多相关内容请点击》GMAT写作要有理有据。
5. 可疑调查。
指作者提供的证据是片面的或者是有限的,不能保证结论的顺利推出。
如:法官在听了AB证人的陈述后就认为嫌疑人是有罪的,这样的调查明显不能使人信服。
6. 时地全等。
主要是指没有用发展的观点看待问题,拿过去的事例和现在的作对比,并由此得出结论。
GMAT语法改错句子结构常见错误

GMAT语法改错中多出现复合句,侧重对句⼦内部逻辑关系的考查。
但对句⼦逻辑关系判断的前提是保证句⼦结构准确⽆误。
在这⼀点上与传统语法改错题类似。
我们知道在解题过程中需要先从整体上对题⼲进⾏把握,提炼出句⼦主⼲,句⼦结构就是其主⼲的表现形式,即对句⼦逻辑关系判断的基础。
合理的句⼦结构应该具备完整性和通顺性。
GMAT语法改错句⼦结构的常见错误可分为句⼦结构不完整和句⼦结构混乱两种。
句⼦结构不完整通常表现为缺少主语、谓语或从句;句⼦结构混乱可以理解为除句⼦结构不完整之外的其他错误。
这两种错误有时会同时出现在⼀道题中。
⼀. The filibuster, a parliamentary device that slows the snail’s pace that prevails even in the best of times in congressional sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seems more and more an anachronism in the age of telecommunications.sessions and tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seemssessions and tests the endurance of everyone who is associated with it, seeming to besessions, tests the endurance of everyone associated with it, seemssessions, that tests the endurance of everyone associated with it and seemssessions, testing the endurance of everyone associated with it and seeming本题的划线部分出现在同位语从句中,经过分析之后提炼出主语the filibuster,⽽that引导pace的定语从句,其实划线部分对句⼦结构的理解造成了很⼤障碍,因为test具有名词词性,考⽣容易误将sessions和tests看作并列结构。
gmatArgument常见逻辑错误攻击

A r g u m e n t22(20个常见逻辑错误与攻击方法)1.开头段:In this argument…reaches the conclusion that…The basis for thisrecommendation is the expectation that…An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that…While this argument has some merit, there are a few assumption that deserve attention. (At first glance, the author’s appears to besomewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it is based on somedubious assumptions.)2.结尾段:In sum, the arguer fails to validate (the conclusion) that…To solidify the argument, the arguer should supply more concrete evidence to demonstrate that…In addition, the arguer would have to rule out the above-mentioned possibility that mayundermine the arguer’s claim(conclusion).3.选择性样本:信号词:A、名词单复数B、表示整体和部分的词C、表示多、少的词D、表示范围的词“多不够多,少不够少,大不够大,小不够小。
”(比例高,绝对数字低。
)In the first place, the author provides no evidence to support the claim that…as a whole…The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient towarrant their truth because there is no reasons to believe that data drawn fromthis…is representative of the entire country. For example, if …it would clearly be unrepresentative. The reason for this is obvious.4.样本的数目即代表性的问题:信号词:A、表示变化的词B、程度adv.C、数字First, the conclusion that…is based on too small a sample to be reliable. The only evidence offered in support of this conclusion is the fact that…Unless it can be shown that…is typical of all…the fact that it experienced…is no ground forconcluding that all…will experience similar results.5.调查对象是否被暗示或误导了:A、回答皆谎言B、叙事不可信The survey methodology might be problematic in two respects. First, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose there…preference between alternatives. If it did, then the results might distort the preferences of the respondents, who might very well refer a…choice not provided for in the survey.Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous oreven confidential. In the event, the survey results would be unreliable for thepurpose of drawing any conclusions about…preferences, let alone about how to improve…6.