AIR CONDITIONING
空调英语
machining machining accuracy motor support mid. Isolation sheet(separator support plate) main switch motor protector mould motor holder mercurial thermometer mass flowmeter mechanical anemometer measurement amplifier noise normal load nameplate non-conforming product necking nut owner's manual outlines and dimensions outlet with flare operation outdoor unit O-gasket oil separator outlet for water pressure process product protection devices parts procedure power power supply cord plastic parts product instruction manual
空调的有关英语表达
♂回譩♂14:27:031、打招呼第一次见面----Nice/Glad to meet you.。
很高兴见到你。
How do you do!你好-Hi! Hello!♂回譩♂14:28:372、单冷机,冷暧机,变频机,豪华变频机A single cooling air-conditioning, cooling & heating machine, frequency converter[kənˈvɜ:tə(r)], frequency conversion[kən'vɜ:ʃn]machine luxury['lʌkʃər ɪ]♂回譩♂14:29:583、大1匹,1.5匹,1匹,2匹,3匹Air conditioning large one horse, 1.5horses, one horse , 2 horses, 3 ho rses♂回譩♂14:31:404、分体机,柜机split-type air conditioner ,separate-bodied air-conditioner, cabinet-type [ˈkæbɪnət] air-conditioner♂回譩♂14:33:105、你好,松下空调,请随便看一看hello,Please have a look at our products. Panasonic air conditioning♂回譩♂14:36:356、功能:秒速起动,强速制冷制暖,静Air conditioning: seconds speed starting, high speed refrigerating and warming, static♂回譩♂14:38:407、洗衣机,电冰箱,空调,风扇,冰柜,电视washing machine，refrigerator/fridge，air conditioning, Fan, ice box, TV♂回譩♂14:39:168、第二天安装install[ɪn'stɔːl]/set up air conditioning tomorrow♂回譩♂14:39:569、整机包修三年Air conditioning Machine repair three years♂回譩♂14:40:4310、房子多大How large is your room?回答：It’s about 12 square meters.大约12 平方米。
空调产品介绍英文作文
空调产品介绍英文作文英文：Air conditioning is an essential appliance for many households and offices, especially during the hot summer months. There are many different types of air conditioning products available on the market, each with its own unique features and benefits.One popular type of air conditioning product is the split system air conditioner. This type of air conditioner is made up of two separate units: an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The indoor unit is usually mounted on a wall or ceiling, while the outdoor unit is placed outside the building. Split system air conditioners are known for their quiet operation and energy efficiency.Another popular type of air conditioning product is the portable air conditioner. As the name suggests, these air conditioners are designed to be moved from room to room,making them ideal for people who live in apartments or small homes. Portable air conditioners are also great for people who want to save money on their energy bills, as they only cool the room they are in, rather than the entire house.Lastly, there are window air conditioners. These air conditioners are installed in a window and are designed to cool a single room. Window air conditioners are typically less expensive than other types of air conditioners, making them a popular choice for people on a budget.Overall, there are many different types of air conditioning products available on the market, each withits own unique features and benefits. It's important to choose the right air conditioner for your needs, based on factors such as room size, budget, and energy efficiency.中文：空调是许多家庭和办公室必备的电器，尤其是在炎热的夏季。
描写空调的英文作文
