曼昆微观经济学教材第六章练习英文答案
曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案完整版
曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demandcurve.how to define and measure consumer surplus.the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve.how to define and measure producer surplus.that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in amarket.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then utilized in Chapters 8 and 9 to determine the winners and losers from taxation and restrictions on international trade.The purpose of Chapter 7 is to develop welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapters 4 through 6 employed supply and demand in a positive framework, which focused on the question, “What is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market” This chapter now addresses the normative question, “Is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market the best possible solution to the resource allocation problem, or is it simply the price and quantity that balance supply and demand” Students will discover that under most circumstances the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare.KEY POINTS:Consumer surplus equals buyers’ willingness to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, and it measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market. Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the demand curve and above the price.Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production, and it measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market. Producer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the price and above the supply curve.An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equality, of economic outcomes.The equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer andproducer surplus. That is, the invisible hand of the marketplace leadsbuyers and sellers to allocate resources efficiently.Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Definition of welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.A. Willingness to Pay1. Definition of willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.2. Example: You are auctioning a mint-condition recording of Elvis Presley’s first album. Four buyers show up. Their willingness to pay is as follows:If the bidding goes to slightly higher than $80, all buyersdrop out except for John. Because John is willing to paymore than he has to for the album, he derives some benefitfrom participating in the market.3. Definition of consumer surplus: the amount a buyer is willing to payfor a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.4. Note that if you had more than one copy of the album, the price in the auction would end up being lower (a little over $70 in the case of two albums) and both John and Paul would gain consumer surplus.B. Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus1. We can use the information on willingness to pay to derive a demandmarginal buyer . Because the demand curve shows the buyers’ willingness to pay, we can use the demand curve to measure c onsumer surplus.C. How a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplussurplus because they are paying less for the product than before (area A on the graph).b. Because the price is now lower, some new buyers will enter the market and receive consumer surplus on these additional units of output purchased (area B on the graph).D. What Does Consumer Surplus Measure?1. Remember that consumer surplus is the difference between the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a good and the price that they actually pay.2. Thus, it measures the benefit that consumers receive from the good as the buyers themselves perceive it.III. Producer SurplusA. Cost and the Willingness to Sell1. Definition of cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good .2. Example: You want to hire someone to paint your house. You accept bidsfor the work from four sellers. Each painter is willing to work if the priceyou will pay exceeds her opportunity cost. (Note that this opportunity costthus represents willingness to sell.) The costs are:sellers will drop out except for Grandma. Because Grandma receives more than she would require to paint the house, she derives some benefit from producing in the market.4. Definition of producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing it.5. Note that if you had more than one house to paint, the price in the auction would end up being higher (a little under $800 in the case of two houses) and both Grandma and Georgia would gain producer surplus.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price ceilings from Chapter 6. Redraw themarket for two-bedroom apartments in your town. Draw in a priceceiling below the equilibrium price.Then go through:consumer surplus before the price ceiling is put into place. consumer surplus after the price ceiling is put into place. You will need to take some time to explain the relationship between the producers’ willingness to sell and the cost of producing the good. The relationship between cost and the supply curve is not as apparent as the relationship between the It is important to stress that consumer surplus is measured inmonetary terms. Consumer surplus gives us a way to place amonetary cost on inefficient market outcomes (due to governmentB. Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus1. We can use the information on cost (willingness to sell) to derive a2.the cost of the marginal seller. Because the supply curve shows the sellers’ cost (willingness to sell), we can use the supply curve to measure producer surplus.C. How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplussurplus because they are receiving more for the product than before (area C on the graph).b. Because the price is now higher, some new sellers will enter the market and receive producer surplus on these additional units of output sold (area D on the graph).D. Producer surplus is used to measure the economic well-being of producers,ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price floors from Chapter 6. Redraw the marketfor an agricultural product such as corn. Draw in a price supportabove the equilibrium price.Then go through:producer surplus before the price support is put in place.producer surplus after the price support is put in place.Make sure that you discuss the cost of the price support tomuch like consumer surplus is used to measure the economic well-being of consumers.IV. Market EfficiencyA. The Benevolent Social Planner1. The economic well-being of everyone in society can be measured by total surplus, which is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus:Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus + Producer SurplusTotal Surplus = (Value to Buyers – Amount Paid byBuyers) +(Amount Received by Sellers – Cost to Sellers)Because the Amount Paid by Buyers = Amount Received bySellers:2. Definition of efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society .3. Definition of equality: the property of distributing economicprosperity uniformly the members of society .a. Buyers who value the product more than the equilibrium price will purchase the product; those who do not, will not purchase the product. Inother words, the free market allocates the supply of a good to the buyers who value it most highly, as measured by their willingness to pay.b. Sellers whose costs are lower than the equilibrium price will produce the product; those whose costs are higher, will not produce the product. Inother words, the free market allocates the demand for goods to the sellers who can produce it at the lowest cost.value of the product to the marginal buyer is greater than the cost to the marginal seller so total surplus would rise if output increases.Pretty Woman, Chapter 6. Vivien (Julia Roberts) and Edward(Richard Gere) negotiate a price. Afterward, Vivien reveals shewould have accepted a lower price, while Edward admits he wouldhave paid more. If you have done a good job of introducingconsumer and producer surplus, you will see the light bulbs gob. At any quantity of output greater than the equilibrium quantity, the value of the product to the marginal buyer is less than the cost to the marginal seller so total surplus would rise if output decreases.3. Note that this is one of the reasons that economists believe Principle #6: Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.C. In the News: Ticket Scalping1. Ticket scalping is an example of how markets work to achieve anefficient outcome.2. This article from The Boston Globe describes economist Chip Case’sexperience with ticket scalping.D. Case Study: Should There Be a Market in Organs?1. As a matter of public policy, people are not allowed to sell their organs.a. In essence, this means that there is a price ceiling on organs of $0.b. This has led to a shortage of organs.2. The creation of a market for organs would lead to a more efficientallocation of resources, but critics worry about the equity of a market system for organs.V. Market Efficiency and Market FailureA. To conclude that markets are efficient, we made several assumptions about how markets worked.1. Perfectly competitive markets.2. No externalities.B. When these assumptions do not hold, the market equilibrium may not be efficient.C. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the situation. SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Figure 1 shows the demand curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P 1and the consumer surplus that results from that price is denoted CS. Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. It measures the benefit to buyers ofparticipating in a market.Figure 1 Figure 22. Figure 2 shows the supply curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P 1and the producer surplus that results from that price is denoted PS. Producer surplus is the amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers’ cost of providing it (measured by the supply curve). It measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market.It would be a good idea to remind students that there are circumstances when the market process does not lead to the most efficient outcome. Examples include situations such as when a firm (or buyer) has market power over price or when there areFigure 33. Figure 3 shows the supply and demand for turkey. The price of turkey is P, consumer surplus is CS, and producer surplus is PS. Producing more turkeys 1than the equilibrium quantity would lower total surplus because the value to the marginal buyer would be lower than the cost to the marginal seller on those additional units.Questions for Review1. The price a buyer is willing to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are all closely related. The height of the demand curve represents the willingness to pay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price, which equals the price that each buyer is willing to pay minus the price actually paid.2. Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related. The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producer surplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals the price received minus each seller's costs of producing the good.Figure 43. Figure 4 shows producer and consumer surplus in a supply-and-demand diagram.4. An allocation of resources is efficient if it maximizes total surplus, the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus. But efficiency may not be the only goal of economic policymakers; they may also be concerned about equitythe fairness of the distribution of well-being.5. The invisible hand of the marketplace guides the self-interest of buyers and sellers into promoting general economic well-being. Despite decentralized decision making and self-interested decision makers, free markets often lead to an efficient outcome.6. Two types of market failure are market power and externalities. Market power may cause market outcomes to be inefficient because firms may cause price and quantity to differ from the levels they would be under perfect competition, which keeps total surplus from being maximized. Externalities are side effects that are not taken into account by buyers and sellers. As a result, the free market does not maximize total surplus.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumer surplus is equal to willingness to pay minus the price paid. Therefore, Melissa’s willingness to pay must be $200 ($120 + $80).b. Her consumer surplus at a price of $90 would be $200 $90 = $110.c. If the price of an iPod was $250, Melissa would not have purchased one because the price is greater than her willingness to pay. Therefore, she would receive no consumer surplus.2. If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the supply curve for lemons shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 5. The result is a rise in the price of lemons and a decline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumer surplus declines by the amount B + C.Figure 5 Figure 6In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduces the supply of lemonade, as shown in Figure 6. The result is a rise in the price of lemonade and a decline in consumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note that an event that affects consumer surplus in one market oftenhas effects on consumer surplus in other markets.3. A rise in the demand for French bread leads to an increase in producer surplus in the market for French bread, as shown in Figure 7. The shift of the demand curve leads to an increased price, which increases producer surplusfrom area A to area A + B + C.Figure 7The increased quantity of French bread being sold increases the demandfor flour, as shown in Figure 8. As a result, the price of flour rises, increasing producer surplus from area D to D + E + F. Note that an event that affects producer surplus in one market leads to effects on producer surplus in related markets.Figure 84. a.Figure 9b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Bert buys two bottles of water. His consumer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He values hisfirst bottle of water at $7, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $3. He values his second bottle of water at $5, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $1. Thus Bert’s total consumer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c. When the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2, Bert buys three bottles of water, an increase of one. His consumer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an increase in the amount of area B. He gets consumer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($7 value minus $2 price), $3from the second bottle ($5 value minus $2 price), and $1 from the third bottle ($3 value minus $2 price), for a total consumer surplus of $9. Thus consumer surplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2.5. a.Figure 10b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Ernie sells two bottles of water. His producer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He receives $4 