调查人员是否中立且公正:The memo provides no evidence that the reports from…are reliable. The managers might have fabricated the reports so that…7.统计数据是否被精确表述:To begin with, the statistics are intended to support the main claim that… But these statistics are vague and oversimplified, and thus may distort… Forexample … Moreover … Finally, the poll indicates that…but fails to indicate.8.回应者是否具有代表性:People who are interested in the subject in the survey are more likely than others to completed and return their questionnaires.9.调查是否具有时效性:10.充分性:信号词:A、by doing…will/wouldB、if…will/couldC、to…need…In the second place, the author assumes that…is all that is required for…While…is an important element is determining…it is hardly the only elementrequired. Other factors are equally important. In the case of…factors suchas…plays a significant role in determining…11.必要性:(在题目当中找替代)信号词:A、unlessB、withoutC、onlyD、must12.充要条件:信号词:A、in order toB、toC、shouldOne problem with the argument is its implication that the proposed change is the only way…can… Common sense tells me that there are other such ways——…or … to list just a few. The author must explain either why none of these options are available or why they would fail to… Otherwise, I cannot accept that theproposed change is necessary.Furthermore, the author assumes that the proposed…would suffice to bring about the desired increase. However, if it turns out that…was due to a combination of factors, some of which remain unchanged in the future, a mere…might have no stimulating impact on…13.先后发生比不然是因果关系:(“after this, therefore because of this”)将简单的关系混淆为因果A、找other reasonsB、if notFirst of all, the author assumes that…caused…as well as… The line of reasoning is that because…before…the former event caused the latter. But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered andruled out. For example, perhaps… Or perhaps… Yet another possibility is that…Therefore, any decision aimed at addressing the problems of…must be based on more thorough investigation to gather sufficient data in order to narrow down and locate the actual cause of the problem.14.同时发生也不必然是因果关系To begin with, the author’s solution to the problem rests on the claim that…are the cause of… However, the evidence offered is insufficient to support this claim.A mere positive correlation between…does not necessarily prove a causalrelationship, in addition, all other prospective causes of…must be ruled out. As it stands, the author’s solution to the problem is based upon an oversimplifiedanalysis of the issue.15.偷换概念:(批判方法:the other part)To begin with, we must establish the meaning of the vague concept… If the term is synonymous with…then the statistics cited would strongly support the argument.But, normally… Thus, for the speaker the term…must essentially carry the same meaning as…16.考虑问题不全面:(解决问题conclusion)First, the author assumes that… This assumption is never supported with any data or projections. Moreover, the assumption fails to take into account cost increases and inefficiency that could result from… For instance, … In short, this assumption must be supported with a thorough cost-benefit analysis of…versus otherpossible…strategies.17.