seminar report sample
英语作文职业规划研讨会报告的写作思路
英语作文职业规划研讨会报告的写作思路全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Writing My Career Planning Seminar ReportHi everyone! Today I want to share some tips on how to write a really awesome report about the Career Planning Seminar we just had at school. I had so much fun at the seminar learning about all the different jobs people can have when they grow up. Now I need to write a report about what I learned, and I want to make sure I do a good job!First things first, we need to start with an introduction paragraph. The introduction should grab the reader's attention right away with maybe a cool fact or rhetorical question about careers. Like did you know there are over 10,000 different types of jobs in the world? Wild! The intro should also give a sneak peek of what your report will cover. Basically tell the reader "Hey, get ready because I'm going to teach you all about the awesome Career Planning Seminar!"Next up, the body paragraphs. This is where you'll go into all the juicy details about what happened at the seminar. Maybeyou'll want to have one paragraph that describes the different career speakers who came and the jobs they talked about. Like we met a doctor, a chef, a police officer, and an engineer. Tell the reader what each career is and what duties they have. The engineer designs buildings and bridges. The chef creates yummy foods at a restaurant. Stuff like that.Another body paragraph could talk about the fun activities you did at the seminar to explore careers. We took a career interest survey and I found out I'd be a good teacher or writer when I grow up! We also did a craft where we made hats with our dream jobs written on them. I made a scientist hat because I want to discover new things.You could also have a paragraph sharing your favorite part of the seminar and why. Maybe it was the career speaker you found most interesting and exciting. Or perhaps it was the game you played during the seminar where you got to act out different jobs.One of your body paragraphs should connect back to your future career plans. What job do you want after attending this seminar? What did you learn that makes you interested in that career? Why does that career seem like a good fit for your skillsand interests? Discuss how the seminar helped guide your career dreams.Lastly, wrap it all up with a conclusion paragraph where you restate the main points and key takeaways. You could leave the reader with some fun trivia about careers or share your eagerness to keep exploring jobs in the future.Don't forget to give your paragraphs strong topic sentences and use lots of juicy adjectives to make your details nice and clear for the reader. Maybe sprinkle in some humor if you're feeling silly too! And most importantly, don't be afraid to let your voice and personality shine through. Make it obvious that this career report was written by a super cool elementary kid (like you!).Whew, writing a long report isn't easy, but I know you can do it! Just imagine you're telling your best friend all about the Career Planning Seminar. Explain what you saw, what you learned, what you liked best, and what job you want now. Add some creative flair, organize those paragraphs, and bam! You'll have an A+ report for sure.I can't wait to read your take on our Career Planning Seminar. Telling others about fun learning experiences like this is important for growing our writing skills. Plus, you never knowwho will read your report and get inspired to pursue their dream job too. Thanks for listening, and happy writing!篇2Writing a Report for the Career Planning SeminarWow, I'm so excited that we got to go to the career planning seminar at school last week! It was super cool to learn about all the different jobs people can have when they grow up. My favorite part was when the firefighter came and showed us all her cool gear and tools. I definitely want to be a firefighter when I'm older so I can ride in the fire truck and help save people. But I also liked hearing about being a doctor, a teacher, and an engineer too. There are just so many amazing choices!Since we went to the seminar, our teacher said we each have to write a report about what we learned. At first I wasn't too thrilled because writing reports can be kind of boring. But then I realized this is a chance to share what I'm dreaming about for my future career! I can use this report to explore the job I want and make a plan for how to get there. That's actually really important stuff.So here's what I think I'll do to make sure my report knocks it out of the park:First, I'll start with an introduction talking about why I went to the career seminar and what I was hoping to get out of it. I'll say that I wanted to learn about different jobs so I can start thinking about the career I'd like to have someday. Then I'll wrap up the intro by saying in this report I'll share my top career choice and my plan for achieving it.Next, I'll have a section called "My Dream Career" where I'll go into detail about the job I want - firefighter. I'll explain what firefighters do, like driving the truck, carrying hoses, operating equipment, going into burning buildings to rescue people, etc. I'll share what I find exciting about that career and why I'd be a good fit for it. Maybe I can throw in some personal stories about stoppping fires with my garden hose or rescuing stuffed animals from pretend emergencies. That will really allow my personality to shine through.After that, I'll have a section called "Skills Needed" where I'll list out the skills and qualities you need to be a firefighter. Things like being brave, staying calm in scary situations, being physically strong and having endurance, being a team player, and of course knowing fire safety and rescue procedures. For each skill, I'll give an example