英语构词法 Word Formation【Kevin精心整理】扩充词汇量
语法复习：英语构词法
表示人和物的名词后缀
后缀 -er
-or
表 -eer 示 -ess 人 -ician
-ist
表 -er
示 物
-or
意义 从事…职业的人 …地方的人 与-er同义
从事于...的人
用法
加在动词、名词、形 容词上
外来后缀，加在外来 词上
用于外来词
女...的
加于名词后，表示阴 性
...(专)家， ...工作者
基 本 的 构 词 法 知 识 ， 对
力高于
，记正
具忆确
派生法 Derivation
派 前缀
生 后缀
法
否定前缀 其他前缀
名词后缀 形容词后缀
副词后缀 动词后缀
常见的否定前缀
前缀 un-
意义
不, 未 (=not)
相反动作
用法Biblioteka 例词加在形容词或副词 前
unhappy, unnecessary, untouched, unexpected, unusual, undoubtedly
加在名词或形容词 dishonour, disease 前
dis- 相反
加在动词前
dislike, disbelieve
分离, 剥 加在名词或动词前 discharge, dismiss 夺, 除去
mis- 表示错误 加在名词、动词或 mistake, misfortune,
及其派生词前
misread, misunderstanding
向…
派生形容词、副词或介词
表示 : 联合、共 加在名词或动词前 同
post-war, post-date post-graduate
asleep, along, aloud, ashore, alive, across
用构词法来扩大词汇量.论文doc
用构词法来扩大词汇量摘要：学生阶段的英语考试，都需要掌握一定的词汇量，虽然这不是衡量英语水平的唯一标准，但在英语学习中词汇量也是相当重要的一个衡量指标。
了解词素，词缀，词根以及构词法的一些方法，对增加词汇量有很大帮助，学习这些既有助于扩大词汇，同时也掌握了一些学习英语的技巧。
关键词：构词法词汇词缀一、引言：使用语言来表述情感是人类社会能够和谐发展的基础，而无论哪种语言都是由最简单的词汇汇合而成的，如今英语作为一种历史悠久、语汇丰富、词义纷繁、语法简练、使用灵活且搭配能力极强的语言，已经成为学校的一门必修语言课，魏尔金斯曾经精辟地指出：没有语法不能很好地表达，而没有词汇则什么也不能表达。
可以毫不夸张地说，词汇量是制约外语学习效率的最重要因素。
离开了高效率的词汇学习，语言知识的掌握便无从谈起，交际能力的培养也必将成为无源之水。
笔者认为构词法能有效的、快速的对词汇进行学习。
二、词素的分类词素可以分为自由词素（free morpheme）和粘着语素（bound morpheme），自由词素可以单独形成意思，而粘着语素必须依靠至少一个自由词素或粘着词素才能形成意义。
比如unfaithful，faith是自由词素，un-和ful-是粘着词素。
词素还可以分为词汇词素（lexical morpheme）、语法词素（grammatical morpheme）和派生词素（derivational morpheme）。
比如black、bird和blackbird 都是词汇词素，而books、worked、studying都是语法词素，unhappy、faithful 等属于派生词素。
三、词根（root）、前缀（prefix）、后缀（suffix）扩大词汇（1）词根词根是一个单词的基础，用来表达最本质的意思。
同样词根也可以分为自由词根（free root）和粘着词根（bound root）。
比如：teacher中的teach、worker中的work是自由词素，antiquity中的antiq（表古老），accelerate中的celer（表示快，迅速）是词根词素。
Word Formation(英语构词法)
Suffixes
1.动词变名词： -tion education, invitation, prediction -men development, movement, -er teacher, worker, runner, singer -or visitor, sailor, tutor, actor
Some types of backformation
Noun-verb pedlar - peddle （叫卖）swindler
-swindle （诈骗） beggar - beg （乞讨） editor - edit （编辑
Adjective →verb
peevish - peeve (气恼) cozy - coze（使感到舒 适）lazy - laze （偷懒）greedy - greed （ 贪婪）gruesome - grue （因害怕发抖）
adj.＋adj. bitter-sweet, dark-blue
n.+adj. world-famous，snow-white, adv. ＋ adj.ever-green, over-sensitive n u m . ＋ five-year-old, six-inch-tall n.+adj. v.+adj. stir-crazy
Conversion(zero-derivation)转类构词 法
Definition:Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is so called zero-derivation. Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme. Some compounds are also converted . Eg: The police machinegun the gang.