过去的状况在现在和将来都不变:(暂时VS永久)信号词:表示过去发生和现在发生的词With respect to the argument’s penultimate conclusion——that…——the chair assumes that in the future, there will continue to be sufficient… However, a recent one-year increase is insufficient evidence itself to convince me that this trend will continue, … Moreover, should this trend actually reverse, then adoptingthe…proposal might result in a decrease in…which might very well have anegative impact on the…overall… in turn, …18.现在的状况在将来都不变:(隐含错误,配合批结论)The argument’s claim that…relies on the assumption that…will continue toremain… However, … passing… will no longer… for whatever reason. For that matter,… Thus, the argument’s proponent must supply better evidence——perhaps by way of a…survey and a…economic forecast——of a sufficientdemand in…for… Otherwise, the author cannot persuade me that…would be…19.错误类比:(方法other aspects)It is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from…industry are applicableto…industry. Differences between the two industries clearly outweigh thesimilarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example,…allaffect…but are virtually absent in…industry. Problems such as these mightpresent insurmountable obstacles that prevent…in the future.20,完整比较或选择性比较:To begin with, the assumption here is that… However, we are not given enough information about the study to be sure that this comparison is reliable. Forexample, … it only reports that… If…then no basis exists for comparing… In addition, the articles does not indicate whether… If not, then again no basis exists for the comparison.21.非此即彼类错误信号词:either…or…方法:both A and B,找A与B的替换词来改进In addition, the author assumes that…are mutually exclusive alternatives.However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either/orchoice. …both…and…might produce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that…are the only possible causes of the problem, then the most effective solution might include a complex of policy changes——for example, …。
GMAT写作七宗罪详细分析

GMAT写作七宗罪详细分析1.构建逻辑错误:这是最常见的漏洞,阅读文章和听力录音之间存在不一致或者缺乏逻辑推理的问题。
解决这个问题的方法是在阅读和听力中寻找一致的信息,并且在写作中强调这些信息的重要性。
2.事实与观点混淆:有时候,听力录音中提到的是个别观点或者例子,而阅读文章表明这些例子并不代表全部真相。
在写作中,要清晰地区分事实和观点,并提供适当的证据和解释支持自己的观点。
3.信息纵观不明:GMAT写作考查考生对于文章主旨及关键信息的理解,所以在写作中要清楚地传达主要内容,并突出重点。
可以列出关键点,以确保写作中没有遗漏重要信息。
4.逻辑推理困难:有时候,听力录音中的理由和例子并不与阅读文章中的论点完全一致,这会使得写作变得困难。
为了解决这个问题,可以更仔细地分析并评估听力录音和阅读文章中的论证,找出他们之间的共同点和不同点,并寻找真正的逻辑推理。
5.信息细节过载:有时候,阅读文章和听力录音中提供了大量细节,但这些细节并不对解决问题有实质性的帮助。
写作要尽量避免过多关注这些细节,而是集中在问题的核心点上,提供简洁但有力的论点。
6.概念混淆:有时候,GMAT写作的题目涉及到一些抽象或技术性的概念,这可能导致解释不清或者混淆概念。
写作应该尽可能简明扼要地解释这些概念,并提供具体的例子或者解释说明,以确保读者能够理解。
7.语法和拼写错误:最后一个七宗罪是语法和拼写错误。
GMAT写作的得分也包括对语言使用的评估。
为了避免这个问题,写作前应该充分准备,尽量使用简单而流畅的语法结构,并检查文章的拼写和语法错误。
总体而言,GMAT写作考察考生的关键阅读、理解和写作能力。
通过注意以上七个七宗罪并提供适当的解决方案,考生可以在写作中展示出自己的能力,从而获得更好的评分。
GMAT写作常犯的逻辑性错误有哪些?

GMAT考试的写作部分,同学们在备考的时候也常常会犯逻辑上的错误,导致GMAT写作高分与我们擦肩而过,小编提醒大家,还是要减少逻辑方面的错误,下面小编就为大家介绍一下GMAT写作有哪些常见的逻辑错误,希望对大家有帮助。