of how I already show that skill or a time when I had to use it. That will prove I have what it takes!Then the next section will be "My Career Plan." Here I'll map out the steps I need to take from now until I achieve my goal of becoming a firefighter. The first step will be working really hard in school, especially in subjects like math, science, physical education, and public speaking since those will help me a lot. Then after high school, I'll need to go to a special training academy and get certified as a firefighter. I'll describe what that training is like from the presentation. And maybe I can get some experience along the way by joining a youth program with the fire department or working as a lifeguard. Breaking it down into clear steps will make it feel really doable.For the closing, I'll re-emphasize why this career is my passion and how committed I am to making it happen through hard work and determination. I'll talk about how excited I am for the challenges of firefighting but also how rewarding it will be to make a difference by helping others. Writing this report has me even more fired up (get it, fired up? Like a firefighter? Haha) to pursue this dream!Lastly, I'll put in some graphics to make the report look great - maybe pictures of firefighters in action, the fire equipment, a checklist for my career plan steps. That way it's not just merambling on a bunch of pages but has visual aids to explain key points in an engaging way.Phew, I think that's a solid plan for covering all the important details in an informative and personal way. I hope my teacher is impressed with my extreme firefighting enthusiasm and ambition for achieving that career goal. Writing this report is making me feel more pumped up than ever to grow up and become a real-life firefighting hero! Watch out world, here I come to extinguish your emergencies with bravery and skill. Well, after I finish this paper first. Let me grab my super Writers Start pencils and get to work. This is going to be the best career report ever written!篇3Career Planning Seminar Report Writing PlanHi everyone! Today I want to share my thoughts on how to write a really great report about the career planning seminar we all attended last week. Writing reports can seem boring, but if we approach it the right way, it can actually be kind of fun!First off, let's talk about the basic structure we should follow. All good reports need an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should grab the reader's attentionright away and give an overview of what the report will cover. Maybe we could start with an interesting question or fact about career planning to hook people in.The body is where we'll put all the juicy details about the seminar itself. We'll need paragraphs describing the presentations, the speakers, the activities we did, and anything else that happened during the day. The key here is to be really descriptive and paint a picture with our words so it feels like the reader was there with us. Using lots of specific details and examples will make it way more interesting than just giving a boring summary.For each presentation or activity, we could have a paragraph explaining:What it was aboutWho the speaker/instructor wasWhat we learnedAnything memorable, funny, or surprising that happenedHow it related to choosing a careerThe more senses we can engage with our writing, the better. If we can describe sights, sounds, even smells or tastes from the day, it'll really make our report jump off the page!Don't forget to include relevant facts, statistics, or quotes from the speakers too. Just be sure to organize all the information in a clear, logical way instead of just rambling. Maybe we could group paragraphs by the differentsessions/topics from the seminar schedule.Once we've thoroughly covered all the key parts of the seminar in the body, we'll need a stand-out conclusion to leave the reader with a lasting impression. We could summarize the main takeaways or lessons about career planning, share any lingering thoughts or questions we have, or even reflect on how the experience impacted our own goals for the future.If it feels right, maybe the conclusion could also have a creative or inspirational ending to motivate the reader. A thoughtful quote about following your dreams, a call to action to explore new possibilities, or a personal anecdote about feeling inspired could be a nice way to wrap things up on a high note.Besides all the structural concerns, we'll also want to watch our tone and writing style. Since this is quite a serious topic, we'll need to strike a relatively formal, academic tone. Avoid slang,contractions, and extremely casual language. At the same time, we don't want it to be too dry or boring either. Finding the right balance of being informative yet still engaging will be important.Finally, let's not forget some of the basics like proper grammar, spelling, varying our sentence structure, and using transition words between ideas. It's also smart to include section headings to organize our thoughts, and visuals like charts or photos if we have any good ones from the day.Whew, I know that was a lot to cover! Writing a strong report does take some effort, but I'm confident we can create something really compelling if we approach it step-by-step. Who's ready to get started? Let's make this the best career planning seminar report ever!。
Seminar 英语讨论 句式整理
