2010考研英语真题来源报刊阅读100篇8
2010考研英语阅读真题
2010考研英语阅读真题考研英语阅读真题一直是备考的重要素材之一。
通过对历年真题的认真分析和解答，可以帮助考生了解题目类型、掌握解题技巧，提高答题水平。
下面将针对2010年的考研英语阅读真题进行详细分析和解答。
文章一：The Ragpicker and the MerchantOnce upon a time, a ragpicker was walking along the street when he came across a small packet wrapped in a piece of torn cloth. He picked it up and found it contained a valuable piece of jewelry. Delighted at his find, he decided to sell it to a merchant.The merchant took the piece of jewelry and eyed it carefully. He pretended as though it was of no great worth and said he would give the ragpicker only a few pennies for it. The ragpicker agreed, thinking that he had made a good deal.Later that day, the merchant took the piece of jewelry to an expert appraiser who carefully examined it and proclaimed that it was an extremely rare and valuable gemstone. The merchant realized his mistake in having cheated the ragpicker, and he felt guilty. He rushed back to the ragpicker's house to return the gemstone and apologize for his dishonesty.Upon his arrival at the ragpicker's humble dwelling, the merchant immediately presented the valuable gemstone to him and pleaded for hisforgiveness. The ragpicker, although surprised by the merchant's honesty, forgave him instantly and thanked him for his genuine apology.This story teaches us the importance of honesty and integrity. The merchant realized his mistake and did everything he could to make amends for his dishonesty. The ragpicker, on the other hand, showed great generosity by forgiving the merchant and accepting his apology.In our daily lives, it is crucial to act with honesty and integrity. Honesty builds trust and strengthens relationships, while dishonesty can lead to broken trust and damaged relationships. We should always strive to be honest in our dealings with others, even if it means admitting our mistakes and making amends.In conclusion, the story of the ragpicker and the merchant reminds us of the significance of honesty and integrity. It encourages us to be truthful in our actions and interactions with others. By doing so, we can build strong and trustworthy relationships that will benefit us in all aspects of life.。
2010考研英语历年真题——报刊阅读100篇(5)
2010考研英语历年真题——报刊阅读100篇(5).txtUniversity expansionBRITAIN’S universities are in an awful spin. Top universities were overwhelmed by the 24% of A-level applicants sporting indistinguishable straight As; newer ones are beating the byways for bodies.Curiously, both images of education—the weeping willows of Cambridge and the futuristic architecture of UEL—are cherished by the government. Ministers want to see half of all young people in universities by 2010 (numbers have stalled at 42%), without relinquishing the world class quality of its top institutions.Many argue that the two goals are incompatible without spending a lot more money. Researchers scrabble for funds, and students complain of large classes and reduced teaching time. To help solve the problem, the government agreed in 2004 to let universities increase tuition fees.Though low, the fees have introduced a market of sorts into higher education. Universities can offer cut-price tuition, although most have stuck close to the $3,000. Other incentives are more popular. Newcomers to St Mark & St John, a higher-education college linked to Exeter University, will receive free laptops.As universities enter the third week of “clearing” , the marketing has become weirder. Bradford University is luring students with the chance of winning an MP3 player in a prize draw. Plymouth University students visited Cornish seaside resorts, tempting young holiday-makers with surfboards and cinema vouchers. These offers suggest that supply has outstripped demand.Not so the top universities that make up the “Russell group”, however. Their ranks include the likes of Imperial College London and Bristol University along with Oxford and Cambridge. Swamped with applicants, only half offer any places through clearing. They have a different problem: they need money to compete for high calibre students and academics, both British and foreign, who could be tempted overseas by better heeled American universities or fast improving institutions in developing countries such as India.Higher fees and excess supply are causing students to look more critically at just what different universities have to offer. And the crunch could become more acute. The number of 18-year-olds in Britain will drop around 2010 and decline over the following ten years, according to government projections.Bahram Bekhradnia, the director of the Higher Education Policy Institute, a think tank, says the government hasn’t a hope of getting 50% of young Britons into higher education by 2010. And the decline of home-grown student numbers will have a“differential effect” on universities, he reckons. Those at the bottom end will have to become increasingly “innovative” about whom they admit and some may not survive.The Cambridge shades evoked by Rupert Brooke were gentle, nostalgic ones. Many vice chancellors today are pursued by far more vengeful spectres of empty campuses, deserted laboratories, failed institutions. Markets, after all, create winners—and losers.