(词汇学)Word_Formation分析解读
words formation—构词法
后缀 -ess
意
义
例词 actress, waitress physician, politician musician artist, socialist
washer, fiver receptor
后缀后缀-er 构词能力
用 法 例 词 表示“ 表示“人”，加 listener, adviser, speaker, writer, turner, driver, teacher, 在动词上 worker, singer 表示“ 表示“人”，加 banker, hatter, officer, lawyer, prisoner 在名词上 表示“ 表示“人”，加 Londoner, New Yorker, 在某些地点名词 villager, Britisher, southerner, foreigner 或某些形容词 表示“ 表示“人”，加 housekeeper, bookseller, looker-on, theatre-goer 在复合词上
抽 象 名 词 和 集 合 名 词 的 后 缀
-y -al -ness -ship
-hood -th
difficulty, beggary, discovery, soldiery, bravery, machinery arrival, refusal, disapproval, kindness, illness, brightness, selflessness, correctness citizenship, friendship, professorship, hardship, comradeship childhood, brotherhood, falsehood strength, growth, length, wealth, truth
《英语词汇学》串讲笔记2
Chapter 4Word Formation II一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：词缀法，复合法，转类法，拼缀法，截短法，首字母缩略法，逆生法，专有名词普通化。
通过对本章的学习，考生应该了解现代英语的主要构词法，这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位，提高构词能力，自觉扩大词汇量。
在历年考试中：常常以选择题，名词解释，填空题的形式对本章知识点进行考核。
二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集：1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.2. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes falls into two subclasses:prefixation and suffixation.（前缀和后缀）3. Affixation is also known as derivation.4. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.5. Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.6. We shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.7. Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.（连写的，加连字符号的，不连写的）8. Most compounds consist of only two stems but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationships within the words are considerably complex.9. Conversion is also known as functional shift.（功能转换）10. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.11. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.12. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion,（完全转换）others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion.（部分转换）13. Blending（拼缀法）is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established.14. As far as the structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head+tail, head+head, head+word, word+tail.15. The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns.16. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.17. There are four common types of clipping: front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, phrase clipping.18. Both intialisms and acronyms have become very popular since the Second World War and thus extremely productive.19. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.20. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.21. Open compounds look like free phrases as the elements forming each word are writtenseparately.22. As a rule, the stress of compounds falls on the first element.23. A compound functions as a single grammatical unit, so the internal structure can not be changed.24. Conversion（转换法）refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.25. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.名词解释：1. affixation（词缀法）: Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. prefixation（前缀法）: Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.3. suffixation（后缀法）: Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.4. compounding（合成法）: Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.5. conversion（转换法）: Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. blending（拼缀法）: Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words.7. clipping（截短法）: Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping.8. acronymy（首字母拼音法）: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.9. initialisms（首字母缩略词）: Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.10. acronyms（首字母拼音词）: Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.11. back-formation（逆生法）: Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.论述问答题：1. In what aspects do compounds differ from free phrases?答：Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:1). Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.2). Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3). Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective.2. What is the best way to classify prefixes? Why?答：Prefixes do not usually change the word-class of the stem but only modify lts meaning. Although present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes, they make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary. It might be the best way to classify prefixes by their non-class-changing feature.3. In what way are compound verbs generally formed? Give examples to illustrate your point.答：Compound verbs are created either through conversion or back-formation. This could be illustrated by two words, nickname and chain-smoker. Nickname, which is originally a noun, can be used as a verb through conversion. Chain-smoker, which is originally a noun, can turn into a verb through back-formation.4. What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples. 答：When converted to nouns, not all adjectives can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion, others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion. When a noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of a noun, it can take an indefinite article or-(e)s to indicate singular or plural number. For example, adjective “white”can be fully converted to a noun “white”, which can take indefinite article: a white. When a noun partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with the definite article, and they retain some of the adjective features. For example, the poor, the rich.5. Both back-formation（逆生法）and back-clipping（截后留前）are ways of making words by removing the endings of words. How do you account for the coexistence of the two? Can you explain the difference?答：Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. It’s considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. For example, “loafer”may be assumed to derive from the verb “loaf”’on the analogy of known derivatives, such as “swimmer” from “swim” or “driver” from “drive”. By removing the supposed suffixes –er from “loafer”, a verb “loaf”‟is coined. Majority of back-formed words are verbs. Back-clipping is different. The deletion occurs at the end of the word(usually a noun). Both the original long word and its short form remain in the same word class. In diffe rent context, one could be used in other‟s place.6. After he comes back, he oiled machine.In above sentence, which word is the converted word? Explain the type of the conversion and the effect of the conversion.答：In this sentence, the word “oil”is the converted word. It is converted from a noun to a verb. When it was used as a noun, the meaning of it is that “油”. But in this sentence, it was used as a verb, the meaning is “给…加油”; As is often the case, a noun can be converted to a verb without any change. The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.Chapter 5Word Meaning一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为：“意义”的意义，词义的理据，词义的类别。
英语词汇构词法(Word-formation)
英语词汇构词法(Word-formation)英语构词通常包括六种方法：转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法。
一、英语词汇构词法之【转化法】英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。
1.动词转化为名词1）意思没有变化，例如：I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
2）意思有一定变化，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
3）构成短语，例如：Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。
2.名词转化为动词1）表示物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?2）表示身体部位的，如：Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。
3）表示一类人的，如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词少数形容词可以转化为动词。
例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4.副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。
例如：Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词1）表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。
2）一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如：We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to the poor, either. 我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。
word-formation
• 名词转化为动词
– 许多表示物件的名词可以转化为动词，意思也 随之有些改变：
• She had booked three seats on the plane . • The usher seated us in the front row.