for his first bottle of water, but it costs only $1 to produce, so Ernie has producer surplus of $3. He also receives $4 for his second bottle of water, which costs $3 to produce, so he has producer surplus of $1. Thus Ernie’s total producer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c. When the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6, Ernie sells three bottles of water, an increase of one. His producer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an increase by the amount of area B. He gets producer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($6 price minus $1 cost), $3 from the second bottle ($6 price minus $3 cost), and $1 from the third bottle ($6 price minus $5 price), for a total producer surplus of $9. Thus producer surplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6.6. a. From Ernie’s supply schedule and Bert’s demand schedule, thean equilibrium quantity of two.b. At a price of $4, consumer surplus is $4 and producer surplus is $4, as shown in Problems 3 and 4 above. Total surplus is $4 + $4 = $8.c. If Ernie produced one less bottle, his producer surplus would decline to $3, as shown in Problem 4 above. If Bert consumed one less bottle, hisconsumer surplus would decline to $3, as shown in Problem 3 above. So total surplus would decline to $3 + $3 = $6.d. If Ernie produced one additional bottle of water, his cost would be $5, but the price is only $4, so his producer surplus would decline by $1. If Bert consumed one additional bottle of water, his value would be $3, but the price is $4, so his consumer surplus would decline by $1. So total surplus declines by $1 + $1 = $2.7. a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for stereos results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 11. As a result, the equilibrium price of stereos declines and the equilibriumquantity increases.Figure 11b. The decline in the price of stereos increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D. Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G – B, which may be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Because consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.c. If the supply of stereos is very elastic, then the shift of the supply curve benefits consumers most. To take the most dramatic case, suppose the supply curve were horizontal, as shown in Figure 12. Then there is no producer surplus at all. Consumers capture all the benefits of falling production costs, with consumer surplus rising from area A to area A + B.Figure 128. Figure 13 shows supply and demand curves for haircuts. Supply equals demand at a quantity of three haircuts and a price between $4 and $5. Firms A, C, and D should cut the hair of Ellen, Jerry, and Phil. Oprah’s willingnessto pay is too low and firm B’s costs are too high, so they do not participate. The maximum total surplus is the area between the demand and supply curves, which totals $11 ($8 value minus $2 cost for the first haircut, plus $7 value minus $3 cost for the second, plus $5 value minus $4 cost for the third).Figure 139. a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for computers results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, the equilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases. The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D.Figure 14 Figure 15Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E(the area above the supply curve and below the price). After theshift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producersurplus changes by the amount F + G – B, which may be positive ornegative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus,while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Becauseconsumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises byF +G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.b. Because typewriters are substitutes for computers, the decline in the price of computers means that people substitute computers for typewriters, shifting the demand for typewriters to the left, as shown in Figure 15. The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of typewriters. Consumer surplus in the typewriter market changes from area A + B to A + C, a net change of C – B. Producer surplus changes from area C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D. Typewriter producers are sad about technological advances in computers because their producer surplus declines.c. Because software and computers are complements, the decline in the price and increase in the quantity of computers means that the demand for software increases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown in Figure 16. The result is an increase in both the price and quantity of software. Consumer surplus in the software market changes from B + C to A + B, a net change of A – C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, an increase of C + D, so software producers should be happy about the technological progress in computers.Figure 16d. Yes, this analysis helps explain why Bill