考研词汇：awful[??:ful]a.①极度的，极坏的，糟糕的;②威严的，可怕的;ad.十分，极度地overwhelm [??uv??welm]vt. 淹没, 覆没, 受打击, 制服, 压倒curiously[?kju?ri?sli]ad.好奇地imperial[im?pi?ri?l]a.皇帝的;帝国的swamp[sw?mp]n.沼泽, 湿地, 煤层聚水;v.陷入沼泽, 淹没, 覆没acute[??kju:t]a.①敏锐的，尖锐的;②(疾病)急性的[真题例句]Acute (①) foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.[1996年阅读4][例句精译] 目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。
2010考研英语真题完整版
2010考研英语真题完整版2010-01-10 23:24Section I Use of English 完型Dnecclious:Read thc following text．Choose the bcsl word(s) for each numbcred blank．and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the“Ha whthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato．Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems．their．houriy output rose when hghtmg WaSincreased．but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed．produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed．__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , ，a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4．[A]conVoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5．[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8．[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9．[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10．[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16．[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17．[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts．Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points)Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business methods．Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy．One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a boxNow the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case tOconduct a broad review of business-method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the ca se is known, is“a very big deal”, says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law．It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the su preme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3)most probably means[A] loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D] change of auiuled29．We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for pateat holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30．Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven inlargepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed, persuasive, or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the "tow-step flow of communication" Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials, those select people will do most of the work for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers' argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their tendence to be31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B] discuss influentials’ funcition in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who{A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D} are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,theyhave been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced th em to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who ”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because hteyLargerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the dimingishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking syestem[C]the bank’s long-term asset lossers[D]the weakening og its indepentdence38. According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in ruli-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they[A]mis interpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them intothe numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)[A]The firs t and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.[D] All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined-France,Germany,Italy,and Spain-are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”:hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the foodservice sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→ 43 → 44 → E → 45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10Points)One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuanceWhen one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46)Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47)but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48)Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici -minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops (49)In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50)It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without theuneconomic pats.。
