Computer Control and Experimental Detection Technique——Analysis and Realization of State-matr
计算机体系结构量化研究方法英文版第四版教学设计 (3)
Teaching Design for Quantitative Research Methods in Computer Architecture, 4th Edition IntroductionComputer architecture is the study of the design and organization of computer systems. As the field has evolved, so too have the tools and techniques used for research in computer architecture. This document outlines a teaching design for the fourth edition of the book Quantitative Research Methods in Computer Architecture, which provides an overview of the quantitative research methods most commonly used in the field.ObjectivesThe objectives of this teaching design are:1.To provide an overview of the fundamental concepts andprinciples of quantitative research methods in computerarchitecture.2.To enable students to design and perform experiments usingappropriate research methods.3.To help students develop critical thinking skills toevaluate research findings.Course OutlineThe course is divided into the following chapters:1.Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods in ComputerArchitecture2.Research Design and Experimental Design3.Sampling4.Measurement5.Data Analysis and Statistics6.Reporting Research FindingsChapter 1: Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods in Computer ArchitectureThis chapter provides an introduction to the course. It introduces the terminology and concepts commonly used in quantitative research, and the reasons for using quantitative research methods in computer architecture. It also reviews the different kinds of research questions that can be addressed using quantitative methods.Chapter 2: Research Design and Experimental DesignIn this chapter, students will learn about research design and experimental design. This chapter will cover topics such as identifying research questions, choosing experimental units, selecting the appropriate type of design, and choosing an experimental group and control group.Chapter 3: SamplingThis chapter covers the topic of sampling. Students will learn about different types of sampling methods, including random, stratified, and systematic sampling, and how to choose the appropriate sampling method based on their research questions.Chapter 4: MeasurementIn this chapter, students will learn about measurement and the different types of measurement scales used in quantitative research. They will also learn about the criteria for selecting appropriate measures and techniques for measuring different aspects of computer architecture.Chapter 5: Data Analysis and StatisticsIn this chapter, students will learn about data analysis and statistics. They will learn how to use statistical software to analyze data, conduct descriptive statistics, and use inferential statistics to test hypotheses.Chapter 6: Reporting Research FindingsThe final chapter of the course focuses on reporting research findings. Students will learn how to prepare reports, present findings to different audiences, and deal with ethical issues related to reporting research.Course RequirementsStudents will need to:1.Attend all lectures and participate in class discussions.plete all assigned readings before class.3.Participate in group discussions and group assignments.4.Write a final research paper on a topic related to thecourse.ConclusionThis teaching design provides a comprehensive overview of the quantitative research methods commonly used in computer architecture. Through this course, students will learn the theory and practical skills necessary to design and perform experiments using appropriate research methods. By the end of the course, students will be able to interpret, analyze, and report on research findings in a clear and concise manner.。
机械英文缩写和全称对照表