构词法 Word Formation
构词法Word Formation
在英语中,词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。
一、合成Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。
方式：1. 直接写在一起。
2. 用连字符(-)连接。
3. 由两个分开的词构成。
(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever
(5)合成代词whoever, , whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything,
二、派生Derivation
注意：-ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词, 又可以构成形容词。
三、转化Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形, 而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。
1. 名词和动词之间的转化
telephone电话——打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音——记录, name, date, hand, study,
2. 形容词转化为动词
perfect完美的——使完善
3.名词转化为形容词(副词)
front前面——前面的
4.形容词转化为名词
chief 主要的——首领。
Word-Formation 词汇学论文构词法-
Word-FormationAbstract : A further way besides borrowing in which the vocabulary of English has expanded to accommodate to the natural and social world in which it is used has been to employ means internal to the language itself for devising new word. This is the area of word-formation. Morphological productivity can be defined as the property of a given word formation process to be used to derive a new word in a systematic fashion. Most linguists divide the word-formation into major word-formation and minor word-formation .The major word-formational processes are :-Affixation-Compounding-ConversionThe minor word-formational processes are :-Abbreviation-Back formation-OnomatopoeiaKey Word : affixation, derivative, compounding, abbreviation, onomatopoeia1 AffixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a process in which a free morph is combined with a bound morph, a prefix, or a suffix. It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases . There are two types of derivative . One bases on free root with affix or bound root , the other bases on bound with affix or other bound root .1.1 Types of affixes- prefixes- suffixes- infixesModern English has a number of highly productive affixes. For example, the prefix over can be added to verbs which express activities to indicate that too much has taken place, i.e. something has been overdone, cf. overcook, overcoat, overstay. Likewise, the suffix –n ess can be added to an adjective make a noun designating the quality express by the adjective, its nouniness, so to speak.1.2Two types of derivative’s structure1.2.1 Free root + affix/bound root1) prefix + free roote.g.: In definite (a. uncertain), un forgettable (a. memorable) , mini bus (coach)2)free + suffixe.g. : wealth y (a. rich) , success ful (a, achieving aims) , extreme ly(adv, to a very high de.g.ree) , comfortab ly(adv. in a comfortableway)3)prefix +free root + suffixe.g. : en rich ment (a. sb/sth being rich or richer) , in ternation al (a.connected with two or more countries) , unchangeable (a. that can notbe changed)4)combining form + free roote.g. Afro-American , Afro-Asian , techno-chemistry , microwave1.2.2Bound root + affix/bound root1)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. contradict (v. to say sb has said is wrong) , descend (v. go down) ,despair (v. give up all hope)2)bound root (without formation)+ suffixe.g. confidence (n. trust in) , liberate (v. emancipation) , linguist (n. aperson who knows several foreign languages well)3)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. distinctive (a. special ) , intolerable (a. can’t bear) , contradiction(n. a lack of agreement between facts)24)combining form + combining forme.g. macrobiosis (n. long life) , microscope (n. an instrument used inscientific study for making very small thing look larger)2CompoundingComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, that is, a compound. Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.Very often compounds are written as two words, which means that they are accepted into dictionaries a little reluctantly. Certainly, dictionaries seem not to list compounds in anything like the numbers in which they are in use. This may be justified perhaps because compounds are frequently transparent and their meanings are relatively accessible without a dictionary. Furthermore, many of them do not become lexicalized, but have a very transitory life.According to the words’characteristic, there are compound nouns, compound adjectives , compound pronouns , compound verbs , compound adverbs , etc .2.1Compound Nounsn. + n.: bar code , mouse mat , Websitea. + n.: blueprint , compact discadv. + n.: off chance , overdose , underclothes-ing + n.: learning strate.g.y , marketing campaign , parking metern. + v.: daybreak , earthquake , parking meteradv + n : downfall , income , offset , output , upliftv. + adv.: get-together , handout , makeupn. + -ing: air-conditioning , brainstorming , family planningprep.