Gates is one the world’s richest people, because his company produces a lot of software that is a complement with computers and there has been tremendous technological advance in computers.10. a. With Provider A, the cost of an extra minute is $0. WithProvider B, the cost of an extra minute is $1.b. With Provider A, my friend will purchase 150 minutes [= 150 –(50)(0)]. With Provider B, my friend would purchase 100 minutes [=150 – (50)(1)].c. With Provider A, he would pay $120. The cost would be $100 with Provider B.Figure 17d. Figure 17 shows the friend’s demand. With Provider A, he buys 150minutes and his consumer surplus is equal to (1/2)(3)(150) – 120= 105. With Provider B, his consumer surplus is equal to(1/2)(2)(100) = 100.e. I would recommend Provider A because he receives greater consumer surplus.11. a. Figure 18 illustrates the demand for medical care. If each procedure has a price of $100, quantity demanded will be Q1 procedures.Figure 18b. If consumers pay only $20 per procedure, the quantity demanded will be Qprocedures. Because the cost to society is $100, the number of procedures 2performed is too large to maximize total surplus. The quantity that maximizes total surplus is Q1 procedures, which is less than Q2.c. The use of medical care is excessive in the sense that consumers get procedures whose value is less than the cost of producing them. As a result, the economy’s total surplus is reduced.d. To prevent this excessive use, the consumer must bear the marginal cost of the procedure. But this would require eliminating insurance. Another possibility would be that the insurance company, which pays most of the marginal cost of the procedure ($80, in this case) could decide whether the procedure should be performed. But the insurance company does not get the benefits of the procedure, so its decisions may not reflect the value to the consumer.。
曼昆经济学原理第6版微观经济学分册第6章课后习题答案
曼昆《经济学原理》第 6 版微观经济学分册第 6 章课后习题答案曼昆《经济学原理》第 6 版微观经济学分册第5 章课后习题答案P132-P134第六章供给、需求与政府政策复习题1(举出一个价格上限的例子和一个价格下限的例子。
答: 为了保障城镇中低收入居民的住房需求，国家对城镇居民中的安居工程售房制定最高限价。
为了保护农民种粮的积极性，对粮食的国家合同定购部分收购时制定最低限价，以保护农民的利益; 。
2(什么引起了一种物品的短缺, 是价格上限还是价格下限?用图形证明你的答案。
答: 当价格上限低于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的短缺。
当价格下限高于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的过剩。
3( 当不允许一种物品的价格使供给与需求平衡时，配置资源的机制是什么?答: 当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格上限时，就产生了物品的短缺。
卖者必然在大量买者中配置稀缺物品。
这时的配给机制可能是排长队，或者是卖者根据自己的偏好来配给物品。
当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格下限时，就产生了过剩。
过剩会引起一些不合意的配给机制，例如那些也许由于种族或家族之故而受买者青睐的卖者能比那些没有受到青睐的卖者更好地出售自己的物品。
4( 解释为什么经济学家通常总是反对价格控制?答: 因为在市场经济中，价格对资源配置起着调节作用。
如果人为的控制价格，往往会造成某种物品的过剩或短缺，从而使生产者和消费者的利益受到伤害，破坏市场配置资源的有效性。
5( 假设政府取消向一种物品的买者征税，而向这种物品的卖者征同样的税。
税收政策的这种变动如何影响买者为这种物品向卖者支付的价格、买者所支付的包括税在内的货币量、卖者扣除税收得到的货币量以及销售量,答: 税收政策的变动对它们都不产生影响。
因为税收的归宿取决于供给和需求的价格弹性，而不取决于向买者征税还是向卖者征税。
6( 一种物品的税收如何影响买者支付的价格、卖者得到的价格，以及销售量答:一种物品的税收使买者支付的价格上升，卖者得到的价格下降，销售量下降。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
第6章供给、需求与政府政策6.1 复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．价格控制（1）价格上限和价格下限价格上限是某种物品与劳务价格法定的最高限，比如租金控制；价格下限是某种物品或劳务价格法定的最低限，比如最低工资。
（2）用供求工具分析价格控制的影响①价格上限对市场结果的两种可能影响当价格上限高于均衡价格时，市场力量使经济向均衡变动，价格上限对价格或销售量没有影响；当价格上限低于均衡价格时，价格上限使得经济偏离均衡状态，最终价格等于价格上限规定的水平，需求量大于供给量，引起短缺。
图6-1表示有价格上限的冰淇淋市场。
图6-1 有价格上限的冰淇淋市场②价格下限对市场结果的两种可能影响当价格下限低于均衡价格时，市场力量使经济向均衡变动，价格下限对价格或销售量没有影响；当价格下限高于均衡价格时，价格下限使得经济偏离均衡状态，最终价格等于价格下限规定的水平，供给量大于需求量，引起过剩。
图6-2表示有价格下限的冰淇淋市场。
图6-2 有价格下限的冰淇淋市场2．税收的影响政府无论是对生产者征税还是对消费者征税都会达到相同的均衡结果，税收在生产者和消费者之间进行分配。
税收使得物品的均衡数量减少，买者为该物品支付的价格升高，而卖者从该物品得到的价格降低，政府获得了税收收入。
一般情况下，税收是由卖者和买者共同分担，但对二者的影响程度不同，需求弹性和供给弹性决定了税收负担在买者与卖者之间的分摊，税收负担将更多地落在缺乏弹性的市场一方身上。
因为弹性实际上衡量当条件变得不利时，买者或卖者离开市场的意愿。
(NEW)曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解
目 录第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理第2章 像经济学家一样思考第3章 相互依存性与贸易的好处第2篇 市场如何运行第4章 供给与需求的市场力量第5章 弹性及其应用第6章 供给、需求与政府政策第3篇 市场和福利第7章 消费者、生产者与市场效率第8章 应用：赋税的代价第9章 应用：国际贸易第4篇 公共部门经济学第10章 外部性第11章 公共物品和公共资源第12章 税制的设计第5篇 企业行为与产业组织第13章 生产成本第14章 竞争市场上的企业第15章 垄 断第16章 垄断竞争第17章 寡 头第6篇 劳动市场经济学第18章 生产要素市场第19章 收入与歧视第20章 收入不平等与贫困第7篇 深入研究的论题第21章 消费者选择理论第22章 微观经济学前沿第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
曼昆微观经济学教材第六章练习英文答案
104WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News feature on “Should Unpaid Internships Be Allowed?”LEARNING OBJECTIVES ：By the end of this chapter ， students should understand ：➢ the effects of government policies that place a ceiling on prices.➢ the effects of government policies that put a floor under prices.➢ how a tax on a good affects the price of the good and the quantity sold 。
➢ that taxes levied on sellers and taxes levied on buyers are equivalent.➢ how the burden of a tax is split between buyers and sellers.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 6 is the third chapter in a three —chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work 。
Chapter 4 developed the model of supply and demand 。
Chapter 5 added precision to the model of supply and demand by developing the concept of elasticity —the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic conditions. Chapter 6 addresses the impact of government policies on competitive markets using the tools of supply and demand that you learned in Chapters 4 and 5。