ACCESS Accessory 附件ADJ Adjustable,Adjust 调整ADPT Adapter 使适应ADV Advance 提前AL Aluminum 铝ALLOW Allowance 允许ALT Alternate 改变AL Y Alloy 合金AMT Amout 数量ANL Anneal 锻炼ANSL Amer Natl Stds InstituteAPPROX Approximate 大约ASME Amer Society of Mech EngrsASSEM Assemble 装配ASSY Assembly 装配AUTH Authorized 授权的AUTO Automatic 自动的AUX Auxiliary 辅助的A VG Average 平均AWG American Wire Gauge BC Bolt Circle 螺栓圆周BET Between 之间BEV Bevel 斜角BHN Brinell Hardness Number 布氏硬度值BLK Blank ,Block 空白B/NM Bill of Material 材料费BOT Bottom 底部BP or B/P Blueprint 蓝图BRG Bearing 轴承BRK Break 破裂BRKT Bracket 支架BRO Broach 钻孔BRS Brass 黄铜BRZ Bronze 青铜B＆S Brown＆Shape 棕色＆形状BSC Basic 基本的BUSH Bushing 套管BWG Birmingham Wire GaugeC TO C Center-to-Center 中心到中心CAD Computer-Aided Drafting 电脑辅助设计CAM Computer-Aided MfgCAP Capacity 容量CAP SCR Cap Screw 螺帽CARB Carburize 使渗碳CBORE Counterbore 扩孔CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDRILL CounerdrillCDS Cold-Drawn SteelEFF Effective 有效的ENCL Enclose,Enclosure 附上ENG Engine 引擎ENGR Engineer 工程师ENGRG Engineering 工程学EQLSP Equally Spaced 等距EQUIV Equivalent 相等EST Estimate 估计EX Extra 额外EXH Exhaust 消耗EXP Experimental 实验性的EXT Exension,External 范围,外部FAB Fabricate 伪造FAO Finish All OverFDRY Foundry 铸造FIG Figure 数据FIL Fillet,fillister 带子FIM Full Indicator MovementFIN FinishFLX Fixture 结构FLX ,Flush 基地,液体,冲洗FLEX Flexible 易弯曲的FLG Flange 边缘FORG Forging 锻炼FR Frame,Front 边框FIG Fitting 装置FURN Furnish 提供FWD Forward 向前GA Gage,Gauge 测量GALV Galvanized 电镀GR Grade 等级GRD Grind 磨碎GRV Groove 凹槽GSKT Gasket 垫圈H＆G Harden and Grind 加硬和磨碎HD Head 主要的HDL Handle 处理HDLS Headless 无领导的HDN Harden 使硬化HDW Hardware 硬件HEX Hexagon 六边形HGR Hanger 衣架HGT Height 高度HOR Horizontal 水平的HRS Hot-Rolled SteelHSG Housing 外罩HT TR Heat TrealNTS Not to ScaleOA Over All 所有OBS ObsotetcOC On CenterOD Outside Diameter 外直径OPP Opposite 对立OPTL Optional 可选择的OR Outside Radius 外半径ORIG Original 初始的PA T. Patent 专利PATT Pattern 形式PC Piece,Pitch Circle 件，节距圆PCH Punch 打孔PD Pitch DiameterPERF Perforate 打孔PERM Permanent 永久的PERP Perpendicular 垂直的PFD Preferred 首选的PKG Package,Packing 包装PL Parting Line,Places,PlatePNEU PncumaticPNL Panel 面板POL Polish 磨光POS Position,Postive 位置PR Pair 对立PRI Primary 基本的PROC Process 程序PROD Product,Production 产品，产量PSI Pounds per Square InchPT Part,Point 零件，点QTR Quarter 四份之一QTY Quantity 数量QUAL Quality 质量R Radius 半径RA Rockwell Harden,A-ScaleRB Rockwell Harden,B-ScaleRC Rockwell Harden,C-ScaleRECD Received 巳收到的RECT Rectangle 长方形REF Reference 相关的REINF Reinforce 增强REL Release,Relief 释放，缓解REM Remove 移除REQD Requird 有需要REE Retainer,ReturnREV Reverse,Revision,RevolutionRFS Regardless of Feature SizeRGH Rough 粗糙的RH Right Hand 右手RIV Rivet 起皱RM Ream 扩展RND Round 周围RPM Revolutions per MinuteRPW Resistance Projection WeldSAE Society of Automotive EngrsSCH Schedule 进度表CFS Cold-Finished SteelCH Case HardenCHAM Chamfer 斜面CHAN Channel 渠道CHG Change 改变CHK Check 核查CI Cast Iron 铸铁CIR Circle, Circular 圆周CIRC Circumference 圆周CL Centerline 中心线CLP Clamp 夹子CNC Computer Numerical Control 电脑数值控制COMB Combination 联合COML Commercial 商业的CONC Concentric 同中心的CONN Connect,Connector 连接器COV Cover 盖子CPLG Coupling 联结CQ Commercial Quality 商业等级钢CRS Cold Stds AssociationCRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴级射线管CS Cast Steel 铸铁CSA Canadian Stds AssociationCSK Countersink 埋头孔CSTG Casting 铸件CTR Center 中心CU Cubic 立方米CW Clockwise 顺时针CYL Cylinder,Cylindrical 柱面DBL Double 双倍DEC Decimal 小数DEG Degree 摄氏度DET Detail 详情DEV Develop 发展DFT Draft 草稿DIA Diameter 直径DIM Dimension 尺寸DIST Distance 距离DN Down 向下DP Deep,Diametral Pitch 深度,径节DR Drill,Drill Rod 钻孔DSGN Design 设计DVTL Dovetail 吻合DWG Drawing 图纸DWL Dowel 木钉DWN Drawn 拔出EA Each 每个ECC Eccentric 古怪HVY Heavy 重量HYD Hydraulic 水压ID Inside Diameter 内部直径IDENT Identification 鉴定ILLUS Illustration 说明IN Inch 英寸INCL Include,Including 包括INCR Increase 增加INFO Information 信息INSP Inspect 检查INSTL Install 安装INST Instruct,Instrument 指示,工具INT Interior,Internal,Intersect 内部的,内在的,交叉IR Inside Radius 内部半径ISO Internal Stds Organization 国际标准化组织JCT Junction 连结JNT Journal 杂志JT Joint 连接K Key 关键KNRL Knurl 硬节KST KeyseatKWY Keyway 键沟LB Pound 英镑LBL Label 标签LG Length,Long 长度LH Left Hand 左手LMC Least Material ConditionLOC Locate 位于LT Light 光LTR Letter 信LUB Lubricate 润滑MACH Machine 机器MAINT Maintenance 维护MATL Material 材料MAX Maximum 最大MECH Mechanical,Mechanism 机械MED Medium 媒介MFG Manufacturing 制造业MI Malleable Iron 可锻造的铁MIN Minimum, Minute 最小，秒MISC Miscellaneous 混杂的MM Millimeter 毫米MMC Max Material ConditionMS Machine SteelMTG Mouting 装备MULT Multiple 倍数MWG Music Wire GagugNA Not Applicable 不可应用的NA TL National 国内的NC Numerical Control 数字电脑控制NEG Negative 忽略的NO. Number 号码NOM Nominal 名义上的NPSM Natl Pipe Straight MechNPT Natl Pipe TaperedSCR Screw 螺丝SEC