2010考研英语阅读文章来源出处
2010考研英语阅读⽂章来源出处2010考研英语阅读⽂章来源出处万学海⽂英语教研中⼼ 2010年的第⼆篇⽂章选⾃于08年2⽉26号的《经济周刊》(链接：/magazine/content/08_09/b4073068471067.htm)。
这篇⽂章有关法律学，谈到了⽀付⽅式的专利权，专利权受到威胁以及专利权申请的法律重重障碍。
原⽂如下(加粗部分为真题节选部分)： A Pending Threat to Patents A case before an appeals court could make it harder to win legal protection for business methods by Michael Orey Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. (AMZN) received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch (MER) got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nation's top patent court appears poised to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on Feb. 15 said it would use a case pending before it to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis D. Crouch, a patent professor at the University of Missouri School of Law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." EXPLOSION IN FILINGS Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that ushered in such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank (STT) case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by nascent Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their portfolios, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM (IBM) noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to uate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court," says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.。
2010考研英语：历年真题来源报刊阅读100篇（13）
Organ transplants: Your part or mine? AS MARKETS in human organs go, the one which flourishes on Tehran’s Vali Asr street, where Iran’s main transplant hospital is located, is not the cruellest—and there is no lack of people willing to discuss their transactions. Gholamreza, a 44-year-old man from northern Iran, explains what he did when his dialysis started to fail. “I put an advertisement in the paper for a kidney, and a donor came straight to me. We reached an agreement on the price quite quickly. In these cases, the recipient usually takes care of the donor afterwards. So I still visit my donor and help him out.” Another man wandering round the district, aged around 30 and wearing torn, cheap clothing, is hoping he can find a buyer as decent as Gholamreza claims to be. He expects to get between $3,000 and $4,000 for one of his kidneys. “I need the money because I lost out in a pyramid investment scam. After the operation I won’t be able to lift heavy things, but I can still live with only one kidney.” Iran’s Association of Kidney Patients, a non-government organisation which obviously enjoys official favour, is responsible for all legal kidney transplants: it insists that commercial deals are the exception, not the rule. For one thing, it says, the religious authorities encourage voluntary gifts: in other words, cases where a patient receives a kidney freely offered by a friend or relative. Pious Muslims may also offer up a kidney to anyone who needs it. For surgeons, patients and medical economists alike, the shortage of kidneys seems frustrating, because no organ lends itself better to transplant. As long as they receive decent after-care, kidney donors suffer only the tiniest increase in their own risk of dying of kidney disease. And transplants make economic sense: the cost of one kidney operation and a lifetime’s supply of anti rejection drugs equals that of three years’ dialysis. Kidneys donated by a living person last for a median 22 years in another body; when they are taken from a fresh corpse, the figure is 14 years. Whatever solution they propose to the shortage of kidneys, nobody doubts that the black market, as it now works, has grotesque effects, both for donors and recipients. Rich westerners who go to South Asia or Africa in search of kidneys often receive organs that are diseased or unsuitable. Nancy Scheper-Hughes, an American professor of medical anthropology and campaigner against organ trading, says the way poor Brazilians were induced to travel to South Africa is typical of the abuses a market in body parts, especially an international one, is bound to cause. She says donors in the Brazilian slums were given false promises about the money they would make, the care they would receive and the after-effects of the operation. Some senior figures in the medical world draw a different conclusion: as long as some people are determined to obtain kidneys and others are desperate enough to sell them, the trade will be impossible to stop—so it makes better sense to regulate the business than drive it underground. 考研词汇： flourish[ˈflʌriʃ] v.繁荣，茂盛，兴旺 [真题例句] It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.[2003年阅读3] [例句精译] 这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同，但在实际操作中，它使铁路公司获得了⼀个决定谁败谁荣的权利。