GMAT写作高分要避免在文章中出现下面的逻辑性错误non-causal relationship 非因果关系逻辑错误1. correlation mistaken for causasion将相关性当做因果关系: the argument depends on an umprovencause-and-effect relationship between...and...The reason for ...mighthave nothing to do with either,,,or ,,,For instance..For that matter...Withoutruling out these and other alternative explanations for... the author cannotreasonably conclude that... will have any effect on that cause(for that matter:used to add a comment on sth that you have just said eg: Ididn't like it much.Nor did the kids, for that matter.)2. post hoc ergo propter hoc后此谬误: The authorassumes that... cause...The line of reasoning is that because...before..., theformer event caused the latter. But this is fallacious reasoningunless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out.For example, perhaps...Or perhaps... Yet another possibility is that...3. confuse the cause and effect混淆因果关系:It is possiblethat the mayor has confused cause with effectrespecting...Perhaps...Since...has failed to account for this possibility, theclaim that...is completely umfounded. Some other possible causes of... alsoshould not be ignored. Without ruling out these and other alternativeexplanations for... cannot reasonably infer based on those trends that...4. causal oversimplification因果关系简化the fallacy of analogy and comparison 比较与类比逻辑错误1. the fallacy of faulty analogy错误类比:It is highlydoubtful that the facts drawn from..are applicable to...Differeces betwee thetwo industries clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy lessthan valid. For example, problems of... all affect...but are virtually absentin...Perhaps such these might present insurmountable obstaclesthat prevent.... (insurmountable: of difficulties, problems, that cannt bedealt with successfully)2. incomplete or sellective comparison不完整比较或选择性比较: The argument wasbased on the assumption that...However, we are not given enough informationabout the study to be sure that this comparison is reliable.problems concerning data 数据相关逻辑错误1. the insufficient sample fallacy 不充分采样错误:(1)样本作为整体的一个部分必须具有足够大的数量the conclusionthat...is based on too small a sample to be reliable;(2)样本在相关的特性方面必须具有整体的代表性 the only evidenceoffered in support of this conclusion is the fact that...Unless it can be shownthat... is typical of all... thae fact that... is not grounds for concludingtaht... will experience similar results/ the example cited, while suggestiveof... is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason tobelieve that data draw from... is representative of the entire...2. the biased-sample fallacy有偏采样错误:the survey methodology might beproblematic in two respects.(1)对调查的答复必须是可信的、真实的、准确的,需要参与调查的人保证不因为某些原因而给出不完整或者虚假的回复;(2)收集数据的方法必须公正,要避免在调查中,对问题的回答不做硬性要求,或者问题的设计使得参与者易于用某种特定的回答方式 in either event,the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing anyconclusions about...let alone about...(a)who conducted the survey? -the poll cited by the author isdescribed in the vaguest possible terms. The ad does not indicate who conductedthe poll, who respond, or how the poll was conducted. Unless these questionsare answered, the survey results are worthless as evidence for public opinionabout...(b)are the statistics misleadingly vague?(c)when was the survey conducted?sufficient evidence and necessary condition充分条件与必要条件逻辑错误1. sufficient-condition problems 充分条件问题2. necessary-condision problems 必要条件问题3. sufficient and necessary conditionproblems 充要条件问题 In order todo A, B should do C...