描写空调的英文作文英文：Air conditioning is an essential appliance in modern life, especially in hot and humid weather. It not only provides cool air but also helps to regulate the humidity level in the room. I personally have a split air conditioning unit installed in my bedroom, which has been a lifesaver during the scorching summers.One of the benefits of air conditioning is that it helps to improve the quality of sleep. When the temperature is too high, it can be difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. With air conditioning, the room can be kept at a comfortable temperature, allowing for a better night's sleep. Additionally, air conditioning can help to reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses, such as heat stroke.Another advantage of air conditioning is that it can improve productivity. When the temperature is too hot, itcan be difficult to focus and concentrate on tasks. Withair conditioning, the room can be kept at a comfortable temperature, allowing for better concentration and focus. This is especially important for those who work from homeor in an office environment.However, air conditioning does come with some drawbacks. One of the main concerns is the cost of running the unit.Air conditioning can be expensive to run, especially if itis used frequently. Additionally, air conditioning can be harmful to the environment, as it uses a lot of energy and can contribute to global warming.Overall, air conditioning is a useful appliance thatcan make life more comfortable, especially during hot and humid weather. However, it is important to use it responsibly and consider the impact it has on both our wallets and the environment.中文：空调是现代生活中必不可少的电器，尤其是在炎热潮湿的天气中。
空调英语单词
绪论空调/空气调节Air Conditioning封闭空间an enclosed space空调区conditioned zone, conditioned space工业空调（工艺性空调）Industrial air conditioning民用空调（舒适性空调）Comfort air conditioning空气调节系统air conditioning system风机盘管Fan-coil空调机组air conditioning unit风机fan; 风管duct；风口outlet锅炉boiler; 制冷机refrigerator第一章大气atmospheric air水蒸气water vapor干空气dry air /湿空气moist air理想气体perfect gas标准大气压standard Atmospheric Pressure含湿量absolute humidity /相对湿度relative humidity焓enthalpy湿/干球温度wet-bulb/dry-bulb temperature露点温度dew-point temperature湿空气的冷却去湿过程moist air cooling and dehumidification第二章室内外气象参数indoor & outdoor design conditions冷负荷与湿负荷cooling load，wet load计算参数design conditions室内/外空气计算参数indoor/outdoor design conditions室内空气温度temperature /室内空气速度air velocity室内空气相对湿度relative humidity平均辐射温度(MRT) mean radiation temperature日平均温度mean daily temperature逐时温度fixed time temperature历年annual（每年的）/ 累年normal （正常的状态）得热量heat gain /潜热latent heat /显热sensible heat 瞬时冷负荷hourly cooling load对流热convevtion heat /辐射热radiant heat蓄热heat storage /热源heat sources太阳辐射热solar radiant heat送风状态supply air state / 送风量supply air volume余热excess heat / 余湿excess moisture热/湿平衡thermal/wet balance热湿比angle scale第三章热湿交换heat and moisture transfer表面式换热器surface-type heat exchanger, indirect heat exchanger. 焓湿图psychrometric chart加热heating / 冷却cooling加湿humidification / 减湿dehumidification新风fresh air /介质medium送风状态air supply condition空气加热器air heater / 空气冷却器air cooler温差temperature difference / 压力差pressure difference 导热conduction / 对流convection / 辐射radiation 质交换mass transfer / 湿交换moisture transfer凝结condension / 蒸发evaporation干蒸汽加湿器dry steam humidifier第四章集中式空调系统Central Air Conditioning System定风量空调系统constant volume air conditioning system变风量空调系统Variable air volume air conditioning system(V A V) 全空气系统All-air system单管系统Single duct system双管系统Dual duct system再热器Reheat air conditioning system直流式空调系统Direct air conditioning system恒温恒湿空调系统Constant temperature and humidity system风机盘管系统Fan-coil air conditioning system空气-水系统air_ water system水系统Water system双管水系统Two-pipe water systemThree-pipe water system(冷水和热水供水管分设而回水管路共用的水系统)四管水系统Four -pipe water system第五章空气分布/气流组织Air distribution温度场temperature field /速度场velocity field风口的类型types of air opening风口的布置方式layout of air opening送风参数supply air parameters层流射流laminar jet /紊流射流turbulent jet等温射流isothermal jet /非等温射流non-isothermal jet自由射流free jet /受限射流confined air