Second 秒SECT Section 部分SEP Separate 独立SEQ Sequence 顺序SER Serial,Series 系列SERR Serrate 锯齿状SF SpotfaceSFT Shaft 轴SGL Single 单个SH Sheet 纸SI Intl System of UnitsSL Slide 使滑动SLV Sleeve 袖子SOC Socket 插座SP Space,Spaced,Spare 空间SPL Special 特别SPEC Specification 规格SPG Spring 跳SPHER Spherical 球体SPRKT Sprocket 链轮齿SQ Square 平方SST Stainless Steel 纯铁STD Standard 标准STK Stock 存货STL Steel 铁STR Straight,Strip 直的SUB Substitute 替代物SUP Supply,Support 供应SURF Surface 表面SYM Symmetrical 对称的SYS System 系统T Teeth,Tooth 牙齿TECH Technical 技术TEMP Template,Temporary 模板，暂时的THD Thread 线THK Thick 厚的TOL Tolerance 公差TOT Total 总计TPF Taper per FootTPI Taper per In,Threads per InchTPR Taper 锥形TS Tool SteelTYP Typical 典型UNC Unified Natl CoarseUNEF Unified Natl Extra FineUNF Unified Natl FineUNIV Universal 普遍V AR Variable 变量VERT Vertical 垂直的VOL V olume 音量VS V ersus 与．．相对W Wide,Width 宽度WASH Washer 洗衣机WDF Woodruff 车叶草WI Wrought Iron 熟铁WT Weight 重量。
阿昔莫司结合瑞舒伐他汀治疗糖尿病伴血脂异常临床研究
·药物与临床·糖尿病新世界DIABETES NEW WORLD糖尿病新世界2021年1月[作者简介]周颀(1968-),男,本科,副主任医师,研究方向为内分泌相关疾病。
[通信作者]罗高潮(1980-),男,本科,主治医师,研究方向为内分泌相关,E-mail:***************。
糖尿病为内分泌疾病,在社区人群中极为常见,主要见于中老年肥胖人群,因胰岛素的水平绝对或相对缺乏,血糖水平升高,易引发一系列的血管并发症,对老年患者的健康水平带来极大的威胁。
通常糖尿病患者极易发生血脂异常,高脂血症作为冠心病的独立危险因素,可造成冠心病的发生,临床上以往常采用改善血脂功能的药物进行治疗,通常单用他汀类药物[1],瑞舒伐他汀具有明显的降低胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白的作用,是高脂血症及冠心病的首选药物[2],但是治疗后有很多不良反应,不能有效控制血脂及血糖,相关研究提出采用瑞舒伐DOI:10.16658/ki.1672-4062.2021.01.112阿昔莫司结合瑞舒伐他汀治疗糖尿病伴血脂异常临床研究周颀,罗高潮黄冈市中心医院内分泌科,湖北黄冈438000[摘要]目的分析研究将阿昔莫司和瑞舒伐他汀联合应用于糖尿病合并血脂异常患者治疗的效果。
方法选择2018年10月—2019年10月在该院进行诊疗的糖尿病合并血脂异常的患者80例进行此次实验研究。
这些患者按照治疗方式的不同,分成单纯使用瑞舒伐他汀治疗的对照组患者,以及采用瑞舒伐他汀和阿昔莫司联合治疗的实验组。
观察两组患者的治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)及餐后2h 血糖(2hPG)的差异,随后统计两组各项血脂水平的变化,并统计患者的不良反应发生情况。
结果干预后实验组患者治疗的FPG 及2hPG 水平明显低于对照组,各项血脂水平改善较对照组改善明显,此外实验组与对照组相比,发生不良症状较少,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。
结论阿昔莫司和瑞舒伐他汀联合治疗糖尿病合并血脂异常的效果确切,不良反应发生较少。
机械图纸中常用词汇英语缩写
六角螺栓HEX HD BOLT
挡圈closing ring
弹性挡圈circlip
轴承隔套distance sleeve of axletree
轴承axletree
深沟球轴承DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARING
无扣长non-buckle longth
弹簧SPRING
BRS Brass黄铜
BRZ Bronze青铜
B＆S Brown＆Shape棕色＆形状
BSC Basic基本的
BUSH Bushing套管
BWG Birmingham Wire Gauge
C TO C Center-to-Center中心到中心
CAD Computer-Aided Drafting电脑辅助设计
FAO Finish All Over
FDRY Foundry铸造
FIG Figure数据
FIL Fillet,fillister带子
FIM Full Indicator Movement
FIN Finish
FLX Fixture结构
FLX Floor.Fluid,Flush基地,液体,冲洗
FLEX Flexible易弯曲的
AL Aluminum铝
ALLOW Allowance允许
ALT Alternate改变
ALY Alloy合金
AMT Amout数量
ANL Anneal锻炼
ANSL Amer Natl Stds Institute
APPROX Approximate大约
ASME Amer Society of Mech Engrs
BOT Bottom底部
机械英文缩写和全称对照表
ACCESS Accessory 附件ADJ Adjustable,Adjust 调整ADPT Adapter 使适应ADV Advance 提前AL Aluminum 铝ALLOW Allowance 允许ALT Alternate 改变AL Y Alloy 合金AMT Amout 数量ANL Anneal 锻炼ANSL Amer Natl Stds InstituteAPPROX Approximate 大约ASME Amer Society of Mech EngrsASSEM Assemble 装配ASSY Assembly 装配AUTH Authorized 授权的AUTO Automatic 自动的AUX Auxiliary 辅助的A VG Average 平均AWG American Wire Gauge BC Bolt Circle 螺栓圆周BET Between 之间BEV Bevel 斜角BHN Brinell Hardness Number 布氏硬度值BLK Blank ,Block 空白B/NM Bill of Material 材料费BOT Bottom 底部BP or B/P Blueprint 蓝图BRG Bearing 轴承BRK Break 破裂BRKT Bracket 支架BRO Broach 钻孔BRS Brass 黄铜BRZ Bronze 青铜B＆S Brown＆Shape 棕色＆形状BSC Basic 基本的BUSH Bushing 套管BWG Birmingham Wire GaugeC TO C Center-to-Center 中心到中心CAD Computer-Aided Drafting 电脑辅助设计CAM Computer-Aided MfgCAP Capacity 容量CAP SCR Cap Screw 螺帽CARB Carburize 使渗碳CBORE Counterbore 扩孔CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDRILL CounerdrillCDS Cold-Drawn SteelEFF Effective 有效的ENCL Enclose,Enclosure 附上ENG Engine 引擎ENGR Engineer 工程师ENGRG Engineering 工程学EQLSP Equally Spaced 等距EQUIV Equivalent 相等EST Estimate 估计EX Extra 额外EXH Exhaust 消耗EXP Experimental 实验性的EXT Exension,External 范围,外部FAB Fabricate 伪造FAO Finish All OverFDRY Foundry 铸造FIG Figure 数据FIL Fillet,fillister 带子FIM Full Indicator MovementFIN FinishFLX Fixture 结构FLX Floor.Fluid,Flush 基地,液体,冲洗FLEX Flexible 易弯曲的FLG Flange 边缘FORG Forging 锻炼FR Frame,Front 边框FIG Fitting 装置FURN Furnish 提供FWD Forward 向前GA Gage,Gauge 测量GALV Galvanized 电镀GR Grade 等级GRD Grind 磨碎GRV Groove 凹槽GSKT Gasket 垫圈H＆G Harden and Grind 加硬和磨碎HD Head 主要的HDL Handle 处理HDLS Headless 无领导的HDN Harden 