Make a suggestion:Maybe we could…?How about if we…?Acknowledging an idea and making an alternative suggestion:I see what you mean, but what about….?That’s a possibility – or we could…Asking for suggestions:How do you feel about…?How are we going to do that?Asking for a volunteer to do sth:It would be good to start by reminding people of what the company produces.Maybe we could download one of their adverts from Youtube and show them that? Would you be able to do that, Carlos?So we need to end with a set of recommendations, don’t we?Yes, how do you feel about putting those as a series of bulllet points- just on one slide so they’re quite memorable. Who wants to do that?Asking a particular person to do sth:We need to give the audience some time at the end to ask questions. How are we going to do that? Well, I think it's best if just one person deals with the questions. Perhaps you could that, Kate, as you’re the speaker in the presentations.I think it’s best if just one person deals with the questions. Maybe Christian could do it?That’s a possibility. Or we could all sit at the front and take the questions that are to do with our part of the presentation.I’m not sure of the best way of presenting all these tables. They wouldn’t look good projected on screen.How about if we put them on a handout? We could give that out at the beginning. You’re good at that kind of thing Francoise. Can you sort that out?Offering to do sth:We’ve really got to grab their attention. I think we jump straight in and talk about the company’s problems.I see what you mean, but what about the history of the company? Wouldn’t it be more sensible to do that before talking about the problems it’s facing today? Shall I do that?Generating ideas and report:Expressions for reporting backRight, well, we thought that this picture was showing that people in different cultures greet each other differently. So in some cultures people shake hands, for example while others avoid contact and might just bow. There’s also the question of gender here which prompted us to talk about the different behaviour of men and women, er, your know, childcare, household tasks…One member of the group suggested that in some cultures men and women greet each other in different ways. So Zubadah, er, mentioned that for most groups in Indonesia it wouldn’t be appropriate for men and women to touch when they greet each other. Erm, turning now to the third question, we came up with a number of other aspects that could be investigated. One possibility would be to look at …Expressions for referring to what people in other groups have said….how young people treat their elders. Kerry said sth similar for group one. So, for example, do they show respect in particular ways? We also taked about attitudes to punctuality. This was sth that group two talked about as well. We thought it would be interesting to see whether people from different cultures thought it was OK to turn up late for lecture.Reaching a consensusGive reasons for a preferred orderIt’s sensible to put how antibiotics work first.Well, that’s possible, but it seems more logical to talk about their discovery before saying how they work. We can start with how….Well, we can’t really introduce side-effects before we’ve talked about how antibiotics work. So we need todo side-effects later.…I think the presentation would flow better if we had impacts….Reaching a consensusWe haven’t got much time left and we need to agree an order for presenting these.Ok, Most people are in agreement that we start with…Right, the consensus seems to be that we talk about how antibiotics work….Right, that’s it then. Our agreed order is…Joining in discussionIndicate that you want to make a pointIf I could add…Can I add sth here?Give your own viewCould I just say that…In my view…The way I see it is that…I think…Agree with the last speaker an add a further pointIris makes a good point, and another thing is ….I think that’s intersting, and sth else to consider is…That’s right, and also…Disagree politely with the last speaker and add a point That may be the case, but don’t you think…I see what you mean, but maybe…That’s partly true, but you’ve also got to think about…Asking for and giving more informationAsking for informationCould you give an example of that?Have you got any other examples of …What did you mean by…What did you mean when you said…You used the term/word …- What’s that?I didn’t quite understand (what you said about)..So are you saying that..What does that mean..You said that …., why is that?Introducing more informationWhat I meant was that…The main reason is..It’s to do with…What I’m saying is that…What it means is that….Saying that you don’t knowI’m sorry, I don’t knowI’ll have to find out and let you knowI need to go away and look at that a bit moreTo be honest, I don’t know。
Seminar12(3)
FINM7407: Financial Institutions and MarketsSeminar 12Revision for the Final Exam Necmi K Avkiran, PhDAssociate Professor in Banking and FinanceUQ Business Schooln.avkiran@.au/~necmi/financesite/profile.htmfor your examinations?Do you:1.Have your current UQ student ID card?2.Know where your examination is being held?3.Know what materials you are permitted to bring tothe examination? (check with your coursecoordinator)4.Have an approved / labelled calculator (in examswhere calculators are permitted)for your examinations?For each examination, ensure you:1.Have rechecked your personalised examination timetable fordate, time and venue2.Have your current UQ student ID card on hand and be ready topresent on entry to the examination venue –should you forget it, you must report to the Student Centre before yourexamination3.Have spare pencils and pens, as well as any permittedmaterials4.Arrive at your examination venue 15 minutes before thescheduled start and 30 minutes if the examination is held atthe UQ CentreExamination TimetableStudents are provided with a personalised examination timetable to their UQ email account, detailing their;•Schedule of examinations•Date, start time and exam duration•Campus and specific venue to which they must attend for each examinationIt is important that students;•Attend to the venue listed on their examination timetable 15-30 minutes before the exam is due to commence •Are in