jet等温自由射流free isothermal jets轴对称射流axially symmetrical jet贴附射流wall attachment jet集中射流（紧凑式射流）concentrated jet扁射流（平面流）plane jet起始段transition zone /主体段main zone浮升力buoyant forces /惯性力inertia force空气分布器air distributer（distributor）单层及双层百叶风口register条缝送风口和格栅送风口slot outlet and grid outlet 风机盘管fan coil unit /诱导器introduction unit 散流器air diffuser /喷口nozzle outlet孔板送风口perforated ceiling air supply outlet旋流风口swirl diffuser诱导比entrainment ratio上送下回up supply and down return上送上回up supply and up return下送上回down supply and down return侧送风side wall air supply回风口return air inlet有效温度差effective temperature difference不均匀系数non-uniformity coefficient。
空调专业英语词汇
空调专业英语词汇1. 空调（Air Conditioning）2. 制冷剂（Refrigerant）3. 压缩机（Compressor）4. 冷凝器（Condenser）5. 蒸发器（Evaporator）6. 冷媒（Coolant）7. 风机（Fan）8. 过滤器（Filter）9. 换热器（Heat Exchanger）10. 温控器（Thermostat）11. 能效比（Energy Efficiency Ratio，EER）12. 制冷量（Cooling Capacity）13. 制热量（Heating Capacity）14. 除湿（Dehumidification）15. 新风（Fresh Air）16. 定频空调（Fixed Frequency Air Conditioner）17. 变频空调（Inverter Air Conditioner）18. 中央空调（Central Air Conditioning）19. 分体式空调（Split Type Air Conditioner）20. 窗式空调（Window Air Conditioner）21. 热泵（Heat Pump）22.VRV系统（Variable Refrigerant Volume System）23. 智能空调（Smart Air Conditioner）24. 空调清洗（Air Conditioner Cleaning）25. 空调维修（Air Conditioner Maintenance）当然，让我们继续丰富这份文档，探讨更多空调专业英语词汇及其在行业中的应用。
26. 噪音水平（Noise Level）在选购空调时，噪音水平是一个重要的考量因素。
一个低噪音水平的空调能确保室内环境的宁静。
27. SEER（季节能源效率比，Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio）SEER是衡量空调在整个季节性能的一个指标，它反映了空调在制冷季节的平均能效表现。
空调功能英文作文
空调功能英文作文英文：Air conditioning is an essential function in modern life. It not only provides comfort during hot weather but also helps to maintain a healthy indoor environment. There are many features that make air conditioning a valuable addition to any home or office.One of the most important functions of air conditioning is temperature control. With the ability to adjust the temperature to your desired level, you can ensure that your living space is always comfortable. This is especially important during the summer months when temperatures can soar to uncomfortable levels.Another important function is air filtration. Air conditioning units are equipped with filters that help to remove dust, pollen, and other allergens from the air. This is particularly beneficial for people who suffer fromallergies or respiratory problems.Air conditioning units also help to reduce humidity levels in the air. High humidity can lead to mold growth, which can be harmful to your health. By controlling the humidity levels, air conditioning units can help to prevent mold growth and maintain a healthy indoor environment.In addition to these functions, air conditioning units also come with a range of features such as timers, remote controls, and energy-saving modes. These features make it easier to control the unit and save energy, which can help to reduce your energy bills.Overall, air conditioning is a valuable function that provides comfort and helps to maintain a healthy indoor environment. Whether you are at home or in the office, air conditioning is an essential addition that can make a significant difference to your quality of life.中文：空调是现代生活中必不可少的功能。
air conditioning 空调
