Goal-task teaching method

合集下载

任务型教学法-英语

任务型教学法-英语

(一)任务型教学法的定义及其基本理念任务型教学(T ask-based Language Teaching)是指教师通过引导语言学习者在课堂上完成任务来进行的教学。

这是20世纪80年代兴起的一种强调“在做中学”(learning by doing)的语言教学方法,是交际教学法的发展.Skehan在“Task—based instruction”中对任务做了如下描述:“意义优先,任务完成为主,评估基于任务完成与否。

”也就是说,任务重视学生如何沟通信息,而不是强调学生使用何种语言形式;任务具有在现实生活中发生的可能性,而不是“假交际”;学生应把学习的重点放在如何完成任务上,对任务进行评估的标准是任务是否成功完成。

我们可以把任务型语言教学定义为:任务就是人们在日常生活、工作、娱乐活动中所从事的各种各样有目的的活动。

任务型语言教学的核心思想是要模拟人们在社会学校生活中运用语言所从事的各类活动,把语言与学习者在今后日常生活中的语应用结合起来任务型语言教学的理论依据来自许多方面,有心理学、社会语言学、语言习得研究等等.其中一个理论基础是“输入与互动假设”(input and interaction hypothesis)。

掌握语言大多是在交际活动中使用语言的结果,而不是单纯训练语言技能和学习语言知识的结果。

学生掌握语言必须通过“可理解性的输入”,这有利于学生掌握所学语言。

英语课堂教学应具有“变化性互动"的各项活动,即任务。

学生在完成任务的过程中进行对话性互动,进而掌握所学语言。

社会建构主义理论也是任务型教学法的重要理论基础之一。

社会建构主义理论认为,学习和发展是社会的合作活动.这种活动是无法被教会的。

知识是由学习者自己建构的,而不是有他人传递的。

这种建构发生在与他人交往的环境中,是社会互动的结果.它强调学习者个人从自身经验背景出发,建构对客观事物的主观理解和意义,重视学习过程而反对现成知识的简单传授.它强调人的学习与发展发生在与其他人的交往和互动中。

3P教学法和任务型教学法区别2

3P教学法和任务型教学法区别2
Five major formations with the further development of communicative approach:
functional approach 功能型教学法 negotiated approach 协商型教学法 natural approach 自然型教学法 content-based approach 内容型教学法 task-based approach 任务型教学法
Definition
1. Task-based approach
Breen (1987:23) defined the task as any structured language learning endeavour which has a particular objective, appropriate content, a specified working procedure, and a range of outcomes for those who undertake the task. ‘Task’ is therefore assumed to refer to a range of workplans which have the overall purpose of facilitating language learning — from the simple and brief exercise type, to more complex and lengthy activities such as group problem-solving or simulations and decision making.
1. Task-based approach

七年级英语Unit1_Can_you_play_the_guitar教案

七年级英语Unit1_Can_you_play_the_guitar教案

Unit1 Can you play the guitar?Ⅰ、Teaching article : unit 1Ⅱ、Teaching goalsCan you/he/she/you dance?一Yes,I/he/she/we can./No,I/he/she/we can’t.Can Bill play the guitar?一Yes,he can,but he can’t sing.Ⅲ、Teaching methodsTask-based teaching method, situational teaching, game teaching method, motivation and evaluation method of teachingⅣ、Teaching toolsVideo, audio, pictures, multimedia coursewareⅤ、Teaching time: six periodsUnit 1 Can you play the guitar?The first periodⅠ、Teaching content: period 6Ⅱ、Teaching goals :Knowledge goals(1) To master some new words: dance, sing, swim, draw , speak English, play the guitar, play chess, and so on.(2) To master the usage of modal verb“can”.2. Ability goals(1) use“can”to talk about one’s abilities and likes(2) Arouse students’ interest in English by group work, and help students to form good learning habits.3. Emotion goals:To help students to love English, show their abilities, and communicate with other people actively.Ⅲ、Teaching methodsTask-based teaching method, situational teaching, game teaching method, motivation and evaluation method of teachingⅣ、Teaching toolsⅤ、Teaching procedures二、Teaching ProceduresAdditional materials to bring to classHarmonica and guitar or other two musical instruments to use in the language goal section PowerPoint with pictures of basketball, volleyball and some music instruments.Step 1:Revision and lead inThe teacher says I like basketball. Then asks: Do you like basketball/ volleyball? Do you want to join a basketball club?Step 2:PresentationAsk the students to look at the pictures of Page 1 , there are some clubs in it. Let’s look at the clubs. What are they? They are art club, English club, chess club, swimming club and music club. What club do you want to join? Help the students to answer I want to join the art club and so on. If the school has clubs, the teacher can ask the students: What clubs do we have in our school? The teacher writes What club do you want to join? I want to join… on the blackboard. Ask the students to practice it.Then introduces the key vocabularies and the words can and can’t.The teacher says to the students who say he/she wants to join the basketball club: Can you play basketball? Help the students say Yes, I can. No, I can’t. Then repeat with other actions or pictures, such as play volleyball.Show the students the activities the people in each club can do with the same step.Then repeat with dance, swim, play chess, paint, speak English and play the guitar with the help of doing the action. Or we can use the PowerPoint to help us to show the students what we can do. The teacher can ask the students to practice the following dialogues with can.Do the action and read the new words and phrases.Ask the students to practice can and can’t. Ask the students to practice can you play it well?At the same time, the teacher write down sing, dance, swim, play chess, paint, speak English, and play the guitar on the blackboard. Ask the students to read after the teacher.Step 3 A gameTo be more familiar with the words and phrases, the teacher can organize a game like this:Write the words and phrases on pieces of paper. Ask one of the students come to the front and choose one of the paper, then do the action. Ask other students to guess what he or she can do. Then exchange.Step 4 1a:Look at the pictures on Page 1. Points to the activities the people in each club are doing. Say something about each club’s activity clearly. For example, This is a chess club. See the chess? They are playing chess.Step5 .1bSay each conversation with a student in Part 2. After doing this, play the recording the first time. Students only listen. Play the recording a second time. This time ask the students to listen to the conversations and write a number 1 next to the first conversation they hear, a number 2 next to the second one they hear, and a number 3 next to the third one they hear. Point out the sample answer.Step 6.1c.Say the sample conversations. Have students repeat. Then ask students to practice the conversations in pairs. Ask them to use the vocabulary from .Step7 .Difficulties1. 动词play的几种用法(1)play表示“玩(球类)”或“玩棋牌及其他游戏”,这时作宾语的名词前不带任何冠词。

