TheUseofCefoxitinfortheDeterminationofMethicillin.ppt
VOA慢速英语：一家实验室将致命昆虫毒液转化为药物
VOA慢速英语：一家实验室将致命昆虫毒液转化为药物A Laboratory Turns Deadly Insect Venom into Medicine一家实验室将致命昆虫毒液转化为药物To most of us, medicine comes from a drugstore. But originally, much of the medicine developed in the last century came from natural sources： plants, bacteria and fungi.对我们绝大部分人来说，药物来自于药店。
但最初，绝大部分上世纪开发的药物来自于天然来源：植物、细菌和真菌。
Now, a group of scientists in Great Britain are hoping to develop a medicine from poisonous insects. They are researching whether the deadly venom of some insects can work against bacteria that make people sick.英国一群科学家当前希望从毒虫中开发药物。
他们正在研究一些昆虫的致命毒液是否能够抵抗让人生病的细菌。
Venomtech laboratory毒液科技实验室About 400 insects live in plastic containers in the Venomtech laboratory. Each container has an image of a skull and crossbones. The images warn that a bite from the insects inside can be anything from painful to downright deadly.大约有400种昆虫生活在毒液科技实验室的塑料容器里。
抗生素的滥用英语作文
抗生素的滥用英语作文Title: The Abuse of Antibiotics: A Global Concern。
Antibiotics have long been hailed as miracle drugs, capable of saving countless lives by combating bacterial infections. However, their widespread and often indiscriminate use has led to a concerning phenomenon: antibiotic resistance. This essay delves into the issue of antibiotic misuse, its implications, and potential solutions.Firstly, it's crucial to understand why antibiotics are misused. One primary reason is the misconception that antibiotics can treat viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. In reality, antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. Despite this, many individuals demand antibiotics from healthcare providers when they have viral illnesses, contributing to unnecessary antibiotic consumption.Moreover, in some parts of the world, antibiotics are readily available over the counter without a prescription. This accessibility enables self-medication and encourages individuals to use antibiotics without proper medical supervision. Additionally, in agriculture, antibiotics are routinely used as growth promoters in livestock, further exacerbating the issue of antibiotic overuse and contributing to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria through the food chain.The consequences of antibiotic misuse are dire. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotics, rendering these drugs ineffective. As a result, infections become increasingly difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. This poses a significant threat to public health, as common infections may once again become life-threatening.Furthermore, antibiotic resistance has economic ramifications. Treating resistant infections often requires more expensive and prolonged therapies, leading to higher healthcare costs. Additionally, antibiotic-resistantinfections can prolong hospital stays and result in lost productivity, impacting both individuals and economies.Addressing the issue of antibiotic misuse requires a multifaceted approach. Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about the appropriate use of antibiotics. Public health campaigns aimed at both healthcare providers and the general public can help dispel myths surrounding antibiotics and emphasize the importance of using them responsibly.Regulatory measures are also essential to curbantibiotic misuse. Governments should implement policies to restrict the over-the-counter availability of antibiotics and enforce regulations on their use in agriculture. Additionally, healthcare facilities should implement antimicrobial stewardship programs to promote the judicious use of antibiotics and prevent the emergence of resistance.Investment in research and development of new antibiotics is another vital component of combating antibiotic resistance. The discovery of novel antibioticswith different mechanisms of action can help overcome resistance and provide alternative treatment options for resistant infections. Furthermore, research intoalternative therapies, such as bacteriophages or immune-based treatments, can offer promising avenues for addressing antibiotic-resistant infections.In conclusion, the abuse of antibiotics is a pressing global issue with far-reaching consequences for public health and economies. Addressing antibiotic misuse requires a coordinated effort involving education, regulation, and investment in research. By taking decisive action now, we can preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics and ensure that future generations have access to life-saving treatments.。
瑶药紫九牛中4种化学成分的提取分离、鉴定及含量测定