air conditioning 空调air-air heat pump 气-气热泵air-blower 鼓风机air-cooling coil空气冷却盘管air-flow 空气流量airflow meter 空气流量表air-free 真空的air-meter 风速计air-vent 排气口、通风口airborne pollution大气污染airness 通风airway 风道专业名词缩写Air condition空调Air compressor空气压缩机Air condenser空气冷凝器Air cooler 空气冷却器EER （energy efficiency ratio）能效比COP （coefficient of performance）性能系数IAQ （Indoor Air Quality）室内空气品质IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality)GSHP（Ground source heat pump）地源热泵PCM（Phase change material）相变材料Theory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseTheory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseTheory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseTheory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseTheory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseTheory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseTheory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseTheory(Fundamentals of HVAC)Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles （热力学和制冷循环）Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Heat Transfer (传热）Mass Transfer（传质学）Psychrometrics （焓湿学）Emphasis: English to ChineseEngineering InformationThermal Comfort （热舒适）Air Contaminant （空气污染物）Emphasis: Chinese to English; AbstractHVAC systems and EquipmentCentral cooling and Heating (集中供冷、供热）Decentralized Cooling and Heating(非集中式供冷、供热）Air-cooling and Dehumidifying coils （冷却去湿盘管）Air cleaners for particulate contaminants (可吸入颗粒污染物空气净化器)Unitary Air Conditioners and Unitary Heat Pumps (单元式空调机组和热泵）Emphasis: Reading Comprehension;Potential energy (势能)Thermal energy (内能)Kinetic energy (动能)Chemical energy (化学能)Nuclear (atomic) energy (原子能)Mechanical or shaft work (W)（机械功或轴功）Flow work（流动功）Saturated liquid (饱和液体)If a substance exists as liquid at the saturation temperature and pressure, it is called saturated liquid. Subcooled liquid (过冷液体)Compressed liquid (压缩液体)Saturated vapor (饱和蒸汽)Dry saturated vapor (干饱和蒸汽)Superheated vapor (过热蒸汽)Quality 干度Thermodynamics (热力学）Entropy (熵）；enthalpy (焓）Internal energy （内能）Potential energy （势能）Kinetic energy (动能）Saturated liquid （饱和液体）Subcooled liquid （过冷液体）Saturated vapor (饱和蒸汽）Super-heated vapor (过热蒸汽）Law of the conservation of energy (能量守恒定律）First law of thermodynamics (热力学第一定律）Second law of thermodynamics (热力学第二定律）Calculating Thermodynamic PropertiesBubble point 气泡点，始沸点Bubble point curve 气泡曲线Dew point 露点Zeotrope 非共沸点Azeotropic 共沸点Refrigeration cycle （制冷循环）Coefficient of Performance (性能系数）Refrigerating efficiency（制冷效率）Isentropic expansion （等熵膨胀）Isentropic compression（等熵压缩）Isothermal compression（等温压缩）Isobaric (等压）Equation of state (状态方程）Expansion valve (膨胀阀Fluid mechanics (流体力学)Shearing stress （切应力）Laminar flow （层流）Turbulence (紊流)Density(密度)Viscosity (粘度)absolute viscosity or dynamic viscosity(动力粘度); kinematic viscosity（运动粘度）Generalized Bernoulli equation （广义伯努利方程）Reynolds number （雷诺数）Boundary layer （边界层）Drag coefficient （阻力系数）Shearing stress (切应力）, NKinematic viscosity (运动粘度），m2/sThe ratio of absolute viscosity to density.Velocity gradient (速度梯度）Wall friction (壁面摩擦力）Heat transfer process（传热过程）Steady-State Conduction（稳态导热）Fourier lawOverall heat transfer process（总的传热）Transient heat flow （非稳态传热）Thermal Radiation (热辐射)Heat transfer (传热)Thermal conduction (热传导)Thermal convection (热对流)Thermal radiation (辐射)Natural (free) convection (自然对流)Forced convection (强迫对流)Boundary layer (边界层)Fully developed laminar flow （充分发展的层流流动）Fully developed turbulent flow （充分发展的紊流流动）Laminar sublayer (层流底层)Buffer layer (过渡层, 缓冲层)Turbulent region (紊流区)Thermal resistance in series(串联热阻)Thermal resistance in parallel(并联热阻)In the direction of (沿…方向)Be termed (被称为)Be designated as (被定义为)Thermal circuit (热力循环）Overall heat transfer coefficient (总传热系数) Logarithmic mean temperature difference(对数平均温差法)效率，效能) NTU (Number of heat exchanger heat Transfer Unit, 传热单元)Capacity Rate Ratio z (热容比)Parallel flow exchangers (顺流换热器)Counterflow exchangers (逆流换热器)Total rate of energy emission per unit area (单位面积总辐射力）Monochromatic emissive power （单色辐射力）Wien’s displacement law (维恩位移定律）Nonbalck (非黑体）Hemispherical emittance (半球辐射率）Gray（灰体）Absorptance (吸收率）Transmittance （透射率）Reflectance （反射率）Kirchhoff’s law（基尔霍夫定律）Lambert’s law（兰贝特定律）Diffuse radiation （漫辐射）Angle factor (角系数）Nonabsorbing media （非吸收性介质）Thermal circuit (热力循环）Overall heat transfer coefficient (总传热系数) Logarithmic mean temperature difference(对数平均温差法)效率，效能) NTU (Number of heat exchanger heat Transfer Unit, 传热单元)Capacity Rate Ratio z (热容比)Parallel flow exchangers (顺流换热器)Counterflow exchangers (逆流换热器) concentration gradient （浓度梯度）Molecular diffusion (分子扩散)Fick’s law （菲克定律）Mass diffusivity (扩散系数)Mass transfer coefficient (传质系数)Mass/Molar flux （质量/物质的量通量）Significant error (显著误差)Moist air （湿空气）Partial pressure gradient （分压力梯度）Convection of mass （对流传质）Lewis Relation （刘易斯关系）air washer（空气洗涤器）cooling tower (冷却塔)dehumidifying coil（除湿盘管）liquid absorbent(液体吸收剂)evaporative condenser(蒸发式冷凝器)dilute component（稀释成分）a binary gas mixture(二元气体混合物)random molecular motion（分子无规则运动）Stagnant fluids（停滞流体）nonpolar gas（非极性气体）mass transfer:Molecular diffusion（分子扩散）Convective mass transfer（对流传质）Atmospheric air (大气)Moist air (湿空气）Dry air （干空气）Thermodynamic temperature scale （热力学温标）Water at saturation （饱和水）Liquid water（液态水）barometric pressure （大气压力）troposphere（对流层）stratosphere（同温层、平流层）thermodynamic temperature scale（热力学温标）Humidity ratio （含湿量）Saturation humidity ratio (饱和含湿量）Specific humidity (比湿度）Degree of saturation (饱和度）Relative humidity (相对湿度）absolute humidity (绝对湿度）Dew-point temperature (露点温度）Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature (热力学湿球温度）psychrometer 温度计Composition of Dry and Moist Air (干空气和湿空气组成成分)United States Standard Atmosphere （美国大气标准）Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air （湿空气热力学性质）Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation（饱和水的热力学性质）Humidity Parameters （湿度参数）Thermodynamic wet-bulb Temperature and Dew-point temperature（热力学湿球温度和露点温度）Psychrometric charts（焓湿图）troposphere(对流层）stratosphere(同温层）Absolute humidity (绝对湿度）Saturation humidity ratio (饱和含湿量）Degree of saturation (饱和度）Dew-point temperature (露点温度）Relative humidity (相对湿度）Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature (热力学湿球温度）Psychrometric charts（焓湿图）energy expenditure（能量消耗）Human Thermoregulation(人体热调节)Energy Balance （能量平衡）Conditions for Thermal Comfort （热舒适状况）Prediction of Thermal Comfort （热舒适的预测）Thermostat setting(温度调节装置）thermoregulation（体温调节）hyperthermia（体温过高）hypothermia（体温过低）hypothalamus （下丘脑）vasodilation （血管舒张）Skin wettedness（皮肤潮湿率）Integral control（积分控制）Sensible heat（显热）Latent heat （潜热）ASHRAE thermal sensation scale(ASHRAE 热感觉指标）Clothing insulation levels(衣服热阻）Predicted mean vote （PMV）index(预期平均评价表）Thermal load(热负荷）Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD）(预期不满意百分数）Two-Node Model (两节点模型）Skin compartment (皮肤间隔）Adaptive models (自适应模型）Hypothalamus(下丘脑)The metabolic activities（新陈代谢）dissipated（消耗）hyperthermia（体温过高）hypothermia（体温过低Sensible and latent heat losses(显热和潜热损失)heat storage（蓄热）Energy Balance （能量平衡）Conditions for Thermal Comfort （热舒适状况）Prediction of Thermal Comfort （热舒适的预测）Steady-State Energy Balance（稳态能量平衡）Prediction of Thermal Comfort （热舒适的预测）Essential values（基准值）Classification of Air Contaminants(空气污染物分类) Particulate Contaminants（颗粒污染物）Arise from:Wind erosion (风的侵蚀)Sea spray evaporation(海水蒸发)Volcanic eruption(火山喷发)Metabolism or decay of organic matter(有机物质的新陈代谢或腐烂)Human activityElectric power-generating plants(发电厂)Various modes of transportation(各种运输方式) Industrial processesMining（采矿）, smelting（冶炼）, construction（建筑）Agriculture generateAir Contaminants（空气污染物）helium （氦）particulate（颗粒，微粒）dusts(粉尘）fumes(烟雾、烟尘）mist(轻雾）fogs（雾）smog（烟雾）bioaerosols(生物气溶胶）inhalable(可吸入的)respirable（呼吸性的）anthropogenic (人为的)bacteria（菌）viruses（病毒）fungus（菌类）pollen（花粉）environmental