教资高中英语不同模块的教学方法

教资高中英语不同模块的教学方法

教资高中英语不同模块的教学方法English:Teaching high school English encompasses various modules such as grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking. For grammar, a deductive approach starting with rules followed by examples and practice exercises works well, supplemented by inductive methods for more complex structures. Vocabulary can be taught through context, word families, and mnemonic devices, integrating it with reading and writing tasks. Reading comprehension benefits from pre-reading activities, active reading strategies like summarizing and questioning, and post-reading discussions or assignments. Writing skills develop through guided practice, peer feedback, and exposure to different genres and styles. Listening activities should include authentic materials, with pre-listening tasks to activate prior knowledge and post-listening tasks for comprehension checking and reflection. Speaking can be enhanced through structured pair and group activities, incorporating real-life scenarios and feedback sessions. Overall, a balanced combination of teacher-led instruction, student-centered activities,and authentic materials fosters comprehensive language development in high school English learners.Translated content:高中英语教学涵盖了各种模块,如语法、词汇、阅读理解、写作、听力和口语。

teaching method 任务型教学法

teaching method 任务型教学法

teaching method 任务型教学法任务型教学法是一种以任务为导向的教学方法,通过给学生设计真实的任务,激发学生的学习热情和动力,促进他们的语言运用能力和问题解决能力的发展。

在任务型教学法中,教师首先确定一个具有真实性和现实性的任务,例如:制定旅游计划、解决环保问题等。

然后,教师会组织学生进行任务的前期准备,如提供必要的背景知识和技能培训,引导学生了解任务的目标、要求和限制。

接下来,学生会开始展开任务,他们需要积极地合作、探索和研究,同时运用各种学科知识和技能来解决问题。

教师则扮演着指导者和辅导者的角色,给予学生必要的支持和指引,鼓励他们进行讨论和交流,提供帮助和反馈。

在任务完成后,教师会进行任务回顾和总结,让学生对任务的过程和结果进行反思,分享彼此的经验和发现。

这有助于学生对自己的学习进行评估和提升,培养他们的自主学习能力和批判思维能力。

任务型教学法的优势在于它能够真实地模拟现实生活中的情境,培养学生实际应用知识和解决问题的能力。

同时,学生在任务完成过程中能够积极参与、主动思考,提高他们的学习动机和自主学习能力。

此外,任务型教学法也能够促进学生的合作意识和团队精神,培养他们的沟通能力和协作能力。

然而,任务型教学法也存在一些挑战。

首先,教师需要花费更多的时间和精力来设计和组织任务,需要对学生的学习过程和结果进行全面的评估。

其次,学生的学习进度和能力水平可能会有差异,教师需要灵活地调整任务的难度和复杂度,以满足不同学生的需求。

总的来说,任务型教学法是一种创新的教学方法,能够培养学生的实际运用能力和解决问题能力。

它能够激发学生的学习热情和动力,促进他们的合作意识和沟通能力的发展。

教师在任务设计和组织中起到重要的指导和辅导作用,帮助学生实现他们的学习目标。

人教版八年级上册英语单元教案(含教材分析)--Unit 1

人教版八年级上册英语单元教案(含教材分析)--Unit 1

Unit 1Where did you go on vacation?本单元教材以Where did you go on vacation?为中心话题,围绕着描述“过去发生的事情”展开,学习和运用一般过去时态的一般疑问句Did you go/see/buy...?和特殊疑问句Where/What/How...?询问过去的事件,让学生学会谈论和分享过去发生的事件。

本课教学内容与学生的实际生活密切相关,易于引发学生运用简单的英语进行交流。

在学习活动中,学生通过交换对过去发生的事情的描述及看法,促进学生之间和师生之间的情感交流,增进情谊。

Section A的主要学习内容是:复习一般过去时态和动词的规则与不规则变化,学习一般过去时态的一般疑问句:Did you...?及不定代词的用法。

Section B安排了许多听、说、读、写的任务活动,教师在教学中可以灵活运用这些活动,将其中的一些活动进行变化或整合,充分调动学生参与的积极性,提高学生的听说读写能力。