只有B做C,A才能实现;只要B做了C,A就一定能实现composition and division 整体与部分逻辑错误1. what is true for a group is also true forany member 适用与整体的原则也适用于整体的任一个个体 while thisreasoing may be sound in a generl sense, the particular XXX involved in may notbe representative of XXX generally.2. what is true for a member is also true forthe group 对某个个体适用的东西对整体也适用 the most egregiousreasoning error in... is ....in this region as the basis for a generalizationabout all...3. the fallacy of hastygeneralization/neglect of relevant evidence从几个个体所具有的某个特性推出整体也具有这个特性(急于概括)assuming aa things remain unchanged overtime 假定所有的事情都是一成不变类逻辑错误1. past conditions remain unchanged in thepresent and future 过去的情况在今天和将来都保持不变 however, a recentone-year increase is insufficient evidence itself to convince me that thistrend will continue2. present conditons will remain unchanged inthe future 目前情况在将来保持不变 the argumentassumes that relative supply conditions will remain unchanged over the next 20years. However...may fluctuate greatly over a long time period...Withoutconsidering other factors that contribute to...the firm cannot justify itsrecommendation.false dilemma/ either-or thinking/ the black-white fallacy 错误的两难境地类逻辑错误the author assumes that reducing XXX and XXX are mutuallyexclusive alternatives. However, the author provides no reason for imposing aneither-or choice.其他逻辑错误1. failing to weighing the advantages anddisavantages thoroughly 考虑问题不全面2. failing to define important terms 没有限定重要词语3. circular reasoning / tautology/ beggingthe question 循环论证: 在原题论述中,如果发现有重要假设没有任何论据支持,就可以就其循环论证的逻辑缺陷展开攻击4. drawing a conclusion that is too board indegree or scope 得出的结论在程度或范围上过于广泛5. relying on vague or ambiguous evidence 依赖于模棱两可的证据:要注意留意原论述中用some, many,several来代替具体的百分比或数字的地方6. arguing simultaneously for two competingobjectives 同时为两个相对立的目标辩论:在某些文章中,作者有时会试图同时为两个看起来相互对立的目标辩论,换句话说,如果作者想完成其中的一个目标,就会减小完成另一个目标的可能性7. irrational appeals 无理呼吁:包括诉诸于权威或情感8. ad hominem/ personal attack人身攻击9. straw argument 稻草人:树立一个易被攻击的靶子,忽略真正的问题;或者强加一个作者没有提及的易被攻击的问题10. false or questionable authority 错误权威上面的内容就是对GMAT写作常见的逻辑性错误的介绍,希望可以给大家取得GMAT写作高分带来帮助,如果想了解更多关于GMAT写作的相关信息,请关注天道教育平台的GMAT考试频道,小编会为大家持续更新信息,欢迎您的访问。
GMAT逻辑错误选项总结

⼀、诉诸权威/⼤众信念/⼈⾝攻击/感情⾊彩等选项(⾮学者态度)⼆、反对前提的选项三、涉及两⽐较对象的选项1.⽐较双⽅应与题⽬⽐较双⽅⼀致(1。
2。
两点偶的观点和原⽂相反~~是我理解错了还是原⽂打错了啊?~~)2.⽐较的概念要与原⽂完全等同(涉及与原⽂⽆关的新概念的⽐较必错)OG2. The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii, therefore, [ their children would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the family remained in Louisiana. ]Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn in the passage?A. Insurance company statisticians do not believe that moving to Hawaii will significantly lengthen the average Louisiana’s life. (⼀、诉诸权威)B. The governor of Louisiana has falsely alleged that statistics for his state are inaccurate. (⼆、反对前提)C. The longevity ascribed to Hawaii’s current population is attributable mostly to genetically determined factors.D. Thirty percent of all Louisiana’s can expect to live longer than 77 years. (三1、⽐较双⽅应与题⽬的⼀致。
GMAT逻辑推理错误解析之评价题隐含条件

GMAT逻辑推理错误解析之评价题隐含条件GMAT逻辑推理错误解析之评价题隐含条件GMAT逻辑推理对很多同学来说都是一大难点,只有掌握好GMAT逻辑技巧才能从容应对GMAT逻辑题库。
