citation
citation的格式
citation的格式在学术写作中，引用（citation）的目的是提供相关信息，如作者、来源、出版日期等，以支持和证明你所提出的观点和论据。
引用的格式应该遵循特定的规则，以便读者可以轻松地查找到相关的信息。
下面是一些常见的引用格式。
一、APA格式（American Psychological Association）APA格式是社会科学和心理学领域最常用的引用格式之一。
它的主要特点包括：1.作者姓名的格式：姓氏，名字的首字母。
例如：李华（Li, H.）2.文章题目和期刊名称的格式：首字母大写，其余小写，并用斜体字体。
例如：The effects of stress on mental health. Journal of Psychology.3.出版日期的格式：年份，月份，日期。
例如：（2022, January 15）。
2022）。
5.引用参考文献时，按照作者姓名的字母顺序排列。
例如，一篇期刊文章的引用格式可以是：张三（Zhang, S.）（2022）。
压力对心理健康的影响。
心理学杂志，28（1），20-35。
二、MLA格式（Modern Language Association）MLA格式主要应用于人文学科，如文学、语言学等。
它的主要特点包括：1.作者姓名的格式：先名字，后姓氏。
例如：华文（Hua, W.）2.文章题目和期刊名称的格式：首字母大写，其余小写，并用斜体字体。
例如：The impact of globalization on culture. Journal of Cultural Studies.3.出版日期的格式：日期，月份的前三个字母，年份。
例如：15 Jan. 2022。
2022）。
5.引用参考文献时，按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
例如，一篇期刊文章的引用格式可以是：王五（Wang, W.）。
"全球化对文化的影响"。
文化研究杂志，vol. 10，no. 2，2022，pp. 45-60.除了上述两种常见的引用格式外，不同学科领域可能还有其他的引用格式，如Chicago、Harvard等。
论文引用格式（Citationformat）
论文引用格式（Citation format）The national standard "Bibliographic References" (GB7714-87), "presentation of scientific and Technical Periodicals" (GB/T3179-92) and "Chinese academic journals (CD) data retrieval and evaluation standards", and used the sequence encoding tagging system.1. citation documents in the text annotation formatThe documents quoted in the thesis should be marked with square brackets in the upper right corner of the author or the text of the result, or as part of the sentence. Such as:In 1981, Japan gave only the vertical impact velocity formula of flat wheels impacting rails (1),......Xue, Du, et al. [2] pointed out that gossypol excreted slowly from the body.[literature 2] pointed out that gossypol excreted slowly from the body.Proof of theorem see document [3].Refer to many articles or the same authors of articles, only the papers number are all listed in brackets, the serial number "," separate; in case of serial number, available "~" connection, omitting the middle number. Such as:Findings from earlier studies [2, 4, 6-9] indicate that,......2. bibliographic reference format and example(1) a book or treatiseAuthor. Title [M]. Edition (first edition is not marked). Publication: publisher, publication year. Initial or start page number of the citation1 Zhai Wanming. Vehicle track coupling dynamics [M]. Beijing: China Railway Press, 1997.74 - 80.2 nachod Kim M in traction motor design [M] Li Zhongwu, Fan Junjie, Li Tieyuan. Beijing: China Railway Press, 1983.21-25.[3] Eisson, H, N.Immunology:an, introduction, to, molecular, and, principles, of, the, immune,, respones [M],.5th, ed., New, York:Harper, and, Row, cellular, 1974.3-6.(2) periodicals (Serials)The number of authors (articles). Title: [J]. journal, publication year, volume number (issue): the citation starting or page number.Shi Feng, Li Zhizhong. Optimization algorithm of railway vehicle flow path [J]. Journal of China Railway, 1993, 15 (3):70.[2] You, C, H, Lee, K, Y, Chey, R, F, et, al., Electrogastrographic, study, of, patients, with, unexplained, nausea, bloating, and, vomiting[J]., Gastroenterology,1980,79:311-314.(3) the literature published in the proceedings of the conference, the paper and the compilation of the papers[serial number] precipitation literature author. Title (article) name [A]. see (in English use In): original author, thesis collection name [C]. publication place: publisher, publication year. Quotation start or start stop page number1 Zhang Yuxin. Heavy truck high friction composite brake shoes the development and application of [A]. in: Chinese Railway Society compiled. Special international heavy haul braking Association Symposium [C]. Beijing: Chinese Railway Society, 1988.242.[2] Hunninghaks, G, W, Gadek, J, B, Szapiel, S, V, et, al.人的肺泡巨噬细胞[A]。
citation
P8
Integral citation
LOGO
Integral citations tend to give greater prominence to the cited author.
e.g.5: However, most of the companies in Elliot and Patton’s(1998) sample did not know whether the costs were recovered, which may mean that other elements play amore important role in the decision of the company to carry out an audit.