第一课时Section A(1a-2d)Teaching Goals【教学目标】Key words & phrases:anyone,anywhere,wonderful,few,most,quite a few,go on vacationKey sentences:1.Where did you go on vacation?I went to the mountains/New York City/summer camp/the beach.2.Did you...?Yes,I did./No,I didn't.Teaching Key Points【教学重点】The vocabulary:New York City,Central Park,few,most,quite a few,on vacationTarget language:Where did you/they/he/she go on vacation?I/They/He/She went to the mountains/New York City/summer camp/the beach. Did you...?Yes,I did./No,I didn't.Teaching Difficult Points【教学难点】Use the target language above to talk about past events.Teaching Aids【教学工具】An English textbook,a tape recorder,CAI or courseware.Teaching Steps【教学过程】★Step 1Leading inGreet the class and introduce what to learn in this period.Teacher:Welcome back to school!Did everyone have a good time during the summer vacation?Today we'll begin to learn the topic where you went on vacation.Teacher:Where did you go on vacation?Students:______.①I went to the mountains.②I visited museums.…★Step 2Pre-taskPage 1,1a & 1b.1.Look at the picture.2.Match each activity.3.Check the answers in 1b.4.Practice reading.Page 1,1c.1.Focus on the conversation in the box.2.Practice reading.3.Pairwork:Where did you go on vacation?I...4.Groupwork:Divide the class into groups of four or five. Make conversations.First S1 to S2:S1:Where did you go on vacation?S2:I...S1:Where did she/he go on vacation?S2:She/He...★Step 3While-taskPage 2,2a & 2b.1.Play the recording for the first time. Students complete the chart in 2a.2.Check the answers.(Point to one student who raises his or her hand.)3.Play the recording a second time and say:There are three conversations. The people talk about where they went on vacation. Listen to the recording and check(√)Yes,I did or No,I didn't for each question.4.Correct the answers.★Step 4Post-taskPage 2,2c & 2d.1.Focus on the conversation in 2c & 2d.2.Practice reading. Make students scan the conversations first.3.Teach and then make students role-play the conversation in pairs.4.Have a group of students present their conversation to the class.★Step 5Homework1.Practice the conversation on Page 2,2d.2.Do the exercises on Page 1 in students' book.Board Design板书设计Unit 1Where did you go on vacation?The first period Section A(1a-2d)1.Key vocabulary:anyone,anywhere,wonderful,quite a few,go on vacation 2.Target language:A:Where did Tina go on vacation?B:She went to the mountains.第二课时Section A(GF-3c)Teaching Goals【教学目标】Key words:something,nothing,everyone,myself,yourself,someone,seem,bored,diaryKey phrases:go out,have a good time,of course,keep a diaryKey sentences:1.Where did you go on vacation?I went to New York City.2.Did you go out with anyone?Did you buy anything special?3.How was the food?How was your vacation?Teaching Key Points【教学重点】The vocabulary:something,nothing,everyone,myself,yourself,someone,seem,bored,diary,go out,have a good time,of course,keep a diary,on vacation Target language:How was the food?Everything tasted really good!Did you go shopping?Of course!Did everyone have a good time?Oh,yes. Everything was excellent.Teaching Difficult Points【教学难点】e the target language above to talk about past events.2.The usage of someone,anyone,everyone,no one,something,anything,everything,nothing.Teaching Aids【教学工具】An English textbook,CAI or courseware.Teaching Steps【教学过程】★Step 1Leading in(T—teacher S—student)T:Where did you go last weekend?S:I went to the beach.T:Did you go there with anyone?S:Yes. I went to the beach with my brother.T:Did you have a good time there?S:...★Step 2Pre-taskPage 3,Grammar Focus.1.Review the grammar box. Work in pairs. One asks and the other answers.2.Practice reading the sentences in the chart.★Step 3While-taskPage 3,3a & 3b.1.Teach these new words:anyone,something,anything,everything,nothing,everyone,no one.2.Call students' attention to the conversation in 3a. Make students complete it individually.3.Choose a student to give his or her answers. Write the answers on the board.4.Correct the answers.5.Lead students to read this conversation.6.Have students work in pairs and role-play the conversation. As they talk,move around the classroom monitoring their work. Offer language or pronunciation support as needed.7.Make students complete the blanks in the e-mail message in 3b with the words in the box.8.Check the answers and then make students practice reading it.★Step 4Post-taskPage 3,3c.Complete the task in 3c.Ask your group questions about their last vacation. Then tell the class your results.★Step 5Homework1.Review the indefinite pronouns learned in this period.2.Do the exercises on Page 2 in students' book.Board Design板书设计Unit 1Where did you go on vacation?The second period Section A(GF-3c)1.The vocabulary:something,nothing,everyone,someone,myself,yourself,go out,of course2.Target language:①A:Where did you go on vacation?B:I went to New York City.②A:Did you buy anything special?B:Yes,I bought something for my father.3.Structure:something special4.Answers to 3a and 3b.第三课时Section B(1a-1e)Teaching Goals【教学目标】Key words:delicious,exciting,terrible,expensive,cheap,boringKey sentences:1.Where did Lisa go on vacation?2.Did she do anything special there?Did she buy anything for her best friend?Did Lisa like her vacation?3.How was/were...?Teaching Key Points【教学重点】The vocabulary:delicious,exciting,terrible,expensive,cheap,boringTarget language:Where did Lisa go on vacation?Did she do anything special there?Did she buy anything for her best friend?How was/were...?Teaching Difficult Points【教学难点】1.询问去过何地以及感受(评价)Where did you go?I went to the beaches. How was it?It was exciting.2.Use the target language to talk about your past events.Teaching Aids【教学工具】An English textbook,a tape recorder,CAI or courseware.Teaching Steps【教学过程】★Step 1Leading in1.Greetings.2.T:Where did you go on vacation?S:I went to summer camp.T:Did you do anything special there?S:Yes,I...T:Did you buy anything for your parents or friends?S:Yes,I bought...for.../No,I bought nothing.T:How was/were...?S:It was/They were...★Step 2Pre-taskPage 4,1a & 1b.1.Look at the six pictures.2.Match the words with the pictures.3.Students complete the task in 1b individually.4.Check the answers.