tobacco smoke （环境香烟烟雾，二手烟）inhalable mass（可吸入物）thoracic particle mass（胸部颗粒物）respirable particulate mass (可吸入颗粒物) aerodynamic （equivalent）diameter （空气动力学（当量）直径）Optical particle counters(光学粒子计数器)Minimum efficiency reporting value (最低效率报告值) Condensation nucleus counter (凝结核计数器)Optical density (光密度)Microscope(显微镜)Cascade impactor (分级采样仪)inhalable mass（可吸入物）thoracic particle mass（胸部颗粒物）respirable particulate mass(可吸入颗粒物)An efficiency by mass(质量效率)Suspended particles （悬浮颗粒）Preassessment (预评估)Air sampling(空气取样)Dry filter paper(干滤纸)Glass impingers (玻璃吸收瓶)Slit samples (膜取样)Culture plate impactors (培养皿采样仪)Slit-to-agar samplers(膜-琼脂采样)Filter cassette samplers (过滤盒采样)Data interpretation(数据说明)Redundancy （富裕量）Reliability （可靠性）Flexibility （灵活性）Life cycle analysis （生命周期分析）Construction budget（施工预算）CENTRAL COOLING AND HEATING（集中制冷与供热）DECENTRALIZED COOLING AND HEATING（分散式制冷与供热）AIR-COOLING AND DEHUMIDFYING COILS（空气冷却与除湿盘管）AIR CLEANERS FOR PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS（颗粒污染物的空气净化器）UNITARY AIR CONDITIONERS AND UNITARY HEAT PUMPS （单元式空调器与热泵）Refrigeration Equipment（制冷设备）Heating Equipment（供热设备）Distribution(输配)Instrumentation （仪表）Space Requirements（空间需求）Central Plant Loads（集中设备负荷）Geothermal (地热)Maintenance and labor costs（维护和劳动成本）Decentralized plant（分散式设备）Boiler（锅炉）Centrifugal refrigeration units（离心式制冷机组）Absorption chillers（吸收式冷水机组）Heat reclaim（热回收）Exhaust gases（废气）Air distribution（气流组织）Ice thermal storage（冰蓄冷）Conventional system（常规系统）Energy penalty=energy loss（能量损失）chilled water （冷冻水）decentralized plant（分散式设备）Boilers（锅炉）absorption chillers （吸收式冷水机组）heat reclaim （热回收）any exhaust gases（废气）ir distribution（气流组织）water and ice thermal storage（冰蓄冷）conventional system（常规系统）he energy penalty（能量损失）reciprocating compressors(活塞式压缩helical rotary compressors（螺杆式压缩机）centrifugal compressors（离心式压缩机）absorption chillers（吸收式制冷机）frequently field assembled（现场组装）air-cooled or evaporative condensers （空气冷却或蒸发式冷凝器）remote installation（远程安装）Air cooled condensers（风冷冷凝器）Evaporative condensers（(蒸发式冷凝器）8.2HEATING EQUIPMENTWorking medium(工质)Circulation rate（循环流量）Fire tube boilers（火管锅炉）Water tube boilers（水管锅炉）Cast iron sectional boilers（铸铁组合锅炉）Negative pressure （负压）Positive pressure（正压）Natural draft boiler（自然通风锅炉）Stack（烟道）Chimney（烟囱）Condenser water(冷凝水)Condensate(凝结水)Boiler feed（锅炉供水）Fuel oil(燃料油)Load calculation (负荷计算）Solar radiation (太阳辐射）Thermal equilibrium (热平衡）Conduct heat gain (导热得热）External wall (外墙）Sensible heat (显热）Heat transfer coefficient (传热系数）Shading coefficient (遮阳系数）Latent heat (潜热）Exterior window (外窗）Wind velocity (风速）Wind pressure (风压）Stack effect (烟囱效应）Cooling load （冷负荷）Commercial building (商业建筑）Residential building (居住建筑）System characteristics(系统特征)Economizers（节能装置）Through-the-wall and Window-mounted Air Conditions and Heat Pumps（穿墙式和窗式空调及热泵）Interconnected Room-by-room System（互联的室室系统）heating coil （加热盘管）Cooling coil （冷却盘管）Window air conditioners（窗式空调器）through-the-wall room air conditioners（穿墙式房间空调器）unitary air conditioners （单元式空调器）air-source heat pumps （空气源热泵）water-source heat pumps （水源热泵）Self-contained units（独立式机组）discharge air temperature（排风温度）Air-handling systems（空气处理系统）Self-contained units（独立式机组）outdoor air damper, relief damper, return air damper(室外空气阀、排风阀、回风阀)variable-volume relief fan（变量排风风机）static pressure （静压）dynamic pressure （动压）direct-expansion cooling coil（直接蒸发式表冷器）variable-air-volume （VAV变风量）Packaged terminal air conditioners(组合式末端空调器) ductwork(管道系统)cabinet enclosure(箱体外壳)stack effect(烟囱效应)Hermetic reciprocating compressors(全封闭活塞式压缩机)scroll compressors(涡旋式压缩机)expansion valves(膨胀阀)energy efficiency ratio (coefficient of performance) defrost(除霜)Warm air furnaces (暖风机）Hot