– 表示身体某部位的名词也可以用作动词：
①care careful careless carefully carelessly carefulness
②courage courageous courageously encourage
5)建立清楚的词类概念，每学一个词都要知道 他的词类，并掌握与它相关的词，左引右联， 很容易形成一个词汇网，这是掌握英语的第 一步。
• 合成形容词
– 合成形容词很多有多去分词或带-ed词尾的词 构成:
• absent-minded 心不在焉的 • broken-hearted 心碎的
– 也有不少合成形容词由动词的-ing形式和另外 一词构成：
• close-fitting 紧身的 • far-reaching 深远的（影响）
– 还有一些合成词由“形容词+名词”或“名词 等+形容词”构成：
– dry cleaning
fast food
– first-aid
French fries
– high jump
high school
• 有些合成词由动词-ing形式和另一个词构成：
– dining room
drawing pin 图钉
– driving license frying pan
– sleeping bag
air raid
Word Formation
复合形容词的构成
方式 形容词＋ 形容词＋形容词 形容词＋ 形容词＋名词 形容词＋ 形容词＋现在分词 形容词＋ 形容词＋过去分词 形容词＋名词-ed 形容词＋名词 名词＋名词-ed 名词＋名词 名词＋ 名词＋形容词 名词＋ 名词＋现在分词 例 词 red-hot, bitter-sweet, first-class, full-time, good-looking, ready-made good-tempered, iron-willed world-famous， ， beauty-loving,
加于名词后， 加于名词后，表 actress, waitress 示阴性 physician, -ician 加在以-ic结尾的 加在以 结尾的 politician ……(专 家 …… 专)家， 名词或形容词上 表 musician 示 从事…… ……职 加在名词上， 从事……职 加在名词上，或 artist, 人 -ist 业的人， 业的人，从 –ize 结尾的动词 socialist 或以-al结尾 事某种…… 事某种…… 上，或以 结尾 文艺、 文艺、学术 的其它词上 的人 表示从事某 加在动词和名词 washer, -er fiver 工作的物 或复合词上 表 女……的 ……的
后缀 -ess
意
义
用
法
例词
示 -or 物
表示从事某 工作的物
加在动词上
receptor
后缀-er 后缀 构词能力
用 法 表示“ 表示“人”, 加 在动词上 例 词 listener, adviser, speaker, writer, turner, driver, teacher, worker, singer 表示“ 表示“人”, 加 banker, hatter, officer, lawyer, prisoner 在名词上 表示“ 表示“人”, 加 Londoner, New Yorker, 在某些地点名词 villager, Britisher, southerner, foreigner 或某些形容词 表示“ 表示“人”, 加 housekeeper, bookseller, looker-on, theatre-goer 在复合词上
英语词汇学总结
Chapter 3Word Formation I词语结构13.1 Morphemes词素1. the morpheme is ‘ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。
2.Suffix：-ation：-tion, -sion, -ion.后缀：ation 的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀3.Owing to different sound environment 因为存在不同的发生环境。
3.2 Allomorphs （语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体1.Morphemes are abstract units.‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体.The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone:语素是一个音素发音的形素①single morphs单一语素词：bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire,Most morphemes are realized by single morphs,Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一语素词.These morphemes coincide withe words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。
words formation—构词法.