★Step 3While-taskPage 4,1c & 1d.1.Make students scan the questions in 1c.2.Play the recording for the first time. And say:Listen to the tape. Lisa is talking about her vacation. Complete the four questions.3.Play the recording a second time. Students complete the task in 1d.4.Correct the answers.★Step 4Post-taskPage 4,1e.Ask 3 or 4 students to answer questions about Lisa's vacation. You can begin your questions with:Where did...?What did...?Did she...?How was...?How were...?★Step 5Homework1.Review these sentences:Where did...?Did...?How was/were...?2.Do the exercises on Page 3 in students' book.Board Design板书设计Unit 1Where did you go on vacation?The third period Section B(1a-1e)1.Words:delicious,exciting,terrible,expensive,cheap,boring2.Sentences:①Where did Lisa go on vacation?②Did she buy anything special?③Did she buy anything for her best friend?④Did Lisa like her vacation?3.Answers to Activity 1a:1—5f a c e b dAnswers to Activity 1b:wordsdeliciousexcitingcheapwordsterribleexpensiveboring第四课时Section B(2a-2e)Teaching Goals【教学目标】Key words:activity,decide,try,bird,bicycle,building,trader,wonder,difference,top,wait,umbrella,wet,below,enough,hungry,asKey phrases:feel like,because of,go to the beach,a lot of,a little,take the train,too many,what aboutKey sentences:1.I wonder what life was like here in the past.2.What a difference a day makes!3.We waited over an hour for the train because there were too many people.Teaching Key Points【教学重点】Learn Jane's diary entries about her vacation.1.The vocabulary:activity,decide,try,wonder,difference,wait,below,enough,hungry,as,feel like,because of2.Target language:I wonder what life was like here in the past. We waited over an hour for the train because there were too many people.Teaching Difficult Points【教学难点】1.because and because of2.What a difference a day makes!3.Learn to write a diary.Teaching Aids【教学工具】An English textbook,CAI or courseware.Teaching Steps【教学过程】★Step 1Leading in1.Greetings.2.Introduce what to learn in this period,especially the articles in 2b,Jane's diary entries. Teacher begins like this:Today we'll focus on two diary entries about Jane's vacation. Through the learning you'll know how to write a diary. Let's begin now.★Step 2Pre-taskPage 5,2a & 2b.1.Review and discuss the questions in 2a box with your partner.2.Project these new words on the screen or write them on the board and teach the new words. Ask students to repeat them. And make sure everyone knows the meanings.activity n.活动;decide v.决定;try v. & n.尝试,设法;wonder v.想知道;difference n.差异;top n.顶部;wait v. & n.等待;umbrella n.伞;below prep.& adv.在……下面;enough adj.充足的;hungry adj.饥饿的3.Make students scan the articles first. Ask students to put a mark in contents that are unfamiliar to them. Then the teacher lead students to learn these two articles sentence by sentence. Pay attention to these points:(1)decide v.决定;decide to do sth.决定做某事;(2)try v.尝试;try doing sth.尝试做某事;try to do sth.尽力做某事;(3)below prep. & adv.在……下面;(4)feel like 给……的感觉;(5)because and because of;(6)wonder v.想知道4.Practice reading.★Step 3While-taskPage 6,2c & 2d.1.Make students read Jane's diary entries again. Fill in the chart in 2c.2.Students complete the conversation in 2d using the information in Jane's dairy entries.3.Choose 3 or 4 students to give their answers.4.Correct the answers.5.Have students work in pairs. Student A will be Anna and student B will be Jane. Act the conversation out.★Step 4Post-taskPage 6,2e.1.Make students complete the blanks in 2e.2.Ask one student to write his or her answers on the board.3.Check the answers together with the class.4.Practice reading.★Step 5Homework1.Write a diary.2.Do the exercises on Page 4 in students' book.Board Design板书设计Unit 1Where did you go on vacation?The fourth period Section B(2a—2e)1.Key vocabulary:decide,try,wonder,difference,top,wait,below,enough,hungry,as,feel like,because of,too many2.Sentences:①I wonder what life was like here in the past.②And because of the bad weather,we couldn't see anything below.第五课时Section B(3a-Self Check)Teaching Goals【教学目标】Key words & phrases:duck,dislike,take photos,Tian'anmen Square,the Palace Museum,bring back,shopping center,have a fun time,school trip,come upKey sentences:1.How did you feel about the trip?2.It was so beautiful that we forgot about the last five hours!Teaching Key Points【教学重点】The vocabulary:dislike,take photos,Tian'anmen Square,the Palace MuseumTarget language:What did you like best?Did you dislike anything?How did you feel about the trip?Teaching Difficult Points【教学难点】Write a travel diary.Teaching Aids【教学工具】An English textbook,CAI or courseware.Teaching Steps【教学过程】★Step 1Leading in1.Greetings.2.T:Beijing is the capital of our country. It's famous for its long history and places of interest,such as Tian'anmen Square,the Palace Museum,the Summer Palace and so on. And Beijing duck is very delicious. Have you ever been to Beijing?Tell your travel to us.★Step 2Pre-taskPage 7,3a.1.Look at the three pictures.2.Use the words and phrases in the box to complete the blanks in the article.3.Check the answers.★Step 3While-taskPage 8,Self Check.Complete the tasks in Self Check.1.Have students complete the task of Part 1.Then Choose 2 or 3 students to give their answers. Check the answers.2.Induct students to complete the passage of Part 2.Check the answers.3.Practice reading.★Step 4Post-taskPage 7,3b & 3c.1.Make students answer the questions in 3b and take notes.2.Teach students how to write a travel diary.3.Students write a travel diary like Jane's on Page 5 using the notes in 3b.4.Choose 2 or 3 students' diaries. Make students read them out. Point out the weakness and induct the students to correct their diaries.★Step 5Homework1.Write a travel diary.2.Do the exercises on Page 5 in students' book.Board Design板书设计Unit 1Where did you go on vacation?The fifth period Section B(3a-Self Check)1.Key vocabulary:dislike,Tian'anmen Square,the Palace Museum,have a fun time,come up2.Sentences:①Did you dislike anything?②How did you feel about the trip?③My legs were so tired that I wanted to stop.。