瑶药紫九牛中4种化学成分的提取分离、鉴定及含量测定Δ閤雪晴 1＊，黄建猷 2， 3 #，黄周锋 2，高美美 1，黄宏妙 1，陆国寿 2（1.广西中医药大学药学院，南宁 530200；2.广西壮族自治区中医药研究院，南宁 530022；3.广西中药质量标准研究重点实验室，南宁 530022）中图分类号 R 917；R 284.1 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408（2024）05-0560-06DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2024.05.09摘要 目的 提取分离瑶药紫九牛中的4种化学成分并对其进行鉴定和含量测定。
方法 采用溶剂提取、萃取和硅胶柱色谱分离法、制备液相色谱技术对紫九牛中的化学成分进行分离、纯化，根据化合物的波谱数据对分离得到的4种化学成分进行结构鉴定。
采用高效液相色谱（HPLC ）-一测多评（QAMS ）法同时测定紫九牛中4种化学成分的含量，色谱条件为：以Echway Gowon TM C 18（250 mm ×4.6 mm ，5 μm ）为色谱柱，以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱，检测波长为269 nm ，柱温为25 ℃；以大黄素为内参物，建立该成分与其他3种成分的相对校正因子，利用相对校正因子计算含量；同时采用外标法计算各成分的含量，并比较2种方法所得结果的差异。
结果 从紫九牛中分离得到的4种化学成分经鉴定分别为大黄素、欧鼠李苷A 、pleuropyrone A 、大黄素-8-O -β-D-葡萄糖苷。
HPLC-QAMS 法结果表明，pleuropyrone A 、大黄素-8-O -β-D-葡萄糖苷、欧鼠李苷A 的相对校正因子分别为1.147 2、0.874 7、0.644 4。
上述4种成分在各自检测范围内线性关系良好（r ≥0.999 6），精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD 均小于2.00%，平均加样回收率为99.41%～100.46%（RSD ≤2.05%）。
欧洲药典8.0-凡例双语版
1 GENERAL NOTICES凡例1.1 GENERAL STATEMENTS概述The General Notices apply to all monographs and other texts of the European Pharmacopoeia.凡例的内容适用于各论和欧洲药典中的其它章节。
The official texts of the European Pharmacopoeia are published in English and French. Translations in other languages may be prepared by the signatoryStates of the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. In case of doubt or dispute, the English and French versions are alone authoritative.欧洲药典以英语和法语形式发行，欧洲药典委员会的签署国可将药典内容译成其它语言，但若发生争议，应以英语和法语版为权威。
In the texts of the European Pharmacopoeia, the word ‘Pharmacopoeia’ without qualification means the European Pharmacopoeia. The official abbreviation Ph.Eur. may be used to indicate the European Pharmacopoeia.在欧洲药典中，如无特殊规定，“药典”是指欧洲药典，官方缩写 Ph. Eur.也指欧洲药典。
The use of the title or the subtitle of a monograph implies that the articlecomplies with the requirements of the relevant monograph. Such references to monographs in the texts of the Pharmacopoeia are shown using themonograph title and reference number in italics.文章中如果引用了各论中的标题和副标题意味着文章内容符合相关各论的要求。
cefotaxime 词根 -回复
cefotaxime 词根-回复Cefotaxime, also known by its generic name cefotaxime sodium, is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections. Derived from the Latin word "cef-" meaning "head" or "leader" and the Greek word "taximē" meaning "order" or "arrangement," cefotaxime is indeed a leading treatment option for many ailments caused by susceptible bacteria.In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of cefotaxime, exploring its chemistry, mode of action, spectrum of activity, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects.Cefotaxime belongs to the third generation of cephalosporin antibiotics, which are semi-synthetic derivatives of the natural compound cephalosporin C. Like other cephalosporins, cefotaxime works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, resulting in the death of susceptible bacteria. This mechanism of action is crucial in eliminating bacterial infections, as the cell wall is vital for maintaining the structural integrity and survival of bacteria.The spectrum of activity of cefotaxime is broad, making it effective against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positivebacteria. It is particularly active against organisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria species, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. By targeting these bacteria, cefotaxime can treat infections in various body systems, including respiratory, urinary, central nervous, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems.Cefotaxime is available in both intravenous and intramuscular formulations, allowing for flexible dosing options depending on the severity and location of the infection. Its dosage is determined by factors such as the patient's age, weight, renal function, and infection site. In general, the recommended dosage for adults is1-2 grams every six to eight hours, while pediatric doses are calculated based on the child's weight.As with any medication, cefotaxime may cause certain side effects, although they are generally rare and mild. Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Hypersensitivity reactions, including skin rashes and anaphylaxis, may also occur, although they are rare. It is essential for healthcare providers to be vigilant and monitor patients for any adverse reactions during the course of treatment.Furthermore, cefotaxime may interact with other medications, potentially affecting their efficacy or increasing the risk of adverse effects. For instance, concurrent administration with probenecid, a medication used to treat gout, may prolong the plasma half-life of cefotaxime. Therefore, it is crucial to inform healthcare professionals about any ongoing medications or medical conditions before starting cefotaxime therapy.In conclusion, cefotaxime is a valuable antibiotic that plays a crucial role in modern healthcare. Its broad-spectrum activity, coupled with its effectiveness against various bacterial infections, makes it an indispensable tool in the fight against infectious diseases. However, its use should be judicious, considering bacterial resistance patterns and individual patient characteristics. By understanding the chemistry, mode of action, spectrum of activity, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects of cefotaxime, healthcare professionals can optimize its use and ensure the best outcomes for patients.。
USP_1092_溶出度试验的开发和验证中英文对照版
（1092）溶出度试验的开发和验证[中英文对照版]INTRODUCTION前言Purpose目的The Dissolution Procedure: Developmentand Validation <1092> provides a comprehensive approach covering items to considerfor developing and validating dissolution procedures and the accompanyinganalytical procedures. It addresses the use of automation throughout the testand provides guidance and criteria for validation. It also addresses thetreatment of the data generated and the interpretation of acceptance criteriafor immediate- and modified-release solid oral dosage forms. 溶出实验:开发和验证（1092）指导原则提供了在溶出度方法开发和验证过程中以与采用相应分析方法时需要考虑的因素。
本指导原则贯穿溶出度实验的全部过程，并对方法提供了指导和验证标准。
同时它还涉与对普通制剂和缓释制剂所生成的数据和接受标准进行说明。
Scope围Chapter <1092> addresses the development andvalidation of dissolution procedures, with a focus on solid oral dosage forms.Many of the concepts presented, however, may be applicable to other dosageforms and routes of administration. General recommendations are given with theunderstanding that modifications of the apparatus and procedures as given in USP general chapters need to be justified.<1092>章节讨论了溶出度实验的开发和验证，重点是口服固体制剂。
盐酸头孢唑兰的结构确证
盐酸头孢唑兰的结构确证辛玉峰1，曲晓华（曲阜师范大学，曲阜273165）摘要目的：建立利用仪器分析盐酸头孢唑兰化学结构的方法。
方法：通过元素分析仪分析盐酸头孢唑兰的元素组成，并利用核磁共振（NMR ）、质谱（MS ）、红外光谱（IR ）对盐酸头孢唑兰进行结构分析。
结果：通过实验证实盐酸头孢唑兰的结构为（6R ，7R ）－7－［（Z ）－2－（5－氨基－1，2，4－噻二唑－3－基）－2－甲氧亚氨基乙酰胺基］－3－（1H －咪唑并［1，2－b ］哒嗪－4－嗡－1－基－甲基）－8－氧代－5硫杂－1－氮杂双环［4.2.0］辛－2－烯－2－乙酸内盐单盐酸盐。
结论：该方法准确可行，可为以后盐酸头孢唑兰的结构鉴定提供依据。
关键词：盐酸头孢唑兰；结构确证中图分类号：R917文献标识码：A文章编号：0254－1793（2011）03－0433－05Structural confirmation of cefozopran hydrochlorideXIN Yu －fengQU Xiao －hua（Shandong Qufu Normal University ，Qufu 273165，China ）Abstract Objective ：To establish a method for the determination of the chemical structure of cefozopran hydro-chloride．Method ：Elemental analysis （EA ），nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR ），the infrared spectra （IR ）and the MS were adopted to analyze the chemical structure of cefozopran hydrochloride．Result ：The chemical structure of cefozopran hydrochloride is （6R ，7R ）－7－［（Z ）－2－（5－amino －1，2，4－thiadiazol －3－yl ）－2－methoxyimi-noacetylamino ］－3－（1H －imidazo ［1，2－b ］pyridazin －4－ium －1－ylmethyl ）－8－oxo －5－thia －1－azabi-cyclo ［4.2.0］oct －2－ene －2－carboxylic acid chloride．Conclusion ：The result of the method is accurate ，general and can provide a comprehensive reference for production and identification of cefozopran hydrochloride．Key words ：cefozopran hydrochloride ；structure elucidation 第一作者Tel ：（0537）4458576；E －mail ：xinyufeng520@163．com盐酸头孢唑兰（cefozopran hydrochloride ）是日本武田药品工业公司研发的第4代注射用头孢菌素，目前在日本已作为院外感染初期的首选药物被广泛应用于包括新生儿感染在内的各科感染症的治疗［1］。
USP-1092-溶出度试验的开发和验证(中英文对照版)
（1092）溶出度试验的开发和验证【中英文对照版】INTRODUCTION前言Purpose目的The Dissolution Procedure: Developmentand Validation<1092> provides a comprehensive approach covering items to considerfor developing and validating dissolution procedures and the accompanyinganalytical procedures. It addresses the use of automation throughout the testand provides guidance and criteria for validation. It also addresses thetreatment of the data generated and the interpretation of acceptance criteriafor immediate- and modified-release solid oral dosage forms.溶出实验:开发和验证（1092）指导原则提供了在溶出度方法开发和验证过程中以及采用相应分析方法时需要考虑的因素。
本指导原则贯穿溶出度实验的全部过程，并对方法提供了指导和验证标准。
同时它还涉及对普通制剂和缓释制剂所生成的数据和接受标准进行说明。
Scope范围Chapter <1092> addresses the development andvalidation of dissolution procedures, with a focus on solid oral dosage forms.Many of the concepts presented, however, may be applicable to other dosageforms and routes of administration. General recommendations are given with theunderstanding that modifications of the apparatus and procedures as given in USP general chapters need to be justified.<1092>章节讨论了溶出度实验的开发和验证，重点是口服固体制剂。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Evaluation of cefoxitin 5 and 10 µg discs for the detection of methicillin resistance in staphylococci
J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Aug;40(8):2766-71.