使硬化HDW Hardware 硬件HEX Hexagon 六边形HGR Hanger 衣架HGT Height 高度HOR Horizontal 水平的HRS Hot-Rolled SteelHSG Housing 外罩HT TR Heat TrealNTS Not to ScaleOA Over All 所有OBS ObsotetcOC On CenterOD Outside Diameter 外直径OPP Opposite 对立OPTL Optional 可选择的OR Outside Radius 外半径ORIG Original 初始的PA T. Patent 专利PATT Pattern 形式PC Piece,Pitch Circle 件，节距圆PCH Punch 打孔PD Pitch DiameterPERF Perforate 打孔PERM Permanent 永久的PERP Perpendicular 垂直的PFD Preferred 首选的PKG Package,Packing 包装PL Parting Line,Places,PlatePNEU PncumaticPNL Panel 面板POL Polish 磨光POS Position,Postive 位置PR Pair 对立PRI Primary 基本的PROC Process 程序PROD Product,Production 产品，产量PSI Pounds per Square InchPT Part,Point 零件，点QTR Quarter 四份之一QTY Quantity 数量QUAL Quality 质量R Radius 半径RA Rockwell Harden,A-ScaleRB Rockwell Harden,B-ScaleRC Rockwell Harden,C-ScaleRECD Received 巳收到的RECT Rectangle 长方形REF Reference 相关的REINF Reinforce 增强REL Release,Relief 释放，缓解REM Remove 移除REQD Requird 有需要REE Retainer,ReturnREV Reverse,Revision,RevolutionRFS Regardless of Feature SizeRGH Rough 粗糙的RH Right Hand 右手RIV Rivet 起皱RM Ream 扩展RND Round 周围RPM Revolutions per MinuteRPW Resistance Projection WeldSAE Society of Automotive EngrsSCH Schedule 进度表CFS Cold-Finished SteelCH Case HardenCHAM Chamfer 斜面CHAN Channel 渠道CHG Change 改变CHK Check 核查CI Cast Iron 铸铁CIR Circle, Circular 圆周CIRC Circumference 圆周CL Centerline 中心线CLP Clamp 夹子CNC Computer Numerical Control 电脑数值控制COMB Combination 联合COML Commercial 商业的CONC Concentric 同中心的CONN Connect,Connector 连接器COV Cover 盖子CPLG Coupling 联结CQ Commercial Quality 商业等级钢CRS Cold Stds AssociationCRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴级射线管CS Cast Steel 铸铁CSA Canadian Stds AssociationCSK Countersink 埋头孔CSTG Casting 铸件CTR Center 中心CU Cubic 立方米CW Clockwise 顺时针CYL Cylinder,Cylindrical 柱面DBL Double 双倍DEC Decimal 小数DEG Degree 摄氏度DET Detail 详情DEV Develop 发展DFT Draft 草稿DIA Diameter 直径DIM Dimension 尺寸DIST Distance 距离DN Down 向下DP Deep,Diametral Pitch 深度,径节DR Drill,Drill Rod 钻孔DSGN Design 设计DVTL Dovetail 吻合DWG Drawing 图纸DWL Dowel 木钉DWN Drawn 拔出EA Each 每个ECC Eccentric 古怪HVY Heavy 重量HYD Hydraulic 水压ID Inside Diameter 内部直径IDENT Identification 鉴定ILLUS Illustration 说明IN Inch 英寸INCL Include,Including 包括INCR Increase 增加INFO Information 信息INSP Inspect 检查INSTL Install 安装INST Instruct,Instrument 指示,工具INT Interior,Internal,Intersect 内部的,内在的,交叉IR Inside Radius 内部半径ISO Internal Stds Organization 国际标准化组织JCT Junction 连结JNT Journal 杂志JT Joint 连接K Key 关键KNRL Knurl 硬节KST KeyseatKWY Keyway 键沟LB Pound 英镑LBL Label 标签LG Length,Long 长度LH Left Hand 左手LMC Least Material ConditionLOC Locate 位于LT Light 光LTR Letter 信LUB Lubricate 润滑MACH Machine 机器MAINT Maintenance 维护MATL Material 材料MAX Maximum 最大MECH Mechanical,Mechanism 机械MED Medium 媒介MFG Manufacturing 制造业MI Malleable Iron 可锻造的铁MIN Minimum, Minute 最小，秒MISC Miscellaneous 混杂的MM Millimeter 毫米MMC Max Material ConditionMS Machine SteelMTG Mouting 装备MULT Multiple 倍数MWG Music Wire GagugNA Not Applicable 不可应用的NA TL National 国内的NC Numerical Control 数字电脑控制NEG Negative 忽略的NO. Number 号码NOM Nominal 名义上的NPSM Natl Pipe Straight MechNPT Natl Pipe TaperedSCR Screw 螺丝SEC Second 秒SECT Section 部分SEP Separate 独立SEQ Sequence 顺序SER Serial,Series 系列SERR Serrate 锯齿状SF SpotfaceSFT Shaft 轴SGL Single 单个SH Sheet 纸SI Intl System of UnitsSL Slide 使滑动SLV Sleeve 袖子SOC Socket 插座SP Space,Spaced,Spare 空间SPL Special 特别SPEC Specification 规格SPG Spring 跳SPHER Spherical 球体SPRKT Sprocket 链轮齿SQ Square 平方SST Stainless Steel 纯铁STD Standard 标准STK Stock 存货STL Steel 铁STR Straight,Strip 直的SUB Substitute 替代物SUP Supply,Support 供应SURF Surface 表面SYM Symmetrical 对称的SYS System 系统T Teeth,Tooth 牙齿TECH Technical 技术TEMP Template,Temporary 模板，暂时的THD Thread 线THK Thick 厚的TOL Tolerance 公差TOT Total 总计TPF Taper per FootTPI Taper per In,Threads per InchTPR Taper 锥形TS Tool SteelTYP Typical 典型UNC Unified Natl CoarseUNEF Unified Natl Extra FineUNF Unified Natl FineUNIV Universal 普遍V AR Variable 变量VERT Vertical 垂直的VOL V olume 音量VS V ersus 与．．相对W Wide,Width 宽度WASH Washer 洗衣机WDF Woodruff 车叶草WI Wrought Iron 熟铁WT Weight 重量。
电力专业常用英语词汇