P10
Non-integral citation Non-integral citations tend to give greater prominence to the cited content.
LOGO
e.g.2: n the absence of an audit , companies can be suspected of disclosing only positive information (Niskanen and Nieminen 2001) or information that will have a positive influence on their image (Deegan and Gordon 1996).
LOGO
Citation
Name : Number:
由 Nordri®设计提供
Citation types
LOGO
Integral （完整引用）
7 citation
Rank order of citations by discipline (Hyland, 1999)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Citation Types
Citation Nonintegral Integral
Surface forms of citations (Hyland, 1999)
Following Baker (1997), Hale and Keyser (1993), and Travis (1994), I assume that unergatives are also decomposed into two VPs, the higher one headed by CAUSE and the lower one by BE (or DO, for some authors). Fourth, in his very interesting meta-analysis, Oshita makes the important point that databases of learner prduction are vital to the overall picutre of learner errors with argument structure alternations. In contrast to White’s position, for Bley-Vroman (1990) and Bley-Vroman and Yoshinaga (1991) aspects of the lexicon that are not represented in the learner’s L1 grammar (including knowledge of semantic constraints on argument structure alternations) cannot be learned past a critical period, even if relevant positive evidence is available. Oshita (1997) searched a corpus of 3,362 essays written by Italian, Spanish, Japanese, and Korean speakers and found 33 postverbal NP sentences on 10 preselected nonalternating unaccusatives. ……
如何做Citation
University of California Berkeley LibraryAPA Style Citations (American Psychological Association)T his document provides guidelines for citing sources according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition), often referred to as "APA style". It incorporates the updated guidelines for citing electronic references, which the APA has issued as an amendment to those originally published in the manual. This guide is an abbreviation of APA guidelines. If the kind of work you wish to cite is not represented, or specifics about the resource you need to cite are not addressed, see the guide's section on obtaining more help.How Do I Cite? When you refer to or base your ideas on another person's work, you need to cite it. APA style requires you place brief reference citations in your text and then complete citations for the works referenced at the end of your paper in an alphabetized reference list.1) In-Text Reference Citations.At the point of reference, provide your reader with a brief reference citation.When quoting, or referring to a specific part of a work, include information on the specific page(s) or part of the work.As Maguire (2004) stated, your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Maguire, 2004).According to Coward and Maguire (1999), your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Coward & Maguire, 1999).According to Coward and Maguire (1999, p. 45), your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Coward & Maguire, 1999, p. 45).As Coward (2008, Conclusion section, para. 3) concluded, your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Coward, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 3).General Rules for an In-Text Reference CitationElementsNote the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.Include these elements within the text's narrative or in accompanying parentheses;include in parentheses any element that does not already appear in the narrative.Separate elements in parentheses by a commaDo not include suffixes such as Jr.Cite only the year; do not include months or daysSubsequent citations to the same work, within the same paragraph, do not require you re-cite the yearCiting a specific part of a workAlways provide page numbers when quotingFollow the year of publication with a comma and identify the page(s), chapter, table, etc.Use abbreviations p. and chap. for page or chapterFor electronic sources without page numbers…if the source referenced provides paragraph numbers, use them (precede with symbol ¶ or para. ). If it does not, but has section headings, cite the relevant heading for the section followed by a comma and the number of the paragraph in that section.Works by more than one authorFor a work by two authors, provide the last names of both each time the cited work is referencedFor a work by three to five authors, provide the last names of all authors the first time the work is cited; in any subsequent references cite the last name of the first author followed by et al.For a work by more than five authors, provide the last name of the first author followed by et al.Include the year of publication in the first and any subsequent citations to the work.When citing within parentheses, join multiple authors with &When citing within the text's narrative, join authors with the conjunction andAuthor is a group, no author, and anonymous authorGroup author. For a work authored by a group, spell out the group name. When it is long, and has a readily understandable abbreviation, it may be abbreviated in subsequent references.(The National Organization for Women [NOW], 1999) (NOW, 1999)No author provided. For a work with no author, instead cite the first few words of the work's entry as given in the "reference list" (see “order of entries” in the section of this guide describing the reference list)–Usually it will be the title. If it is a title of an article or book chapter, put it in "quotes". If it is a title of a book, periodical, or report, italicize it.As was noted ("The Disability Gulag," 2003) at the time, your text continues.Note: Capitalization of title words differs from their treatment in the reference listAnonymous work. For a work designated as anonymous, cite the author as AnonymousUndated workFor undated works, note n.d.As Winton (n.d.) stated, your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Winton, n.d.).2) Reference List. The reference list provides the full citations for the works you cite. Below are examples and the general guidelines to follow when citing.Examples: print publications (for electronic publications, see corresponding examples)note: These examples are single-spaced to condense the length of this guide; however, APA style is to double-spacereference list entriesGeneral Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Location:Publisher.Examples:Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-told tales:Married couples tell their stories. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.General Format Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In A. Editor,B. Editor, &C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p./pp. pagenumber/s). Location: Publisher.Examples:Stein, A. (1997). Sex after 'sexuality': From sexology to post-structuralism. In D. Owen (Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism(pp. 158-172). London: Sage.General Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2004). Title of article.Title of Journal, volume(issue, when appropriate), page-number/s.Examples:McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: Theconservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy.Social Problems, 50, 348-373.Stein, H. F. (2003). The inner world of workplaces: Accessing this worldthrough poetry, narrative literature, music, and visual art.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55(2), 84-93.General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine,volume if any, page-number/s.*Second example illustrates a citation when no author is namedand includes bracketed descriptive informationExamples:Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitivecontrol. Science, 303, 969-970.The disability gulag [Letter to the editor]. (2003, December 14).The New York Times Magazine, 28.General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper,p./pp. page number/s.*Second example illustrates citation format when no author is namedand the article referenced is on non-consecutive pagesExamples:Nagourney, E. (2003, October 28). Impatience, at your own risk.The New York Times, p. F6.Skin deep: 'Cosmetic wellness' helps people feel good about their looks.(2004, March 24). The Modesto Bee, pp. G1, G4.General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day as needed). Review title [Review of themedium Title of item reviewed]. Title of Periodical,andpublication information following format for journal, magazine,or newspaper, as appropriate.*Second example illustrates citation where review is untitledExamples:Petrakis, J. (2004, February 24). Regrets [Review of the motion pictureThe fog of war]. The Christian Century, 121, 66-67.Zulu, I. M. (1997). [Review of the book The opening of the Americanmind: Canons, culture, and history]. College & ResearchLibraries, 58, 487-488.Examples: electronic publicationsnote: These examples are single-spaced to condense the length of this guide; however, APA style is to double-space reference list entriesGeneral Format Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (2004). Title of article.Title of Periodical, volume(issue if needed), page-number/s.doi:numberExamples:Gilbert, J. (2008). Against the commodification of everything.Cultural Studies 22, 551-566. doi:10.1080/09502380802245811Journal Article General Format Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (2004). Title of article.Title of Periodical, volume(issue if needed), page-number/s.Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additional rules for electronic references for criteria.*Examples illustrate article citations for a freely available article, an article from a subscription database, and an article from a subscription database where the resource name is provided in lieuof a homepage.Examples: Wada, K. (2008). Illegal file sharing 101. Educause Quarterly, 31(4), 18-25. Retrieved from/ir/library/pdf/EQM0844.pdfHopkins, N., & Moore, C. (2001). Categorizing the neighbors: Identity, distance, and stereotyping. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 239-252. Retrieved from Singh, H. B., Prasad, P., & Rai L. K. (2002). Folk medicinal plants in the Sikkim Himalayas of India. Asian Folklore Studies, 61,295-310. Retrieved from ProQuest database.Magazine Article General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if any, page-number/s. Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additional rules for electronic references for criteria.Example:Newton-Small, J. (2009, February 11). Congress’s new love affair with twitter. Time. Retrieved from/time/politics/article/0,8599,1878773,00.htmlNewspaper Article General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p./pp. page number/s. Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additional rules for electronic references for criteria.*Example shows citation when no author is named.Example:Prohibition sustained. (1920, January 6). The New York Times, p. 14.Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database.General Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Retrieved fromstatement including publisher information if appropriate.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additionalrules for electronic references for criteria.*The first example shows a citation for an electronic book that wasretrieved from a subscription database. As the homepage is notreadily identifiable, the database name is provided. The second exampleis a book that is freely available. In both cases, the publisher is nototherwise evident and needs to be provided.Examples:Bell, S., & Morse, S. (2003). Measuring sustainability: Learning bydoing. London: Earthscan Publications. Retrieved from the ebrarydatabase.Goldman, E. (1914). The social significance of the modern drama.Boston: Badger. Retrieved from/Goldman/Writings/Drama/index.htmlGeneral Format Author, A. A. (year if available, if not abbreviation for no date).Title of document. Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additionalrules for electronic references for criteria.