任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method)

任务型教学法(Task-based English teaching method)

任务型教学法(Task-based English teachingmethod)IntroductionTask-based language teaching was first invented by an English linguist Allwright in the 1970s, popularized abroad in the 1980s, and introduced into China in the 1990s.The purpose of this article is to outline the principles that underlie task-based language teaching and to give examples of classroom activities within the approach. Task-based language teaching can be regarded as one particular development within the broader “communicative approach”. It is currently much discussed in many parts of the world and, indeed, is recommended in the official curriculum documents of a growing number of countries and regions.This article has five main sections. The first looks at what is meant by t he term “task”. The second looks at the continuum from “focusing on form” to “focusing on meaning” with the continuum I hope to illuminate the distinction often made between “tasks” and other kinds of activity. The continuum is described and explored in more detail in the third section, which provides a range of examples from different parts of it. The fourth section presents a framework for looking at tasks in terms of how they contribute to the linguistic, cognitive and personality development of the students. The conclusion summarizes some of the main aims and benefits of task-based learning by means of a mnemonic base on the word “task” itself.Ⅰ. What is task?Different teachers and writers use different definitions of the term “task”, such as:1﹑…a piece of classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interesting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on the meaning rather on the form. The task should have a sense of completeness, being also to stand alone as a communicative act in its own right. (Nahan, 1989,15)2﹑…any structured language learning endeavor which has a particular objective appropriate contents, a specified working procedure, and range of outcomes for those who undertake the task . (Breen via Brown, 1994, 83)3﹑…an activity which is designed to he lp achieve a particular goal .A number of dimensions of tasks influence their use in language teaching. (Richards Etal, 2000, 468)Most people would probably agree on certain basic characteristics:1﹑Tasks are activities in which students work purposefully towards an objective.2﹑The objective may be one that students have set for themselves or one which has been set by the teacher.3﹑Tasks may be carried out in competition with other or(more often) in collaboration.4﹑They may be carried out individually or (more often) in groups.5﹑The outcome may be something concrete( e.g. a report or presentation) or something intangible(e.g. agreement or the solution to a problem). The main area of disagreement revolves around the relationship between tasks and communication. Some teachers and writers do not see this relationship as crucial. They define a language learning task as including almost anything that students are asked (or choose) to do in the classroom, including formal learning activities such as grammar exercises and controlled practice activities, provided the objective of the activity is related to learning the language.Within this broad definition, some writers distinguish subcategories such as communication tasks and enabling tasks according to the extent to which they involve communication or focus on form.Many other teachers and writers use a more restricted definition. They exclude activities where the learners focus on formal aspects of the language (such as grammar, pronunciation or vocabulary) and reserve the term “task” for activities in which purpose is related to the communication of meanings. Willis (1996,p.23) is one writer who adopts this definition. In this book tasks are always activities where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose (goal) in order to achieve an outcome.Activities which focus upon and practice specific elements of knowledge, skills and strategies needed for the task are called exercises. The same distinction between tasks and exercises is supported by Ellis Nunan and Skehan. Skehan, for example, describes the criteria for a task as follows: 1﹑meaning is primary; 2﹑there is some communication problem to solve ; 3﹑there is some sort of relationship to real-world activities; 4﹑task completion has some priority; 5﹑the assessment of the task is in terms of outcome .The definition reflects the meth od’s interaction but we can’t make a clear-cut distinction between “task” and “exercises”. This will be discussed in the next section.Ⅱ﹒ Communication, Tasks and Exercises.As we’ve seen, one of the key features of a communicative task is that centers focus on communicating meanings rather than learning orpracticing forms. However it is not usually simply a question of learning focusing either on meaning or on form. More often, it is a matter of degree. For example, there are some activities in which the learner may focus mainly on the production of certain forms that are being practiced, but he or she ma still be using these forms to convey meanings to somebody. This would be the case in, for example, this “Questionnaire survey” activity, in which the stu dents needs to use “can you…?” in order to find classmates who can do certain things, such as: who can speak three languages/ use a computer/ make cakes/ ride a bike/swim? In this activity, although the students have a communicative purpose (to find classmates with particular skills) it is also clear that they are practicing specific forms. At other times, the emphasis on communicating meanings may increase but students may still pay attention to the forms they are producing (and which indeed, they may just have been taught). This might be the case in this role play if students are asked to perform it shortly after learning how to make enquiries and give information about hotel accommodation. Each student has one of the following role cards: student A: You arrive at a small hotel one evening. In the foyer, you meet the manager(ess) and 1. Ask if there is a room vacant. 2. Ask the price, including the breakfast.3. Say how many nights you would like to stay.4. Say what time you would like to have breakfast; student B: You are the manager(ess) of a small hotel that prides on itself on its friendly, homely atmosphere. You have a single and a double room vacant for tonight. The prices are: $100 for the single room, $160 for the double room. Breakfast is $15 extra per person. For guests with cars, there is a free car park. Since it is impossible to draw a clear dividing line between activities where the focus is on form (exercise) and activities where the focus is ion meaning (task), it is useful to think of a continuum with varying degrees of focus on form and/or meaning. Activities can then be classified according to where they lie along this continuum. The continuum is divided into five sections. From sectionⅠ to sectionⅤ , the content from forms to meaning is becoming stronger and stronger.1. Non-communicative learning. Focusing on the structures of language, how they are formed and what they mean, e.g. through exercise, “discovery” and awareness-raising activities. 2. Pre-communicative language practice. Practicing language with some attention to meaning but not communicating new messages to others, e.g. in “question- and- answer” practice. 3. Communicative language practice. Practicing language in a context where it communicates new information, e.g. information gap activities or personalized questions. 4. Structured communication. Using language to communicate in situations where elicit pre-learnt language but with some unpredictability, e.g. in structured role-play and simpleproblem-solving. 5. Authentic communication. Using language to communicate in situations where meanings are unpredictable, e.g. increative role-play, more complex problem-solving and discussion. The activities at the top are obviously “exercises”. Those at the bottom are obviously “tasks”. Those in the middle (2-4) have features of both.