Felten et al. examined:
69 mecA-negative S. aureus strains and 83 mecA positive S. aureus strains (MRSA) including 69 with heterogeneous resistance.
Agar Disc
Interpretive zone diameter (mm) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%
ISA cefoxitin 5 µg R < 14
99.5
98.1
ISA cefoxitin 10 µg R < 22
99.5
98.1
MH cefoxitin 5 µg R < 12
Skov et al. (continued).
Results: Using a zone diameter of < 29 mm to define resistance, the cefoxitin disc susceptibility test showed a sensitivity of 100 % and a specificity of 99 %. The SRGA method using oxacillin (resistant < 12 mm) showed a sensitivity of 78 % and a specificity of 99 %.
Evaluation of a cefoxitin 30 µg disc on IsoSensitest agar for detection of methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Skov et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Aug;52(2):204-7.
BSAC Working Party recommendations for detection of methicillin resistance (2004)
Disadvantages: ✓A separate medium (at a different temperature) is required to that used for testing other antistaphylococcal agents. ✓False resistance may be encountered due to hyper-production of ß-lactamase ✓False susceptibility may be encountered with strains that are highly sensitive to salt.
Significance of the study by Skov et al.
The results show that susceptibility testing with cefoxitin is much superior to the standard SRGA method using oxacillin. Also: Reliable results were obtained at 35-36°C using Isosensitest agar with a semi-confluent inoculum. These conditions are those recommended by the BSAC Working Party for routine susceptibility testing.
99.7
98.1
MH cefoxitin 10 µg R < 18
Susceptibility to cefoxitin 30 µg discs was determined on Mueller-Hinton agar at 37°C using high and low inocula.
Oxacillin disc testing was performed in parallel using CLSI and CASFM methodologies.
Felten et al:
Evaluation of three techniques for detection of low-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a disk diffusion method with cefoxitin and moxalactam, the Vitek 2 system, and the MRSA-screen latex agglutination test.
Zone diameters of a cefoxitin 30 µg disc against 457 S. aureus A vertical line marks the proposed interpretive zone diameter.
Black bars, mecA positive; white bars, mecA negative.
Significance of the study by Skov et al.
Disadvantages of the cefoxitin disc susceptibility test:
▪Marginal difference in zone diameter between methicillin susceptible strains and some MRSA strains. Accurate zone measurement is required.
The results suggested that cefoxitin was potentially more sensitive that oxacillin for detection of methicillin resistance. Also: Reliable results were obtained at 37°C, without the addition of salt, without a specialised medium and using two different inocula.
Results: Interpretive zone diameters for Staphylococcus aureus for cefoxitin 5 and 10 µg discs on ISA (Oxoid) and MH (BBL) and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity
Felten et al. (continued):
Results: The cefoxitin 30 µg disc test showed 100 % specificity and 100 % sensitivity for detection of MRSA. Interpretive criteria were: Zone diameter < 27 mm = MRSA.
BSAC Working Party recommendations for detection of
methicillin resistance (2004):
✓Inoculum: Semi confluent ✓Medium: Columbia agar plus 2 % salt. ✓Incubation conditions: 30°C ✓Discs: Oxacillin 1 µg or methicillin 5 µg
Zone diameters of an oxacillin 1 µg disc the SRGA method. A vertical line marks the present interpretive zone diameter for susceptibility. Black bars, mecA positive; white bars, mecA negative.
(Skov et al. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2005 55(2):157-161)
Skov et al. examined a collection of 641 S. aureus strains including 261 mecA negative and 380 mecA positive. Test conditions: ✓Isosensitest agar and Mueller-Hinton agar. ✓10 µg and 5 µg cefoxitin discs. ✓Semi-confluent inoculum. ✓Incubation at 35 – 37°C ✓SRGA method using oxacillin also performed.
Skov et al. examined a ‘difficult’ ection of 457 S. aureus strains including: