2001国考真题
历年国考言语理解真题及解析汇总
2001年国家公务员考试言语理解真题21.在现代社会中，当一个人追求幸福生活时不应忽略接受教育方面的需求。
如果没有对于人类在科学、文学和艺术等方面的成就的欣赏能力并从这种欣赏中获得满足，那么一个人就算不上获得了真正的生活，只不过是生存而已。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即教育（）。
A.并不关注于某些具体的目的B.可以使人更充分地享受生活的乐趣C.可以使人获得维持生活的基本能力D.主要教授有关科学、文学和艺术方面的内容22.我国实行的开放政策使国内城市与城市之间、南方与北方之间、内地与沿海之间展开了多种多样的吸引外资的竞争，导致了一些省份原先获得的区域倾斜政策优势(如减税、退税、低税、优惠贷款等)减弱，从而增加了国内利用外资的竞争。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.优惠政策有利于吸引外资B.利用外资的国际环境越来越复杂C.国内利用外资竞争正在增加D.减税、退税、低税等政策使国家税收受损23.高新技术企业的工资制度需要改革。
应该允许企业在积累增长大于消费增长、劳动生产率增长大于工资总额增长的前提下，自主确定职工工资标准和企业内部分配办法。
国家可以通过调节个人收入所得税管理这些企业。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即在高新技术企业的工资改革中（）。
A.个人所得应不断提高B.应确定职工工资标准和企业分配办法C.企业对职工工资标准应有一定自主权D.劳动生产率的增长将大于工资总额的增长24.任何一项政策，它的功能都是通过事物之间相互联系的动态形式所产生的作用而实现的。
作用一般都是相互的。
当一个事物对另一个事物发生作用时，必然要受到对方对它的反作用。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.政策的稳定性是相对的B.在执行政策时，应从实际出发C.政策是事物间相互作用的产物D.政策在实施过程中可能产生负效应25.今天，整个社会都表现出对高雅艺术的关心，政府拨出专款予以扶植，企业慷慨解囊给予支持。
对于一个病人，需要输血，需要输氧，但是，病人健康地生活最终还要靠自身的生命力和自身的机能转换。
2001年全国高考理综试题及答案
2001年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（江浙卷）理科综合能力测试本卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。
满分300分，考试时间150分钟。
第Ⅰ卷（选择题共144分）本卷共24小题，每题6分，共144分。
在下列各题的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1．人体发生花粉等过敏反应时，由于毛细血管壁的通透性增加，血浆蛋白渗出，会造成局部A．血浆量增加B．组织液减少C．组织液增加D．淋巴减少2．运动员在进行不同项目运动时，机体供能方式不同。
对三种运动项目的机体总需氧量、实际摄入氧量和血液中乳酸增加量进行测定，结果如下：运动项目总需氧量（升）实际摄人氧量（升）血液乳酸增加量马拉松跑600 589 略有增加400米跑16 2 显著增加100米跑8 0 未见增加根据以上资料分析马拉松跑、400米跑、100米跑运动过程中机体的主要供能方式分别是A．有氧呼吸、无氧呼吸、磷酸肌酸分解B．无氧呼吸、有氧呼吸、磷酸肌酸分解C．有氧呼吸、无氧呼吸、无氧呼吸D．有氧呼吸、磷酸肌酸分解、无氧呼吸3．种子萌发的需氧量与种子所贮藏有机物的元素组成和元素比例有关，在相同条件下，消耗同质量的有机物，油料作物种子（如花生）萌发时需氧量比含淀粉多的种子（如水稻）萌发时的需氧量A．少B．多C．相等D．无规律4．下面叙述的变异现象，可遗传的是A．割除公鸡和母鸡的生殖腺并相互移植，因而部分改变的第二性征B．果树修剪后所形成的树冠具有特定的形状C．用生长素处理未经受粉的番茄雌蕊，得到的果实无籽D．开红花的一株豌豆自交，后代部分植株开白花5．如果一个生态系统有四种生物，并构成一条食物链。
在某一时间分别测得这四种生物（甲、乙、丙、丁）所含有机物的总量，如右图所示。
在一段时间内，如果乙的种群数量增加，则会引起A．甲、丁的种群数量增加，丙的种群数量下降B．甲、丙、丁的种群数量均增加C．甲、丁的种群数量下降，丙的种群数量增加D．甲的种群数量下降，丙、丁的种群数量增加6．当下列物质：①大理石②钟乳石③锅垢④贝壳⑤蛋壳，分别滴加醋酸时，会产生相同气体的A．只有①②B．只有④⑤C．只有①②③D．是①②③④⑤7．下列盛放试剂的方法正确的是A．氢氟酸或浓硝酸存放在带橡皮塞的棕色玻璃瓶中B．汽油或煤油存放在带橡皮塞的棕色玻璃瓶中C．碳酸钠溶液或氢氧化钙溶液存放在配有磨口塞的棕色玻璃瓶中D．氯水或硝酸银溶液存放在配有磨口塞的棕色玻璃瓶中8．下列各组物理量中，都不随取水量的变化而变化的是A．水的沸点；蒸发水所需热量B．水的密度；水中通人足量CO2后溶液的pHC．水的体积；电解水所消耗的电量D．水的物质的量；水的摩尔质量9．在一支25 mL的酸式滴定管中盛入0.lmol·L－1 HCl溶液，其液面恰好在5 mL的刻度处．．．，若把滴定管中的溶液全部放入．．．．烧杯中，然后以0.lmol·L－1 NaOH 溶液进行中和．则所需NaOH 溶液的体积A．大于20 mL B．小于20 mL C．等于20 mL D．等于5 mL10．已知天然气的主要成份CH4是一种会产生温室效应的气体，等物质的量的CH4和CO2产生的温室效应，前者大。
【最全】2000-2011年国考申论历年真题及答案精解
历年考题国考2000年1 用不超过150字的篇幅，概括出给定资料所反映的主要问题。
(20分)2 以省政府调研员的身份，用不超过350字的篇幅，提出解决给定资料所反映问题的方案。
要有条理的说明，要体现针对性和可操作性。
(30分)3 就给定资料所反映的主要问题，用1 200字左右的篇幅，自拟标题进行论述。
要求中心明确，内容充实，论述深刻，有说服力。
(50分)请你就我国政府如何提高应对突发公共事件的能力，篇文章，说出自己的看法。
要求：自拟标题，观点明确，联系实际，分析具体，条理清楚，语言流畅。
字数在1000～1200之间。
（40分）2007年一、根据“给定材料1、2”的内容，整理一份供有关负责同志参阅的材料。
（30分）要求：概述全面，观点鲜明，条理清楚，语言流畅，不超过500字。
二、“给定资料7”提出了“持续土地利用管理”的问题。
请结合“给定材料3—7”，谈谈对“持续土地利用管理”应从哪些方面评价。
（15）要求：分调作答，简明扼要，不超过200字。
三、本题仅限报考行政执法类、市（地）以下综合管理类职位的考生作答。
1、给定材料中谈到了排土场、尾矿库德绿化，“空心村”、砖瓦窑场和工矿废弃地的整治，请概括说明这些作法的目的和意义。
不超过200字。
（10分）2、根据，试分别解释“存量土地”和“地荒”的含义。
（15分）四、本题仅限报考省级（含副省级）以上综合管理类职位的考生作答。
1、“给定资料2”提到“把土地转让市场区分为两大类进行交易”，请进一步说明这两大类市场怎样区分，并谈谈在这两大类市场中怎样解决“农民没有权力为自己的土地定价”的问题。
不超过200字。
（10分）2、假如中央有关部门成立联合检查组，对地方征用农民集体所有土地补偿费管理使用情况进行专项检查，请列出此项检查所查的主要内容。
（15分）存在问题，请指出这份“对策”存在的问题，并提出修改意见。
（20分）要求：1.明确提出存在哪些问题；2.写出相关的修改意见（包括写出需要补充的内容）；3.条理清楚，表达简明，不超过400字。
2001年国家公务员录用考试行测数量关系真题精讲(流水)
2001年国家公务员考试行测之数量关系【2001年国考—46】1235×6788与1234×6789的差值是（）。
A.5444B.5454C.5544D.5554【参考答案】D【流水解析】1235×6788—1234×6789＝（1234＋1）×（6789—1）—1234×6789＝1234×6789—1234＋6789—1—1234×6789＝6789—1234—1＝5554 ，选D。
【2001年国考—47】已知甲的12％为13，乙的13％为14，丙的14％为15，丁的15％为16，则甲、乙、丙、丁四个数中最大的数是（）。
A.甲B.乙C.丙D.丁【参考答案】A【流水解析】12%×甲＝13即0.01×甲＝13/12＝1＋1/1213%×乙＝14即0.01×乙＝14/13＝1＋1/1314%×丙＝15即0.01×丙＝15/14＝1＋1/1415%×丁＝16即0.01×丁＝16/15＝1＋1/15甲乙丙丁同时乘以0.01，大小顺序不变，因此甲是最大的数，选A。
【2001年国考—48】某市一条大街长7200米，从起点到终点共设有9个车站，那么每两个车站之间的平均距离是（）。
A.780米B.800米C.850米D.900米【参考答案】D【流水解析】植树问题，9个车站，8个间距，7200÷8＝900米，选D。
【2001年国考—49】飞行员前4分钟用半速飞行，后4分钟用全速飞行，在8分钟内一共飞行了72千米，则飞机全速飞行的时速是（）。
A.360千米B.540千米C.720千米D.840千米【参考答案】C【流水—方程法】假设飞机时速是V，那么半速就是V/2。
根据题意， V/2×（4/60）＋V×（4/60）＝72，解得V＝720千米/小时，选C。
2001年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [■]1. If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.[A] bury[B] am burying[C] buried[D] would bury2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.[A] to announce[B] announced[C] announcing[D] was announced3. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one ________ wait instead of searching for it.[A] would rather[B] had to[C] cannot but[D] had best4. She felt suitably humble just as she ________ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.[A] had[B] had had[C] would have and[D] has had5. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ________ from leadership of it, would intervene personally.[A] being resigned[B] having resigned[C] going to resign[D] resign6. So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A] became the children[B] become the children[C] had the children become[D] do the children become7. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ________ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.[A] everything except[B] anything but[C] no less than[D] nothing more than8. One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. ________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.[A] By[B] In[C] For[D] With9. Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.[A] as[B] which[C] that[D] what10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.[A] be[B] being[C] were[D] arePart BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read. “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” There fore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]11. He is too young to be able to ________ between right and wrong.[A] discard[B] discern[C] disperse[D] disregard12. It was no ________ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.[A] coincidence[B] convention[C] certainty[D] complication13. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ________ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.[A] cautiously[B] dutifully[C] faithfully[D] skillfully14. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ________ the welfare of his animals.[A] critical about[B] indignant at[C] indifferent to[D] subject to15. The chairman of the board ________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.[A] compelled[B] posed[C] pressed[D] tempted16. It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ________.[A] for long[B] in and out[C] once for all[D] by nature17. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unity in style.[A] conflict[B] confrontation[C] disturbance[D] disharmony18. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ________.[A] thrived[B] swelled[C] prospered[D] flourished19. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.[A] overturn[B] overtake[C] offset[D] oppress20. Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is ________.[A] firm[B] company[C] corporation[D] enterprise21. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as ________.[A] novel[B] remote[C] distant[D] foreign22. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ________ at a garage sale.[A] trifled with[B] scraped through[C] stumbled upon[D] thirsted for23. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could ________.[A] descend[B] decline[C] deteriorate[D] depress24. Equipment not ________ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.[A] conforming to[B] consistent with[C] predominant over[D] providing for25. As an industry, biotechnology stands to ________ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.[A] contend[B] contest[C] rival[D] strive26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals.[A] autonomy[B] dignity[C] monopoly[D] stability27. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms.[A] precisely[B] instantly[C] initially[D] exclusively28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________, particularly in Western Europe.[A] obscure[B] obsolete[C] optional[D] overlapping29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________ and needs proving.[A] spontaneous[B] hypothetical[C] intuitive[D] empirical30. The future of this company is ________: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.[A] at odds[B] in trouble[C] in vain[D] at stakeSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases __31__ the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant __32__ of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a __33__ bill that will propose making payments to witnesses __34__ and will strictly control the amount of __35__ that can be given to a case __36__ a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he __37__ with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not __38__ sufficient control.__39__ of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a __40__ of media protest when he said the __41__ of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges __42__ to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which __43__ the European Convention on Human Rights legally __44__ in Britain, laid down that everybody was __45__ to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press free doms will be in safe hands __46__ our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an __47__ after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were __48__ to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised __49__ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to __50__ guilty verdicts.31. [A] as to[B] for instance[C] in particular[D] such as32. [A] tightening[B] intensifying[C] focusing[D] fastening33. [A] sketch[B] rough[C] preliminary[D] draft34. [A] illogical[B] illegal[C] improbable[D] improper35. [A] publicity[B] penalty[C] popularity[D] peculiarity36. [A] since[B] if[C] before[D] as37. [A] sided[B] shared[C] complied[D] agreed38. [A] present[B] offer[C] manifest[D] indicate39. [A] Release[B] Publication[C] Printing[D] Exposure40. [A] storm[B] rage[C] flare[D] flash41. [A] translation[B] interpretation[C] exhibition[D] demonstration42. [A] better than[B] other than[C] rather than[D] sooner than43. [A] changes[B] makes[C] sets[D] turns44. [A] binding[B] convincing[C] restraining[D] sustaining45. [A] authorized[B] credited[C] entitled[D] qualified46. [A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by47. [A] impact[B] incident[C] inference[D] issue48. [A] stated[B] remarked[C] said[D] told49. [A] what[B] when[C] which[D] that50. [A] assure[B] confide[C] ensure[D] guaranteeSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specializat ion was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry52. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesText 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Ameri cans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your ThirdWave infrastructure, which today is an el ectronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.55. Digital divide is something ________.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.[A] how well developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsText 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends toreflect the conventiona l values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderText 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”Th ere’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consume rs. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Y et it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Y et the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds[B] to invest more abroad[C] to combine and become bigger[D] to trade with more countries64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.[A] the greater customer demands[B] a surplus supply for the market[C] a growing productivity[D] the increase of the world’s wealth65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition66. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be ________.[A] optimistic[B] objective[C] pessimistic[D] biasedText 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also k nown in America as “voluntary simplicity” -- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping ou t.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.68. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ________.[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by ________.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle[B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress[D] anti-consumerism70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ________.[A] the quick pace of modern life[B] man’s adventurous spirit。
2001考研数学二真题及答案解析
x→1
(2)【答案】 x−2y+2=0.
【详解】在等式 e2x+ y − cos(xy) = e −1 两边对x求导, 其中 y 视为 x 的函数，得
e2x+y (2x + y)′ + sin(xy) ( xy)′ = 0 ，即 e2x+y ⋅ (2 + y ') + sin(xy) ⋅ ( y + xy ') =0
= f (1) f= '(1) 1, 则
()
(A)在 (1− δ ,1) 和 (1,1+ δ ) 内均有 f (x) < x .
❤
(B)在 (1− δ ,1) 和 (1,1+ δ ) 内均有 f (x) > x .
(C)在 (1− δ ,1) 内， f (x) < x .在 (1,1+ δ ) 内， f (x) > x .
又由 y(1) = 0, 解得 C = − 1 . 故曲线方程为： y arcsin x= x − 1 .
2
2
2
(5)【答案】 -2 【详解】方法1：利用初等行变换化增广矩阵为阶梯形,有
a 1 1 1
1 1 a −2
A = 1 a 1 1
1 a
1
−2
1, 3行 互换
1 a
a 1
1 1
1
1
1 1 a −2
求 f (x) .
七、(本题满分 7 分)
❤
设函数 f (x), g(x) 满足 f ′(= x) g(x), g′(= x) 2ex − f (x) ，且= f (0) 0= , g(0) 2 ，
∫ 求
2001年国家公务员考试《行测》真题答案及解析
2001年《行政职业能力测验》试卷参考答案及解析第一部分常识判断1.A【解析】E-mail又称电子邮件，实际上是人们通过网络发送的文件，只不过更为方便和快捷，故正确答案为A。
2.D【解析】四个选项中只有海涅是德国著名诗人，其余均是法国著名文学家。
故正确答案为D。
3.B【解析】这是一道医学常识题，白细胞又叫白血球或白血细胞，可分为嗜中性白细胞，嗜酸性白细胞，嗜碱性白细胞，淋巴细胞和单核细胞5种。
其中，嗜中性白细胞的数量最多，常聚集于炎症组织的周围。
人体内有炎症时，它的数量就增多。
成年人外周血液中正常的白细胞数值为每立方毫米5000～10000个，人体患炎症后，每立方毫米血液中的白细胞会上升至16000个左右，答案为B。
4.A【解析】这是一道关于生物的常识题，含羞草的感应性是指在受到外力作用时它的叶子会自动合拢，可见是为了防止损伤枝叶。
在自然界中有很多动植物都会用巧妙的方式来避免受到伤害或尽量降低伤害程度，含羞草便是其中的一种。
5.D【解析】这是一道历史题，北宋的国都是开封，南宋的国都是杭州，明朝的国都是南京和北京，四个选项中只有洛阳自宋朝以来没做过国都，故正确答案为D。
6.C【解析】在我国，少数民族中人口最多的是壮族，有1500多万人，人口在400万以上的有满族、回族、苗族、维吾尔族、彝族土家族、蒙古族和藏族，故正确答案为C。
7.A【解析】Internet方便、快捷、高效、用途广泛，我们平时用E－mail就是用它来传输文件，用QQ可实现即时通话和语音聊天，可见B、C、D提到的功能Internet都具备。
而众所周知，病毒是困扰电脑和网络的一大难题，可见Internet的缺点是不够安全，故正确答案为A。
8.A【解析】这是一道关于环保的常识题。
正是因为氟利昂会破坏臭氧层，导致环境恶化，我们才提倡使用无氟冰箱，故正确答案为A。
9.C【解析】深圳、珠海、厦门、汕头、海南是我国最早的五个经济特区，对照选项可知此题应选C。
2001考研数学三真题及超详细答案解析
2001 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题解析一、填空题 (1)【答案】αβ-【使用概念】设()y f x =在x 处可导，且()0f x ≠，则函数y 关于x 的弹性在x 处的值为()()Ey x x y f x Ex y f x ''== 【详解】由Q AL K αβ=，当1Q =时，即1AL K αβ=，有1,K A L αββ--=于是K 关于L 的弹性为：EK EL LK K'=11d A L L dLA Lαββαββ----⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭=111A L L A Lαββαββααββ------=⋅=-(2)【答案】 11.22t W -+【详解】t W 表示第t 年的工资总额，则1t W -表示第1t -年的工资总额，再根据每年的工资总额比上一年增加20％的基础上再追加2百万，所以由差分的定义可得t W 满足的差分方程是：11(120)2 1.22t t t W W W --=+%+=+(3)【答案】-3【详解】方法1：由初等变换(既可作初等行变换，也可作初等列变换).不改变矩阵的秩，故对A 进行初等变换111111111111k k A k k ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦11111001(1)2,3,410101001kk k k k k k ⎡⎤⎢⎥--⎢⎥⨯-⎢⎥--⎢⎥--⎣⎦行分别加到行311101002,3,400100001k k k k +⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥-⎣⎦列分别加到1列 可见只有当k =−3时，r (A )=3.故k =−3.方法2：由题设r (A )=3，故应有四阶矩阵行列式0A =.由111111111111k kA kk=11111001(1)2,3,41010101k k k k k kk --⨯-----行分别加到行311101002,3,4001001k k k k +---列分别加到1列3(3)(1)0,k k =+-=解得 k =1或k = −3. 当k =1时，1111111*********A ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦111100001(1)23400000000⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⨯-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦行分别加到，，行 可知，此时r (A )=1，不符合题意，因此一定有k =−3. (4)【答案】112【所用概念性质】切比雪夫不等式为：{}2()()D X P X E X εε-≥≤期望和方差的性质：()E X Y EX EY +=+；()2cov(,)D X Y DX X Y DY +=++ 【详解】 把X Y +看成是一个新的随机变量，则需要求出其期望和方差. 故 ()220E X Y EX EY +=+=-+=又相关系数的定义：(,)X Y ρ=则cov(,)(,(0.5)1X Y X Y ρ==-=-()2cov(,)12(1)43D X Y DX X Y DY +=++=+⨯-+=所以由切比雪夫不等式：{}{}2()316()663612D X Y P X Y P X YE X Y ++≥=+-+≥≤==(5)【答案】F ；(10,5)【所用概念】1. F 分布的定义：12Xn F Yn =其中21~()X n χ 22~()Y n χ2. 2χ分布的定义：若1,,n Z Z 相互独立，且都服从标准正态分布(0,1)N ，则221~()ni i Z n χ=∑3. 正态分布标准化的定义：若2~(,)Z N u σ，则~(0,1)Z uN σ- 【详解】因为2(0,2)1,2,,15i X N i =，将其标准化有0(0,1)22i iX X N -=，从而根据卡方分布的定义2222221015111(10),(5),2222X X X X χχ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫++++ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭由样本的独立性可知，2210122X X ⎛⎫⎛⎫++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭与22151122X X ⎛⎫⎛⎫++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭相互独立. 故，根据F 分布的定义()22101221102222111515112210(10,5).2225X X X X Y F X X X X ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫++⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦++==⎡⎤++⎛⎫⎛⎫++⎢⎥⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦故Y 服从第一个自由度为10，第二个自由度为5的F 分布.二、选择题(1)【答案】 [ B] 【详解】 方法1：由'()lim1,x af x x a→=--知 lim '()x af x →()'()limx af x x a x a →=⋅--()'()lim lim x a x af x x a x a →→=⋅--10=-⋅0=又函数()f x 的导数在x a =处连续，根据函数在某点连续的定义，左极限等于右极限等于函数在这一点的值，所以()0f a '=，于是有'()'()'()"()limlim 1,x ax a f x f a f x f a x ax a →→-===--- 即()0f a '=，()10f a ''=-<，根据判定极值的第二充分条件：设函数()f x 在0x 处具有二阶导数且0()0f x '=，0()0f x ''≠，当0()0f x ''<时，函数()f x 在0x 处取得极大值. 知x a =是()f x 的极大值点，因此，正确选项为(B). 方法2：由'()lim1,x af x x a→=--及极限保号性定理：如果()0lim x x f x A →=，且0A >(或0A <)，那么存在常数0δ>，使得当00x x δ<-<时，有()0f x >(或()0f x <)，知存在x a =的去心邻域，在此去心邻域内'()0f x x a<-.于是推知，在此去心邻域内当x a <时()0f x '>；当x a >时()0.f x '<又由条件知()f x 在x a =处连续，由判定极值的第一充分条件：设函数()f x 在0x 处连续，且在0x 的某去心δ领域内可导，若()00,x x x δ∈- 时，()0f x '>，而()00,x x x δ∈ +时，()0f x '<，则()f x 在0x 处取得极大值，知()f a 为()f x 的极大值. 因此，选 (B).(2)【答案】(D)【详解】应先写出g (x )的表达式.当01x ≤<时， 21()(1)2f x x =+，有 ()g x ()0x f u du =⎰201(1)2x u du =+⎰3001162x x u u =+311,62x x =+当12x ≤≤时， 1()(1)3f x x =-，有0()()x g x f u du =⎰101()()x f u du f u du =+⎰⎰120111(1)(1)23x u du u du =++-⎰⎰1132010111116263x x u u u u =++-()221136x =+- 即 ()3211,0162()211,1236x x x g x x x ⎧+≤<⎪⎪=⎨⎪+-≤≤⎪⎩因为 311112lim ()lim 623x x g x x x --→→⎛⎫=+= ⎪⎝⎭，()211212lim ()lim 1363x x g x x ++→→⎛⎫=+-= ⎪⎝⎭，且 ()2212(1)11363g =+-=， 所以由函数连续的定义，知()g x 在点1x =处连续，所以()g x 在区间[0,2]内连续，选(D).同样，可以验证(A)、(B)不正确，01x <<时，321111()06222g x x x x '⎛⎫'=+=+> ⎪⎝⎭，单调增，所以(B)递减错；同理可以验证当12x <<时，()()2211()110363g x x x '⎛⎫'=+-=-> ⎪⎝⎭，单调增，所以()()()02g g x g ≤≤，即()506g x ≤≤与选项(A)无界矛盾.(3)【答案】 (C)【详解】由所给矩阵,A B 观察，将A 的2,3列互换，再将A 的1,4列互换，可得B . 根据初等矩阵变换的性质，知将A 的2,3列互换相当于在矩阵A 的右侧乘以23E ，将A 的1,4列互换相当于在矩阵A 的右侧乘以14E ，即2314AE E B =，其中2310000010********E ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，140001010000101000E ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦由题设条件知114223,P E P E ==，因此21B AP P =.由于对初等矩阵ij E 有，1ij ij E E -=，故111122,P P P P --==.因此，由21B AP P =，及逆矩阵的运算规律，有()111111211212B AP P P P A PP A ------===.(4)【答案】 ()D【详解】由题设，A 是n 阶矩阵，α是n 维列向量，即Tα是一维行向量，可知0TAαα⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭是1n +阶矩阵. 显然有秩0TA αα⎛⎫=⎪⎝⎭秩()A 1,n n ≤≤+ 即系数矩阵0TAαα⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭非列满秩，由齐次线性方程组有非零解的充要条件：系数矩阵非列或行满秩，可知齐次线性方程组00TA X y αα⎛⎫⎛⎫=⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭必有非零解.(5) 【答案】A【详解】 掷硬币结果不是正面向上就是反面向上，所以X Y n +=，从而Y n X =-， 故 ()DY D n X DX =-=由方差的定义：22()DX EX EX =-， 所以[]22()()()DY D n X E n X E n X =-=---222(2)()E n nX X n EX =-+--222222()n nEX EX n nEX EX =-+-+-22()EX EX DX =-=)由协方差的性质：cov(,)0X c = (c 为常数)；cov(,)cov(,)aX bY ab X Y =1212cov(,)cov(,)cov(,)X X Y X Y X Y +=+)所以 cov(,)cov(,)cov(,)cov(,)0X Y X n X X n X X DX DX =-=-=-=- 由相关系数的定义，得 (,)1X Yρ===-三【变限积分求导公式】()[()][()]()f x x ag t dt g f x f x ''=⎰【详解】 根据复合函数求导公式，有.du f f dy f dz dx x y dx z dx∂∂∂=++∂∂∂ (*) 在2xye xy -=两边分别对x 求导，得()()0,xy dy dye y xy x dx dx+-+= 即.dy y dx x =- 在0sin x z xt e dt t-=⎰两边分别对x 求导，得 sin()(1),xx z dze x z dx-=⋅-- 即()1.sin()x dz e x z dx x z -=-- 将其代入(*)式，得du dx f f dy f dz x y dx z dx ∂∂∂=++∂∂∂()1.sin()x f y f e x z f x x y x z z⎛⎫∂∂-∂=-+- ⎪∂∂-∂⎝⎭四 【详解】因为1lim(1)xx e x→∞+=lim()x x x c x c →∞+-2lim()xx x c c x c→∞-+=- (把x c +写成2x c c -+)222lim()x c cx c x cx x c c x c-⋅-→∞-+=- (把x 写成22x c cx c x c -⋅-) 222lim (1)cx x cx ccx c x c --→∞⎡⎤=+⎢⎥-⎣⎦(利用幂函数的性质()mnm n aa =)222ln (1)lim cxx c x cc c x c x e--⎡⎤⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦→∞= (利用对数性质ln ()()f x ef x =)222ln (1)lim x c c cx c x c x c x e-⎡⎤⎢⎥+--⎢⎥⎣⎦→∞= (利用对数性质()ln ()()ln ()g x f x g x f x =)222limln (1)x cc x cx c x c x c e-→∞⎡⎤⎢⎥+--⎢⎥⎣⎦= (利用x y e =函数的连续性，lim ()()lim x f x f x x ee →∞→∞=)222lim lim ln (1)x c c x x cx c x c x c e-→∞→∞⎡⎤⎢⎥⋅+--⎢⎥⎣⎦=(当各部分极限均存在时，lim ()()lim ()lim ()x x x f x g x f x g x →∞→∞→∞⋅=⋅)222lim ln lim (1)x c c x x cx c x c x c e-→∞→∞⎡⎤⎢⎥⋅+--⎢⎥⎣⎦= (利用ln y x =函数的连续性，lim[ln ()]ln[lim ()]x x f x f x →∞→∞=)2ln c e e ⋅= (利用1lim(1)x x e x→∞+=)2c e = (ln 1e =)又因为()f x 在(),-∞+∞内可导，故在闭区间[1,]x x -上连续，在开区间(1,)x x -内可导，那么又由拉格朗日中值定理，有()(1)()[(1)](),1f x f x f x x f x x ξξξ''--=--=-<<左右两边同时求极限，于是lim[()(1)]lim '()x x f x f x f e ξ→∞→∞--==，因为1x x ξ-<<，x 趋于无穷大时，ξ也趋向于无穷大由题意，lim()lim[()(1)],x x x x c f x f x x c →∞→∞+=--- 从而2c e e =，故12c =五 【详解】 积分区域如图所示，可以写成11,1y y x -≤≤≤≤222211()()22[1],x y x y DDDy xedxdy ydxdy xyedxdy +++=+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰其中，111112(1);3y Dydxdy dy ydx y y dy --==-=-⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 221()2x y Dxyedxdy +⎰⎰22111()21x y yydy xedx +-=⎰⎰22111()2211()2x y yydy ed x +-=⎰⎰ 22111()22211[()]2x y yydy ed x y +-=+⎰⎰2211(1)21()y ye e dy +-=-⎰ 2211(1)2211()2y y e e dy +-=-⎰22111(1)222111122y y e dy e dy +--=-⎰⎰ 22111(1)2221111[(1)]22y y ed ye dy +--=+-⎰⎰22111(1)21112y y e e +--=-0=于是221()22[1]3x y Dy xedxdy ++=-⎰⎰六【详解】方法1：依题意知，抛物线如图所示，令2()0y px qx x px q =+=+=，求得它与x 轴交点的横坐标为：120,.q x x p==- 根据定积分的定义，面积S 为()3232203260q p q p q q p S px qx dx x x p --⎛⎫=+=+=⎪⎝⎭⎰(注：111n n x dx x C n +=++⎰) 因直线5x y +=与抛物线2y px qx =+相切，故它们有唯一公共点. 由方程组25x y y px qx +=⎧⎨=+⎩求其公共解，消去y ，得2(1)50px q x ++-=，因为其公共解唯一，则该一元二次方程只有唯一解，故其判别式必为零，即22(1)4(5)(1)200,q p q p ∆=+-⨯⨯-=++=解得 21(1).20p q =-+ 将p 代入S 中，得()S q 326q p =32216[(1)]20q q =-+34200.3(1)q q =+ 根据函数除法的求导公式，()S q '344342(200)[3(1)][3(1)](200)[3(1)]q q q q q ''⨯+-+⨯=+25200(3)3(1)q q q -=+ 根据驻点的定义，令()0S q '=，已知有0q >，得唯一驻点3q =.当13q <<时，()0S q '>；3q >时，()0S q '<. 故根据极值判定的第一充分条件知，3q =时，()S q 取唯一极大值，即最大值.从而最大值为225(3).32S S ==方法2：设抛物线2y px qx =+与直线5x y +=相切的切点坐标为00(,)x y ，切点既在抛物线上，也在直线上，于是满足方程有2000y px qx =+和005x y +=.抛物线与直线在切点处的切线斜率是相等的，即一阶导数值相等. 在2y px qx =+左右两边关于x 求导，得2y px q '=+，在5x y +=左右两边关于x 求导，得1y '=-，把切点坐标00(,)x y 代入，得021x x y px q ='=+=-⇒012q x p+=-由005x y +=⇒005y x =-，将两结果代入2000y px qx =+得22000011155()()()222q q q y x px qx p q p p p+++=-=--=+=-+- 整理得21(1).20p q =-+ 将p 代入S 中，得34200().3(1)q S q q =+根据函数除法的求导公式，()S q '344342(200)[3(1)][3(1)](200)[3(1)]q q q q q ''⨯+-+⨯=+25200(3)3(1)q q q -=+ 根据驻点(即使得一阶导数为零的点)的定义，令()0S q '=，已知有0q >，得唯一驻点3q =.当13q <<时，()0;S q '>3q >时，()0;S q '<故根据极值判定的第一充分条件知，3q =时， ()S q 取唯一极大值，即最大值.从而最大值为225(3).32S S ==七【详解】将要证的等式中的ξ换成x ，移项，并命1()()()x x f x f x xϕ-'=-问题转化为证在区间(0,1)内()x ϕ存在零点. 将1()()0x f x f x x-'-= 看成一个微分方程，用分离变量法求解. 由()1()df x x dx f x x-= 两边积分得()11(1)()df x x dx dx f x x x -==-⎰⎰⎰利用1ln dx x C x =+⎰及111nn x dx x C n +=++⎰，得 1ln ()ln f x x x C =-+⇒ln ()ln xCe f x x=⇒()x Ce f x x =， 即 ()xxef x C -=，命()()x F x xe f x -=. 由110(1)(),(1)x k f k xe f x dx k -=>⎰及积分中值定理(如果函数()f x 在闭区间[,]a b 上连续，则在积分区间[,]a b 上至少存在一个点ξ，使得()()()()baf x dx f b a a b ξξ=-≤≤⎰)，知至少存在一点1(0,)[0,1]kη∈⊂，使1110(1)()()x k f k xe f x dx e f ηηη--==⎰且()()F ef ηηηη-=，1(1)(1)F e f -=. 把1(1)()f e f ηηη-=代入，则111(1)(1)()()()F e f e e f e f F ηηηηηηη----====那么()F x 在[,1]η上连续，在(,1)η内可导，由罗尔中值定理知，至少存在一点(,1)[0,1]ξη∈⊂，使得()()()0F e f e f ξξξξξξ--''=+=即 1() (1)().f f ξξξ-'=-八【详解】由已知条件可见1()()n x n n f x f x x e -'-=，这是以()n f x 为未知函数的一阶线性非齐次微分方程，其中1()1,()n xp x q x xe -=-=，代入通解公式()()()(())p x dx p x dxf x e q x e dx C -⎰⎰=+⎰得其通解为1(),ndx dx n x x n x f x e x e e dx C e C n --⎛⎫⎛⎫⎰⎰=+=+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰由条件(1),n e f n =又1(1)n f e C n ⎛⎫=+ ⎪⎝⎭，得0C =， 故(),n x n x e f x n =111()n x n xn n n n x e x f x e n n∞∞∞=====∑∑∑记1(),nn x S x n ∞==∑则1na n =，111lim lim 11n n n na n a nρ+→∞→∞+===，则其收敛半径为11R ρ==，收敛区间为(1,1)-. 当(1,1)x ∈-时，根据幂级数的性质，可以逐项求导，11111()1n n n n n n x x S x x n n x ∞∞∞-===''⎛⎫⎛⎫'====⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭∑∑∑，其中2111n x x x x =+++++-故根据函数积分和求导的关系()()f x dx f x C '=+⎰，得00()()()(0)xxS x dx S x S x S '==-⎰又由于21000(0)012n n S n ∞===++=∑，所以01()(0)()0ln(1)1xxS x S S x dx dx x x'=+=+=---⎰⎰， 即有 1ln(1),(1,1)nn x x x n ∞==--∈-∑ 当1x =-时， 1(1)ln 2nn n ∞=-=-∑. 级数在此点处收敛，而右边函数连续，因此成立的范围可扩大到1x =-处，即1ln(1),[1,1)nn x x x n ∞==--∈-∑ 于是 1()ln(1),[1,1)x nn fx e x x ∞==--∈-∑九【详解】(1) 线性方程组AX β=有解但不唯一，即有无穷多解()()3r A r A n ⇔=<=，将增广矩阵作初等行变换，得111111112a A a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦21112131()01100112a a a a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥-----⎢⎥⎢⎥----⎣⎦行行，行行倍 11123011000(1)(2)2a a a a a a ⎡⎤⎢⎥--⎢⎥⎢⎥--+-+⎣⎦行加到行（）因为方程组AX β=有解但不唯一，所以()()3r A r A =<，故a =−2.(2) 由(1)，有112121211A -⎡⎤⎢⎥=-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦由112121211E A λλλλ---=-+---122,312111λλλλλ-+---列加到列 1121121111λλλ-+---提出列公因子1121(1)2,303303λλλ-⨯-+--行分别加到行(3)(3)0λλλ=+-=故A 的特征值为1230,3,3λλλ==-=.当10λ=时，112(0)121211E A --⎡⎤⎢⎥-=--⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦1121(1),20332,3033--⎡⎤-⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦行的倍分别加到行1122033000--⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦行加到3行于是得方程组(0)0E A x -=的同解方程组为1232320330x x x x x +-=⎧⎨-=⎩ 可见，(0)2r E A -=，可知基础解系的个数为(0)321n r E A --=-=，故有1个自由未知量，选2x 为自由未知量，取21x =，解得对应的特征向量为1(1,1,1)Tξ=.当13λ=时，()2123151212E A -⎛⎫ ⎪-=-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭1511,2212212--⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦行互换 151212000--⎡⎤⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦3行-2行151********--⎡⎤⎢⎥⨯⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦1行加到行 于是得方程组(3)0E A x -=的同解方程组为12325090x x x x -+-=⎧⎨=⎩ 可见，(3)2r E A -=，可知基础解系的个数为(3)321n r E A --=-=，故有1个自由未知量，选1x 为自由未知量，取11x =，解得对应的特征向量为2(1,0,1)Tξ=-.当13λ=-时，()4123111214E A --⎛⎫ ⎪--=--- ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭11112412214---⎛⎫⎪-- ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭，行互换 1111(4),2036036---⎛⎫- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭行倍倍分别加到2,3行1112036000---⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭行加到3行 于是得方程组(3)0E A x --=的同解方程组为123230360x x x x x ---=⎧⎨+=⎩ 可见，(3)2r E A --=，可知基础解系的个数为(3)321n r E A ---=-=，故有1个自由未知量，选2x 为自由未知量，取22x =，解得对应的特征向量为3(1,2,1)Tξ=--.由于A 是实对称矩阵，其不同特征值的特征向量相互正交，故这三个不同特征值的特征向量相互正交，之需将123,,ξξξ单位化，3121231231111,0,2.111ξξξβββξξξ⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎥⎥======-⎢⎥⎥⎥⎢⎥⎥⎥-⎣⎦⎦⎦其中，123ξξξ=====令[]123,,0Q βββ==则有 1300030.000T Q AQ Q AQ -⎡⎤⎢⎥==-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦十【详解】(1)由题设条件，1211(,,)||n nijn i j i j A f x x x x x A ===∑∑111111n nn nij i j iijji j i j A x x x A xA A ======∑∑∑∑112211()nii i in n i x A x Ax A x A==+++∑121211(,,,)nii i in i n x x x A AA Ax =⎛⎫ ⎪⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭∑121211(,,,)n i i i in i n x x x A A A A x =⎛⎫ ⎪⎡⎤ ⎪=⎢⎥⎪⎣⎦ ⎪⎝⎭∑ []12111121221222121(,,,)(,,,)(,,,)n n n n n nn n x x x A A A x A A A x A A A Ax ⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭11121121222212121(,,,)n n n n n nn n A A A x A A A x x x x AA A A x ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎪⎢⎥ ⎪⎢⎥=⎪⎢⎥ ⎪⎢⎥⎣⎦⎝⎭1212(,,,)T n n x x A x x x Ax *⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭TT A X X A *= 1()T X A X -*其中()*的理由：A 是可逆的实对称矩阵，故111()()TT A A A ---==，因此由实对称的定义知，1A -也是实对称矩阵，又由伴随矩阵的性质A A A E *=，知1A A A *-=，因此A *也是实对称矩阵，TAA **=，故()*成立.(2) 因为()()1111TTAAA A E A ----==，所以由合同的定义知A 与1A -合同.由实对称矩阵A B 与合同的充要条件：二次型Tx Ax 与Tx Bx 有相同的正、负惯性指数.可知，()Tg X X AX =与()f X 有相同的正、负惯性指数，故它们有相同的规范形.十一【应用定理】(i) 期望的性质：()E X Y EX EY +=+；独立随机变量方差的性质：若随机变量X Y 和独立，则()D X Y DX DY +=+(ii)列维-林德伯格中心极限定理：设随机变量12,,,,n X X X 相互独立同分布，方差存在，记22(0)u σσ<<+∞与分别是它们共同的期望与方差，则对任意实数x ，恒有1lim )()ni n i P X nu x x →∞=⎫-≤=Φ⎬⎭∑ (通俗的说：独立同分布的随机变量，其期望方差存在，则只要随机变量足够的多，这些随机变量的和以正态分布为极限分布)(iii) 正态分布标准化：若2~(,)Z N u σ，则~(0,1)Z uN σ-【详解】设(1,2,)i X i n =是装运的第i 箱的重量(单位:千克)， n 是所求箱数. 由题设可以将1,,i n X X X 视为独立同分布的随机变量，而n 箱的总重量12n n S X X X =+++是独立同分布随机变量之和.由题设，有()5i E X ==(单位:千克) 所以 1212()()50n n n E S E X X X EX EX EX n =+++=+++= 1212()()25n n n D S D X X X DX DX DX n =+++=+++=则根据列维—林德柏格中心极限定理，知n S 近似服从正态分布(50,25)N n n ，箱数n 根据下述条件确定{}5000n P S P ≤=≤ (将n S 标准化)0.977(2)≈Φ>=Φ由此得2,> 从而98.0199n <， 即最多可以装98箱.十二【详解】由题设条件X 和Y 是正方形{}(,):13,13G x y x y =≤≤≤≤上的均匀分布，则X 和Y 的联合密度为：1,13,13,(,)40,x y f x y ⎧≤≤≤≤⎪=⎨⎪⎩其他 (二维均匀分布的概率密度为1面积) 由分布函数的定义：{}{}()F u P U u P X Y u =≤=-≤(1)当0u <时，()0F u =(因为X Y -是非负的，所以小于0是不可能事件)(2)当2u ≥时，()1F u =(因为X 和Y 最大为3，X 和Y 最小为1，所以X Y -最大也就只能为2，所以2X Y -≤是必然事件，概率为1)(3)当02u ≤<时，{}()F u P U u =≤相当于 阴影部分所占的概率大小. 如图所示：{}{}()F u P U u P X Y u =≤=-≤214(2)4S u S ⎡⎤==--⎣⎦阴影面积总面积 211(2)4u =--(二维均匀分布中各部分所占的概率，相当于用这部分的面积除以总面积，这里阴影部分面积是用总面积减去两个三角形的面积)于是随机变量U 的概率密度为：1(2),02,()'()20, u u p u F u ⎧-<<⎪==⎨⎪⎩其他1O32123。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2001年中央、国家机关公务员录用考试《行政职业能力测验》试卷说明这项测验共有五个部分，130道题，总时限为120分钟。
各部分不分别计时，但都给出了参考时限，供你参考以分配时间。
第二部分常识判断(共20题，参考时限10分钟)要求你依据常识作出判断。
请注意，似乎合理的答案可能有多种，你应选择最为合理的一个。
【例题】尽管我们关于太阳能的研究和议论已经相当多，但今天对太阳能的利用还是非常有限的，其主要原因是（）。
A.难以将阳光有效地聚焦B.尚未开发出有效的收集和储存太阳能的系统C.核能仍然更为有效D.太阳能系统尚不安全解答：关于太阳能的利用可能很多人都没有系统的知识，但是仔细考察四个选项，你可以依据常识看出A、C、D三个理由都过分具体且似乎不应成为不能充分利用太阳能的足够理由，只有B选项所说的原因概括性强，而且更为全面，故正确答案为B。
请开始答题：1.E-mail邮件本质上是（）。
A.一个文件B.一份传真C.一个电话D.一个电报2.下列作家不是法国人的是（）。
A.都德B.莫泊桑C.雨果D.海涅3.人体患急性炎症时，每立方毫米血液中白细胞数可能是（）。
A.700个B.16 000个C.30万个D.500万个4.含羞草的感应性对它生存的主要意义是（）。
A.防止损伤枝叶B.利用捕食昆虫C.利用水分运输D.利于体内有机物的分配5.宋朝以来，没有做过我国国都的城市是（）。
A.开封B.南京C.杭州D.洛阳6.我国少数民族中人口最多的民族是（）。
A.朝鲜族B.蒙古族C.壮族D.回族7.Internet的缺点是（）。
A.不够安全B.不能传输文件C.不能实现即时对话D.不能传送声音8.破坏臭氧层的物质主要是（）。
A.氟利昂B.二氧化碳C.酸雨D.紫外线9.不属于经济特区的城市是（）。
A.深圳B.珠海C.广州D.厦门10.计算机鼠标是一种（）。
A.输出设备B.输入设备C.光标D.控制器11.主张“人性善”的是（）。
A.孔子B.孟子C.荀子D.韩非子12.首先提出“无为而治”主张的是（）。
A.孔子B.孟子C.老子D.庄子13.月蚀发生时（）。
A.月球在地球和太阳之间B.太阳在月球和地球之间C.地球在太阳和月球之间D.是在新月的时候14.红色颜料与(①)色颜料可配成紫色，黄色颜料与(②)色颜料可配成绿色。
A.①绿；②蓝B.①蓝；②蓝C.①蓝；②红D.①绿；②红15.与针式打印机和喷墨打印机相比，不属于激光打印机特点的是（）。
A.打印分辨率高B.噪声小C.速度快D.价格低16.在我国古代神话中“开天辟地”、“钻木取火”、“尝百草”分别指（）。
A.燧人氏、女娲、神农氏B.盘古氏、神农氏、燧人氏C.盘古氏、燧人氏、神农氏D.女娲、燧人氏、神农氏17.一个人（）越过国际日期变更线时，钟表的时刻不变，但日期应加一天。
A.自西向东B.自东向西C.自南向北D.自北向南18.地球表面大约有70％的面积被水覆盖，水的总量约有13.6亿立方公里，其中淡水所占比例很小，可利用的淡水资源约占水总量的（）。
A.0.65％B.8.9％C.11.28％D.21.42%19.穿越我国领土距离最长的纬线是（）。
A.北纬20°B.北纬30°C.北纬40°D.北纬50°20.大气层中的臭氧层能够保护地球上的生物，这主要是因为臭氧层可以（）。
A.释放出大量的氧气B.滤除大量的紫外光C.屏蔽太阳的辐射D.吸收大量的二氧化碳第二部分结束，请继续做第三部分！第三部分言语理解与表达(共20题，参考时限20分钟)每道题包含一段文字(或一个句子)，后面是一个不完整的陈述，要求你从四个选项中选出一个来完成陈述。
注意：答案可能是对所给文字主要意思的提要，也可能是满足陈述中其他方面的要求，你的选择应与所提要求最相符合。
【例题】钢铁被用来建造桥梁、摩天大楼、地铁、轮船、铁路和汽车等，被用来制造几乎所有的机械，还被用来制造包括镰刀和缝衣针在内的成千上万的物品。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即钢铁（）。
A.是一种反映物质生活水平的金属B.具有许多不同的用途C.是所有金属中最坚固的D.是惟一用于建造摩天大楼的桥梁的物质解答：正确答案为B。
请开始答题：21.在现代社会中，当一个人追求幸福生活时不应忽略接受教育方面的需求。
如果没有对于人类在科学、文学和艺术等方面的成就的欣赏能力并从这种欣赏中获得满足，那么一个人就算不上获得了真正的生活，只不过是生存而已。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即教育（）。
A.并不关注于某些具体的目的B.可以使人更充分地享受生活的乐趣C.可以使人获得维持生活的基本能力D.主要教授有关科学、文学和艺术方面的内容22.我国实行的开放政策使国内城市与城市之间、南方与北方之间、内地与沿海之间展开了多种多样的吸引外资的竞争，导致了一些省份原先获得的区域倾斜政策优势(如减税、退税、低税、优惠贷款等)减弱，从而增加了国内利用外资的竞争。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.优惠政策有利于吸引外资B.利用外资的国际环境越来越复杂C.国内利用外资竞争正在增加D.减税、退税、低税等政策使国家税收受损23.高新技术企业的工资制度需要改革。
应该允许企业在积累增长大于消费增长、劳动生产率增长大于工资总额增长的前提下，自主确定职工工资标准和企业内部分配办法。
国家可以通过调节个人收入所得税管理这些企业。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即在高新技术企业的工资改革中（）。
A.个人所得应不断提高B.应确定职工工资标准和企业分配办法C.企业对职工工资标准应有一定自主权D.劳动生产率的增长将大于工资总额的增长24.任何一项政策，它的功能都是通过事物之间相互联系的动态形式所产生的作用而实现的。
作用一般都是相互的。
当一个事物对另一个事物发生作用时，必然要受到对方对它的反作用。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.政策的稳定性是相对的B.在执行政策时，应从实际出发C.政策是事物间相互作用的产物D.政策在实施过程中可能产生负效应25.今天，整个社会都表现出对高雅艺术的关心，政府拨出专款予以扶植，企业慷慨解囊给予支持。
对于一个病人，需要输血，需要输氧，但是，病人健康地生活最终还要靠自身的生命力和自身的机能转换。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.高雅艺术正在恢复蓬勃的生机B.对于高雅艺术的界定尚不明确C.高雅艺术需要得到政府和企业的帮助D.高雅艺术的发展还有赖于自身的改革和完善26.不少新建、扩建企业没有在投资中按比例安排相应的自有流动资金，有的企业甚至靠挪用流动资金来盲目争上新的项目；历年清产核资中发生的损失也有一部分用企业自有流动资金冲减；一些企业甚至挪用资金炒房地产、炒股票等。
此外，物价的上涨也吃掉了一部分资金。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.盲目争上项目造成了企业流动资金的不足B.在不少企业中存在着自有流动资金紧张的现象C.多数企业只能依靠银行来解决流动资金问题D.企业自有流动资金数量逐年下降是正常趋势27.只有同时兼顾公平与效率两个方面的税制才是最好的税制，这是无须证明的。
但就具体的税种来说，往往不是低效率、高公平，就是高效率、低公平，高效率、高公平的最优结合是少有的。
就某一具体的税种来说，往往不是以效率为主导，就是以公平为核心，二者并重并不一定是理想状态。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即就某一具体税种来说，（）。
A.是公平与效率之间的妥协B.兼顾高效率和高公平不是最好的C.兼顾高效率和高公平才是最理想的D.不应以效率为主导，而应以公平为核心28.现阶段，我国城乡之间在生产水平、就业结构、收入水平等方面都存在着很大的差别，农村经济的现代化、社会化都还有一个漫长的过程，广大农村在近期尚不具备国家统一立法、强制实行社会保险制度的条件，不能照搬城乡企业的办法。
广大农民仍应坚持家庭养老、邻里互助等好的传统做法，在富裕的地区，根据农民自愿，可以进行个人储蓄积累式的养老保险试点。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.农村社会保障制度改革应坚持农民自愿的原则B.在社会保障制度改革方面要因地制宜，循序渐进C.进行农村社会保障缺席改革必须坚持社会主义方向D.应该坚持和发扬农村中那些好的社会保障的传统做法29.一般来说，越是能直接产生经济效益的科技成果，越应该由受益的经济组织提供激励；越是产生巨大社会效益的科技成果，越应该由政府提供激励。
这一原则符合世界上许多国家的实际情况。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.激励应该选择适当的客体B.激励应该由适当的主体来承担C.政府应该对科技成果提供更多的激励D.世界上许多国家的政府都很重视对科学研究鼓励和支持30.我国的专利申请平均每年以48％速度增长。
我国的专利实施只占专利总量的20％～30％，与国外高达80％的实施率相比差距很大。
在我国专利申报总量只有15％来自于企业，而发达国家的专利申请80％来自于企业。
这段话主要支持了这样一种观点，即（）。
A.在具体政策上对科技成果评估活动重视不够B.在我国，应该努力扩大对日益增长的专利技术的开发、实施C.在我国，多数人还没有学会使用专利武器来保持自己的知识成果D.与企业相比，大专院校和科研单位更重视对科研成果的开发和应用31.当今世界的工业社会面临着许多难以解决的问题：生态危机、信仰危机、种族纷争、精神危机，这些都在困扰着人类社会。
于是许多哲学家、思想家乃至政府官员都主张回到传统文化和道德中去寻找解决危机的钥匙，很多人热衷于研究儒家伦理同现代化的关系，东亚有些国家甚至提出“新儒学”或所谓“儒家资本主义”的口号。
对这段话理解正确的一项是（）。
A.儒家伦理是能成功地解决当今工业社会诸多危机的钥匙B.东亚有些国家是当今资本主义世界中解决了诸多危机的模范典型C.有些国家和个人主张从儒家学说中寻找解决当今社会难题的良方D.当今世界的诸多危机从本质上说是在儒学与现代化的矛盾中产生的32.时间怀有一种公平的道义，对它所拿去的，它会给我们别的补偿。
它夺去了我们肢体精神的灵活，却给予我们安静和安详。
对这段话理解正确的一项是（）。
A.无所谓浪费时间B.耽误的时间可以得到补偿C.不具有灵活肢体精神的人能获得安宁D.晚年的宁静可以使青春活力的消失得到补偿33.储蓄是经济增长的资源基础，但最大限度的储蓄增长率决不是最优的经济增长率，只有适度的储蓄增长率才容易带来较大的经济增长率。
对这段话理解正确的一项是（）。
A.储蓄增长率应与经济增长率相等B.储蓄增长率与最优的经济增长率成反比C.储蓄增长速度如果无限度地增长，会影响经济增长速度D.最大限度的储蓄增长率要求最优的经济增长率与之相适应34.如果从伦理的角度着眼，两极分化是一种悲剧性的社会现实。
面对落入破产者行列的许多小生产者和劳动者，我们不能不寄予深切的同情。