1基础
9A Unit1 基础练习
9A U n i t1基础练习一、单项选择( ) 1.It often makes us _______ to share things with others.A. feel wellB. feel goodC. to feel wellD. to feel good( ) 2.Not only the students but their teacher _______ curious about the strange animal after hearing about it.( ) 3. A. was B. were C. is D. are( ) 4.Both Lucy and Lily _______invited to Millie’s party yesterday.( ) 5. A. is B. was C. were D. be( ) 6.We should pay attention to _______ the teacher carefully.( ) 7. A. listen to B. listening to C. listen D. listening( ) 8.The sentence you must pay attention to _______ on the blackboard.( ) 9. A. writing B. being written C. will write D. will be written( ) 10.To learn English well, we should spend as much time as we can _______ English.( ) 11.A. practice speaking B. practice to speak( ) 12.C. practicing speaking D. practicing to speak( ) 13.His friends found _______ to tell him everything that had happened.( ) 14.A. it necessary B. it is necessary C. that necessary D. that's necessary( ) 15.You needn't worry about _______ a meal this evening. I'm going to invite you to a restaurant. ( ) 16.A. to have not B. having not C. not having D. not to have( ) 17.—Do you mind _______ here? —You'd better not.( ) 18.A. me smoking B. my smoking C. my friend smoking D. All of the above ( )10. —It’s dangerous to walk across the street carelessly.—You’re right. We can’t be careful while crossing the street.A. soB. veryC. tooD. more( )11. — Would you like a cup of coffee or a bottle of juice?—. I’d like some milk.A. EitherB. BothC. NoneD. Neither ( )12. — Did you enjoy the outdoor training yesterday?— No, not at all! I was dead after so much hard training.A. as good asB. as well asC. so good asD. so well as( )13. — Our monitor Jack is good at all the subjects, but he never .— What a modest student!A. gets offB. takes offC. puts offD. shows off ( )14. We may meet all kinds of difficulties in the future, but we should be confident enough to any challenge.A. put onB. get onC. take onD. try on( )15. The railway Qinghai to Tibet is the longest plateau (高原) railway in the world.A. connectedB. connectsC. connectingD. is connected( )16. — People born under the same animal sign always have similar hobbies and personalities.—I think that’s just a coincidence (巧合).A. Yes, I agree with you.B. That’s true.C. I’m afraid I can’t agree.D. You are right in some ways.( )17. —Mum, I don’t want to learn the piano anymore. It’s too difficult.—Dear, don’t . I’m sure you will succeed.A. wake upB. stay upC. give upD. end up( )18. Daniel is creative and thoughtful. He can often good ideas.A. pay attenti on toB. put up withC. catch up withD. come up with( )19.—Thank you for the delicious food.--__________.A. I’m glad you enjoyed itB. It doesn’t matterC. I don’t think it’s goodD. Don’t say so.( ) 20._________of his parents is in good health, but _________of them work hard.A. None ;allB. Neither ;bothC. Neither ;eitherD. Both ;neither( )21 Do you know why he didn’t _________ a word when he ______ to?A.Speak , speaksB. say, was spokenC. say, spokeD.speak, is spoken( )22. The teacher finds him_____ and gives him some different homework to do every day.??? ?A. was clever?? B. was a clever boy?? C. a clever boy?? D. clever boy( )23. What colour do you think_____ you feel calm??? ??A. making?? B. makes??? C. to make?? D. make( )24.In our school there are 1203 students __________.A. of allB. after allC. at allD. in all( )25.We _____ into five groups to go to the old people’s home. We did many things to cheer them up.A. dividedB. are dividedC. were dividedD. divide( ) 26.Thanks for _____ the new chairperson.A. recommend me asB. recommending me asC. recommend me forD. recommending me for( ) 27.