*Example shows citation with group as author. As the contentmay be changeable a retrieval date is provided.Examples:NCAA Committee on Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct. (n.d.). Operationsplan 2001-02 and 2002-03: Strategic planning and budgeting for the2002-03 and 2003-04 Academic Years. Retrieved February 9, 2004,from /membership/governance/assoc-wide/sportsmanship_ethics/index.htmlGeneral Rules for Reference Lists(see additional rules for electronic publications, below)Titling and spacingStart the list on a new page. Title it References (Reference if citing only one work) and center the titleDouble-space entriesIndividual entries should have a hanging indent (i.e. first line of entry is flush with the left margin, subsequent lines indented)Order of entriesEntries are alphabetized by author's last nameFor works with multiple authors, alphabetize by the last name of the first listed authorMultiple works by the same author(s) are alphabetized by the first author’s last name and ordered amongst themselves by year of publication (earliest first)Multiple works by the same first author, but different subsequent authors, are alphabetized within the list by the last name of the first author, and then alphabetized amongst themselves by the first unique last nameWhen the author is a group, alphabetize by the first significant word in the group's nameWorks signed Anonymous should be alphabetized as if that is the author's nameWorks with no author should move the title to the author position (before the date of publication) and alphabetize by the first significant title wordElements of an entryEach entry usually contains the following four elements: a) author b) publication date c) title and d) publishing dataCommas generally separate items within an elementPeriods are generally used to end an elementa) Author–Invert authors' names -- e.g., Last name, A. A., Last name, B. B., & Last name, C. C.–Use commas between an author's last name and initials, between initials and suffixes, and between multiple authors.When there are multiple authors, precede the last named author by &–Provide author last names and initials for works by one to six authors. For seven or more, follow the sixth author by a comma and the abbreviation et al.–If the author is a group, its name should be written in full, capitalizing the first letter of significant words. A parent body precedes a subdivision of an organization -- e.g., University of Somewhere, Department of Something –If the work has no author, move the work's title to the author position of the entry–Edited books generally treat the editor as the author. Follow editor name with (Ed.) or (Eds.) as appropriate However: If a book has only one author and also an editor, the editor’s name is given in parentheses, after the title --in the manner a translator would be treated. In this case, the editor name is not inverted –e.g.,Title of book (A. A. Lastname, Ed.).–For a chapter in a book, the chapter author is the author listed for the entry. Editor information, if any, precedes the book title and is not inverted. See book chapter example for a sample citation.•Multiple editors are separated with a comma; use & between the last two named editors•If there are only two editors, use & without a comma between the editor names•Follow editor name(s) with (Ed.),or (Eds.),–Reviews treat the reviewer as the author for the entryb) Publication date–The year of publication is enclosed in parentheses. It usually follows the author name and precedes the title.–For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, provide the year followed by the exact date as given on the publication –i.e. month, month and day, or season of the issue – e.g., (YYYY, Month dd) or (YYYY, Season)–If there is no date available, enter (n.d.)c) TitleCapitalization & italics–For published periodicals, capitalize the first letter of all significant title words–For nonperiodicals, book chapters, and articles, capitalize only the first word, and proper nouns, of titles and subtitles –Italicize titles of whole works for both periodicals and nonperiodicals. Also italicize the volume number, if any, for periodicals. Do not italicize the titles of parts of a larger work – e.g., chapters in books, articles in journals, etc.Title is a chapter in a bookAfter the author, cite the chapter title and add a period. Enter In and give the name of the book's editor(s), if any, the title of the book, and, in parentheses, the page numbers cited (use abbreviation p. or pp. as appropriate)See book chapter example, for a sample citationEdition, report number, volume information (for nonperiodicals & book chapters)–With a book, enclose any of the above in parentheses after the title -- e.g., Title of book: Subtitle (3rd ed.).–For a chapter in a book, provide this information prior to, and in the same parentheses as, the relevant page numbers, separated by a comma -- e.g., Title of chapter. In Title of book (3rd. ed., pp. 6-12).–Use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) to indicate volume numbersOther descriptive information.Any non-standard descriptive information regarding the form, or type of source cited, that is important for the identification of the material, is placed in brackets–For descriptive information regarding articles & chapters in a book, place brackets after the article or chapter title --e.g., Title of article [Letter to the editor or Special issue, etc.].–For descriptive information regarding books and other nonperiodicals, place brackets after the title and after any parenthetical information as regards edition, volume, etc. --e.g.,Title of nonperiodical (parenthetical information, if any) [Motion picture or Bibliography, etc.].–For reviews, place brackets after the review title, identify it as a review, identify the medium reviewed and the title of the work reviewed – e.g., Title of review[Review of the book/motion picture/television program/etc.Title of Book, Motion Picture, etc.].If a review is untitled, place the bracketed material after the review author and date; retain the brackets . See reviewexample, for sample citations.Periodical–Provide the title of the periodical, the volume number, if any, and inclusive page numbers–Do not use abbreviation vol. before the number; use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) to indicate volume numbers–If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include the month, season, or other designation following the year of publication – e.g., Author, A. A. (1991, July).–If a journal paginates each issue separately (i.e. each issue starts its numbering with page 1), provide the issue number, in parentheses, immediately after the volume number – e.g., 38(2), 12-17.–When noting page number(s) in an entry for a newspaper article, precede number(s) with p. or pp.–See article examples for sample citationsd) Place of publication and publisher (non-periodicals)–Provide the city, state (or province where applicable) and country (if outside the United States.).