possession of their UQ Student ID card•Have an approved calculator should it be permitted forthe examinationStudent ID Card –Essential! All Students MUSTpresent a currentUQ Student ID cardto gain entry to theexamination venueApproved Calculators in ExaminationsMobile Phones in ExaminationsA student who attends and attempts whole or part of the original examination will not be eligible for a deferred examination.So how could this ruling affect you if you are unwell?Either: Commence and finish your examination; orDo not attend your examination, obtain a medical certificate from your doctor and apply for a Deferred Examination.Check your eligibility criteria before you make a decision!Please see the myAdvisor website or ask the Student Centre for assistance.New for Semester 2 2015Students will be permitted to enter the examination venue until one hour into the examination (eg 08:00am exam start, entry until 09:00am).Students will not be permitted to leave an examination until one hour of the examination has elapsed (eg 08:00am exam start, leave at 09:00am).New for Semester 2 2015Students will not be permitted to wear watches in examinations.Watches may be placed under the student’s chair or on the corner of the student’s desk for the duration of the examination.Re-familiarise yourselves with the course Blackboard web site…Now, a few ‘pearls of wisdom’ fromyour course coordinator…“Nothing travels faster than the speed of light with the possible exception of bad news, which obeys its own special laws.” Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyOn this note, I strongly recommend that you ignore all exam related rumours you might hear between now and the exam day. When in doubt, please refer to the various postings on Blackboard -includingthe course profile –and seminar slides.And there is more…1. Every topic in FINM7407 is examinable on your final exam because seminars are related to each other.Your exam will have 8 short-answer questions, sometimes with multiple parts(total of 100 marks).There will be a mixture of numerical and theory questions.The majority of the marks are from seminars 7 -11.End-of-seminar case studies are not on your finalexam. Title page including the exam outline is already onBlackboard.2. Use the 10 minutes of perusal time to identify the questions you can answer easily. Leave more difficult questions for later.3. Remember that this is a written exam. That is, you get only one shot at putting down your answer. Hence, it is VERY IMPORTANT that you write concisely, clearly and legibly using grammatically correct sentences. In theory questions, use short paragraphs, and whenever possible, sub-headings, as a roadmap for the examiner.And more…4. In calculations make sure you keep your rough work separate from your answer and clearly show your method as part of your answer.In most instances, correct method will attract partial marks even if the final answer may be incorrect.Pay attention to the number of decimal places required by the question. If not specified, four decimal places is a safeassumption in most cases; with final answers in dollars,two decimal places are expected.5. The instruction “In point form...” means presenting your answeras follows:●I know the answer!●I have no idea!●My friend knows the answer!Or, you may use numbers instead of bullet points.And…6. Once again, your seminars should form the backbone of your final revision. In order to better manage your revision time, pay close attention to what I have already revealed here. Make sure you are working from the most up-to-date seminar slides on Blackboard.7. After you have completed your personal revision, I recommend that you get together with a friend sitting the same exam and test each other. This approach would be particularly helpful with theory questions.And…8. Face-to-face exam consultation times are onThursday 5 November 1-3pmTuesday 10 November 1-3pmThursday 12 November 10am-12noonThere will be no consultation outside these hours.9. Please note individually emailed questions asking whether a particular topic or pages(s) of reading will be on the exam will remain unanswered.10. There are some postings under FAQ on Blackboard which will answer other questions that may pop into your heads before or after the exam.11. At the time of preparation of these slides, your exam is known to be on Friday 13th November. Please refer to your personalised examination timetable to double-check.The rest of this meeting will focus on the past final exam paper you were asked to bring with you, and any questions of clarification you may have.Reproduction of Instructions on Blackboard Please carefully note the following to get the most out of your last seminar:•Bring a hardcopy of 2014 2nd semester's final exam paper available on the library website. Make sure you go through it at home so that you can ask questions of clarification in class .•The main purpose of the last seminar is to discuss the STRUCTURE OF YOUR EXAM and answer any questions of clarification you may have.•Solutions to past exam papers are not posted on Blackboard or emailed.•Any remaining questions can be raised during consultation times.。
seminar_report