—Look at _________ sculpture, Jack! How do you like it?—This is ________ most wonderful one I have ever seen.A. the; aB. a; theC. the; theD. a; a二、词汇运用：A.词形变换:1.Neither his parents nor he ______________ (think) he can make a accountant.2.We shouldn't do anything with _______________ (careless).3.Kind and polite people are always ________________ (respect).4.He is the chief engineer of the high-speed railway ____________ (connect) the two countries.5.Sam often comes up with different kinds of ideas. He is ______________. (create)6. Li Ming and his parents go to see his grandparents at a (fix) date every month.7. Jack used to be a bright and (live) boy, but now he is always silent.8. Premier Zhou Enlai devoted all his life to (work) for our country and people.9. Eddie shouldn’t worry about ______________(not have) supper.10.. David is worrying about his_____________(able) to do all the extra work.11..Andy，could you express ________ (you) well?12.To us ,a miss is as ___________(best)as a mile.13.Look! The teenagers are making cards __________(show) love for their mothers.14.The teacher devoted all his life to ___________(study) how to teach well.15. _________(practice ) experience is often very important.B.根据汉语提示填入一个合适的单词，使句子完整正确：1. Jim’s father is a (总的) manager in a big computer company.2. The product of this company has reached the international (标准), so it sells well all over the world.3. When the star (出现) on the stage, the fans all screamed excitedly.4. If the telephone line is(连接) to your computer, you can get online.5. The bus company provided(额外的) buses because there were too many people.6.It's a big ______________ (挑战)for us to cross the dangerous bridge every day.7.The boy is ______________ (好奇的) about everything in his new school.8.Sometimes the doctor is _____________ (不耐烦的)with these patients. .9.Do you think your partner’s personality is ______________（合适的) for a surgeon?10.His sculptures for our school have won high _______________ (赞扬) from all of us.11.His father is an ________________(会计) in a big company.12.Dogs are ___________( 忠诚的) animals.13.I am very glad to make a _________________(演讲) here in this classroom again.14.Tom is ill , so he is _______________(缺席) today.三、完形填空Every morning, I walked past a security guard (保安). He greeted ___1____ that walked by him. I wondered ___2____ he knew so many people by their first names. The first few times I saw him, I didn't say ___3____back to him when he greeted me. I was lost ___4____ my own world.One Monday he __5___, "How was your weekend?" I told him about my visit to my sick, elderly___6____. "The time I___7____with my mother is so precious（珍贵）, because I know that each time could be the last."He told me how sorry he was for my mother's sickness.He shared how he had lost a parent to illness, too. "I ___8____what you are going through. I ___9____my father every day. "As I walked away, I realized I did not even know his ___10____.The following___11____, I asked, "What's your name?" He answered, "Gary". I said, "I'm Deborah". After that, we talked