电力专业常用英语词汇网易电力专业英语词汇(较全)1）元件设备三绕组变压器：three-column transformer ThrClnTrans 双绕组变压器：double-column transformer DblClmnTrans 电容器：Capacitor并联电容器：shunt capacitor电抗器：Reactor母线：Busbar输电线：TransmissionLine发电厂：power plant断路器：Breaker刀闸(隔离开关)：Isolator分接头：tap电动机：motor2）状态参数有功：active power无功：reactive power电流：current容量：capacity电压：voltage档位：tap position有功损耗：reactive loss无功损耗：active loss空载损耗：no-load loss铁损：iron loss铜损：copper loss空载电流：no-load current阻抗：impedance正序阻抗：positive sequence impedance负序阻抗：negative sequence impedance零序阻抗：zero sequence impedance无功负载：reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测：YC(telemetering)遥信：YX励磁电流(转子电流)：magnetizing current定子：stator功角：power-angle上限:upper limit下限：lower limit并列的：apposable高压: high voltage低压：low voltage中压：middle voltage电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer高压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation 稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功角稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower 变电站 transformer substation补偿度 degree of compensation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation裕度 magin三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value强行励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system 机端电压控制 AVR功角 power angle有功（功率） active power无功（功率） reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻：resistance电抗：reactance阻抗：impedance电导：conductance电纳：susceptance导纳：admittance电感：inductance电容: capacitanceAGC Automatic Generation Control自动发电控制AMR Automatic Message Recording 自动抄表ASS Automatic Synchronized System 自动准同期装置ATS Automatic Transform System 厂用电源快速切换装置AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动电压调节器BCS Burner Control System 燃烧器控制系统BMS Burner Management System 燃烧器管理系统CCS Coordinated Control System 协调控制系统CRMS Control Room Management System 控制室管理系统CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管DAS Data Acquisition System 数据采集与处理系统DCS Distributed Control System 分散控制系统DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制（系统）DEH Digital Electronic Hydraulic Control 数字电液(调节系统)DPU Distributed Processing Unit 分布式处理单元EMS Energy Management System 能量管理系统ETS Emergency Trip System 汽轮机紧急跳闸系统EWS Engineering Working Station 工程师工作站FA Feeder Automation 馈线自动化FCS Field bus Control System 现场总线控制系统FSS Fuel Safety System 燃料安全系统FSSS Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System 炉膛安全监控系统GIS Gas Insulated Switchgear 气体绝缘开关设备GPS Global Position System 全球定位系统HCS Hierarchical Control System 分级控制系统LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示屏LCP Local Control Panel 就地控制柜MCC Motor Control Center （电动机）马达控制中心MCS Modulating Control System 模拟量控制系统MEH Micro Electro Hydraulic Control System 给水泵汽轮机电液控制系统MIS Management Information System 管理信息系统NCS Net Control System 网络监控系统OIS Operator Interface Station 操作员接口站OMS Outage Management System 停电管理系统PID Proportion Integration Differentiation 比例积分微分PIO Process ｉｎｐｕｔOutput 过程输入输出（通道）PLC Programmable Logical Controller 可编程逻辑控制器PSS Power System Stabilizator 电力系统稳定器SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 数据采集与监控系统SCC Supervisory Computer Control 监督控制系统SCS Sequence Control System 顺序(程序)控制系统SIS Supervisory Information System 监控信息系统TDCS（TDC）Total Direct Digital Control 集散控制系统TSI Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation 汽轮机监测仪表UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply 不间断供电专业英语（电力词汇）标准的机组数据显示 (Standard Measurement And Display Data)负载电流百分比显示 Percentage of Current load(%)单相/三相电压 Voltage by One/Three Phase (Volt.)每相电流 Current by Phase (AMP)千伏安 Apparent Power (KVA)中线电流 Neutral Current (N Amp)功率因数 Power Factor (PF)频率 Frequency(HZ)千瓦 Active Power (KW)千阀 Reactive Power (KVAr)最高/低电压及电流 Max/Min. Current and Voltage输出千瓦/兆瓦小时 Output kWh/MWh运行转速 Running RPM机组运行正常 Normal Running超速故障停机 Overspeed Shutdowns低油压故障停机 Low Oil Pressure Shutdowns高水温故障停机 High Coolant Temperature Shutdowns起动失败停机 Fail to Start Shutdowns冷却水温度表 Coolant Temperature Gauge机油油压表 Oil Pressure Gauge电瓶电压表 Battery Voltage Meter机组运行小时表 Genset Running Hour Meter怠速-快速运行选择键 Idle Run – Normal Run Selector Switch运行-停机-摇控启动选择键 Local Run-Stop-Remote Starting Selector Switch其它故障显示及输入 Other Common Fault Alarm Display and电力行波词汇行波travelling wave模糊神经网络fuzzy-neural network神经网络neural network模糊控制fuzzy control研究方向 research direction副教授associate professor电力系统the electrical power system大容量发电机组large capacity generating set输电距离electricity transmission超高压输电线super voltage transmission power line 投运commissioning行波保护Traveling