Seminar ReportDuring the 1970s and 1980s considerable effort was devoted to applying game-theoretic techniques to the analytic modeling of issues in industrial economics. The sophistication and breadth of the models described in The Habit book of Industrial Organization or in Jean Tirole's The Theory Industrial Organization bear testaiment to the extent of that effort. Many of the issues examined in that body of work are of direct relevance to competitive strategy, the branch of strategic management concerned with what one might call 'external' strategy issues, i.e. the firms strategy Wiisli-visits rivals. These include issues such as the importance of first-mover advantages and the role of commitment in staking out a market position, ' reputation formation and exploitation;signaling and the strategic control of information more generally (Fudeniberg and Tirole, 1986).While most of the models have focused on external strategy issues, recently these tools have been turned increasingly to other questions of direct variance to strategic management having to do with the internal organization of the firm and the appropriate scope of its activities. These include questions relating to the vertical scope of the firm's activities (Grossman and Hart, 1986); and the effect of incentives on the optimal horizontal scope of the firm (Jensen, 1986); and the appropriate breadth of the firm's business and corporate strategies (Rotemberg and Saloner,1990) .Finally, issues at the intersection of these ‘internal’ an1d ‘external’ orientation s constitute a growth area within economics. The issues here include the effect of incentive schemes within the firm on product market competition the ability to use vertical integration to achieve competitive advantage (Ordover, Saloner, and Salop, 1990) Hart and Tirole, forthcoming, and Bolton and Whinstoni, 1989); and the effect of distribution chalnniel design on competition (Coughlin and Wernierfelt, 1988); Moorthy, forthcomingi, and Bonanno and Vickers, 1988).Despite the relevance of these issues to strategic management, the impact on thatfield has mainly been through 'importing' relevant implications from economics. The question arises, however, as to whether there is a more direct role for game-theoretic modeling within strategic imnailageminenita, s a tool used by scholars who regard strategic imnala gemineanlt their priminary field.However, it is probably also due in part to the fact that some observers within strategic management are troubled by the complexity of the reasoning of which the agents whose behavior is being analyzed are assumed to be capable. For example, Rumelt, Schenidel and Teece (1990).Rational models of competitive interaction posit players who engage in very subtle and complex reasoning. Yet our common experience is that decision-makers are far less analytic and perform far less comprehensive analyses these models posit. If one is a player, is it really 'rational' to posit such complex behavior in others? The degree of rationality assumed in game theoretic models is often much greater than in other economic models. In game theoretic models each firm's optimal action depends on what it believes its rivals will do. In order to decide what to do itself, the firm must put itself in its rival's shoes and analyze the sit U from its rival's perspective. The analysis therefore requires assumptions about the rival's rationality, as well as the assessment of the rivals belief about one's own rationality, and so on. These assumptions are particularly striking in a field like strategic management which tolerates a wide variety of behavioral assumptions.。
职业研讨会报告英语作文模板
职业研讨会报告英语作文模板英文回答：Career Seminar Report。
Introduction。
The career seminar was held in order to help students prepare for their future careers. The seminar was attended by students from all disciplines, and the speakers were all experts in their respective fields.Overview of the Seminar。
The seminar was divided into four parts:1. Keynote Speech: The keynote speech was given by a successful entrepreneur who shared his insights on how to start and grow a business.2. Breakout Sessions: The breakout sessions were led by experts in different fields, such as finance, marketing, and human resources. The breakout sessions gave students the opportunity to learn about different career paths and to network with professionals in their field of interest.3. Career Fair: The career fair was an opportunity for students to meet with potential employers and learn about job openings.4. Resume and Interview Workshop: The resume and interview workshop was led by a career counselor who gave students tips on how to write a strong resume and how to prepare for an interview.Assessment of the Seminar。
seminar report 2
China Macroeconomic Policy from a Mercantilist PerspectiveSun ChaoranABSTRACTThis essay analyze China Macroeconomic Policy from Mercantilist Perspective by borrowing heavily from framework laid in pioneering work of Zou(1997)and Wang and Zou(2011).The first part demonstrates it's difficult,if not impossible to determining an optimal Macroeconomic Policy due to interpersonal comparison of ordinal utility issue.The second part gives a verbal description on what these models predict on mercantilist sentiment shock,monetary shock,foreign exchange rate shock,government purchase shock and foreign asset holding shock and point out potential limitations of these predictions.We conclude with a brief conclusion and a discussion of possible extension for future work.INTRODUCTIONIn the Lecture China Macroeconomic Policy Outlook:Implications on Exchange Rate And Interest Rates,Chris Leung showed what China Macroeconomic Policy should be like especially with respect to fine tuning of Exchange Rate And Interest Rates based on patterns manifest in historical time series eful as such methodology may be,it divorced from agents'rational choice behaviour,which implies that it is subject to the renowned"Lucas Critique".In spite of methodological concern,another problem emerges that it's one thing that it's desirable to implement the policy deduced in the lecture,it is quite another to see them to be implemented in real life,for the reason that policy makers are notorious for lapsing into pursuing their own objective which is probably significantly deviated from maximization of general welfare as implicitly assumed and desired in the lecture.As a complement to leung's analysis,we utilize Zou(1997),Wang and Zou(2011)which model