Ⅲ. From Non-Communicative Learning to AuthenticCommunication.The section will elaborate on the previous one by giving examples of activities from five parts of the continuum from “focus on form” to “focus on meaning”. In the terms discussed above, thi s corresponds also to a progression from clearly defined ‘exercises” to clearly defined “tasks”.1. Non-Communicative Learning.It is in this category that there is the least element of communication.Here, for example, students are involved in “discovering” a rule of grammar on the basis of examples. In the examples below, look carefully at the position of the adverbs “always”, “often”, “sometimes”, “usually”, and “never”.What are the rules?A. We are usually hungry when we come home.John is always late.His parents were often tired in the evening.I never sure whether this word is correct.B. I sometimes go to the cinema on Fridays.We never eat much in the morning.Jane often arrives at school early.They always come home late at night.C. They have never written to me again.You can always come and visit me.I will never know why he did it.Pat has often seen him with two dogs.The students are then required to apply this rule to a new set of examples: Put the adverbs into the right places in the sentence below.A. We play football in the evening (often).I can catch the first bus in the morning (never).Jack and Jill are very happy (always).They visit me (sometimes).You write very good English (usually).B. They have been to Jinan (often).We drink tea for breakfast (always).You are cheerful (usually).John can keep a secret (never).He has refused to speak to me (sometimes)2. Pre-Communicative Language Practice.In this category the focus is still on the practice of discrete items of language but, in order to produce the appropriate forms, the students have to pay attention to aspect of meaning. In the first activity, they have to find out what Richard and Fiona “have to do” and what they “would like to do”. Richard’s obligations are cleaning floors, washing windows and emptying the bins. His desires are to go to evening school, to geta better job and to marry Fiona. Fiona’s obligations are typing letters,answering the telephone and doing photocopying. Her desires are to earn more money, to take holiday abroad and to marry her boss.The best known type of activity that belongs to this category is the familiar “question-and-answer practice” in which students have to answer (and sometimes ask) questions about a situation, picture, or topic.The answers are already known but students have to pay attention to meaning in order to produce them. The questions are as follows: How many students are there in the class? Are there more boys than girls? Who is sitting next to Jane? Which lesson is this now? etc.3. Communicative Language PracticeThe main difference between this category and the previous one is that there is now some kind of “information gap”, that is, the language conveys meanings that were not previously known to everybody. Thequestion-and-answer practice just described would come into this category, if the questions elicit information that was previously unknown, e.g. what students did at the weekend or who their favorite singers are. In a task-based approach, however, the practice is more likely to be structured in some way so that there is a recognizable context, purpose and outcome.This structuring may be achieved in a variety of ways, for example, a “guessing-game” format. Another common question probl em is to use simple questionnaire surveys in which the information gap is created by the students’ own individual experiences and ideas. For example, who is one’s favorite singer/actor/actress etc.?As a written follow- up task, students may be asked (individually or in groups) to write a short report on what they have found out about their classmates’ preferences.4. Structured CommunicationIn the examples given so far, it has been possible to predict the exact language that is needed in order to perform the exercise or task. These activities therefore offer clear ways to practice specific areas of grammar. As we move to the next category along the continuum, we entera domain in which the focus shifts further on to the communication ofmeanings. This means that, as we move further into this domain, it becomesincreasingly difficult to predict what language will be required and therefore to associate an acting with the practice of specific linguistic structures. It is, however, possible to structure the activity in sucha way that it is likely to elicit a particular range of language and, aboveall, so that the teacher knows that the students are equipped with language to perform it. Thus, in this activity, the students will need to makethe use of role-play in which the students are given general instructions as to what views or ideas they should express but left to decide for themselves on the exact meanings and language. An example of this was the role-play described earlier, in which students were asked to book hotel accommodation.5. Authentic CommunicationOne of the characteristi cs of “authentic communication” is that the language that is used depends on the meanings that arise naturally in the course of communication. The teacher still “controls” the activity, by creating a situation which he or she thinks is suitable, but has even less control than in “structured communication” over the actual language that students will need. Students may need to activate any part of their language knowledge that is relevant to the meanings they want tounderstand or convey. In authentic communication, then, the students are not asked to focus on individual parts of the grammar. Rather, they areasked to draw on the whole of the grammar that they have so far internalized and use it as a means for conveying whatever meanings may arise. There was always also a strong element of this in structured communication, but there the students were more “protected” from the unpredictable needs that arise in natural communication.In authentic communication activities it is important to have a context and purposeful developments towards an outcome. They are therefore often larger in scope than those discussed earlier. This is not necessarily the case, however, as we see from this example:I Love Music!How do you feel when you listen to music? Why do you like music? Discuss with your partner. Write down five reasons.Here is an example which is larger in scope and also illustrates the principle of “task-dependency”, in which individual tasks are connected with each other to form a more extended task or project:Module: Study, School Life, Work.Unit: Part-time work?Task: Making the Right Choice, Part 1The following are 4 case students of fellow students who wish to take part-time work.1. In groups of four, discuss whether they should take up part-timejobs and give reasons.2. Suggest alternatives to each one of them. Instead of taking uppart-time work, what else can they do to address their needs?3. Each group will select a spokesperson to report theirconclusions to the whole class. After listening to all the groups, the class will vote for the group with the best suggestions.Case 1: MichaelMichael is tall and strong and spends a lot of time on sports activities in school. He lives far away from school. His grades are average.He wants a part-time job so that he can buy more expensive sportsequipment.Case 2: PansyPansy is very smart and is the best student of the form. She is quiet and shy. She wants to take up a part-time job to gain some work experience and develop more confidence when working with other people. She has strong computer skills.Case 3: NickNick’s father has been out of work for a long time and his mother may soon lose her job. Nick wants very much to earns some money for the family. His grades in school are not very good. He is polite andhardworking.Case 4: LucyLucy has average grades in school. She is the only child in the family and her parents are busy at work all the time. She feels bored at home. She wants to take up a part-time job because she thinks it may be fun. She loves music and plays the piano and violin.Module: Study, School Life and WorkUnit: Part-time work?Task: Making the Right Choice, Part 2The 4 people in Part 1—Michael, Pansy, Nick and Lucy—have read the following 8advertisements for part-time work and have made the following choices:Michael: Distributing leafletsPansy: Chinese Character Input.Nick: Poster DistributionLucy: Fish and Chips ShopYou think one of them has selected a job highly unsuitable for him/her. Write a letter about 150 words to persuade him/her not to take up the job. You may consider the factors discussed in Part 1, such as: his/her need for a part-time job, the working hours, traveling time, the pay, effects on his/her health and studies, nature of the work, his/her personality and skills and alternatives which may address his/her problem At the beginning of this section, two examples of “grammar discovery” activities were given, one relating to the placement of adverbs and the other to the use of the passive. These were described as examples from the “form-focused” end of the form-to-meaning continuum (i.e. as “exercises”), because the students’ purpose was to discover grammar rules rather than communicate with each other. If, however, the students are asked to discover the rule in groups and the language which they use is English, then the activity fulfils the criteria for a “task”: the discussion has a context, a communicative purpose and an outcome. Indeed, in the context of the English classroom, discovery tasks related to grammar are a natural component, comparable to discovery tasks in science and other so-called “content” subjects.