wave protection自适应控制方法adaptive control process动作速度speed of action行波信号travelling wave signal测量信号measurement signal暂态分量transient state component非线性系统nonlinear system高精度high accuracy自学习功能self-learning function抗干扰能力anti-jamming capability自适应系统adaptive system行波继电器travelling wave relay输电线路故障transmission line malfunction仿真simulation算法algorithm电位electric potential短路故障short trouble子系统subsystem大小相等，方向相反equal and opposite in direction 电压源voltage source故障点trouble spot等效于equivalent暂态行波transient state travelling wave偏移量side-play mount电压electric voltage附加系统add-ons system波形waveform工频power frequency延迟变换delayed transformation延迟时间delay time减法运算subtraction相减运算additive operation求和器summator模糊规则fuzzy rule参数值parameter values可靠动作action message等值波阻抗equivalent value wave impedance附加网络additional network修改的modified反传算法backpropagation algorithm隶属函数membership function模糊规则fuzzy rule模糊推理fuzzy reasoning模糊推理矩阵fuzzy reasoning matrix样本集合 sample set给定的given采样周期sampling period三角形隶属度函数Triangle-shape grade of membership function负荷状态load conditions区内故障troubles inside the sample space门槛值threshold level采样频率sampling frequency全面地all sidedly样本空间sample space误动作malfunction保护特性protection feature仿真数据simulation data灵敏性sensitivity小波变换wavelet transformation神经元neuron谐波电流harmonic current电力系统自动化power system automation继电保护relaying protection中国电力 China Power学报 journal初探primary exploration电机学 electrical machinery自动控制理论 automatic control theory电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves微机原理 principle of microcomputer电工学 electrotechnics principle of circuit s电力系统稳态分析 steady-state analysis o f power system电力系统暂态分析 transient-state analysi s of power system电力系统继电保护原理 principle of electrica l system's relay protection电力系统元件保护原理 protection principl e of power system 's element电力系统内部过电压 past voltage within po wer system模拟电子技术基础 basis of analogue electr onic technique数字电子技术 digital electrical technique 电路原理实验lab. of principle of circuits电气工程讲座 lectures on electrical powe r production电力电子基础basic fundamentals of powe r electronics高电压工程high voltage engineering电子专题实践topics on experimental proje ct of electronics电气工程概论introduction to electrical eng ineering电子电机集成系统electronic machine syste m电力传动与控制electrical drive and contro l电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a PowerSystem电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-Voltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems &Applicati电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化技术Optimal Technology of Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology电磁感应定律law of electromagnetic induction励磁 excitation 励磁器 magnetizing ex citer励磁器 exciter 恒定励磁器constant excit er励磁器激振器exciter励磁电流：magnetizing current 强行励磁reinforced excitation励磁调节器excitation regulator无功伏安volt-ampere reactive无功伏安时volt-ampere-hour reactive稳态控制homeostatic control; stable co ntrol a steady-state control水电厂hydroelectric station落点 drop point 调节 regulation调节器conditioner 励磁调节器exc itation regulator调速器regulator, governor ；speed re gulator ；（正规）speed governor高抗 high voltage shunt reactor并列的： apposite; paratactic 同步 sy nchronization系统解列system splitting（ trip）失去同步loss of synchronization分接头：tap 裕度 margin 档位：tap p osition故障 fault 三相故障 three phase fault 切机 generator triping故障切除时间fault clearing time高顶值 high limited value静态 static (state) 动态 dynamic (sta te) 暂态transient机端电压控制 avr电动机：motor有功负载: active load/pload 无功负载：r eactive load电压互感器pt (potential /voltage transformer )参考值 reference value 单机无穷大系统one machine - infinity bus system仿真分析 simulation analysis 下降率 dr oop rate传递函数 transfer function 框图 bloc k diagram受端 receive-side 同步 synchronizatio n保护断路器 circuit breaker阻尼 damping无刷直流电机：brusless dc motor永磁直流电动机permanent-magnet direct current motor机端 generator terminal永磁同步电机：permanent-magnet synchr onism motor异步电机：asynchronous motor三绕组变压器：three-column transformer t hrclntransthree winding transforme r双绕组变压器：double-column transforme r dblclmntranstwo-circuit transformer; two -winding transformer固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor co mpensation双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the s ame tower单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bu s system偿度 degree of compensation电磁场失去同步electromagnetic fields los s of synchronization装机容量 installed capacity无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time强行励磁 reinforced excitation并联电容器：shunt capacitor下降特性 droop characteristics线路补偿器 ldc(line drop compensatio n) 《。