+n.: afternoon , by-product , overcoat2.2Compound AdjectivesAs adjective is a core : airsick , band-new ; dark-blue , icy-cold ;3all-mighty , evergreen , overripeAs noun is a core : blue-collar , present-day ; breaknecl , cross-country ;chicken-hearted , dog-eared , wine-coloredAs –ing or –ed is a core : energy-saving , epoch-marking ; easy-going ,far-reaching ; mass-produced , poverty-stricken ; absent-minded ,half-done , newly-built2.3Compound Verbs1)Formed by back-formation : house-keep from housekeeperwindowshop from window-shoppinghenpeck from henpecked2)Formed by conversion : to blue-printto cold-shoulderto honeymoon3) adv. + v. : cross-questionoffsetoverthrow3ConversionConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. In other words, conversion or zero derivation is a type word class change without the addition, removal ,or change of any element in the word. In this process a noun maybe used as a verb or a verb can be used as a noun. Furthermore, a noun can be used attributively as an adjective. The most frequent type of conversion is from noun to verb, probably because there are so relatively few verbalizing affixes in English.3.1 n.→ v.1)to put in/on, such as, bottle(n.)→to bottle(=to put …into a bottle)2)to give, to provide with, such as, butter(n.) →to butter(=to spread butteron)3)to deprive of, such as, skin(n.) →to skin(=to remove the skin from)44)to…with, such as, hammer(n.) →to hammer(=to strike with a hammer)5)to be/act as …with respect to, such as, ape(n) →to ape(=to imitate like aape)6)to make/change…into, such as, fool(n.) →to fool(=to make a fool of)7)to send…/go by, such as, bicycle(n.) →to bicycle(=to go by bicycle)3.2adj.→ v.bare(adj.) →to bare, calm(adj.) →to clam, brave(adj.) →to brave3.3v.→ n.Verb converting into noun express the verb’s original action or condition mostly, such as, attempt, look, swim, smile, walk, etc.3.4adj.→ n.Most adjective can be used as noun, such as, an American, an Canadian,etc. There are three type of conversion, full conversion, partial conversionand special conversion.3.5n.→ adj.a brick garage (The garage is brick.)a cotton dress (The dress is cotton.)a gold watch, an iron box, the job market4ShorteningAbbreviation or shortening is the way of shortening or simplifying syllables to make new words. There are various forms of abbreviation, but main forms are four: clipped word, initialism, acronym, blend.4.1 ClippingsSpeakers of English have a great tendency to shorten words. This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables is shortened without a change in its function taking place. It includes apocope, aphaeresis, front and back clipping, and syncope.1) Apocopeapprox.← approximately, auto← automobile52) Aphaeresisburger→ hamburger, bus→ omnibus3) Front and back clippingsThe shortening may occur at the start and the end of the word. e.g., flu(=influenza) / fridge(=refrigerator) / tec(=detective)4) Syncopefluidics← fluidonics, fossilation← fossilizationContractions which is the clipping word with punctuation also can be regarded as this type.4.2 Initialisms and AcronymsInitialisms are words from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar(radio detecting and ranging). Acronyms have always been an integral part of computer culture, and they have since spawned a new language on the Internet. Commonly thought of as a series of letters that make up a “word” there is a distinction between acronyms and shorthand.4.3BlendsBlends are words formed by combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are created originally for comic effect. Following are some examples:Chunnel(=channel + tunnel) / brunch(=breakfast + lunch) / motel(=motorist+hotel)5Back-formationBack-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.e.g. beggar---beg burglar---burgleThe majority of backformed words are verbs. There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation:1)Object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing) meaning somebody sees6sights. Similar examples are: globe-trot(from globe-trotter orglobe-trotting).2)Adverbial + verb, as spring-clean (from spring-cleaning) meaningsomebody cleans in the spring.Back-formations of all kinds are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.6OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is a word-formation which imitate the sound. Imitative words are words formed by imitation of sound. Imitative words divide into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.The barking of a dog.The crack of a whip.The roll of thunder.The tinkling of bells.There are three types of words formed by imitation of sound:1)The repetition of words: quack; ticktack2)The repetition of words with a vowel change: clitter-clatter; ping-pong;tick-tack.3)Repeating one or more syllables with a consonant change : rub-a-dubt;ran-danReference: Wang Rongpei, Wang Zhijiang, An Advanced Reader of English Lexicology, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006汪榕培，王之江，《英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，2008789。
words formation—构词法.