several times a week. We ___12____ stories about our weekend, our dreams, and our families.Gary got another job and moved away. It's been years ___13___ I last spoke to him, __14___it seems like just yesterday we talked.I ____15___ at what became a friendship of sharing stories from the heart.When you say hello to a stranger you become a pebble (鹅卵石) in the pond(池塘). With each ripple (涟漪) you create, you spread love that continues to give. Make a point of saying hello to a stranger today. You willgive the gift that keeps on giving.( ) 1. A. everyone B. someone C. anyone D. no one( ) 2. A. what B. when C. where D. how( ) 3. A. hello B. sorry C. thank you D. excuse me( ) 4. A. on B. at C. in D. to( ) 5. A. said B. told C. talked D. asked( ) 6. A. father B. mother C. brother D. sister( ) 7. A. take B. cost C. pay D. spend( ) 8. A. imagine B. understand C. remember D. believe( ) 9. A. think about B. think over C. think out D. think of( ) 10. A. job B. age C. address D. name( ) 11. A. day B. week C. month D. year( ) 12. A. told B. made C. shared D. argued( ) 13. A. until B. since C. before D. after( ) 14. A. yet B. and C. so D. then( ) 15. A. look over B. look forward C. look back D. look up四、阅读理解AA driver stopped his car on a street side to have a rest. When he sat in the seat and closed his eyes, a pedestrian (行人) came up and knocked at his window to ask the time. The driver opened his eyes and looked at his watch, “It is 8 o’clock.” He said. Then he went to sleep again. But soon he woke up because a second pedestrian was knocking at the window, “Sir, do you have the time?” he asked. The driver looked at his watch again and told the man it was 8:30.If it happened again, he could not have a good rest. So he wrote a short note and put it on the window for all the people to see. It said, “I don’t have the time.”Again the man sat in the seat and slept. A few minutes later a third pedestrian came along and began knocking at the window. “Hey, sir,” she said, “It’s 8:45.”（）1. The driver stopped his car to __________.A. have breakfastB. have a restC. have lunchD. tell time（）2. The first pedestrian knocked at his window to __________.A. wake him upB. take his carC. ask the timeD. buy his car（）3. Why did the driver write a note and stick it on the window？A. Because he didn't want anybody to trouble him．B. Because he didn't know the time．C. Because he needed somebody to wake him up．D. Because he wanted somebody to tell him the time.（）4. Why did the third pedestrian come along and begin knocking at the window?A. She wanted to know the time.B. She thought the driver was ill.C. She wanted to wake the driver up.D. She knew the time and wanted to tell the driver.（）5. Which of the following sentences is TRUE?A. The driver slept well in his car.B. The driver had a good rest in his car.C. The third pedestrian was kind-hearted but the driver wouldn’t think so.D. The driver would be happy when the third pedestrian told him the time.BSome people think only school children do not agree with their parents, however, it is not true.Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it’s hard for you to communicate with your parents, don’t worry about it. Here are some advice for you to bridge the generation gap (代沟).Don’t argue (争辩) with your parents. Don’t get to your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won’t consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. And you can’t express yourself well if you are angry. Go someplace to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy. Then think about what you want to sayto your parents. If you don’t think you can speak to them at the moment, try writing a letter.Try to reach a compromise (和解). Perhaps you and your parents disagree on something. You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michael’s mother didn’t agree with him about buying a motorcycle. They argued over it. But they finally came to a compromise. Michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days.Of course, your parents might refuse to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect to them. Showing respect will keep your relationship strong.Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care about, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life.A good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is worth having a try! (?? ) 1. According to the passage who have a communication problem??????? A. parents and other people????????????? B. only school kids and their parents?????? C. teachers and their students?????????? D. parents and children of all ages(? ? ) 2. How many pieces of advice does the writer give us to bridge the generation gap??????? A. 5.??????????????????????????? B. 4.???????????????????????? C. 3.???????????????? D.2.(?? ) 3. The underlined word “bridge” in the passage means “______”.?????? A. 建立??????????????? B. 消除?????????????? C. 通过?????????????? D. 到达(?? ) 4. If the values of your parents are different from those of yours, you’d better ______.?????? A. argue with them???????????????????????????? B. keep away from themC. agree with them all the time???????????D. tell your parents what you care about(?? ) 5. The best title for the passage is______.A. How to bridge the generation gap??B. How to deal with family problems??????? C. How to be good parents????????????????? D. How to be a good childCAccording to scientists’ research, the month in which babies are born could affect them in some ways.Babies born in spring get sick easily. Children born under Aquarius (Jan. 21st—Feb. 19th) may be less clever than those born in other seasons. They may also have shorter lives than those born in autumn. Scientists believe many of the differences can be explained by the mother’s exposure to sunlight in pregnancy(怀孕). Sunlight helps lead to the production of vitamin D in the body. The lack (缺乏) of vitamin D in the first months of life may have a bad effect on health.Vitamin D is called the “sunshine vitamin”. It has a good effect on health. A study showed that people born from April to June had slightly shorter lives than those born in October, November or December. Similar studies in the US showed that people born in autumn lived about 160 days longer than those born in spring.Professor Russell Foster said the conclusions were surprisi ng and interesting. He added, “These are small effects but they are very, very clear. I am not giving voice to star signs and they are just for fun. But it is true that we are affected by our season of birth.”( )1. A child’s season of birth can affect a ll the following things EXCEPT according to the first two paragraphs.A. his healthB. his heightC. his length of lifeD. his quality of being clever ( )2. What does the underlined word “exposure” mean in Chinese?A. 