下面就这一问题,店铺给大家详细分析一下。
评价题作为GMAT逻辑推理的题型之一,其考察的方向同假设题类似,主要针对段落推理中的隐含假设(条件),通常评价题的考题思维分为两种:Yes和No, 如果答案为Yes,那么我们就可以说,这个Yes 回答是对段落推理过程的一种支持。
如果答案为No, 则情况恰恰相反。
很多情形下,评价题只是要求考生针对推理成立的隐含条件(假设)来判定一个最优选项,因此做题的关键要看考生能否在段落推理中找到这个逻辑(隐含)假设。
下面就让我们来看一个实例分析:The United States is not usually thought of as a nation of parakeet lovers. Yet in a census of parakeet owners in selected comparable countries, the United States ranked second, with eleven parakeet owners per hundred people. The conclusion can be drawn from this that people in the United States are more likely to own parakeets than are people in most other countries.Knowledge of which of the following would be most useful in judging the accuracy of the conclusion?(A) The number of parakeets in the United States.(B) The number of parakeet owners in the United States(C) The number of parakeet owners per hundred people in the country that ranked first in the census(D) The number of parakeet owners in the United States compared to the numbers of owners of other pet birds in the United States(E) The number of parakeet owners per hundred people in the countries not included in the census.明确题意以后,我们首先需要明确那里是本题的结论与前提,本题结论的前提为“美国每一百人中拥有长尾鹦鹉的人数在进行比较的国家中处于第二位,结论为:相比较而言,美国人更加喜欢饲养长尾鹦鹉。
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GMAT逻辑典型错误解析
GMAT逻辑错误有很多,出现在试题中的总有那么几种常见的典型题,考生掌握了基本的认知能力对付这些题应该没有问题。
本文就GMAT逻辑典型错误为大家介绍一下,希望大家顺利备考GMAT 逻辑考试。
一、同语反复和循环定义
定义是明确概念内涵的逻辑方法。
定义由定义项、被定义项和定义联项构成。
例如:
商品是为交换而生产的劳动产品。
这是一个定义。
其中“商品”是被定义项;“为交换而生产的劳动产品”是定义项;“是”是定义联项。
定义规则要求定义项中不能直接或间接地包含被定义项。
如果直接包含被定义项,犯的逻辑错误是“同语反复”;如果韵包含被定义项,犯的错误是“循环定义”例如:
形式主义者就是形式主义地以观察和处理问题的人。
这一定义就犯了“同语反复”的错误。
再如:
如果把“奇数”定义为“偶数加1”,那么,偶数是奇数加1得到的数。
这一定义就犯了“循环定义”的错误。
二、概念不当并列
划分是明确概念外延的逻辑方法。
GMAT逻辑划分由母项、子项和划分一个要素构成。
例如:
人分为老、中、青、少幼。
这是一划分,其中“人”是母项,“老”、“中”、“青、”、“少”、“幼”是子项,划分标准是年龄。
分划可以连续进行,GMAT逻辑试题中即子项可以作为项继续划分。
在连续划分中,每次划分得到的概念属于同一层次,不同次划分得到的概念属于不同层次。
一般地说,把不同层次的概念,或把具有交叉或属种关系的概念并列使用,称为“概念不当并列”。
例如:
出席座谈会的有著名的社会科学家、数学家和核物学家。
其中,社会科学家、数学家和核物理学家是不同层次的概念,属概念不当并列。
三、偷换概念和转移论题
这是违反同一律所犯的逻辑错误。
GMAT考试入门生要知道例如:
老大娘:请问,你们这儿有没有好布。
我闺女要绘声绘色了,我想给她扯块好布。
营业员(没好气地):我们这儿的都是好布,次品、废品不让出厂的。
营业员犯了“偷的概念”的错误。
上下文中的“好布”不是同一概念。
再如:
顾客:请问,我的排骨面怎么还没来,我等了已有半小时了。
营业员:你为什么非要吃排骨面,你不能吃竦酱面吗?
营业员犯了“转移论题”的错误。
四、自相矛盾
这是违反不预告律所犯的逻辑错误,例如:
“我赞成实践是检验直理的唯一标准,但我认为马克思主义基本原理也应当是检查趔的标准。
”
这一断定犯“自相矛盾”的错误。
五、两不可
这是违反排中律所犯的逻辑错误。
例如:
“说世界上有鬼,这不对,这是迷信;但要说世界上没鬼,也未免武断,因为有些现象还真不好解释。
”
这段论对“世界上有鬼”和“世界上没鬼”这对互相预告的判断同时否定,犯了“两不可”的错误。
六、以偏概全
这是不正确构造简单单枚举归纳推理时出现的逻辑错误。
例如:
“文学家是在时代的激流中造就出来的,高等学府出不了文学家,古今中外不乏其例。
外国的高尔基、巴尔扎克、雨果上过大学没有?中国古代的曹雪芹、施耐庵上过什么大学?现代的梁斌、柳青、周立波、高玉宝也没有上过什么大学。
”
这段话通过归纳推理证明“高等学府中出不了文学家”的观点,用的是简单枚举法,举出了高尔基、巴尔扎克、雨果、曹雪芹、施耐庵、染斌、柳青、周立波、高玉宝等著名作家没有上过大学为例。
但是世界上文学家何止千万?公举出几个例子就推出一般性结论就显得轻率。
事实上,当今文坛上,不论外国和中国,都有些文学家是上过高等学会的,这种反例也不是个别的。
因此,就像根据几个反例就推出“文学家都上过高等学府”的结论一样,仅根据几个作家的经历推出“高等学府出不了文学家”的结论也是不可靠的。
犯了“以偏概全”或称“轻率概括”的逻辑错误。
七、循环论证
在一个论证中,如果论据的证明需要依赖前提,那么,就犯了“循环论证”的错误。
例如,在证明“地球是圆的”这一论题时,以到的事实“我们站在高处看海中的帆船从远处驶来,总是先见船杆后见船身”作为论据;而当说明这一现象时,又以“地球辊圆的”作为理由,这就犯了“循环论证”的逻辑错误。
八、倒置因果
一个论证,如果将某一结果产生的原因作为结果而将结果作为原因来论证,即犯了“倒置因果”的逻辑错误。
例如:
为了加快我国的发展,必须大力发展私人轿车工业。
因为发达国家中,私人大部分有轿车。
这个论证中因果倒置,总体上说私人拥有轿车是国家发达的结果,而不是原因。
以上就是关于GMAT逻辑典型错误的相关内容介绍,希望大家能够了解。
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