mercantilism as a result of maximization of representative agents'utility to characterize the optimal China Macroeconomic Policy.At first sight,it,at least,doesn't make any sense to invoke any connection between mercantilism and normative analysis on China Macroeconomic Policy. After all,the term"mercantilism"which is often associated with confusion of means with ends, has been ridiculed since the time of Adam Smith.Even in the heyday of"mercantilism",the economic success is often attributed to failure of mercantilist policy which incur a prohibitively high monitoring cost(See Laura LaHaye(2008)).But such tide is reversed since Zou(1997).One major reason for mercantilism being discredited is that,as shown in Becker(2009),the benefit of mercantilism mainly goes to producers,while consumers are hurt by higher export prices in a static setting.Simple graph analysis shows that mercantilism imposes a cost that outweigh its benefit.Thus,at worst,in theory,everyone can be better off by abandoning mercantilism with the help of a well-functioning social wealth redistribution system.As indicated in Posner(2009),one possible reason for adhering mercantilist policy is the friction and malfunction in social wealth redistribution system,which is certainly the case of China.However,the side-effect of mercantilist policy based on such reasoning shouldn't be neglected,which is,as a healthy dynamic economy, market price of exchange rate may contain important signal on reallocation of jobs among different sectors.From Austrian School's view(See Mises(1931)),the prosperity brought bydistortion of price is doom to end up with a recession at some point in future.The following part of this essay is separated into three parts.The first part demonstrates the difficulty of normative analysis on optimal China optimal macroeconomic policy.The second part focused on different consequence incurred by different macroeconomic policy from a positive perspective.In the last section,we conclude with a discussion on interesting directions for future work.1.DIFFICULTY IN DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL MACROECOOMIC POLICYThe reason of choosing Zou's framework is not only its generality,reducibility and mathematical tractability but also its closeness to reality.To model the"Deep Parameters"as called upon in Lucas(1976),Zou(1997)characterized mercantilist social planner's objective function as the sum of discounted flow which is a function of instantaneous consumption and foreign asset holding. One critical assumption to simplify the matter is to focus on the special case that the function is separable with respect to consumption and foreign asset holding.In other words,cross derivative of the instantaneous utility function with respect to them is zero.A by-product of convenience in such simplification is that we could have a very simple representation to measure mercantilist sentiment as a coeffient of utility of wealth.As a result,countries without mercantilist sentiment is reduced to a special case that the coeffient is set to zero.Instead of accepting such setting blindly, we find that significance for discussion is two-folded.First,for positive analysis,we are entitled to ask that,in real life,do policy makers,see accumulating foreign asset as an end or as some means to achieve other end at more fundamental level?Second,for normative analysis,should policy makers accumulate foreign asset as a vehicle to increase general welfare,assuming we are fortunate enough to afford a benevolent one?As to the first question,there is no definite answer as far as the author knows.One popular yet tentative story is that if country A holds a considerate amount of paper asset issued by country B,then country B is put at the mercy of county A.The mechanism is that if country A wants country B to implement policies favored to her,she can threat to sell those paper asset in huge quantity which could impose enough pressure in county B's capital market.Becker(2009)pointed that such viewpoint may be wrong-headed because such threat is incredible in the sense that finding substitutes for those paper asset for the purpose of reaping attractive enough dividends relative to accustomed risk is itself costly.Moreover,the effect of such punishment could be quite limited especially in today's highly integrated global capital market.In fact,a likely outcome is that the action of one country punishes the country only creates an opportunity for speculators to buy low and sell high.In fact,Mankiw(2009)regards it nonsensical for United States to pressure China into appreciating RMB value,since it is equivalent to asking China to stopping from lending them money.The answer to second question is tantamount to comparative analysis of model in Zou(1997).As a benchmark model,it assumed that term of trade,taxation scheme,money supply and mercantilism sentiment coeffient as exogenous variables.The result is clear that a higher mercantilism sentiment coeffient leads to higher steady state consumption of both domestic and foreign goods. The transition dynamics can be described as follows:In response to a positive mercantilism sentiment shock hits the economy,the social planner reallocates the resource to facilitate more saving and less consumption which reflects a sudden jump of valuation of wealth compared to the past.As time goes,a trade surplus emerges and thecountry accumulates a higher amount of foreign asset gradually.Because more foreign asset bring about more dividend income,consumption per capita will converge to a level that surpass the past equilibrium level.However such conclusion doesn't imply that we should all advocate a mercantilism even in the world of the model.Noticeably,higher future consumption is at the expense of lower current consumption.If we want to find an optimal mercantilism