偏爱B. 抗拒C. 过敏D. 暴露( )3. What can we know about vitamin D according to the passage?A. It comes from sunlight.B. It helps people live longer.C. Sunlight prevents its production.D. It does harm to people’s health.( )4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Women should get enough sunlight in pregnancy.B. Children born under Aquarius are cleverer than those born in autumn.C. People born in May will live longer than those born in October.D. Professor Russell Foster is interested in star signs and believes in them.( )5. What does the passage mainly tell us?A. People can know the length of life by star sign.B. Women should choose to give birth to children in spring.C. A child’s season of birth has an effect on him or her.D. Vitamin D is very important to people’s health.五、阅读下面短文，根据短文内容完成文章所缺信息，每空一词。
译林牛津英语七年级下册Unit 1 基础练习(含答案)
译林牛津英语七年级下册Unit 1 基础练习一、根据汉语提示或首字母写出单词1. Anna looks forward to (分享) her sister ’s big cake.2. There are at least 200 (俄国人) in this city.3. My family all work hard to earn enough money to buy a car of our (自己的).4. Do you live in a (公寓) or a house?5. The house has two (阳台), so it looks bright.6. In Hainan Island,, you can see hundreds of golden b .7.My school is five m away from my home. I often ride to school.答案：share/Russians/own/balcony/beaches/miles二、用方框中所给单词的正确形式填空。
1. Our flat is not big, but we have a nice room.2. Of the three children, Neil has the bedroom and Anna has the smallest one.3. --I live on the first floor. What about you?--I live on the floor.4. There are many in London and you can enjoy different kinds of food there.5. My mother likes the kitchen best because she is good at .答案：sitting/biggest/fifth/restaurants/cooking三、用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空1. We usually watch TV in the(live) room after supper.2. I think it is a good place(grow) vegetables.3.Of the five kids, Jack is the(good) one.4.There is a cinema on the(seven) floor of the tall building.5.We have fun(ride) our bike to the park today.答案：living/to grow/best/seventh/riding四、单项选择1.--Where does Jane live?--She lives in small house in town near London.A.a; aB. the; aC. a; /D. the; the2.Peter has been in Suzhou for ten years. Suzhou has become his second .A.houseB. homeC. familyD. town3.--I love to sit on the floor and the beach and the sea.--Me too.A.look out ofB. look out atC. look outD. look for4.Doris lives the floor. It’s too high, so she has to take a lift every day.A.in; fortiethB. on; fortyC. in; fortyD. on; fortieth5.As a friend of his, you should his sadness as well as his happiness.A.bringB. takeC. shareD. like6.Which city do you live , Tom? And who do you live ?A.with; atB. at; onC. in; withD.in; in7.A garden is the best place flowers.A.growB. growingC. to growingD. to grow8.This is Betty Russia, and she likes music with her friends.es from; listeninges from; listen toC.from; listeningD.from; listening to答案：ABBDC DD五、句型转换1.They often listen to music in bed. (对划线部分提问)they often do in bed?2.You can look out at the beach and the sea. (改为否定句)You look out at the beach the sea.3.Which is your favourite room in your home? (改为同义句)Which room do you in your home?4.I live in a house. It has ten rooms. (改为同义句)I live in a .5.We had fun on the farm last week. How about you?(改为同义句)We on the farm last week. How about you?6.Jack’s new house is near my old school.(改为同义句)Jack's new house is my old school.答案：What do/don’t or/like best/house with ten rooms/enjoyed ourselves六、句子翻译1.杰克的家住在纽约市中心的一个繁忙的街道上。