Ⅳ Three “generations” of taskIn the previous section we moved from the domain of exercise and into the domain of tasks: the first two subsections contained clearly “tasks”; the last two subsections contained clearly “tasks”; and the middle subsection was a transition or mixed category. Now we will start in the “task” part of the continuum and look at tasks from another perspective, namely, the ways in which they contribute to the communicative, cognitive and personality development of the students. The discussion will take us through three “generations” of tasks, from relatively small-scale tasks in which students practice aspects of communication, through tasks whichdemand greater cognitive input from the students, to larger-scale tasks which also deve lop other aspects of students’ personality.This framework is the one presented by Ribé and Vidal (1993). The examples are also taken from the same source.First Generation TasksThe main aim of “first generation” tasks is develop students’ communicative ability in a specific type of situation or area of language.The task is often structured around a particular set of functions or a simple problem (often involving an “information gap”). Here are two examples:SimulationYou are a customer in a big store. You want to buy the following items:a pair of slippers, two compact-discs, and a filofax. Walk around and askpolitely for directions to the departments/counters you need. Buy the items. Use the language you have practices in class.Problem-solvingThe students have a map of London with bus underground routes. They discuss and select the best route for going from one point to another according to a set of given variables (price, time, distance, comfort, etc.)Second Generation TasksThe tasks in the second category pose challenges of a broader nature.They aim at developing not only communication skills but also general cognitive strategies of handling and organizing information, such as:1. analyzing what information is needed in order to complete the task.2. deciding on procedures3. collecting information.4. selecting relevant data5. presenting data in an organized way6.analyzing process and resultsThe language is now a medium for carrying out a “real” piece of work, similar to what students may also need do outside their language course. Students therefore need to draw on a wider range of language. They also need to engage in continuous processing of input and output (reading for information producing reports, etc.). For example, “Throu ghforeigners’ eyes”. The objective of this task is to collect and analyze information on what tourists of different nationalities think ofstudents’ country/city/town.1. Students decide (a) what they need to know; (b) how to get thisinformation (interviews, questionnaires, tourist brochures, etc) (c) where to get the information (airport, beach, library, touristinformation office, etc) (d) when to obtain the information (e) whatgrids/database format they want to use to collate the information (f) the kind of questionnaires/interviews they want to devise (g) the language they need to carry out the interviews.2. Students carry out the research, transcribe the interviews andput the information together.3. Students select relevant data, decide on a format (posters,dossiers, etc) for their presentation.4. Students make a report and present itThird Generation TasksWith third generation tasks, the scope widens further. In addition to the communicative and cognitive strategies mentioned above, they also aim to develop the personality of the students through the experience of learning a foreign language. They go further than the previous tasks in aiming to fulfill wider educational objectives, such as enhancingmotivation and awareness, developing creativity and interpersonal skills, etc. they also go further than the previous tasks in their degree of authenticity and the extent to which they involve all aspects of the students’ personality and experience. Here is the example given by Ribé and Vidal (1993, p.3):Designing an alternative world1. Students and teachers brainstorm aspects of the environmentthey like and those would like to see improved. These may include changes to the geographical setting, nature, animal-life, housing, society, family, leisure activities, politics, etc.2. Students are put into groups according to common interests. Thegroups identify the language and information they need. The students carry out individual and group research on the selected topics. The students discuss aspects of this “Alternative reality” and then report back. They decide on the different ways (stories, recordings, games, etc) to link all the research and present the final product.3. Students present the topic and evaluate the activity.The three generations of tasks and their contribution to the students’ development are summarized below:▲ First generation task: communicative development▲ Second generation task: communicate development and cognitive development.▲ Third generation task: communicative development cognitive development and global personality development.Second and (particularly) third generation tasks will often be integrated into extended project work.The n otion of “generations” of tasks implies that each category has developed out of the preceding one and is thus in some way more advanced in the demands it makes on learners and teachers alike. It may thus beexpected that learners and teachers will not start with second or third generation tasks but begin with the simpler, first generation tasks and as they gain in experience, gradually extend their repertoire to include those which are more advanced.Within this framework, student and teacher are no longer two separate poles (i.e. the teacher gives information and the students receives it) as in the more traditional type of teaching, but two entities working together, planning, taking decisions, carrying out the task and sharing the final sense of achievement.Ⅴ ConclusionTo conclude this article, I would like to use a simple mnemonic, based on the word “task” itself, to summarize some of the aims and benefits that we can hope for task-based learning to achieve: T (together: speaking or silently) A (activate: purposefully) S (skills: communicative, cognitive and interpersonal) K (knowledge: from all domains ofexperience). The message is self-explanatory. Together, over coming the isolation of the traditional classroom, students with their teacher activate their skills and knowledge. Often this togetherness may take the form of overt speaking, but even in silent tasks students may keep a sense of the classroom as a learning community. The activity that takes place is not unguided “busy-work” but purposeful mov ement towards targets and objectives (both in the overall direction of learning and in terms of specific learning activities). The skills which students perform and develop are communicative and also —particularly as they move into the second and third generations of tasks—cognitive and interpersonal.Finally the boundary between the classroom and the outside world is increasingly reduced, as the tasks encourage students to relate learning to the whole domain of their experience.Acknowledgement:This paper would not have been possible without Mr. Li Zhiqiang, whoheld the light of understanding while explored the darkness. It was his patience and sound advice that saw me through.It would be impossible to name Mr. Xie Hongming and other friends who offered their advice and great help.Sincerely thank you all.References:1. Byrne, D.1986. Teaching Oral English. London: Longman2. Freed-Booth, D. 1986.Project Work. Oxford:Oxford UniversityPress.3. Ellis, R 2000. Task-based research and language pedagogy.Language Teaching Research: 193-220.4. William Littlewood 1981. Communicative Language Teaching: AnIntroduction. Cambridge University Press.5. Harmer, J. 1987.Teaching and Learning Grammar. Longman.6. Skehan, P. 1998 A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning.Oxford University Press.7. Nunan, D. 1989. Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom.Cambridge University Press8. Ribē,R. and N. Vidals. 1993. Project Work: step by Step.Oxford, Heinemann.9. 鲁子问. Task-based Language Teaching Design(《任务基础上的语言教学设计》 2002)10. 杨树香. On designing Tasks.(《浅议任务设计》2003.)。