2010考研英语历年真题——报刊阅读100篇(6)
Winning waysEver since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular game. Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front. They are the undisputed champions in draughts and Othello. They are generally stronger in backgammon. They are steadily gaining ground in Scrabble, poker and bridge. And they are even doing pretty well at crossword puzzles. There is one game, however, where humans still reign supreme: Go. Yet here too their grip is beginning to loosen.Go is a strategic contest. Each player tries to stake out territory and surround his opponent. The rules are simple but the play is extraordinarily complex. During a game, some stones will “die”, and some will appear to be dead but spring back to life at an inopportune moment. It is often difficult to say who is winning right until the end.Deep Blue and its successors beat Mr Kasparov using the “brute force” technique.Unfortunately, brute force will not work in Go. First, the game has many more possible positions than chess does. Second, the number of possible moves from a typical position in Go is about 200, compared with about a dozen in chess. Finally, evaluating a Go position is fiendishly difficult. The fastest programs can assess just 50 positions a second, compared with 500,000 in chess. Clearly, some sort of finesse is required.In the past two decades researchers have explored several alternative strategies. Now, however, programmers are making impressive gains with a technique known as the Monte Carlo method. Given a position, a program using a Monte Carlo algorithm contemplates every move and plays a large number of random games to see what happens. If it wins in 80% of those games, the move is probably good. Otherwise, it keeps looking.This may sound like a lot of effort but generating random games is the sort of thing computers excel at. In fact, Monte Carlo techniques are much faster than brute force. Moreover, two Hungarian computer scientists have recently added an elegant twist that allows the algorithm to focus on the most promising moves without sacrificing speed.The result is a new generation of fast programs that play particularly well on small versions of the Go board. In the past few months Monte Carlo-based programshave dominated computer tournaments on nine -and 13 line grids. MoGo, a program developed by researchers from the University of Paris, has even beaten a couple ofstrong human players on the smaller of these boards—unthinkable a year ago. It is ranked 2,323rd in the world and in Europe’s top 300. Although MoGo is still someway from competing on the full size Go grid, humanity may ultimately have to acceptdefeat on yet another front.考研词汇：stun[st?n]vt.使晕倒，使惊吓，打晕;n.晕眩，打昏，惊倒dominate[?d?mineit]v.①支配，统治，控制;②占优势[真题例句]The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women intothe male dominated (①) job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers whoare already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[2000年阅读4][例句精译] 战后婴儿出生高峰期的到来及妇女进入男性为主的就业市场，限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在进好学校、找好工作、攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所做出的巨大的个人牺牲是否值得。
2010考研英语历年真题——报刊阅读100篇(7)
[例句精译] 在这面镜子里，我们可以看到力量、弱点、希望、偏见和文化的核心价值。
embrace[im?breis]
v.①拥抱;②包含
[真题例句]In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces (②) not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.[1994年阅读1]
[例句精译] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括一定的权利，比如，产品价格Biblioteka 决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。
exploitation[.ekspl?i'tei??n]
n.开发, 开采, 剥削, 自私的利用, 宣传, 广告
negative [?neg?tiv]
显而易见，在深受人口缩减困扰的国家，如日本、德国和意大利，参加工作的女性比美国的少得多，更不用说瑞典的了。如果这些国家的女性劳动力能增加到美国的水平，那么这些国家的人口出生率将会大大增加。同样，在那些女孩上学机会比男孩少的发展中国家，增加教育的投资将会使国家获得巨大的经济和社会回报。受过教育的女性不仅能增加生产率，而且可以养育教育程度更高、更健康的孩子。更多女性在政府工作也可以推动经济增长：研究发现，女性更愿意把金钱花在改善健康、教育、基础设施和贫穷上面，而不会把大量金钱浪费在坦克和炸弹上。
2010年考研英语真题及答案
2010年考研英语真题及答案一、考研英语真题（阅读理解部分）1.Passage 1文章摘自《纽约时报》(The New York Times)，讲述了人们对于沙特阿拉伯的德里布(Dariba)地区商业开发的反对声浪。
作者主要介绍了沙特人对这个开发计划的局部有效性提出了质疑。
答案：D解析：根据文章内容可以推断出，该地区商业发展项目在解决当地人就业问题以及对年轻人带来激励方面并不有效。
所以答案为D。
2.Passage 2文章介绍了爬行动物的生态类型和生存对策。
通过对几种不同爬行动物的研究和观察，作者总结了它们对环境的适应能力和繁衍生息策略。
答案：C解析：根据文章内容可以得出，某些种类的爬行动物具有在生境发生变化时进行数量调整的能力。
所以答案为C。
3.Passage 3文章介绍了一种新的种植模式，旨在减少对水资源的需求以及提高产量。