计算机1级基础知识
第三章1、下列关于程序设计语言的说法中，正确的是________。
A.高级语言程序的执行速度比低级语言程序快B.高级语言就是人们日常使用的自然语言C.高级语言与CPU的逻辑结构无关D.无需经过翻译或转换，计算机就可以直接执行用高级语言编写的程序2、维了支持多任务处理，操作系统采用________技术把CPU分配给各个任务，使多个任务宏观上可以"同时"执行。
A.时间片轮转B.虚拟存储C.批处理D.即插即用3、软件产品的设计报告、维护手册和用户使用指南等不属于计算机软件的组成部分。
N4、一个算法可以不满足能行性，即算法中有待实现的操作不一定都是计算机能做到的。
N5、应用软件分为通用应用软件和定制应用软件，学校教务管理软件属于定制应用软件。
Y6、下列有关操作系统作用的叙述中，正确的是________。
A.有效地管理计算机系统的资源是操作系统的主要任务之一B.操作系统只能管理计算机系统中的软件资源，不能管理硬件资源C.操作系统运行时总是全部驻留在主存储器内的D.在计算机上开发和运行应用程序与操作系统无关7、下列关于操作系统设备管理的叙述中，错误的是________。
A.设备管理程序负责对系统中的各种输入输出设备进行管理B.设备管理程序负责处理用户和应用程序的输入输出请求C.每个设备都有自己的驱动程序D.设备管理程序驻留在BIOS中8、中学里学过的使用辗转相除法求最大公约数的方法，是一种算法。
Y9、下列有关网络操作系统的叙述中，错误的是________。
A.网络操作系统通常安装在服务器上运行B.网络操作系统必须具备强大的网络通信和资源共享功能C.网络操作系统应能满足用户的任何操作请求D.利用网络操作系统可以管理、检测和记录客户机的操作10、C语言程序中的算术表达式（如X＋Y－Z），属于高级程序语言中的________成分。
A.数据B.运算C.控制D.传输11、软件虽然不是物理产品而是一种逻辑产品，但通常必须使用物理载体进行存储和分发。
英语1（基础模块）unit3知识点及练习
英语1（基础模块）unit3知识点及练习thereis 英语1（基础模块）知识点及练习Unit Three How much is it ?一、词汇store=shop, downtown cell phone = mobile phone takekilo kilos a kilo of two kilos of kilometer kilograma pair of shoes a pair of pants a pair of glasses二、短语How much how many on sale different , be different fromtwo yuan a kilo three yuan for each go shopping shopping list sell out(sold out)food of different flavors, at a good price at very attractive prices buy sth for sbon that day used to do sth heavy traffic take / have +时间 + off line up三、句型Can I help you? What can I do for you? Is there any discount? = what’s the discountWhat’s the original price? I will take it . Here you are !How much is the app le ?= what’s the price of the apple.1、语法There be1）There be 句型与have, has的区别1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人）2、在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。
Python1 基础知识
Python相关的环境变量设置
• 环境变量Path是否包 含Python所安装的目 录
• 开始右击计算机 属性 或者开始控制 面板系统和安全 查看计算机的名称 • 高级系统设置高级 选项卡中的环境变量 用户变量或者系统 变量（所有用户都适 用）中的Path变量
• 将编辑器、调试器、解释器环境 综合在一起 • 下载安装的Python环境中包括了 IDLE • 其他常用的IDE还包括PyCharm、 WingIDE和Sublime • FileNew File: .py(或pyw) • RunCheck Module检查语法 错误 • RunRun Module来运行程序
• 辅导上机、批改作业、网上答疑 • 联系信息：
•
徐苒茨 : <14210240055@>
• 任课教师：毛迪林
• 联系信息:
• Email: dlmao@ • Office: 邯郸校区老逸夫楼602-4
第一台计算机
• 设计来解决某个特定问题 • 最古老的计算机：安提凯希拉装置（Antikythera Mechanism）
import sys sys.version sys.version_info
1.2 Python安装
• Python解释器：
• https:///downloads/ 根据所使用的平台（Linux/Mac OS X/Windows）下载相应的版本（3.5.1） • Install Now: 按照缺省设置安装 • Customize installation:可以修改安装目录等设置 • Python Launcher for windows(py): 帮助选择合适的Python版本
Unit 1 基础训练(含答案)人教版八年级英语上册
2021-2022学年英语人教新目标八年级上册unit 1 基础训练一、单选题(共10题；共10分)1、(1分)—How did you feel about the trip?—______.A. By trainB. I'm very tiredC. It was greatD. The weather was fine2、(1分)I felt like ______ in the sky like a bird.A. flyB. flewC. am flyingD. flying3、(1分)The boy is ______ to carry the box.A. enough strongB. enough stronglyC. strong enoughD. strongly enough4、(1分)I'll buy ______ for my son，but ______ for myself.A. nothing；nothingB. anything；nothingC. something；nothingD. something；something5、(1分)—Could you give me ______ money?—Sorry.I don't have ______ with me.A. some；anyB. little；someC. any；someD. little；any6、(1分)—______ there any students in the classroom?—No，there aren't. But there ______ some half an hour ago.A. Are；wereB. Were；areC. Are；areD. Were；were7、(1分)—______ Nancy at home last weekend?—No，she ______.She was in the library with her friends.A. Is；isn'tB. Was；wasn'tC. Did；didn'tD. Was；isn't8、(1分)This movie is kind of boring.I don't really ______ it.A. seeB. lookC. enjoyD. want9、(1分)—______ did you ______ for dinner?—Sichuan food.A. What；haveB. When；hadC. Why；haveD. How；have10、(1分)—Where ______ you last night?—I ______ at home.A. are；amB. am；amC. were；wasD. were；were二、单词拼写(共1题；共5分)11、(5分)根据句意及所给汉语提示，写出句中所缺单词。