工程图纸英文缩写汉语对照
ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED. 未注焊缝均为连续焊ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED 未注焊角高3mm.ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI - R3 未注圆角R3REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES 所有尖角/棱角倒角并去毛11 TOTAL COILS APROX.9 WORKING COILS APROX.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH.总圈数约11圈；工作圈数约9圈；右旋；弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此为弹簧技术说明) CHANNEL 槽钢RSA 708 角钢70X70X8M30X1.5 pitch M30X1.5的锥螺纹Tackweld 点焊OD 1/4" outside dimension 1/4"的缩写外径直1/4"75 CRS尺寸为75 材质为冷轧钢板410 OPENING REF 410 开口参考尺寸40 REF尺寸为40,参考值2.5" BSP 2.5” 圆锥管螺纹2.5" BSPT HEXAGON2.5” 六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)30x2.5 FLAT BAR 30X2.5 扁钢TYP 2 POSNS 2处FEMALE: 内扣(母扣)MALE: 外扣(公扣)偏心轴eccentric shaft销轴PIN开口销COTTER PIN螺杆screw轴承axletree挡圈closing ring弹性挡圈circlip弹簧SPRING紧定螺钉SET SCREW圆螺母ROUND NUT平键FLAT KEY圆螺母ROUND NUT六角螺栓HEX HD BOLT无扣长non-buckle longth平垫圈FLAT WASHER螺母FULL NYLOCK NUT吊环螺钉LIFTING EYE BOLT内六角螺钉SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW六角螺钉HEX HD SETSCREW轴承隔套distance sleeve of axletree深沟球轴承DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARING 开槽盘头螺钉SLOTTED PAN HEAD SCREW 圆锥滚子轴承TAPERED ROLLER BEARING 推力球轴承THRUST BALL BEARING弹簧垫圈SINGLE COIL SPRING WASHER缩写全称翻译ACCESS Accessory 附件ADJ Adjustable,Adjust 调整ADPT Adapter 使适应ADV Advance 提前AL Aluminum 铝ALLOW Allowance 允许ALT Alternate 改变ALY Alloy 合金AMT Amout 数量ANL Anneal 锻炼ANSL Amer Natl Stds InstituteAPPROX Approximate 大约ASME Amer Society of Mech Engrs ASSEM Assemble 装配ASSY Assembly 装配AUTH Authorized 授权的AUTO Automatic 自动的AUX Auxiliary 辅助的AVG Average 平均AWG American Wire GaugeBC Bolt Circle 螺栓圆周BET Between 之间BEV Bevel 斜角BHN Brinell Hardness Number布氏硬度值BLK Blank ,Block 空白B/NM Bill of Material 材料费BOT Bottom 底部BP or B/P Blueprint 蓝图BRG Bearing 轴承BRK Break 破裂BRKT Bracket 支架BRO Broach 钻孔BRS Brass 黄铜BRZ Bronze 青铜B＆S Brown＆Shape 棕色＆形状BSC Basic 基本的BUSH Bushing 套管BWG Birmingham Wire GaugeC TO C Center-to-Center 中心到中心CAD Computer-Aided Drafting 电脑辅助设计CAM Computer-Aided MfgCAP Capacity 容量CAP SCR Cap Screw 螺帽CARB Carburize 使渗碳CBORE Counterbore 扩孔CCW Counter Clockwise 逆时针CDRILL CounerdrillCDS Cold-Drawn Steel缩写全称翻译EFF Effective 有效的ENCL Enclose,Enclosure 附上ENG Engine 引擎ENGR Engineer 工程师ENGRG Engineering 工程学EQLSP Equally Spaced 等距EQUIV Equivalent 相等EST Estimate 估计EX Extra 额外EXH Exhaust 消耗EXP Experimental 实验性的EXT Exension,External 范围,外部FAB Fabricate 伪造FAO Finish All OverFDRY Foundry 铸造FIG Figure 数据FIL Fillet,fillister 带子FIM Full Indicator MovementFIN FinishFLX Fixture 结构FLX Floor.Fluid,Flush 基地,液体,冲洗FLEX Flexible 易弯曲的FLG Flange 边缘FORG Forging 锻炼FR Frame,Front 边框FIG Fitting 装置FURN Furnish 提供FWD Forward 向前GA Gage,Gauge 测量GALV Galvanized 电镀GR Grade 等级GRD Grind 磨碎GRV Groove 凹槽GSKT Gasket 垫圈H＆G Harden and Grind 加硬和磨碎HD Head 主要的HDL Handle 处理HDLS Headless 无领导的HDN Harden 使硬化HDW Hardware 硬件HEX Hexagon 六边形HGR Hanger 衣架HGT Height 高度HOR Horizontal 水平的HRS Hot-Rolled SteelHSG Housing 外罩HT TR Heat Treal缩写全称翻译NTS Not to ScaleOA Over All 所有OBS ObsotetcOC On CenterOD Outside Diameter 外直径OPP Opposite 对立OPTL Optional 可选择的OR Outside Radius 外半径ORIG Original 初始的PAT. Patent 专利PATT Pattern 形式PC Piece,Pitch Circle 件，节距圆PCH Punch 打孔PD Pitch DiameterPERF Perforate 打孔PERM Permanent 永久的PERP Perpendicular 垂直的PFD Preferred 首选的PKG Package,Packing 包装PL Parting Line,Places,PlatePNEU PncumaticPNL Panel 面板POL Polish 磨光POS Position,Postive 位置PR Pair 对立PRI Primary 基本的PROC Process 程序PROD Product,Production 产品，产量PSI Pounds per Square InchPT Part,Point 零件，点QTR Quarter 四份之一QTY Quantity 数量QUAL Quality 质量R Radius 半径RA Rockwell Harden,A-ScaleRB Rockwell Harden,B-ScaleRC Rockwell Harden,C-ScaleRECD Received 巳收到的RECT Rectangle 长方形REF Reference 相关的REINF Reinforce 增强REL Release,Relief 释放，缓解REM Remove 移除REQD Requird 有需要REE Retainer,ReturnREV Reverse,Revision,RevolutionRFS Regardless of Feature SizeRGH Rough 粗糙的RH Right Hand 右手RIV Rivet 起皱RM Ream 扩展RND Round 周围RPM Revolutions per MinuteRPW Resistance Projection WeldSAE Society of