sentiment coeffient,we have to confront with the comparison of interpersonal utility,which represents the current generation's welfare and future,unborn generation's welfare in our context.One pessimistic view is that it's impossible for us to find a method for interpersonal comparison of ordinal utility(see Hausman(1993)).Of course,we could derive some solution via lessons learned from bargaining problem literature,but it is still impossible,or inappropriate to pick one solution among various ones based on various"axioms"(See Thomson(1994),for a discussion).2.POSITIVE ANAYSIS OF MACROECOOMIC POLICYBuilding upon Zou(1997),Wang and Zou(2011)extend the baseline model to make policy analysis with respect to inflation,foreign exchange intervention and government expenditure possible.The implication on inflation with such framework is that higher inflation results in higher steady state consumption and foreign asset level,while the sign of effect on real money balance is not decidable in the absence of further assumption,which is quite counterfactual,in the face of fact that hyperinflation never goes with higher welfare hand in hand.This is due to the perfect foresight assumption which rules out the possibility that inflation reallocate the wealth after transaction which is normally occurred in real life.Thus the implication for real life policy making that policymaker face a trade-off between the benefit and cost from inflation.The transition dynamics can be depicted as follows:As government raise the monetary growth permanently,people find it less desirable to hold the same amount of money as it used to be,so they cut their real money balance and invest the extra money in foreign asset to finance future consumption which indicate a higher longrun consumption level.However,the ambiguous effect on real money balance is cause by two conflicting motives,which are higher future consumption motive that increase real money balance and avoidance motive of inflation tax which lower real money balance.As for the central banks'purchase of foreign claims,it bring forth more foreign asset accumulation, more consumption and more real money balances.The rationale is that purchase of foreign asset crowd out real money balances in the short run,but consumption smoothing restore equilibrium to the point that is characterized as more foreign asset accumulation,more consumption and more real money balances.As for government expenditure,it is assumed as"wasteful"in the sense that it has no effect on production and doesn't enter utility function.Unsurprisingly,permanent increase in government spending crowds out long-run consumption,real money balances and foreign asset holdings.The implication of such prediction is limited because assuming government expenditure"wasteful"is far from innocuous.Quite the opposite,government final consumption expenditure does increase a fraction of people's welfare and government gross capital formation is no doubt a driving force of economic growth.So the story told in Wang and Zou(2011)is far from the whole by any standard.3.CONCLUSSION AND DISCUSSIONIn conclusion,countries'mercantilist sentiment affects people's welfare across different generations,so it's impossible or inappropriate to decide how"mercantilist"one country should be. If we restrict ourselves to the long-run economic consequence of different policy,Zou(1997)and Wang and Zou(2011)framework implies the China Macroeconomic Policy fared well,for the reason that higher expected and non-accelerating inflation,higher mercantilist sentiment, alongside accumulating foreign asset holding which contribute to a higher long-run consumption characterize China Macroeconomic Policy for a long time except for one drawback that government expenditure is too high which could possibly become wasteful at such a high level.At the same time,we should be cautious on these implications because of limitations in such framework.One obstacle for Zou(1997)and Wang and Zou(2011)is that it doesn't explicitly model the link between power and foreign asset holding,which result in arbitrariness of the form of foreign asset holding to enter the instantaneous utility function.To make it concrete,among foreign asset holding per capita,absolute value of foreign asset holding,foreign asset holding in terms of opponent country,which is the winner of the horse race?Such question is vexingly tricky unless the link is explicit modeled as some result of strategic behavior.Another imperfection the framework is inherent in the representative agent and rational expectations methodology.Real life situation is far complex than the Neo-classical paradigm. Common sense told us that one country's unilateral action is never negligible,instead countries' policy making is alway made in an environment of anarchy in which conflict and threat constitute the part and parcel.An important case is the determination of exchange rate,which may not a good approximation to model them as exogenous given.To some extent it is close to style of determination of wage in literature of equilibrium unemployment.However,the situation is far more complicated since the nature of exchange rate determination is a multilateral bargaining which is fortunately solvable in Samet and Safra(2004)which reduce the problem to the estimation of all countries'parameters that measure their bargaining power.An inevitable drawback is it implicitly assumes every countries'bargaining power can be ranked in a complete order.However,it's obvious that bargaining power relies not only the quantity of foreign asset holding,but on its formation.To complicate the matter,coalition structure is likely to emerge in the process of bargaining.Another more radical challenge is that as argued in Samet(2011), bargaining process is a never-ending process in the manner of paradox that