作者通过对这种种植模式的实验研究，发现它可以在干旱地区获得较高的产量。
答案：B解析：根据文章内容可以得出，这种新的种植模式通过改变作物的生长方式，减少了对水资源的需求，从而提高了产量。
所以答案为B。
二、答案解析1.Passage 1题目要求解释为什么该地区商业发展项目在解决当地人就业问题方面并不有效。
文章中提到该开发项目只提供了少量工作岗位，远远不够满足就业需求。
所以答案为D。
2.Passage 2题目要求解释某些爬行动物的数量调整能力。
通过文章可以看出，某些爬行动物能够根据其所处环境的变化来调整自身的数量，以适应变化的生境条件。
所以答案为C。
3.Passage 3题目要求解释这种新的种植模式在干旱地区获得高产量的原因。
文章中解释了这种新的种植模式通过改变作物的生长方式，减少了对水资源的需求，从而提高了产量。
所以答案为B。
三、总结本篇文章简要介绍了2010年考研英语阅读理解部分的三篇真题及其答案解析。
通过阅读这些真题及答案解析，可以帮助考生了解考研英语阅读理解题型和解题思路，提高解题能力。
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2010考研英语真题来源报刊阅读100篇8Vaccines：A new health foodGETTING two for the price of one is always a good bargain. And according to a paper in this week’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, that is what Tomonori Nochi of the University of Tokyo and his colleagues have done. Using genetic engineering, they have overcome two of the limitations of vaccines. One is that they are heat-sensitive and thus have to be transported along a “cold chain” of refrigerators to the clinics where they are used. The other is that, although they stimulate immune responses inside the body, they often fail to extend that protection to the outside, where it might prevent bacteria and viruses getting inside in the first place.In this context, the outside is not the skin: that is dry and hostile to germs. It is the damp and welcoming surface of places such as the lung and the gut that are at risk. Although these are casually called internal, technically they are not. Any nasties in the gut or lungs have to cross the walls of those organs before they can multiply inside the body.Dr Nochi’s genetic engineering involved growing the vaccine in rice. To prove the principle, he chose cholera, but it should work with other vaccines as well. With cholera, the immune response is induced by what is known as the cholera toxin B-subunit. This is a protein, and Dr Nochi took the gene that encodes it and inserted that gene into the genome of rice. Next to the B-subunit gene itself, he inserted a second piece of DNA called a promoter. This, as its name suggests, promotes activity in an adjacent gene. Promoters themselves are activated by other molecules, and whether they are switched on or not depends on whether the cell they are in provides the necessary stimulation. In this case Dr Nochi picked a promoter that is active in the tissue of rice grains.It was then just a question of growing the rice and feeding the resulting grains to some experimental mice to find out what would happen. The first thing that happened was that the grains protected the B-subunit from being broken down in the stomach, thus overcoming one of the regular bugbears of protein-based drugs: that they cannot be given by mouth, because they will be digested. This is a problem with today’s cholera vaccine which is indeed taken by mouth and therefore affords poor protection. When the B-subunits got to the intestines they did exactly what Dr Nochi hoped and induced the production of antibodies and the secretion of those antibodies into themucous coating of the intestinal wall. Dr Nochi’s mice really were protected. When he fed them cholera toxin, they did not get sick.On top of all this, he got as good a response with rice that had been stored at room temperature for 18 months as he did when he used fresh grains. For a vaccine against a disease that is found predominantly in poor countries—places that tend to lack refrigerators and have only intermittent power to run those that do exist—that is an enormous advance. If Dr Nochi’s finding can be translated into a product that is safe and effective for people, it will be a big boost to the health of the world’s poor.考研词汇：overcomev.战胜，克服［真题例句］If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow.［1995年阅读2］［例句精译］如果我们不能去正视并克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过于自我保护，那么我们就会停止成长。
hostilea.敌对的，敌方的，敌意的［真题例句］Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.［2006年阅读2］［例句精译］正如我们所知，埃文河上的斯特福特就只有一个行业——威廉·莎士比亚——但是却有两个界限清楚并各怀敌意的分支部门。
inducev.①引诱，劝使；②引起，导致；③感应［真题例句］Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce (②) sullen behaviour in a female capuchin.［2005年阅读1］［例句精译］事实上，一个笼舍里葡萄的存在（就算是没有猴子在吃），就足以引起另一只猴子愤愤不平了。
adjacenta.（to）邻近的，毗连的mucousa.黏液的, 黏液似的enormousa.巨大的，庞大的［真题例句］Of course, the use of the Internet isn t the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has enormous potential.［2001年阅读2］［例句精译］当然，使用互联网不是惟一消灭贫困的方法。
互联网也不是我们所拥有的惟一工具，但它却有巨大的潜力。
背景常识介绍：疫苗，是指为了预防、控制传染病的发生、流行，而用于人体预防接种的疫苗类预防性生物制品。
疫苗是将病原微生物（如细菌、立克次氏体、病毒等）及其代谢产物，经过人工减毒、灭活或利用基因工程等方法制成的用于预防传染病的自动免疫制剂。
疫苗保留了病原菌刺激动物体免疫系统的特性。
当动物体接触到这种不具伤害力的病原菌后，免疫系统便会产生一定的保护物质，如免疫激素、活性生理物质、特殊抗体等；当动物再次接触到这种病原菌时，动物体的免疫系统便会依循其原有的记忆，制造更多的保护物质来阻止病原菌的伤害。
疫苗的发现可谓是人类发展史上具有里程碑意义的事件。