构 词 法 知 识
Derivation派生法 Compound 合成法
Conversion 转化法
简略词 合成词
缩略词
掌握基本的构词法知识，对 于正确地识记单词，扩大词
汇量，。
派生法 Derivation 派 生 法 后缀 前缀
否定前缀 其他前缀 名词后缀 形容词后缀 副词后缀 动词后缀
1 常见的否定前缀
中学英语课本中有许多单词带有否定 前缀，如果能理解这些否定前缀的含
义，使用和记忆单词是很有帮助的。
否定前缀加在一个词的前面就完全改 变或否定了这个词的原来意义。
前 缀 意
义 用
法
例
词
un-
加在形容 unhappy, 不，未 词或副词 unnecessary, （= not) 前 untouched, 相反动 uncover, untie, 加在动词 作 unwrap, 前 unlock
upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)
3 表示人和物的名词后缀
后缀 意 义 用 法 -er 从事…职 加在动 业的人， 词、名 做…的人， 词、形 … 地方的 表 容词上 人 示 -or 与-er同义 外来后 缀，加 人 在外来 词上 -eer 从事于... 用于外 的人 来词 例词 teacher, worker learner, visitor, educator
engineer, mountaineer
用 法 加于名词后， 女...的 表示阴性 -ician 加在以-ic结尾 ...(专)家， 的名词或形容 表 词上 示 从事...职业 加在名词上， 人 -ist 的人，从事 或 –ize 结尾的 某种...文艺、 动词上，或以学术的人 al结尾的其它 词上 -er 表示从事某 加在动词和名 表 工作的物 词或复合词上 示 表示从事某 加在动词上 物 -or 工作的物
构词法（Wordformation）
构词法（Wordformation）构词法(Word Formation)三种主要的英语构词法：合成、转化和派生，其中用得最多的是“派生”。
I. 合成 (Compounding)1. 合成名词的构词法1) n. + n.cowboy craftsman fantasyland(幻境) newspapernightfall salesman snowstorm steamboat2) adj. + n.backbone(脊椎) blackboard broadcast darkroom greenhouse shorthand(速记)wildlife3) v-ing + n.dining-room sitting-room sleeping-pills reading-room4) v. + n.playground postcard pickpocket(扒手)5) n. + v-inghandwriting sightseeing sunbathing6) v. + adv./prep.break-through get-together cut-in go-between(中介)7) adv./prep. + n.afternoon downfall income outbreak(爆发)by-product(副产品)8) 其他grown-up passer-by well-being(福利) outgoing(郊游)2. 合成形容词的构词法1) n. + v-edhandmade man-made sunburnt state-run2) n. + v-ingEnglish-speaking peace-loving3) n. + adj.snow-white world-famous worldwide duty-free(免税的)4) adj./num. + n-edcold-blooded good-tempered(脾气好的) noble-mined warm-hearted three-legged5) adj./adv. + v-ingeasy-going funny-looking outgoing(开朗的)hard-working far-reaching(深远的)6) adj./adv. + v-ednew-born ready-made newly-built well-known7) 其evergreen face-to-face worn-out up-to-date part-time full-time3. 合成动词的构词法1) adv. + v.overthrow overwork underline uphold(支持)2) adj. + n.blacklist(列黑名单) whitewash(粉刷)3) n. + v.sleep-walk(梦游) sunbathe typewriteII. 转化 (Conversion)1) v. – n. / n. – v.break v. 打破– break n. 休息taste v. 品尝– taste n. 味道sleep v. 睡觉– sleep n. 睡眠hand n. 手 -- hand v. (递)交step n. 脚步– step v. 走；踏【注意】以下的名词与动词的读音有所不同：present n. 礼物– present v. 赠送use n. 用途– use v. 使用increase n. 增加– increase v. 增加export n. 出口– export v. 出口import n. 进口– import v. 进口transport n. 运输– transport v. 运输2) adj. – v. (-- n.)clean adj. 清洁的– clean v. 打扫clear adj. 清楚的– clear v. 清除close adj. 近的；亲密的– close v. 关闭own adj. 自己的– own v. 拥有– own n. & pron. 自己(的东西) waste adj. 废弃的– waste v. 浪费– waste n. 废物3) adj. – n./adv.back adj. 后面的– back n. 后面；背部front adj. 前面的– front n. 前面；前线left adj. 左(边)的– left n. 左(边)deep adj. 深的– deep adv. 深hard adj. 硬的；艰苦的– hard adv. 努力；艰苦地III. 派生 (Derivation)1. 前缀 (Prefix)a) 表示否定的前缀1) dis- (+ v.) 不agree – disagree appear – disappearcover – discover like – dislike2) un- (+ adj./v.) 不able – unable fair – unfairlimited – unlimited known – unknowndo – undo 解开 tie – untie 解开3) in-/ im-/ il-/ ir- (+ adj./n.) 不/无active – inactive capable – incapable(无能的) correct – incorrect complete – incomplete balance – imbalance n. mature – immature(不成熟的) patient – impatient adj. possible – impossible legal – illegal logical – illogicalregular – irregular religious – irreligious(无宗教的) 4) non- (+ n./ adj.) 不/无/非smoker – non-smoker stop – non-stopviolence – non-violence violent – non-violentb) 其他1) mis- (+ v.) 