Achilles could never catch tortoise which is enhanced by Law of triviality.A critical difference is that bargaining as to term of trade is always on the pareto frontier,and it could demand a whole new set of Axioms.On the other hand,utility functions,in most case,is not common knowledge,as commonly assumed in literature.By contrast,parameters such as mercantilist sentiment and discount factor vary across from different countries,and are not revealed to one another,and some extreme situation, such as high-order uncertainty and ambiguity,could arise.ReferenceBecker,Gary,2009,"Should China Allow its Currency to Appreciate?"The Becker and Posner blogHausman,Daniel,"The Impossibility of Interpersonal Utility Comparisons"Mind,New Series, Vol.104,No.415(Jul.,1995),pp.473-490LaHaye,Laura."mercantilism."The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.Second Edition.Eds.Steven N.Durlauf and Lawrence E.Blume.Palgrave Macmillan,2008.The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online.Palgrave Macmillan.Lucas,Robert(1976),"Econometric Policy Evaluation:A Critique",in Brunner,K.;Meltzer,A., The Phillips Curve and Labor Markets,Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy,1, New York:American Elsevier,pp.19–46Mankiw,Gregory(2009),"It’s No Time for Protectionism"The New York Times,Economic View Mises,Ludwig von,(1931)The Causes of Economic Crisis:And Other Essays Before And After The Great Depression.The Ludwig von Mises InstitutePosner,Richard(2009),"China's Currency and Reserves"The Becker and Posner blogSamet,Dov and Safra,Zvi(2004),"An ordinal solution to bargaining problems with many players"Games and Economic Behavior,Vol.46,2004Samet,Dov(2011),"What if Achilles and the tortoise were to bargain?An argument against interim agreements"Working PaperSmith,Adam.,1977(1776),An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Unversity of Chicago Press.Thomson,William,(1994)."Cooperative models of bargaining,"Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications,in:R.J.Aumann&S.Hart(ed.),Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications,edition1,volume2,chapter35,pages1237-1284Elsevier.Wang,Gaowang and Zou,Heng-fu,2011."Mercantilism,Foreign Asset Accumulation and Macroeconomic Policy,"MPRA Paper34519,University Library of Munich,Germany.Zou,Heng-Fu,1997."Dynamic analysis in the Viner model of mercantilism,"Journal of International Money and Finance,Elsevier,vol.16(4),pages637-651,August.。
公共英语三级词汇5 OK
rouse[rauz] v.惊起；唤起，唤醒route[ruːt] n.路线，路程The vessel encountered 遇到bad weather and had to change the route.这艘船遇到了坏天气，不得不改变航线。
routine [ru'tɪn] My daily routine starts with a cup of coffee. 我每天开始工作时都会喝杯咖啡。
n.例行公事，常规 a.常规的，例行的row [rəu] v.划船；荡桨n.一排，一列royal ['rɔɪəl] a.王室的；第一流的 n.(一)排Lady Diana is one of the most famous members of the royal family in England.戴安娜王妃是英国王室最有名的成员之一。
royalty['rɔɪəltɪ] n.皇家，皇族Although Xiao Zhang's family is poor, they are descended是……后裔from royalty.虽然张家家境贫寒，却是前朝皇室遗族。
rub They rub the sleep out of their eyes. 他们揉了揉惺忪的睡眼，强打起精神来。
v.& n.擦，摩擦rubber n.橡皮；橡胶制品 a.橡胶的rubbish n.废物，垃圾；废话ruby['rubɪ] n.红宝石，人名。
Ruby is an outgoing girl and she makes friends really quickly.露比性格外向，能很快地交到朋友。
rude a.粗鲁的；猛烈的rug [r^g] The rug is too dirty, you should beat all the dust out of it. 这块地毯太脏了，你应该把上面的灰拍掉。
商务英语词汇术语
最惠国待遇
most-favorednationtreatment-MFNT
-------------------价格条件----------------------
价格术语tradeterm(priceterm)运费freight
单价price码头费wharfage
分三个月，每月平均装运inthreeequalmonthlyshipments
立即装运immediateshipments
即期装运promptshipments
收到信用证后30天内装运shipmentswithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C
允许分批装船partialshipmentnotallowedpartialshipmentnotpermitted
IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)国际货币基金组织
CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)货币贸易理事会
EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)欧洲自由贸易联盟
AFTA(ASEANFreeTradeArea)东盟自由贸易区
JCCT(China-USJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade)中美商贸联委会
发盘(发价)offer
发实盘offerfirm
询盘(询价)inquiry;enquiry
指示性价格priceindication
速复replyimmediately
参考价referenceprice
习惯做法
交易磋商
不受约束
业务洽谈
usualpractice
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Distinguished Lecture Series
Synthesis of CdSe-based Quantum Dots and
Their Characteristics
Professor XXX
Name:XXX Student No:XXX
The main theme of the seminar:
The theme of this seminar is to introduce some new synthetic methods about CdSe-based quantum dots, also to introduce their properties.
The issues discussed are as follows:
⏹Basic description about semiconductor, including synthetic methods,
properties and applications.
⏹The reactions about Cd chalcogenide nanoparticles. They can react
react with TAA in homogeneous system, however the rate is different in different PH.
⏹The research about the synthesis of high quality CdSe quantum dots.
Many scholars devoted theirselves to this subject,and many good conclusions are drawn.
⏹Applications about CdSe-based quantum dots in biological
labeling,display and photovoltaic device. It is so fantastic to change the color of LEDs when using quantum dots.
⏹Quantity production of water-dispersible QDs. SiPoP process has
many advantages. It can be carried out in room temperature, and it can carry on large scale synthesis.
The future for this topic:
CsDe-based quantum dots have many unique optical properties which makes them good competitor in the area of LEDs. I think, in the future, different kinds of LEDs will be invented.The compute will become more
intelligentized.
My concerns to my major:
During the seminar,The changed color when using quantum dots attracted me deeply. I got two conclusions about my major from this:
1.Many chemicals will appear different color in different conditions. We
can use the change in color to estimate the reaction.
2.“Chem is try”. About the chemistry, if we dare to try, we may find
amazing results.。