water boilers (热水锅炉fire tube boilers（烟管锅炉）water tube boilers（水管锅炉）cast-iron sectional boilers（铸铁模块锅炉）electric boilers（电锅炉）Air handlers (空气处理装置)Field built-up system（现场组合系统）Economic analysis （经济性分析）Air handler(空气处理装置、空调箱)Aqueous glycol(乙二醇水溶液)Barometric pressure(大气压力)Bypass damper(旁通风管)cleanliness(洁净度)Constant pressure expansion valve(恒压膨胀阀)Cross-counterflow(交叉逆流)dehumidify（除湿、减湿）Drain plug（泄水阀）Eliminator plate（挡水板）Throttling vavle（节流阀）Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils (水和乙二醇盘管) Direct-Expansion Coils(直接蒸发盘管)outside diameter(外径)tube spacing ranges（管间距）Water and Aqueous Glycol(乙二醇溶液)CoilsThe capillary tube （毛细管）thermostatic expansion valve(TXV)（热力膨胀阀）General Exhaust (Dilution) Ventilation Systems(全面通风) Local Exhaust Ventilation Systems（局部通风）Fan SelectionHoods （排风罩）Ducts（管道）Air CleanersStacks （烟囱）Make-up Air Systems （补风）Make-up air systems补风系统ventilation system 通风系统emission sources 排放源污染源general exhaust ventilation全面通风dilution ventilation 稀释通风local exhaust ventilation 局部通风number of air changes 换气次数mixing efficiency 混合效率hood排风罩contaminant 污染物make-up air 补充空气air cleaner 空气处理器stacks烟囱static pressure 静压velocity pressure动压axial flow fan 轴流风机centrifugal fan离心风机entry losses 入口损失friction losses摩擦损失precipitator除尘器cyclone 旋风除尘器negative pressure负压positive pressure正压air-handling system 空气处理系统recirculated air（循环风）airborne particles（尘埃粒子）microorganisms（微生物）Air Cleaning Applications （空气净化应用）Mechanisms of Particle collection （除尘机理）Evaluating Air Cleaners （评价空气净化器）Types of Air Cleaners （空气净化器的类型）Filter Types and Their Performance （过滤器的类型及性质）smaller particles, the respirable（可吸入）fraction Electronic air cleaners （静电空气净化器）medium-to high-efficiency filters （中高效过滤器）high-or ultrahigh-efficiency filters（高效或超高效过滤器）Efficiency(效率)Resistance to airflow（气流阻力）Dust-holding capacity（容尘量）Efficiency(效率)Resistance to airflow（气流阻力）Dust-holding capacity（容尘量）Arrestance（捕集率）ASHRAE Atmospheric Dust-Spot Efficiency（ASHRAE大气比色效率）Fractional Efficiency or Penetration （分级效率或穿透率）Efficiency by Particle Size（粒径效率）Dust Holding Capacity（容尘量）Types of Air Cleaners （空气净化器的类型）Fibrous media unit filter 纤维过滤器Renewable media unit filter 可再生介质过滤器Electronic air cleaners 静电空气净化器Combination air cleaners 组合式空气净化器Filter Types and Their Performance （过滤器的类型及性质）Viscous impingement panel filter 粘性撞击板式过滤器Dry-type extended-surface filter 干式折叠式过滤器Electret filter 静电过滤器Very high-efficiency dry filter 高效干式过滤器Membrane filter 膜过滤器Negative ionizer 阴离子发生器Space charge 空间电荷Ozone臭氧Types of unitary Equipment（单元式设备的类型）Equipment and System Standards（设备和系统标准）12.1Types of unitary Equipment（单元式设备的类型）Arrangement 布置Heat Rejection 排热量Heat Source/Sink 热源/汇Unit Exterior室外机Placement 安装位置Ventilation Air新风Desuperheaters过热器12.2Equipment and System Standards（设备和系统标准）Energy Conservation and Efficiency 节能和效率the Energy Policy and Conservation Act能源政策和能源保护法the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)联邦商务委员会The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)美国能源部The seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)季节能效比a heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF)供热季节性能系数ARI Certification Programs ARI认证程序Safety Standards and Installation Codes安全标准和安装法规heat pump 热泵reversing valve 四通换向阀heating cycle 制热循环cooling cycle制冷循环indoor coil室内盘管outdoor coil 室外盘管frost 霜结霜defrost 除霜energy efficiency ratio (EER) 能效比coefficient of performance (COP) 性能系数heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) 制热季节性能系数seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) (制冷)季节能效比ambient temperatures室外气温air-source heat pump 空气源热泵water-source heat pump 水源热泵ground-water heat pump 地下水源热泵geothermal closed-loop heat pump 闭环地源(或土壤源)热泵Frost formation(结霜).。