错误地lead – mislead understand – misunderstandapply – misapply address – misaddress(寄错信件) 2) re- (+ v.) 重；再consider – reconsider cycle – recyclestudy – restudy use – reuseview – review write – rewrite3) en- (+ adj.) 使(能) …able – enable danger – endangerlarge – enlarge rich – enrich4) multi- (+ adj./n.) 多…cultural – multicultural channel – multichannel5) tele- (+ n.) 长途的/远程的phone – telephone scope – telescope(望远镜)vision – television communication – telecommunication(电讯) 6) kilo- (+ n.) 千的gram – kilogram meter – kilometer7) anti- (+ n.) 反/抗/防…的aircraft – antiaircraft(防空的) caner – anticancer(抗癌的)8) bi- /tri- (+n./ adj.) 双/三...的cycle – bicycle weekly – biweekly(双周的)angle – triangle athlete – triathlete(三项全能运动员)9) fore- (+ n./v.) 前的/先的head – forehead leg – forelegcast – forecast see – foresee10) pre- (+ n./v./ adj.) 预先的face – preface(前言/序) arrange – prearrangebuilt – prebuilt11) post- (+ n.) 后的war – post-war liberation – post-liberation12) inter- (+ adj./v./n.) 之间的/交互的American – inter-American national – internationalact – interact(互相作用) connect – interconnect(互相连接) 13) co- (+ v./n.) 联合/共同operate – cooperate(合作) star – co-star(联合主演)worker – co-worker14) sub- (+ n./v.) 下面的/次的/副的way – subway heading – subheading(副标题)edit – sub-edit(担任助理编辑)15) super- (+ n.) 超级的man – superman market – supermarket16) auto- (+ n.) 自动的/自己的mobile – automobile(汽车)graph – autograph(亲笔签名；手稿)2. 后缀 (Suffix)a) 加后缀变成的名词可表示人或仪器等1) -er/ -or/ -ee/ -ess (v./n. + ~)teach – teacher village – villagertranslate – translator interpret – interpreter(口译员) act – actor employ – employer – employeeact – actress wait – waitresscalculate – calculator erase –eraser2) -ese/ -an/ -ian/ -ish/ -ist/ -ant (n. + ~)China – Chinese Japan – Japanesemusic – musician library – librarianIndia – Indian America – AmericanBritain – British Spain – Spanishphysics – physicist social – socialistassist – assistant account -- accountantb) 加后缀变成的名词可表示行为、动作、性质、状态等1) -ance/ -ence/ -cy (adj. + ~) 表性质或状态important – importance independent – independence agent – agency2) -ment/ -tion/ -ation/ -sion (v. + ~) 表示行为或动作move – movement act – actiondecide – decision conclude – conclusioneducate – education pronounce – pronunciation3) -ness/ -ship (adj./n. + ~) 表示性质、状态、关系或身份sad – sadness sick – sicknesshard – hardship friend – friendshipcitizen – citizenship4) -ty/ -ety/ -ity (adj. + ~) 表示性质或状态safe – safety anxious – anxietyable -- ability responsible – responsibilitycurious – curiosity various – variety5) -ism (adj. + ~)主义social – socialism material – materialism(唯物主义) 6) -ing (v. + ~) 表示行为或动作act – acting feel – feeling build – building7) -dom/ -th (adj./n. + ~)表示性质或状态free – freedom wise – wisdom king – kingdomdead – death true – truth warm – warmth8) -hood/-hold (n. + ~) 表示时期、身份或关系boy – boyhood girl – girlhood child -- childhood brother – brotherhood mother – motherhood house – household(一家人；家族)9) -ful (n. + ~) 满满一…hand – handful(一把) house – houseful(满屋)mouth – mouthful plate – plateful(满盘)c) 构成形容词的后缀有1) -able/ -ible (v./n. + ~) 可以accept – acceptable respect – respectable response – responsible(负责的；可依靠的)2) -al/ -ful (n./v. + ~) 有…(性质)的/culture – cultural nation – nationalcare – careful forget – forgetful3) -less (n. + ~) 无care – careless hope – hopeless use – useless4) -ish (n. + ~) 有…(性质)的/像…的child – childish fool – foolish woman – womanish5) –ive/ -ous (n./v. + ~) 有…(性质)的act – active create – creative effect – effective(有效的) fame – famous humour – humorous6) -en/ -ent/ -y/ -ly (n./v./adj. + ~) …做的/能…的/是…的gold – golden wood – woodendepend – dependent patience – patientsalt – salty thirst – thirstyfriend – friendly lone – lonelyday – daily month – monthlyd) 构成动词的后缀有1) -fy/ -ify/ -ize/ -ise (adj./n. + ~) 使…化beauty – beautify simple – simplify apology – apologize memory – memorize real – realize modern – modernize 2) -en (adj./n. + ~) 使… 变为deep – deepen length – lengthenshort – shorten strength – strengthene) 构成副词的后缀有1) -ly (adj. + ~) … 地bad – badly lucky – luckily sweet – sweetlygentle – gently loud – loudly weak – weakly2) -ward(s) (n./prep./adv. + ~) 朝/向…back – backward(s) for – forward(s)down – downward(s) south – southward(s)。
英语构词法 Word Formation【Kevin精心整理】扩充词汇量
英语词汇构词法(Word-formation)这里暂且总结六种常用的英语构词法：派生法、合成法、转化法、截短法、混合法和首尾字母结合法。
一、【派生法-DERIVATION】 (1)二、【合成法(复合法)-COMPOUNDING】 (2)三、【转化法(转类法)-CONVERSION】 (2)四、【截短法(缩略法)-CLIPPING】 (3)五、【混合法(混成法)-BLENDING】 (3)六、【首尾字母缩略法-INITIALISM / AFFIXATION】 (3)附录： (4)1. 常见前缀 (4)2. 常见后缀 (6)一、【派生法-Derivation】英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫做派生法。
在后文，将会在附录列出一些常见的前缀和后缀并注明其用法，以供参考。
1.前缀prefixes除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
∙(1)‘Negative prefixes’表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
例如（e.g.）：a- =not, without e.g.amoral adj. 非道德的；与道德无关的《a-(without 非) + moral (道德的)》dis- =apart, away e.g.discard v. 抛弃；丢掉n. 被抛弃的人或物《dis- (apart) + card (paper)》掷出无用的纸牌in- =not e.g.indecisive adj. 缺乏决心的；优柔寡断的《in- (not) + decisive (决定的)》ir- =not e.g.irremovable adj. 无法移动的《ir- (not) + removable (可移动的)》il- =not e.g.illegitimate adj. 违法的；私生的《il- (not) + legitimate (合法的)》im- =not e.g.immediate adj. 直接的；即刻的《im- (not) + mediate (middle)》没有间隔的∙(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter-(互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。
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英语词汇构词法(Word-formation)这里暂且总结六种常用的英语构词法：派生法、合成法、转化法、截短法、混合法和首尾字母结合法。
一、【派生法-DERIVATION】 (1)二、【合成法(复合法)-COMPOUNDING】 (2)三、【转化法(转类法)-CONVERSION】 (2)四、【截短法(缩略法)-CLIPPING】 (3)五、【混合法(混成法)-BLENDING】 (3)六、【首尾字母缩略法-INITIALISM / AFFIXATION】 (3)附录： (4)1. 常见前缀 (4)2. 常见后缀 (6)一、【派生法-Derivation】英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫做派生法。
在后文，将会在附录列出一些常见的前缀和后缀并注明其用法，以供参考。
1.前缀prefixes除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
∙(1)‘Negative prefixes’表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
例如（e.g.）：a- =not, without e.g.amoral adj. 非道德的；与道德无关的《a-(without 非) + moral (道德的)》dis- =apart, away e.g.discard v. 抛弃；丢掉n. 被抛弃的人或物《dis- (apart) + card (paper)》掷出无用的纸牌in- =not e.g.indecisive adj. 缺乏决心的；优柔寡断的《in- (not) + decisive (决定的)》ir- =not e.g.irremovable adj. 无法移动的《ir- (not) + removable (可移动的)》il- =not e.g.illegitimate adj. 违法的；私生的《il- (not) + legitimate (合法的)》im- =not e.g.immediate adj. 直接的；即刻的《im- (not) + mediate (middle)》没有间隔的∙(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter-(互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。
e.g.：coworker \ cooperate \ enlarge\rewrite\subwayco-(共同)+worker 同事，帮手；co-(共同)+operate 合作；en- (使)+large 扩大、扩展；rewrite 重写；subway 地铁2.后缀suffix给单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。
后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
∙(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。
e.g.：differ不同于→difference区别；write写→writer作家；China中国→Chinese中国人；act表演→actress女演员；music音乐→musician音乐家；∙(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。