高中化学必修1全册基础练习(含答案)
第二节：化学计量在实验中的应用课时：第一课时一．物质的量的单位——摩尔<一>物质的量1．定义：物质的量是国际单位制中7个基本物理量之一，它是一个物理量，表示含有_一定数目粒子的集合体，符号: n 。
<二>摩尔1．定义：摩尔是物质的量的单位2．符号： mol3．标准：1mol粒子集体所含的粒子数与0.012kg 12C所含有的碳原子数相同，约为 6.02×10234. 计量对象：原子、分子、离子、原子团、电子、质子、中子等微观粒子。
【注意事项】(1)物质的量是一个基本物理量，四个字是一个整体，不得拆开理解，也不能简化“物质量”等。
或“物质的质量”。
（2）物质的量是构建宏观物质和微观粒子联系的桥梁。
（3）“摩尔”是“物质的量”的单位，和米、千克、秒等一样，不是物理量，不要将二者混淆。
（4）摩尔作为物质的量的单位，只适用于微观粒子，不适用于宏观物质。
（5）“某物质的物质的量是多少”不要说成”某物质它的摩尔数是多少”（6）使用摩尔作单位时（即表示物质的量时），必须注明粒子的种类（分子，原子，离子，电子等微观粒子），可用化学式指明粒子种类。
例如2mol H 、1mol H2、1.5 mol H2O等，不能这样表示：1mol 氢（指代不明）。
<三>阿伏加德罗常数1.定义：国际上规定，1mol 粒子集体所含的微粒的个数为与0.012kg 12C所含有的碳原子数相同，约为 6.02×1023。
1mol 粒子集体所含的微粒个数叫做阿伏加德罗常数，常用 6.02×1023mol-1表示，符号： N A单位：mol-1。
所以，含有6.02×1023个粒子的任何粒子集体计量为1mol 。
2. 相关理解：阿伏加德罗常数不是一个纯数值，它有单位，有数值，只适用于微观粒子。
阿伏加德罗常数是一个庞大的确切的数值，它和 6.02×1023mol-1的关系，如同圆周率π和3.14的关系一样，在阐述概念时要从严，用N A；在计算时，用6.02×1023mol-1。
1热工基础知识
ξ1、热工基础知识(一)、热力学基础1、温度温度是衡量物体冷热程度的尺度，是物质分子热运动平均动能的度量。
摄氏温标：1个标准大气压下纯水的冰点定为0℃，沸点定为100℃，在这个区域内划分100等分，每1等分为1度，单位为℃。
用t表示。
华氏温标：1个标准大气压下纯水的冰点定为320F，沸点定为2120F，在这个区域内划分180等分，每1等分为1度，单位为0F。
用t1表示。
t1=1.8t+32 (0F)绝对温标：又称热力学温标，每一度大小与摄氏温标相等，起点为物质内分子热运动完全停止时温度（-273.15℃），单位为K。
用T表示。
T=t+273.15(K)2、压力1 bar 巴 =100000 pa 帕斯卡=0.1MPa1 psi 磅/平方英寸=0.0703 kgf/cm21 kgf/cm2 千克力/平方厘米 =98000 pa 帕1 mm aq. 毫米水柱=9.8 pa 帕1 mm hg 毫米汞柱=133.28 pa 帕1 m H2O 米水柱=9800 pa 帕=0.1 kgf/cm2 千克力/平方厘米工程上常将1大气压（B）看成1个工程大气压或0.1MPa,即B=1kgf/cm2,或B=0.1MPa 表压：通过压力表读出的压力，为绝对压力减当地大气压。
真空度：压力比大气压低的程度。
真空度=B-绝对压力3、热能：分子热运动强度的度量，是依靠温差传递的能量。
用Q表示1kcal=4.1868kJ1 kcal/h 大卡/时=1.163 W 瓦1 kW千瓦=860 kcal/h 大卡/时1 btu/h 英制热量单位/时=0.293 W瓦4、比热：单位质量的物质温度每升高或降低1K所需要加入或放出的热量。
定压比热Cp：气体在加热或冷却时，如果保持压力不变，则其比热称为定压比热。
物体的吸(放)热量：Q=mCp(t2-t1)定容比热Cv ：气体在加热或冷却时，如果保持体积不变，则其比热称为定容比热。
Cp>Cv绝热指数k：气体的定压比热与定容比热之比为气体的绝热压缩指数，k=Cp/Cv5、理想气体状态方程：pV=mRTR：气体常数，8314/气体分子量，空气为287J/(kg.K)p：Pa，帕V：m3m：kgT：K等温过程，等压过程，等容过程绝热过程：气体状态发生变化时，与外界不发生热量交换的过程称为绝热过程。
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第一章一、选择题（单项）1．在微型计算机中，微处理器的主要功能是进行( A)。
A．算术逻辑运算及全机的控制B．逻辑运算C．算术逻辑运算D．算术运算2．世界上公认的第一台电子计算机诞生在( B )。
A．1945年B．1946年C．1948年D．1952年3．只读存储器(ROM)与随机存取存储器(RAM)的主要区别在于( A)。
A．在断电后，ROM中存储的信息不会丢失，RAM信息会丢失B．断电后，ROM信息会丢失，RAM则不会C．ROM是内存储器，RAM是外存储器D．RAM是内存储器，ROM是外存储器4．操作系统的主要功能是( A)。
A．控制和管理计算机系统软硬件资源B．对汇编语言、高级语言和机器语言程序进行翻译C．管理用各种语言编写的源程序D．管理数据库文件5．关于微型计算机的正确叙述是( A)。
A．键盘是输入设备，打印机是输出设备，它们都是计算机的外部设备B．当显示器显示键盘输入的字符时，它属于输入设备；当显示器显示程序的运行结果时，它属于输出设备C．通常的彩色显示器都有7种颜色D．打印机只能打印字符和表格，不能打印图形6．ASCII码用于表示( B )编码。
A．模拟B．字符C．数字D．汉字7．运算器的主要功能是进行( A )运算。
A．算术与逻辑B．逻辑C．算术D．数值8．( C ) 不属于逻辑运算。
A．非运算B．与运算C．除法运算D．或运算9．4个字节是( B )个二进制位。
A．16 B．32 C．48 D．6410．( A )是不合法的十六进制数。
A．H1023 B．10111 C．A120 D．77711．计算机中表示信息的最小单位是( A )。
A．位B．字C．字节D．二进制12．计算机存储器容量的基本单位是( C )。
A．位B．字C．字节D．二进制13．CAM是的英文缩写,CAI是的英文缩写。
( C)( D )A．计算机辅助管理B．计算机辅助设计C．计算机辅助制造D．计算机辅助教学14．( B )不属于微机总线。
A．地址总线B．通信总线C．数据总线D．控制总线15．CPU的中文含义是( B )。
A．主机B．中央处理单元C．运算器D．控制器16．( C )是内存储器中的一部分,CPU对它们只能读取不能存储内容。
A．RAM B．随机存储器C．ROM D．键盘17．在一般情况下,外存中存放的数据,在断电后( A )丢失。
A．不会B．少量C．完全D．多数18．微型计算机的字长取决于( D )的宽度。