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BACKGROUND背景
People generally like to have control over their environment and they like having access to fresh air, breezes, and the outdoor environment. 通常人们喜欢控制他们的周围环境，喜欢接触新鲜空气、微风和户外活动。
These facts are not just casual observations. 这些并非偶尔观察的发现。
They have been carefully demonstrated using empirical data to support (among other things) adaptive comfort standards in the US and EU.而是已经通过实证数据予以仔细验证，从而作为美国和欧盟的适应性舒适度标准（以及其它）的基础。
Now that those standards are operational, building designers and engineers are developing new design and control strategies and re-visiting some old ones to take advantage of the greater code-compliant potential for natural ventilation.既然这些标准已经实行，建筑设计师和工程师们正在制定新的设计和控制策略，并重新审视那些原来的策略，以便使它们更符合自然通风方面的法律规定。
At the same time, researchers are accelerating their efforts to develop and utilize analysis tools to better understand the performance of buildings with operable windows, and help the building industry make more informed decisions. 同时，研究者也在加紧开发和利用分析工具，从而更好地弄清楚带有活动窗户的建筑物的性能且帮助建筑行业做出更合理的决定。
A better understanding of the role and impact of the occupant has become a critical part of this work. 这项工作的一个关键环节就是要更好的弄清楚房屋居住者的角色和影响。
It has been demonstrated that naturally ventilated buildings in some climates can operate for the entire cooling season within adaptive comfort constraints without mechanical cooling.现在已经证实：在某些气候条件下，建筑物在整个凉季都可以采用自然通风，并达到一定的舒适度范围，而不需要机械制冷。
However, many buildings taking advantage of natural ventilation also use mechanical cooling systems either for specific zones, or only during times of the day or year when it is most needed. 当然，许多采用自然通风的建筑物也在特殊区域或在一天或一年中最需要的时段采用机械制冷。
The term “mixed-mode”was coined by Bill Bordass to describe the whole class of buildings where natural ventilation and mechanical cooling coexist. Bill Bordass发明了“混合模式”这个词来形容那种自然通风和机械制冷并存的建筑物。
A PIER-funded research project is currently underway at the CBE to use EnergyPlus to better characterize control strategies, modeling techniques, and thermal comfort criteria for mixed-mode buildings, specifically those taking advantage of radiant cooling and natural ventilation. 一个由PIER资助的研究项目目前正在CBE进行，该项目将采用EnergyPlus来更好地勾画控制策略、建模技术和适用于混合模式建筑物（特别是那些采用辐射冷却和自然通风的建筑物）的热舒适度标准。
The synthesis of this work will be a set of climate zone specific recommendations on the mixed-mode strategies best able to ensure comfort while saving energy. 这项工作最终将提出一整套针对具体气候的关于混合模式策略的建议，该策略将既能确保舒适度，又节约能源。
As one might expect in reality and simulation, user control of operable windows is a major driver of both comfort and energy consumption. 在实际生活和模拟实验中都可以发现，舒适度和能耗的一个主要驱动力来自用户对活动窗户的操控。
Thus, our task of evaluating the controls and predicted performance of mixed-mode buildings requires us to understand and model (as well as we can) the occupant control of windows. 因此，要对混合模式建筑物的操控和预期性能进行评估，我们必须了解并（尽可能）模拟住户对窗户的控制。
We are by no means alone in recognizing the importance of occupant behavior to the performance of many low energy buildings. 在住户行为对很多低能耗建筑物的重要性的认识方面，我们并非是第一人/我们并非是认识到住户行为对很多低能耗建筑物的重要性的第一人。
There is a rich body of literature emerging on integrating models of occupant behavior into building simulation. 已经有大量的文献谈到要把住户的行为模式跟建筑物模拟结合起来。
Just in the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of academic papers on the subject. 仅仅在过去几年，这方面的学术论文的数量就发生了大幅度的增长。
After introducing the central issues in more detail, this report summarizes the approaches taken in the literature and discusses their potential impact on our PIER project and mixed-mode building simulation in general. 在更详细地介绍了中心议题之后，本报告还总结了所采用的文献综述的方法，并概要论述了它们对我们的PIER项目和混合模式建筑物模拟的潜在影响。