–Place a colon after the place of publication and provide the name of the publisher. Use 2-letter abbreviations for states –If two or more publisher locations are listed, give the first or the home office (if known)–If the publisher is a university and the university name includes the state or province, do not repeat that information in the place of publication–Write, in full, the name of associations, corporations & university presses. Omit terms like Publishers, Co., or Inc., not required to identify the publisher. Keep the words Books and Press.ADDITIONAL RULES FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONSThe rules for citing electronic publications build upon those of their print counterparts. In general, you include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a print copy of the material. Then you add a retrieval statement that provides details about electronic access to your source. APA guidelines for resource types are given above, guidelines for the electronic retrieval statement are outlined below. Note: what you include in a citation will depend partly on the information the source makes available. Sometimes a judgement call, as to what information to include, is required. When this is the case, keep in mind that the overall goal of the citation is to make a source findable to your readers.Retrieval statement. A retrieval statement is provided at the end of a citation's entry. It may include the date and/or source location.Retrieval date. When the source content is likely to change, or is retrieved from the "open" web, include the date of access,e.g., Retrieved Month day, year, from source/location.When the cited work has no fixed publication date, edition, or version, a retrieval date documents the moment you referred to a “changeable” sourceA retrieval date is not needed when the content is not likely to change – e.g., the published version of a journal article orbook.When in doubt about whether a retrieval date is needed, providing the date is acceptable styleName/location of a source. A decision will need to be made between the provision of a DOI, a URL, or a database name, and, for nonperiodicals, what publisher information needs to be included.DOI–When a D igital O bject I dentifier is available for the cited source, provide it in lieu of a URL or database name–Copy DOIs exactly and do not place a period at the end of the entry–See electronic journal article citation for an example entry with a DOIDOIs are used by scholarly publishers to uniquely identify electronic content and provide a persistent way to retrieve it that is notdatabase specific. A fuller discussion of DOIs, including more information on how to locate them within a source,is available via /elecmedia.htmlURL–Give the full URL to the material cited when the source is freely available–If the material cited was accessed via a subscription based resource (such as a library licensed database), give the URL to the home page of that resource. Also give the URL to the home page of reference resources (such as onlinedictionaries or encyclopedias).Your reader may not have access to a given subscription database, and/or the database may generate URLs that are not permanent.In both cases, providing the home page avoids the likelihood of a non-working URL.However: URLs for subscription resources can be complex and may not easily reduce to a homepage. Should this prove the case, providing the name of the database, in lieu of a URL, is acceptable – see next entry.–Copy URLs exactly and do not place a period at the end of the entry–If you need to break a URL across several lines of text, break it before a point of punctuation -- do not break it after http:// and do not use a hyphen to break it–When the URL leads to a page on how to obtain/purchase the material (for example, a vendor like Amazon), state Available from instead of Retrieved fromDatabase name–For subscription-based resources (when no DOI is available for the material cited and the URL does not reduce to an identifiable homepage) provide the database name -- e.g., Retrieved from database name.–Provide the name of a database used to access documents of limited circulation (hard to find books, etc.) Geographic location & publisher (non-periodicals)–The geographic location of a publisher is not generally needed–The name of the publisher is needed if it is not evident elsewhere in an entry (e.g., via the author's name for self-published works, via the URL if it includes the publisher name, etc.)–When you need to cite a publisher, you generally do so in the retrieval statement -- e.g.,Retrieved from Publisher at source location.However, when the material was not retrieved from the publisher, include any publisher location/nameinformation available as you would for a print copy, and then add a retrieval statement according to theguidelines noted above. This will provide your reader with the information they need to locate the source, either onlineor in print format. See online book citations for examples.–No publisher name is needed when a DOI is part of a citationNeed More Help??For complete information regarding the structure of individual citations, order of entries, citing materials not represented, etc., consult the following APA guides:•Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. The official APA style guide. Call number: BF11 A5 P8 (Doe & Moffitt Reference and otherlocations). Note: The rules for citing electronic resources have been updated since this guide was published. The APA has made these updates available online – see next bullet point.•An official update to the APA print manual as regards the citation of electronic references is available at /elecref.htmlBibliographic management software, like EndNote or RefWorks, can help automate the citation process. Similarly, many databases allow the export of their citations in APA style. To learn more about these options, visit/instruct/know_your_library.html#bib or talk with a reference librarian.(3/09) TD。
英语论文引用文献参考格式 Citation
Sample Book Bibliography Citation
Surprise the Audience
Example: After explaining the grading of a writing course. This course is one of the hardest writing courses in the university. The majority of my students fail……to use proper punctuation. I will help you to improve
Example: Cancer How many of you are over 35, smoke, or drink often? (Wait for the hands to go up) All of you are at risk….