A．地址总线B．控制总线C．通信总线D．数据总线19．计算机向使用者传递计算处理结果的设备称为( B )。
A．输入设备B．输出设备C．存储器D．微处理器20．输入输出装置和外接的辅助存储器统称为( D )。
A．CPU B．存储器C．操作系统D．外围设备21．微型计算机通常是由控制器和( A )等几部分组成。
A．运算器、存储器和I/O设备B．运算器、存储器和UPSC．UPS、存储器和I/O设备D．运算器、存储器、打印设备22．和外存储器相比,内存储器的特点是( C )。
A．容量大速度快成本低B．容量大速度慢成本高C．容量小速度快成本高D．容量小速度慢成本低24．逻辑数据只能取真和( A )两种值。
A．假B．-1 C．0 D．125．通常将运算器和( A )合称为中央处理器。
A．控制器B．输入设备C．输出设备D．存贮器二、多项选择题：1．下列选项中属于输出设备的有哪些? ( C D )A．键盘B．鼠标C．打印机D．绘图仪2．属于内部存储器的有( B C )。
A．扫描仪B．ROM C．RAM D．硬盘3．下边哪些属于计算机的外存储器。
( A D )A．硬盘B．RAMC．ROM D．光盘4．属于计算机的硬件系统部分的有。
( A B)A．外设B．主机C．软件D．硬件5．属于微机CPU的是( B C D )。
A．内存B．运算器 C．控制器D．寄存器6．属于计算机软件系统的有( A C )。
A．系统软件B网络软件C．应用软件D．实用工具软件三、填空题：1. bit的意思是__位___。
2. 二进制的加法和减法运算是按_ 位 _进行的。
3. 在计算机内部，一切信息均表示为__二进制___数。
4. 在计算机内,数据的最小单位位，数据的最基本单位是字节。
5. 计算机主要特点是运算速度快,___容量__大,精度高。
6. ___8__位二进制数表示的信息容量叫一个字节。
7. 计算机的主机包括CPU和__内存___。
8. 二进制整数从最低位开始,第3位的位权为__4___。
9. 软盘、硬盘、光盘都是计算机的__外存储器___。
10. 在计算机工作时，_存储器____用来存储当前正在使用的程序和数据。
11. 随机存储器的英文缩写是__RAM___，只读存储器的英文缩写是 ROM 。
12. ____运算器_是对信息进行加工运算的部件。
13. 运算器和_ 控制器____ 合称为中央处理器。
14. 在微型计算机中常用的总线有__地址总线___ 、数据总线和控制总线。
15. 计算机硬件由控制器、运算器、存储器、输入设备和__输出设备___组成。
16. 计算机系统由硬件系统和软件系统组成。
17. 计算机软件包含系统软件和应用软件。
18. 系统软件的核心是操作系统。
四、判断题1. 在第二代计算机中,以晶体管取代电子管作为其主要的逻辑元件。
_____ √2. 第一代与第二代计算机都没有使用操作系统。
_____ ×3. 空格也是有形字符。
_____ √4. 主存储器包含于CPU中。
_____ ×5. 中央处理器(CPU)是由控制器、外围设备及存储器所组成。
_____ ×6. 计算机的存储器可以分主存储器与辅助存储器两种。
_____ √7. 运算器是完成算术和逻辑操作的核心处理部件,通常称为CPU。
_____ ×8. 计算机系统是由CPU、存储器和输入输出设备组成。
_____ ×9. 计算机所有计算都是在内存中进行的。
_____ ×10. 键盘上的功能键可以由程序设计者来改变。
_____ √11. 外存上的信息可直接进入CPU处理。
_____ ×12. 键盘为输入设备,显示器是输出设备。
_____ √13. 磁盘的存取速度比主存储器慢。
_____ √14. 主存储器是用来存储正在执行的指令和处理的数据。
_____ √15. 所存数据只能读取,无法将新数据写入的存储器,称为RAM。
_____ ×16. 当计算机正在工作时,可以带电插拨打印机与计算机连接的电缆线。
_____√17. 主频愈高,机器的运行速度也愈高。
_____ √18. 若突然断电,RAM中保存信息会全部丢失,ROM中保存的信息不受影响。
_____√五、简答题：1．按电子元器件分，电子计算机的发展经历了哪几代？答：按器件分，电子计算机的发展经历了第一代电子管计算机；第二代晶体管计算机；第三代集成电路计算机；第四代大规模、超大规模集成电路计算机。
2．简述计算机硬件系统的基本组成，分别说明各部分作用？答：计算机是由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备组成。
运算器主要进行算术运算和逻辑运算；控制器对计算机发出各种控制指令，控制各个部件协同工作；运算器和控制器统称为中央处理单元CPU。
存储器是计算机用来存放程序和数据的记忆装置；输入设备是外界向计算机传送信息的装置；输出设备是把计算机处理的数据结果转换成人们所能接受的形式的装置；输入设备和输出设备统称为I/O外部设备。
3．存储器的容量单位有哪些？答：计算机中数据的存储单位有：位（bit）、字节（Byte）、千字节（KB）、兆字节（MB）、十亿字节（GB）、TB。
4．逻辑运算包含哪几种运算？答：逻辑运算包含逻辑加法（又称逻辑“或”运算）、逻辑乘法（又称逻辑“与”运算）、逻辑否定（逻辑“非”运算）、逻辑“异或”运算。
5．一个字节是由几位二进制数组成？字和字长是什么含义?答：一个字节是由8位二进制数组成。
字是由若干字节组成的（通常取字节的整数倍），是计算机进行数据处理的运算单位。
字长是计算机性能的重要标志，计算机的字长是在设计机器时规定的，它是表示存储、传送、处理数据的信息单位。
6．计算机系统中的基本组成？答：计算机系统是由硬件系统和软件系统组成。
硬件系统包括主机和外设，主机包括中央处理单元和内存，外设包括输入设备、输出设备、外存和网络设备；软件系统包括系统软件和应用软件，系统软件包括操作系统和实用系统软件，应用软件包括各种软件包和数据库应用程序等。
7．系统主板在计算机系统中起什么作用？答：主板是计算机硬件系统中最大的一块电路板。
它为CPU、内存和各种外设的功能卡提供安装的插座（槽），为各种存储设备、I/O设备、多媒体和通信设备提供接口，将CPU和各种设备有机的结合起来组成一个完整的系统，计算机在运行时通过主板对内存、外存和其他I/O设备完成操作控制。
8．内存和外存有什么区别？各有什么特点？答：内存也称为主存储器，可以同CPU直接进行信息交换。
其主要特点是：运行速度快，容量小，断电后信息会丢失。
外存也称为辅助存储器，不能与CPU之间直接进行信息交换。
其主要特点是：存取速度相对内存要慢得多，存储容量大，且断电后信息不会丢失。
9．总线传输信息的种类分为几种？各是什么？答：总线传输信息的种类有三种：地址总线AB、数据总线DB、控制总线CB。
10．常用输入/输出设备有哪些？答：输入设备：键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、扫描仪、数码相机等；输出设备：显示器、打印机、绘图仪等。
11．CRT和LCD分别指的是什么显示器？答：CRT指的是阴极射线管显示器， LCD指的是液晶显示器。
12．启动计算机的方法有哪些？答：有冷启动、热启动和复位（Reset）启动三种。
13．常见的打印机有哪几种？答：常见的打印机有点阵式打印机、喷墨式打印机和激光打印机三种。
六、计算题1．将下列各进制数按权展开。
(1001101．101)2=1×26+0×25+0×24+1×23+1×22+0×21+1×20+1×2-1+0×2-2+1×2-3 (56．214)10=5×101+6×100+2×10-1+1×10-2+4×10-3(364．75)8 =3×82+6×81+4×80+7×8-1+5×8-2(6B4F．26)16=6×163+B×162+4×161+F×160+2×16-1+6×16-22．将下列二进制数分别转换为十进制数、八进制数和十六进制数。