曼昆《经济学原理》第6版微观经济学分册第6章课后习题答案
曼昆《经济学原理》第6版微观经济学分册第6章课后习题答案曼昆《经济学原理》第6版微观经济学分册第6章课后习题答案曼昆《经济学原理》第6版微观经济学分册第5章课后习题答案P132-P134 第六章供给、需求与政府政策复习题1(举出一个价格上限的例子和一个价格下限的例子。
答:为了保障城镇中低收入居民的住房需求，国家对城镇居民中的安居工程售房制定最高限价。
为了保护农民种粮的积极性，对粮食的国家合同定购部分收购时制定最低限价，以保护农民的利益;。
2(什么引起了一种物品的短缺,是价格上限还是价格下限?用图形证明你的答案。
答:当价格上限低于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的短缺。
当价格下限高于市场均衡价格时会引起一种物品的过剩。
3(当不允许一种物品的价格使供给与需求平衡时，配置资源的机制是什么?答:当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格上限时，就产生了物品的短缺。
卖者必然在大量买者中配置稀缺物品。
这时的配给机制可能是排长队，或者是卖者根据自己的偏好来配给物品。
当政府对竞争市场实行限制性价格下限时，就产生了过剩。
过剩会引起一些不合意的配给机制，例如那些也许由于种族或家族之故而受买者青睐的卖者能比那些没有受到青睐的卖者更好地出售自己的物品。
4(解释为什么经济学家通常总是反对价格控制?答:因为在市场经济中，价格对资源配置起着调节作用。
如果人为的控制价格，往往会造成某种物品的过剩或短缺，从而使生产者和消费者的利益受到伤害，破坏市场配置资源的有效性。
5(假设政府取消向一种物品的买者征税，而向这种物品的卖者征同样的税。
税收政策的这种变动如何影响买者为这种物品向卖者支付的价格、买者所支付的包括税在内的货币量、卖者扣除税收得到的货币量以及销售量,答:税收政策的变动对它们都不产生影响。
因为税收的归宿取决于供给和需求的价格弹性，而不取决于向买者征税还是向卖者征税。
6(一种物品的税收如何影响买者支付的价格、卖者得到的价格，以及销售量?答:一种物品的税收使买者支付的价格上升，卖者得到的价格下降，销售量下降。
经济学原理 曼昆课后答案 chapter 6
Problems and Applications1. If the price ceiling of $40 per ticket is below the equilibrium price, then quantitydemanded exceeds quantity supplied, so there’s a shortage of tickets. The policydecreases the number of people who attend classical music concerts, since supply islower because of the lower price.2. a. The imposition of a binding price floor in the cheese market is shown in Figure6-3. In the absence of the price floor, the price would be P1 and the quantitywould be Q1. With the floor set at P f, which is greater than P1, the quantitydemanded is Q2, while quantity supplied is Q3, so there is a surplus of cheese inthe amount Q3 - Q2.b. The farmers’ complaint that their total revenue has declined is correct ifdemand is elastic. With elastic demand, the percentage decline in quantitywould exceed the percentage rise in price, so total revenue would decline.c. If the government purchases all the surplus cheese at the price floor,producers benefit and taxpayers lose. Producers would produce quantity Q3of cheese, and their total revenue would increase substantially. Butconsumers would buy only quantity Q2 of cheese, so they are in the sameposition as before. Taxpayers lose because they would be financing thepurchase of the surplus cheese through higher taxes.Figure 6-33. a. The equilibrium price of frisbees is $8 and the equilibrium quantity is 6 millionfrisbees.b. With a price floor of $10, the new market price is $10 since the price floor isbinding. At that price, o nly 2 million frisbees are sold, since that’s thequantity demanded.c. If there’s a price ceiling of $9, it has no effect, since the market equilibriumprice is $8, below the ceiling. So the equilibrium price is $8 and theequilibrium quantity is 6 million frisbees.4. a. Figure 6-4 shows the market for beer without the tax. The equilibrium priceis P1 and the equilibrium quantity is Q1. The price paid by consumers is thesame as the price received by producers.Figure 6-4Figure 6-5b. When the tax is imposed, it drives a wedge of $2 between supply and demand,as shown in Figure 6-5. The price paid by consumers is P2, while the pricereceived by producers is P2 - $2. The quantity of beer sold declines to Q2.5. Reducing the payroll tax paid by firms and using part of the extra revenue to reducethe payroll tax paid by workers would not make workers better off because the division of the burden of a tax depends on supply and demand, not who must pay the tax.Since the tax wedge would be larg er, it’s likely that both firms and workers, who share the burden of any tax, would be worse off.6. If the government imposes a $500 tax on luxury cars, the price paid by consumers willrise less than $500, in general. The burden of any tax is shared by both producersand consumers−the price paid by consumers rises and the price received by producers falls, with the difference between the two equal to the amount of the tax. The onlyexceptions would be if the supply curve were perfectly elastic or the demand curvewere perfectly inelastic, in which case consumers would bear the full burden of the tax and the price paid by consumers would rise by exactly $500.7. a. It doesn’t matter whether the tax is imposed on producers or consumers−theeffect will be the same. With no tax, as shown in Figure 6-6, the demandcurve is D1 and the supply curve is S1. If the tax is imposed on producers, thesupply curve shifts up by the amount of the tax (50 cents) to S2. Then theequilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2, and the pricereceived (after taxes are paid) by producers is P2 - 50 cents. If the tax isinstead imposed on consumers, the demand curve shifts down by the amountof the tax (50 cents) to D2. The downward shift in the demand curve (whenthe tax is imposed on consumers) is exactly the same magnitude as theupward shift in the supply curve when the tax is imposed on producers. Soagain, the equilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2(including the tax paid to the government), and the price received byproducers is P2 - 50 cents.Figure 6-6Figure 6-7b. The more elastic is the demand curve, the more effective this tax will be inreducing the quantity of gasoline consumed. Greater elasticity of demandmeans that quantity falls more in response to the rise in the price of gasoline.Figure 6-7 illustrates this result. Demand curve D1 represents an elasticdemand curve, while demand curve D2 is more inelastic. To get the same tax wedge between demand and supply requires a greater reduction in quantitywith demand curve D1 than for demand curve D2.c. The consumers of gasoline are hurt by the tax because they get less gasolineat a higher price.d. Workers in the oil industry are hurt by the tax as well. With a lower quantityof gasoline being produced, some workers may lose their jobs. With a lowerprice received by producers, wages of workers might decline.8. a. Figure 6-8 shows the effects of the minimum wage. In the absence of theminimum wage, the market wage would be w1 and Q1 workers would beemployed. With the minimum wage (w m) imposed above w1, the marketwage is w m, the number of employed workers is Q2, and the number ofworkers who are unemployed is Q3 - Q2. Total wage payments to workers areshown as the area of rectangle ABCD, which equals w m times Q2.b. An increase in the minimum wage would decrease employment. The size ofthe effect on employment depends only on the elasticity of demand. Theelasticity of supply doesn’t matter, because there’s a surplus of labor.c. The increase in the minimum wage would increase unemployment. The sizeof the rise in unemployment depends on both the elasticities of supply anddemand. The elasticity of demand determines the quantity of labordemanded, the elasticity of supply determines the quantity of labor supplied,and the difference between the quantity supplied and demanded of labor is theamount of unemployment.d. If the demand for unskilled labor were inelastic, the rise in the minimum wagewould increase total wage payments to unskilled labor. With inelasticdemand, the percentage decline in employment would be less than thepercentage increase in the wage, so total wage payments increase. However,if the demand for unskilled labor were elastic, total wage payments woulddecline, since then the percentage decline in employment would exceed thepercentage increase in the wage.Figure 6-8Figure 6-99. a. Figure 6-9 shows the effect of a tax on gun buyers. The tax reduces thedemand for guns from D1 to D2. The result is a rise in the price buyers pay forguns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.Figure 6-10b. Figure 6-10 shows the effect of a tax on gun sellers. The tax reduces thesupply of guns from S1 to S2. The result is a rise in the price buyers pay forguns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.c. Figure 6-11 shows the effect of a binding price floor on guns. The increase inprice from P1 to P f leads to a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.There is excess supply in the market for guns, since the quantity supplied (Q3) exceeds the quantity demanded (Q2) at the price P f.Figure 6-11Figure 6-12d. Figure 6-12 shows the effect of a tax on ammunition. The tax on ammunitionreduces the demand for guns from D1 to D2, because ammunition and guns arecomplements. The result is a decline in the price of guns from P1 to P2, and adecline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.10. a. Programs aimed at making the public aware of the dangers of smoking reducethe demand for cigarettes, shown in Figure 6-13 as a shift from demand curveD1 to D2. The price support program increases the price of tobacco, which isthe main ingredient in cigarettes. As a result, the supply of cigarettes shifts tothe left, from S1 to S2. The effect of both programs is to reduce the quantityof cigarette consumption from Q1 to Q2.Figure 6-13b. The combined effect of the two programs on the price of cigarettes isambiguous. The education campaign reduces demand for cigarettes, whichtends to reduce the price. The tobacco price supports raise the cost ofproduction of cigarettes, which tends to increase the price.c. The taxation of cigarettes further reduces cigarette consumption, since itincreases the price to consumers. As shown in the figure, the quantity falls toQ3.11. a. The effect of a 50 cent per cone subsidy is to shift the demand curve up by 50cents at each quantity, since at each quantity a consumer’s willingness to payis 50 cents higher. The effects of such a subsidy are shown in Figure 6-14.Before the subsidy, the price is P1. After the subsidy, the price received bysellers is P S and the effective price paid by consumers is P D, which equals P Sminus 50 cents. Before the subsidy, the quantity of cones sold is Q1; after thesubsidy the quantity increases to Q2.Figure 6-14b. Because of the subsidy, consumers are better off, since they consume more ata lower price. Producers are also better off, since they sell more at a higherprice. The government loses, since it has to pay for the subsidy.。
(NEW)曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解
目 录第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理第2章 像经济学家一样思考第3章 相互依存性与贸易的好处第2篇 市场如何运行第4章 供给与需求的市场力量第5章 弹性及其应用第6章 供给、需求与政府政策第3篇 市场和福利第7章 消费者、生产者与市场效率第8章 应用：赋税的代价第9章 应用：国际贸易第4篇 公共部门经济学第10章 外部性第11章 公共物品和公共资源第12章 税制的设计第5篇 企业行为与产业组织第13章 生产成本第14章 竞争市场上的企业第15章 垄 断第16章 垄断竞争第17章 寡 头第6篇 劳动市场经济学第18章 生产要素市场第19章 收入与歧视第20章 收入不平等与贫困第7篇 深入研究的论题第21章 消费者选择理论第22章 微观经济学前沿第1篇 导 言第1章 经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
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104WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News feature on “Should Unpaid Internships Be Allowed ？”LEARNING OBJECTIVES ：By the end of this chapter ， students should understand:➢ the effects of government policies that place a ceiling on prices.➢ the effects of government policies that put a floor under prices 。
➢ how a tax on a good affects the price of the good and the quantity sold 。
➢ that taxes levied on sellers and taxes levied on buyers are equivalent 。
➢ how the burden of a tax is split between buyers and sellers.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE ：Chapter 6 is the third chapter in a three —chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work 。
Chapter 4 developed the model of supply and demand 。
Chapter 5 added precision to the model of supply and demand by developing the concept of elasticity-the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic conditions 。
Chapter 6 addresses the impact of government policies on competitive markets using the tools of supply and demand that you learned in Chapters 4 and 5。
The purpose of Chapter 6 is to consider two types of government policies —price controls and taxes 。
Price controls set the maximum or minimum price at which a good can be sold while a tax creates a wedge between what the buyer pays and what the seller receives 。
These policies can be analyzed within the model of supply and demand 。
We will find that government policies sometimes produce unintended consequences.KEY POINTS ：SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIESChapter 6/Supply, Demand, and Government Policies ❖105 • A price ceiling is a legal maximum on the price of a good or service. An example is rent control。
If the price ceiling is below the equilibrium price， so the price ceiling is binding, the quantitydemanded exceeds the quantity supplied. Because of the resulting shortage， sellers must in some way ration the good or service among buyers。
• A price floor is a legal minimum on the price of a good or service. An example is the minimum wage.If the price floor is above the equilibrium price， so the price floor is binding， the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded。
Because of the resulting surplus, buyers’ demands for the good or service must be rationed in some way among sellers.• When the government levies a tax on a good, the equilibrium quantity of the good falls； that is, a tax on a market shrinks the size of the market。
• A tax on a good places a wedge between the price paid by buyers and the price received by sellers。
When the market moves to the new equilibrium, buyers pay more for the good and sellers receive less for it. In this sense, buyers and sellers share the tax burden。
The incidence of a tax （that is，the division of the tax burden） does not depend on whether the tax is levied on buyers or sellers。
• The incidence of a tax depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand。
Most of the burden falls on the side of the market that is less elastic because that side of the market can respond lesseasily to the tax by changing the quantity bought or sold。
CHAPTER OUTLINE：I。
Controls on PricesA. Definition of price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.B。
Definition of price floor： a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold。
C。
How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes1。
There are two possible outcomes if a price ceiling is put into place in a market。
a。
If the price ceiling is higher than or equal to the equilibrium price， it is not binding and has no effect on the price or quantity sold.b。
If the price ceiling is lower than the equilibrium price， the ceiling is a binding constraint and a shortage is created。
106 ❖ Chapter 6/Supply, Demand, and Government Policies2。
If a shortage for a product occurs (and price cannot adjust to eliminate it ）, a method forrationing the good must develop 。
3. Not all buyers benefit from a price ceiling because some will be unable to purchase theproduct 。
4。
Case Study ： Lines at the Gas Pump a 。
In 1973， OPEC raised the price of crude oil, which led to a reduction in the supply ofgasoline 。
b 。
The federal government put a price ceiling into place and this created large shortages 。
c 。
Motorists were forced to spend large amounts of time in line at the gas pump （which ishow the gas was rationed).d 。
Eventually, the government realized its mistake and repealed the price ceiling.5。