4 pronouns

9.1 Choice of case forms
• Choice between S and O
– In comparative clauses
• He is not as smart as she. I trust you as much as her. • But: He is cleverer than us all.
– The concord ones
• Personal, possessive, reflexive and corresponding
A lecture summary
• There are many conflicting historical reports of Shakespeare, the great English bard. • He was mostly likely born at one of his fathers‟ two houses on Henley Street in Stratford-Upon-Avon 23th April, 1564. At the age of eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway who was twenty-six years old and had three children. • There were no records about him until 1592 when he moved to London. Shakespeare is well known for his plays such as Henry VI, Twelfth Night, Hamlet, Othello, Measure for Measure, King Lear, Macbeth, and more.
• With neutral gender noun as antecedent it / itself/ its
– a ship she or her
• a woman may refer to her favorite vehicle as he or him.
– Animals or names of celestial bodies he or she – Names of countries neutral or feminine
• Ex. 8B
she – France has made it plain that ___ will reject the project. – My baby has got ______ first tooth. her/his
8.3 Concord in person
• The speaker1st person, the listener2nd person, and the one spoken about3rd person • Agree with its antecedent on the sentential level
• Choice between O and genitive
– With an -ing participle clause
• I don’t mind your leaving. • But: I caught him cheating on the exam.
– With an infinitive clause
• Ex. 9B Correct errors if any: – The professor interviewing the applicant himself. – No one but myself really understands him. – Of all we men whom I think should be available for office, Thompson is the first who comes to mind. – I cannot tolerate such men as he. – They deferred him going home on furlough until next month. – I don’t like you to arrive late. – It looks as if no one except himself can be there early. – If one doesn’t want to get lost in the mountain, you must have a guide.
9.2 Some Usage
• Possessive pronouns like mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs – You have your tickets; we lost ours. (as N) – We were absorbed in that song of yours.(in double genitive) • Reflexive pronouns like myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves; oneself – Emphatic use • The manager himself will interview Lucy. The manager will…Lucy himself. (S) • I like the diamond itself but not the setting. (O) – Idioms • The enemy will not perish of himself. He was beside himself with joy. • put yourself together (cheer up), take herself away (leave) • puts himself forward (put on airs); give yourself away (reveal) • put oneself out (try your best); avail myself of (make use of) • anyone / no one but myself / yourself noticed this. • Generic use: one, we, you and they – One can only do one’s best. We must be conscientious in our work. (formal) – You must do it. They say it’s going to rain this afternoon. (informal)
• They had each his own problem. • They each had their problems.
• Ex. 8A (86-87)
its – The cast is giving ___ best performance tonight. – We received your estimate for the alterations you propose but have decided that __ would be too high. it – Neither the members of the cabinet nor the president will their reveal ____ plans. they – No manager should do for his staff what ____ could do for themselves __________.
9.3 Pronoun reference
• What is referred to is called referent or antecedent
– Anaphoric • Bob did it and he was great. – Cataphoric • When he was at college, Bob was a friend of mine. – Situational • (Pointing to David) Look, he is coming.
• A story may be told 1st or 3rd
– Ex. 9D (page 107)
• A year ago, _____ was ready to die. Seventy-five years she/I of life was enough. her/my work was over, ______ family _____ her/my gone.
Hale Waihona Puke • Demonstrative reference
– anaphoric All can be free used in – cataphoric this / these • Listen to this. There should be no error. • These courses are open: Spanish, French and German..
– English has a developed pronoun system
• personal, possessive, reflexive, reciprocal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, and indefinite pronouns.
8.2 Concord in gender
• With common gender noun as antecedent it/plural
– baby, child, customer, doctor, engineer, infant, lawyer, parent, patient, person, scholar, secretary, scientist, speaker, student, teacher, etc