Emphasize the Importance of Your Topic
Example: Describing how things are not as they seem. “A cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night.” – Moses (in Exodus)
Conclusion: Revisiting the Introduction
Starting and Ending Speeches
The Function of the Introduction
CITATION ONE CITATION 100 使用手册说明书
OWNER’S MANUAL CITATION ONECITATION 100INSTRUCTIONS Verify Line Voltage Before UseThe Citation speaker has been designed for use with 100-240 volt, 50/60 Hz AC current. Connection to a line voltageother than that for which your product is intended can createa safety and fire hazard and may damage the unit. If you haveany questions about the voltage requirements for your specific model or about the line voltage in your area, contact yourselling dealer before plugging the unit into a wall outlet.Do Not Use Extension CordsTo avoid safety hazards, use only the power cord suppliedwith your unit. We do not recommend that extension cords be used with this product. As with all electrical devices, do not run power cords under rugs or carpets, or place heavy objects on them. Damaged power cords should be replaced immediatelyby an authorized service center with a cord that meets factory specifications.Handle the AC Power Cord GentlyWhen disconnecting the power cord from an AC outlet, always pull the plug; never pull the cord. If you do not intend to useyour speaker for any considerable length of time, disconnectthe plug from the AC outlet.Do Not Open the CabinetThere are no user-serviceable components inside this product. Opening the cabinet may present a shock hazard, and any modification to the product will void your warranty. If water accidentally falls inside the unit, disconnect it from the ACpower source immediately, and consult an authorized service center.I MPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS (2)I NTRODUCTION (4)W HAT’S IN THE BOX (5)P RODUCT OVERVIEW (6)P LACEMENT (9)P OWER ON (10)C ONNECTING TO WI-FI (11)U SING YOUR CITATION SPEAKER (13)S ETTINGS (16)S PECIFICATIONS (18)T ROUBLESHOOTING (19)T RADEMARKS (20)This manual includes information of CITATION ONE and CITATION 100 speakers. We encourage you to take a few minutes to read this manual, which describes the products and includes step-by-step instructions to help you set up and get started. Read and understand all the safety instructions before using your product.This product may have an important software update available. Please follow the instructions to connect the product to Wi-Fi to ensure that your product has the most recent software updates.Design and specifications are subject to change without notice. If you have any questions about these products, their installation or their operation, please contact your Harman Kardon retailer or customer service, or visit us at www. Carefully unpack the box and check if the following parts are included. If any part is damaged, do not use it, contact your Harman Kardon retailer or customer service.121. Main unit (CITATION 100 / CITATION ONE )2. Power cord** Power cord quantity and plug type vary by regions.OVERVIEW Top Panel and Front Side 5324161. • Press to play or pause the music.• Press to stop timer/alarm ringing and responses.• Press and hold more than 2 seconds to activate Google Assistant.2.• Press to mute or resume the microphone./PRODUCTOVERVIEW 3. + / - (Volume)• Press to increase or decrease the volume.4. LED indicators5.• Press to enter the Bluetooth pairing mode.6. Microphones/PRODUCTOVERVIEW Bottom Side12341.• Wi-Fi status.2. POWER• Connect to the power supply.3. RESET• Press and hold for 5 seconds to restore the factorysettings.4. SERVICE (For service personnel only)Place your Citation speaker on any flat and stable surface near a wall outlet.NOTES:• You can place your Citation speaker anywhere in your house, from the basement to the upstairs, and from the bedroom to thekitchen.• For a better connection quality, place the speaker as close to your wireless router as possible.NOTES:• Use only the provided power cord.Plug one end of the AC power cord into the POWER connector on the bottom of the speaker, then plug the other end to a live AC (mains) wall socket.ÆThe speaker will automatically power on./CONNECTING TO WI-FIYour Citation speaker is required to connect Wi-Fi with theGoogle Home app.1) Download the Google Home app on your smartphone ortablet.2) Power on your Citation speaker.3) Run the Google Home app and set up your Citation speakeras instructed in the app. Always follow the instructions in theapp to complete the Wi-Fi setup.4) Sign in with your Google account to enjoy a personalizedexperience from the Google Assistant. If you do not have,create a new one./CONNECTINGTOWI-FIWi-Fi statusCAUTION:• If you encounter any setup issues, make sure to enable Bluetoothand location services on your smartphone or tablet./ USING YOURCITATION SPEAKERTalk to Google AssistantYour Citation speaker comes with the Google Assistant built in.You can play music, get answers, manage everyday tasks, andeasily control smart devices around your home by using yourvoice.Always say the wake word “Ok Google” or “Hey Google” firstand then your request.