2020英语教师业余学习计划

2020英语教师业余学习计划

2020英语教师业余学习计划A profession in teaching is one that requires continuous learning and growth. As an English teacher, it is important for me to keep up with the latest teaching methods, language trends, and educational technologies. Therefore, I have created a comprehensive extracurricular learning plan for 2020 to further develop my skills and knowledge in the field of English education.1. Professional Development Workshops and SeminarsI plan to attend at least three professional development workshops and seminars throughout the year. These events will cover topics such as effective teaching strategies, incorporating technology in the classroom, assessment and evaluation, and student engagement. By participating in these workshops and seminars, I hope to gain new insights and practical tips that I can apply in my own teaching practice.2. Online Courses and WebinarsI will enroll in several online courses and webinars related to English education. Topics of interest include teaching grammar, vocabulary building, classroom management, and differentiated instruction. These online courses will provide me with the flexibility to study at my own pace and learn from experts in the field. I believe that expanding my knowledge in these areas will help me better meet the diverse needs of my students.3. Reading Professional Journals and PublicationsI aim to stay updated on the latest research and trends in English education by regularly reading professional journals and publications. I will subscribe to academic journals, such as TESOL Quarterly and ELT Journal, as well as popular publications like The English Teacher and Education Week. By keeping abreast of current issues and developments in the field, I can stay informed and take advantage of new ideas and methods.4. Collaboration with ColleaguesI plan to collaborate with my colleagues on various projects and initiatives. This may involve co-teaching a lesson, developing instructional materials, or sharing best practices. I believe that working together with other educators will allow me to exchange ideas, reflect on my own teaching, and gain new perspectives. Collaboration will also help me build a supportive network of professionals in the field of English education.5. Language Immersion ProgramsI intend to participate in at least one language immersion program to improve my proficiency in English. As a non-native speaker of English, I recognize the importance of continuously honing my language skills. By immersing myself in an English-speaking environment, I hope to enhance my fluency, pronunciation, and vocabulary. This will notonly benefit my own language development, but also enable me to serve as a better model for my students.6. Educational Technology TrainingI will seek training in educational technology tools and platforms that can enhance my teaching. This may include learning how to effectively use learning management systems, video conferencing software, and digital resources for language learning. With the increasing use of technology in education, I want to be proficient in utilizing these tools to create engaging and interactive lessons for my students.7. Reflective Practice and Action ResearchI will engage in reflective practice and action research to critically evaluate my own teaching and make improvements. I plan to keep a reflective journal to document my teaching experiences, challenges, and successes. Additionally, I will conduct action research projects to investigate specific questions or issues in my classroom. By engaging in these processes, I hope to become a more effective and mindful practitioner.8. Language Study and Cultural ImmersionIn addition to improving my English language skills, I will also dedicate time to studying the culture and literature of English-speaking countries. This may involve reading classic and contemporary works of English literature, watching English movies and TV shows, and exploring cultural events and traditions. By gaining a deeper understanding of the cultural context of the English language, I can better connect with my students and create meaningful learning experiences.9. Attending Conferences and Networking EventsI aim to attend at least one professional conference or networking event related to English education. These events provide valuable opportunities to learn from experts, connect with fellow educators, and gain inspiration from keynote speakers and workshops. I believe that attending conferences and networking events will expose me to new ideas, and allow me to expand my professional network within the English education community.10. Personal Growth and Well-beingFinally, I recognize the importance of personal growth and well-being in sustaining my effectiveness as a teacher. I will prioritize self-care activities such as exercise, meditation, and hobbies that bring me joy and relaxation. Additionally, I will seek opportunities for personal development, whether through attending workshops or pursuing interests outside of teaching. By taking care of my own well-being, I can bring a positive and energized mindset to my teaching practice.In conclusion, my extracurricular learning plan for 2020 is designed to enhance my teaching skills, expand my knowledge, and ensure my personal growth as an English educator.Through professional development workshops, online courses, cultural immersion, and reflective practice, I aim to become a more effective and confident teacher. I believe that investing in continuous learning and development will ultimately benefit my students and contribute to their success in learning English. I am excited to embark on this learning journey and look forward to the opportunities and challenges that the new year will bring.。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

Primary school English goal - task teaching method
Gannan town centre school Goal - task teaching method is established under the premise of learning goals, in the form of bearing goal task, let the students in the learning task and achieve learning goals. Specific operation procedure is:
One, agreed on learning goals
Teachers guide students to put forward learning goals, the teachers and students to discuss establishing complete and accurate learning goals. At the beginning of a lesson, let all students know’ what I have to learn’.
Second, the decomposition of learning goals, put forward the corresponding learning tasks
Goal- task method of teaching is in the form of task load target to achieve learning goals, all learning tasks was presented on the basis of learning goals, combined with learning content, a target can be a learning task, also may be a number of learning task to carry, students individual or group through the study of autonomous learning and cooperative learning activities to complete the task, and then to achieve learning goals. Learning tasks it bearing the learning objectives, so it Settings must be targeted and incentive,
and its purpose is to contribute to the achievement of learning goals, on the other hand is to stimulate students' interest in learning.
Third, accept learning tasks, organization learning activities accordingly
Accept the task is to before the start of the learning activities, students must first clear their own to complete the learning task is what is what, to achieve learning goals, so as to the choice of targeted learning activity form, ensure the learning efficiency and learning effect, to ensure the completion of learning tasks and the achievement of learning goals, which is to realize the process of "how can I learn to".
Four, reporting study results, in view of the defects to implement remedies
In view of the different learning tasks, through listening, speaking, reading, writing, presentation, communication between individuals or groups, such as form, students report as a result, the test whether students have completed the tasks, meet the learning requirements, at the same time the teacher wants to timely find problems and timely implementation of remedy. That is the end of each activity, lets the student can know whether I have learned.
More than two, three, four are rolling in a lesson, to achieve every learning objective, so these three steps before the end of
each class, but also to the overall goal back to test, standard test students overall situation, found that the problem timely correct, not instant remedy, can decorate a take-home, but must remember the beginning of next class to check if it has reached.
Goal - task teaching method is simple and easy, strong operability, high learning efficiency, learning effect, more conducive to cultivate and improve students' ability of autonomous learning and cooperative learning, fully embodies the subject status of the students' learning. Students from choosing learning activity to replace the traditional teaching process of rigid, mechanical, more embodies the initiative and total, the principle of interest. In short, it abandoned the disadvantages of traditional teaching, deserves to be the implementation of curriculum reform a new teaching model.
2015-4-4。

相关文档
最新文档