构 词 法 知 识
Derivation派生法 Compound 合成法
Conversion 转化法
简略词 合成词
缩略词
掌握基本的构词法知识，对 于正确地识记单词，扩大词
汇量，。
派生法 Derivation 派 生 法 后缀 前缀
否定前缀 其他前缀 名词后缀 形容词后缀 副词后缀 动词后缀
1 常见的否定前缀
中学英语课本中有许多单词带有否定 前缀，如果能理解这些否定前缀的含
义，使用和记忆单词是很有帮助的。
否定前缀加在一个词的前面就完全改 变或否定了这个词的原来意义。
前 缀 意
义 用
法
例
词
un-
加在形容 unhappy, 不，未 词或副词 unnecessary, （= not) 前 untouched, 相反动 uncover, untie, 加在动词 作 unwrap, 前 unlock
upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)
3 表示人和物的名词后缀
后缀 意 义 用 法 -er 从事…职 加在动 业的人， 词、名 做…的人， 词、形 … 地方的 表 容词上 人 示 -or 与-er同义 外来后 缀，加 人 在外来 词上 -eer 从事于... 用于外 的人 来词 例词 teacher, worker learner, visitor, educator
engineer, mountaineer
用 法 加于名词后， 女...的 表示阴性 -ician 加在以-ic结尾 ...(专)家， 的名词或形容 表 词上 示 从事...职业 加在名词上， 人 -ist 的人，从事 或 –ize 结尾的 某种...文艺、 动词上，或以学术的人 al结尾的其它 词上 -er 表示从事某 加在动词和名 表 工作的物 词或复合词上 示 表示从事某 加在动词上 物 -or 工作的物
word formation解读
1.1.2 Suffixation后缀
• 后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其 他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词 义相反的新词。
1.1.2 Suffixation后缀
• (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性 质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过 程)等。例如： differ不同于→difference区别 write写→writer作家 China中国→Chinese中国人 act表演→actress女演员 music音乐→musician音乐家
Word Formation
1. Types of Word Formation
• • • • • • • • 1.1 Derivation or Affixiation 派生法 1.2 Compouding 合成法 1.3 Conversion 转化法 1.4 Blending 混合法 1.5 Cliping 截短法 1.6 Acronyms 首尾字母缩略法 1.7 Backformation 逆生法 1.8 Sound reduplication &Commonization of proper names
1.1.2 Suffixation后缀
• (3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方 向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表 示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气) 等。例如： nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美国→American美国的 China中国→Chinese中国人的 gold金子→golden金的 east东→eastern东方的 child孩子→childish孩子气的 snow雪→snowy雪的
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5. “attitude”prefixes (co-, counter-, anti-, pro-, )
eg: cooperate (v) 合作, coheir (n) 共同继承人， coexist (v) 共存， counterattack (n,v) 反击， counter-revolutionary (adj) 反革命的， anti-Japanese (adj) 抗日的， antiwar (adj) 反战的， anticolonial (adj) 反殖民地的 anti-drinking(adj) 反对酗酒的 pro-American (adj) 亲美的， pro-Japanese (adj) 亲日的，
2. “reversative”prefixes (un-, de-, dis-, ) eg: uncover (v), unearth (v), uncomfortable (adj), unlike (prep), deform (v), degrade (v), discover (v), discourage (v), dislike (v),
8. “number”prefixes (uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri-, multi-, poly-, ) eg: unicycle (n) 独轮车, unidirectional (a) 单向的， uniform (a,n) 统一的；制服 monocycle (n) 独轮车， monodrama (n) 单人剧, monoxide (n) 一氧化物 bicycle (n), bilateral (adj) 双边的， bilingual (adj) 双语的 dioxide (n) 二氧化物， dialogue (n) 对话， dichromatic (adj) 二色（性）的，
6. “locative”prefixes (sub-, inter-, trans-, )
eg: subway (n) 地铁， subtitle (n) 副标题， subsurface (adj) 表面下的 international (adj), intercity (adj) 市间的， interact (v) 相互作用，相互影响 transport (v) 运输， transfer (v) 转移，调动 transmit (v) 转播 trans-Atlantic (adj) 穿越大西洋的，
Ⅰ. Word Formation
There are three major processes of word formation: derivation, compounding and conversion.
(Ⅰ). Derivation: （派生）
Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to tБайду номын сангаасe base.
3. “pejorative”prefixes (mis-, mal-, pseudo-, ) eg: mistake (v), misunderstand (v), misfortune (n), maladjustment (n), malformation (n), maladminister (v), pseudo-science (n), pseudoclassic (a),
7. “time and order”prefixes (fore-, pre-, post-, ex-, ) eg: forecast (v,n) 预报， foresee (v) 预见， forehead (n) 前额 preview (v) 预习， pre-read (v) 预先阅读， prepay (v) 预付， postwar (adj) 战后的， postgraduate (n) 研究生， postscript (n) 附言， ex-president (n) 前任总统， ex-monitor (n) 前任班长， ex-wife (n) 前妻，
4. “degree or size”prefixes (arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, ultra-, mini-, ) eg: archbishop (n), arch-criminal (n), archenemy (n), supermarket (n), superpower (n), superfine (adj) outdo (v), outlive (v), outgo (v), subeditor (n), subdivide (v), subtitle (n), overdo (v), overbuy (v), overestimate (v), hypersonic (a), hypersensitive (a), hypertension (n), ultra-democracy (n), ultrarapid (a), ultrared (a), minibus (n), miniskirt (n), minigun (n),
Prefixes: The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning.
1. “negative”prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-, ) eg: unkind (adj), untie (v), non-person (n), non-restrictive (adj), inability (n), incomplete (adj), impossible (adj), disadvantage (n), dislike (v), asexual (adj), abnormal (adj), abuse(v)