ÆCitation speaker will respond instantly.NOTE:• For the latest voice commands, visit .Play Music with ChromecastWith Chromecast built in, you can stream music / tunes /podcasts / playlists from 300+ music apps to your speaker bysimply tapping the Cast button.1) Run the Chromecast enabled app on your smartphone ortablet.2) Press the icon in the app and select the Citation speaker./ U S I N G Y O U R C I T A T I O N S P E A K E R3) Press “Play ” in the app.NOTES:• The name of your Citation speaker is assigned during the Wi-Fi setup.• The Citation speaker can support audio streaming but not video streaming.Multi-room Group Playback with Citation FamilyCitation speaker can support multi-room control provided by Chromecast built-in.In the Google Home app, simply create a group, add your speakers together and then you have multi-room playability. NOTES:• Refer to Google Home app for more details.• The amount of Chromecast speakers you can stream music to depends on the bandwidth of your local wireless network.Theoretically, an unlimited amount of devices can be connected to stream the same song.Play Music through BluetoothYou can use your Citation speaker as an external speaker for your Bluetooth enabled smartphone or tablet. 1) Press to enter Bluetooth pairing mode.2) Select “CITATION ONE ” / “CITATION 100” to connect./USINGYOURCITATIONSPEAKERCitation One 100NOTES:• Press and hold for more than 5 seconds to disconnect allBluetooth connection and re-enter the pairing mode.• Bluetooth performance can be affected by the distance between thisproduct and your Bluetooth device and the environment of operation.Playback Controls••/ SETTINGS VolumeYou have three ways to adjust the volume while playing music:• Press -/+ button on the top panel to decrease or increase the volume.• Adjust the volume via the Google Home app on your smartphone or tablet.• Ask Google Assistant to adjust the volume by your voice.Mute the MicrophonePress to turn off the built-in microphone to disable voice command detection.To resume the microphone function, press once again. Software UpgradeThe software of your Citation speaker will be automatically upgraded to the latest version when the speaker is connected to the Internet via a Wi-Fi network./SETTINGSCleaning and MaintenanceTo keep the exterior surface of your Citation speaker clean,unplug the AC power cord from the speaker first, wipe theexterior surfaces gently with a clean, soft cloth.CAUTION:• Do not use alcohol, benzene, or thinner to clean the fabric surface.CITATION ONE CITATION 100Transducer 1 x 89 mm woofer,1 x 20 mm tweeter 1 x 102 mm woofer, 1 x 20 mm tweeterOutput power40W RMS50W RMSSignal-to-noise ratio80dBA 80dBAPower supply100-240v ~ 50/60Hz100-240v ~ 50/60Hz Bluetooth version 4.2 4.2Bluetooth transmitterfrequency range2402 − 2480MHz2402 − 2480MHz Bluetooth transmitter power<5dBm<5dBmBluetooth transmittermodulationGFSK, π/4 DQPSK, 8DPSK GFSK, π/4 DQPSK, 8DPSKWireless network802.11a/b/g/n/ac(2.4GHz/5GHz)802.11a/b/g/n/ac (2.4GHz/5GHz)5G Wi-Fi transmitter frequency range 5.150~5.350GHz,5.470~5.725GHz,5.725~5.825GHz5.150~5.350GHz,5.470~5.725GHz,5.725~5.825GHz5G Wi-Fi transmitter power<20dBm<20dBm5G Wi-Fi modulation QPSK, BPSK, 16QAM,64QAM, 256QAM QPSK, BPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM2.4G Wi-Fi transmitter frequency range 2412 – 2472MHz (2.4GHzISM Band, USA 11 Channels,Europe and others 13Channels)2412 – 2472MHz (2.4GHzISM Band, USA 11 Channels,Europe and others 13Channels)2.4G Wi-Fi transmitter power<20dBm<20dBm2.4G Wi-Fi modulation DBPSK, DQPSK, CCK,QPSK, BPSK, 16QAM,64QAM DBPSK, DQPSK, CCK, QPSK, BPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMSupported audio formats HE-AAC, LC-AAC, MP3,Vorbis, WAV (LPCM), FLAC,Opus HE-AAC, LC-AAC, MP3, Vorbis, WAV (LPCM), FLAC, OpusDimensions (W x H x D) 5.5 x 7.4 x 5.5 in /140 x 188 x 140 mm 6.8 x 10.8 x 6.4 in / 172 x 275 x 163 mmFailed to connect to Wi-Fi.• Make sure that Wi-Fi is turned on.• Make sure that you have selected the right network and entered the correct password.• Make sure that your router or modem is turned on and within the range.• Make sure that your Citation speaker is connected to the same wireless LAN as your smartphone or tablet. The Google Home app cannot find the device.• Make sure that your Citation speaker is powered on.• Make sure that your network is working properly.• Make sure that your router or modem is powered on and within the range.No response to the voice command.• Depending on the location of your Citation speaker, the ambient conditions may prevent the speaker fromdetecting the voice command “OK Google”. Avoidplacing the Citation speaker in a noisy place or a placethat is exposed to strong winds or echoes (soundreflections).