e.g.：wide→widen加宽；beauty→beautify美化；pure→purify提纯；real→realize意识到；organ→organize组织；sharp→sharpen使变锋利∙(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less(表示否定)，-like(像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y(表示天气)等。
e.g.：nature自然→natural自然的；reason道理→reasonable有道理的；America美国→American美国的；China中国→Chinese中国人的；gold金子→golden金的；east东→eastern东方的；child孩子→childish孩子气的；snow雪→snowy雪的；(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。
e.g.：angry生气的→angrily生气地；to到→towards朝……，向……；east东方→eastward向东；(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。
e.g.：six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六；four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十二、【合成法(复合法)-Compounding】英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词，这样的方法就是合成法。
***************************************************************************************************1.合成名词构成方式例词名词＋名词weekend周末名词＋动词daybreak黎明名词＋动名词handwriting书法名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药名词＋介词＋名词sister-in-law嫂子代词＋名词she-wolf母狼，he-goat动词＋名词typewriter打字机动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词＋名词freshman大一新生副词＋动词outlook景色，风光介词＋名词afterbrain后脑2.合成形容词名词＋形容词bloodred血红的名词＋现在分词French-speaking讲法语的名词＋to＋名词one-to-one一对一的名词＋过去分词man-made人造的数词＋名词one-way单行道的数词＋名词＋形容词three-year-old三岁的数词＋名词＋ed ten-storeyed十层的动词＋副词one-off 一次性的形容词＋名词high-quality高质量的wide-open张大d 形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的形容词＋形容词light-green浅绿色的形容词＋现在分词ordinary-looking相貌一般的副词＋形容词ever-green常青的副词＋现在分词hard-working辛勤的副词＋过去分词well-known著名的副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词＋名词indoor室内的3.合成动词名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷副词＋动词overwhelm压倒，制服4.合成副词形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词＋副词everywhere到处副词＋副词however尽管如此介词＋名词beforehand事先介词＋副词forever永远5.合成代词代词宾格＋self herself 她自己，themselves 物主代词＋self myself 我自己形容词＋名词anything 一切6.合成介词副词＋名词outside在……外面介词＋副词within在……之内副词＋介词into进入***************************************************************************************************三、【转化法(转类法)-Conversion】英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词。
1.动词转化为名词1）意思没有变化，e.g.：I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
2）意思有一定变化，e.g.：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
3）构成短语，e.g.：Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。
2.名词转化为动词1）表示物体的，e.g.：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?2）表示身体部位的，e.g.：Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。
3）表示一类人的，e.g.：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
4）抽象名词，e.g.：We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词少数形容词可以转化为动词。
e.g.：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4.副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。
e.g.：Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词1）表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，e.g.：The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。
2）一些形容词e.g.old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，e.g.：We don't belong to the rich, but we don't belong to the poor, either. 我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。
四、【截短法(缩略法)-Clipping】将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1.截头:e.g.: telephone→phone ；airplane→plane；2.去尾:e.g.: mathematics→maths ；examination→exam ；kilogram→kilo；laboratory→lab ；taxicab→taxi；3.截头去尾:e.g.: influenza→flu；refrigerator→fridge；prescription→script；4. 略去中部，保留两头字母，e.g.: foot （feet ）→ft；hour →hr5. 保留某些字母，加以合并，e.g.: limited →Ltd；government →Govt五、【混合法(混成法)-Bl ending】英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体。