• Make sure that the built-in microphones are not muted.T he Bluetooth® word mark and logosare registered trademarks owned by the Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by HARMAN International Industries, Incorporated is under license. Other trademarks and trade names are those of their respective owners.T he Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Logo is certification marks of the Wi-Fi Alliance.G oogle, Google Play, Chromecast and other related marks are trademarks of Google LLC. Chromecast built-in may require subscription(s). The Google Assistant requires an internet connection and is not available in certain countries and languages. Availability and react of certain features and services are device, service, and network-dependent and may not be available in all areas. Controlling certain devices in your home requires compatible smart devices. Subscriptions for services and applications may be required and additional terms, conditions and/or charges may apply.21。
第三章3中国引文数据库
引文术语
1）来源检索：指以本文（来源文献）的作者、第一作者、题名、 刊名、ISSN、文摘、机构、关键词、基金名称为检索词来查找文献 的检索方法。
2）引文检索：指以参考文献的被引作者、被引第一作者、被引来 源、被引机构、被引实验室、被引文献主编为检索词来查找文献的 检索方法。 3）来源文献(Source Document)：被数据库收录的原始文献。在 引文中指正在查看的那篇附有参考文献的当前文献，也叫引用文献 或原文，其作者为来源著者，数据库所收录的期刊称为来源期刊。 4）被引文献(Citation，或Citing Papers)：又叫引文或参考文献， 指被来源文献所参考引用的文献，反映本文研究工作的背景和依据， 通过不断查看参考文献的参考文献，实现对知识追根溯源，此方向 的使用是文献越查越旧。
1）收录的期刊 “少而精”， 只收录国内出版编辑的部分学术性中英文 核心期刊和优秀期刊，内容以发表理论研究论文为主，对选中的来源 期刊实行动态淘汰管理。 2）为用户构建了基于文献检索、引文链接、全文获取、网络咨询为一体 的文献查找、全文获取、信息咨询的信息服务平台。 3）系统提供内部链接和开放外部链接，对一篇来源文献可分别通过其被 引频次、参考文献、参考文献相关的链接，查找到其施引文献、被引 文献、耦合文献的情况。
3.6.3
中国社会科学引文索引CSSCI
“中文社会科学引文索引”（Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index，简称CSSCI），是我国第一个人文社会科学引文数 据库，由南京大学中国社会科学研究评价中心开发研制，用来检索 中文人文社会科学领域的论文收录和被引用情况。CSSCI提供机构、 地区、个人某年内在国内重要学术期刊上的发文情况以及各种统计 排序。CSSCI的论文收录情况可以作为社会科学研究成果评价的参考 指标之一。数据库采取定量与定性相结合的方法，从全国2700余种 中文人文社会科学学术性期刊中精选出学术性强、编辑规范的期刊 作为来源期刊，现已收录自1998年以来的包括法学、管理学、经济 学、历史学、政治学等在内的25大类的500多种学术期刊，其来源文 献近100余万篇，引文文献600余万篇。2010-2011年CSSCI依据“他 引影响因子”和“总被引频次”入选来源期刊目录共527种，扩展版 来源期刊目录共173种。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Some Internationally Accepted Format
APA: American Psychological Association, MLA: Modern Language Association, CMS: Chicago Manual of Style, CBE: Council of Biological Editors,
Establishing Credibility
The proper use of required citation style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.
Documentation Style and Conventions
Song
Why Use Settled Format?
Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily Provides consistent format within a discipline Gives you credibility as a writer Protects yourself from plagiarism
Reference Page
A list of every source that you make reference to in your essay. Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay. Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.
Handling Parenthetical Citations
A reference to a personal communication: Source: email message from C. Everett Koop Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998) Don’t use it in China. A general reference to a web site Source: Purdue University web site Citation: ()
Using a Consistent Format
Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on. It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.
Handling Parenthetical Citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996). However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).
Cross-Referencing Your Sources
Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projs by the Same Author in the Same Year Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.
Avoiding Plagiarism
Proper citation of your sources can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.
References: Some Examples
A newspaper article Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Master teachers whose artistry glows in private. New York Times, p. B2.
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.
Book Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Touchstone. Web page Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button. Roughcut. Retrieved October 28, 1998 from
Study the basics of APA citation format. When something odd comes up, don’t guess. Look it up!
When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations? When quoting any words that are not your own
Handling Parenthetical Citations
Sometimes additional information is necessary . . . More than one author with the same last name (H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Two or more works in the same parentheses (Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997) Work with six or more authors (Smith et al, 1998) Specific part of a source (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words
When paraphrasing a source
Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words
Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Readability Keep references brief Give only information needed to identify the source on your reference page Do not repeat unnecessary information
A source with no known author Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. (1999, September 14). New York Times, p. A17.