Automotive EngrsSCH Schedule 进度表缩写全称翻译CFS Cold-Finished SteelCH Case HardenCHAM Chamfer 斜面CHAN Channel 渠道CHG Change 改变CHK Check 核查CI Cast Iron 铸铁CIR Circle, Circular 圆周CIRC Circumference 圆周CL Centerline 中心线CLP Clamp 夹子CNC Computer Numerical Control 电脑数值控制COMB Combination 联合COML Commercial 商业的CONC Concentric 同中心的CONN Connect,Connector 连接器COV Cover 盖子CPLG Coupling 联结CQ Commercial Quality 商业等级钢CRS Cold Stds AssociationCRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴级射线管CS Cast Steel 铸铁CSA Canadian Stds Association CSK Countersink 埋头孔CSTG Casting 铸件CTR Center 中心CU Cubic 立方米CW Clockwise 顺时针CYL Cylinder,Cylindrical 柱面DBL Double 双倍DEC Decimal 小数DEG Degree 摄氏度DET Detail 详情DEV Develop 发展DFT Draft 草稿DIA Diameter 直径DIM Dimension 尺寸DIST Distance 距离DN Down 向下DP Deep,Diametral Pitch 深度,径节DR Drill,Drill Rod 钻孔DSGN Design 设计DVTL Dovetail 吻合DWG Drawing 图纸DWL Dowel 木钉DWN Drawn 拔出EA Each 每个ECC Eccentric 古怪缩写全称翻译HVY Heavy 重量HYD Hydraulic 水压ID Inside Diameter 内部直径IDENT Identification 鉴定ILLUS Illustration 说明IN Inch 英寸INCL Include,Including 包括INCR Increase 增加INFO Information 信息INSP Inspect 检查INSTL Install 安装INST Instruct,Instrument 指示,工具INT Interior,Internal,Intersect 内部的,内在的,交叉IR Inside Radius 内部半径ISO Internal Stds Organization 国际标准化组织JCT Junction 连结JNT Journal 杂志JT Joint 连接K Key 关键KNRL Knurl 硬节KST KeyseatKWY Keyway 键沟LB Pound 英镑LBL Label 标签LG Length,Long 长度LH Left Hand 左手LMC Least Material ConditionLOC Locate 位于LT Light 光LTR Letter 信LUB Lubricate 润滑MACH Machine 机器MAINT Maintenance 维护MATL Material 材料MAX Maximum 最大MECH Mechanical,Mechanism 机械MED Medium 媒介MFG Manufacturing 制造业MI Malleable Iron 可锻造的铁MIN Minimum, Minute 最小，秒MISC Miscellaneous 混杂的MM Millimeter 毫米MMC Max Material ConditionMS Machine SteelMTG Mouting 装备MULT Multiple 倍数MWG Music Wire GagugNA Not Applicable 不可应用的NATL National 国内的NC Numerical Control 数字电脑控制NEG Negative 忽略的NO. Number 号码NOM Nominal 名义上的NPSM Natl Pipe Straight MechNPT Natl Pipe Tapered缩写全称翻译SCR Screw 螺丝SEC Second 秒SECT Section 部分SEP Separate 独立SEQ Sequence 顺序SER Serial,Series 系列SERR Serrate 锯齿状SF SpotfaceSFT Shaft 轴SGL Single 单个SH Sheet 纸SI Intl System of UnitsSL Slide 使滑动SLV Sleeve 袖子SOC Socket 插座SP Space,Spaced,Spare 空间SPL Special 特别SPEC Specification 规格SPG Spring 跳SPHER Spherical 球体SPRKT Sprocket 链轮齿SQ Square 平方SST Stainless Steel 纯铁STD Standard 标准STK Stock 存货STL Steel 铁STR Straight,Strip 直的SUB Substitute 替代物SUP Supply,Support 供应SURF Surface 表面SYM Symmetrical 对称的SYS System 系统T Teeth,Tooth 牙齿TECH Technical 技术TEMP Template,Temporary模板，暂时的THD Thread 线THK Thick 厚的TOL Tolerance 公差TOT Total 总计TPF Taper per FootTPI Taper per In,Threads per InchTPR Taper 锥形TS Tool SteelTYP Typical 典型UNC Unified Natl CoarseUNEF Unified Natl Extra FineUNF Unified Natl FineUNIV Universal 普遍VAR Variable 变量VERT Vertical 垂直的VOL Volume 音量VS Versus 与．．相对W Wide,Width 宽度WASH Washer 洗衣机WDF Woodruff 车叶草WI Wrought Iron 熟铁WT Weight 重量SAE Extra fine 美国汽车工程师协会的超细牙螺纹例：1/2-28 SAE Extra fineSAE Reg 美国汽车工程师协会的标准系列螺纹例：1/2-20 SAE RegSAE-LT 美国汽车工程师协会的圆锥外螺纹例：1/2-28 SAE-LT。
The effects of interruptions on task performance, annoyance, and anxiety in the user interf
The Effects of Interruptions on Task Performance,Annoyance, and Anxiety in the User InterfaceBrian P. Bailey, Joseph A. Konstan, and John V. CarlisUniversity of MinnesotaDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringMinneapolis, MN 55455Abstract: Wh en an automating application needs a user’s input or has feedback or other information for that user, it typically engages the user immediately, interrupting the user’s current task. To empirically validate why unnecessarily interrupting a user’s task should be avoided, we designed an experiment measuring the effects of an interruption on a user’s task performance, annoyance, and anxiety. Fifty subjects participated in the experiment. The results demonstrate that an interruption has a disruptive effect on both a user’s task performance and emotional state, and that the degree of disruption depends on the user’s mental load at the point of interruption. We discuss the implications of these results in terms of building a system to better coordinate interactions between the user and applications competing for that user’s attention.Keywords:Agents, Annoyance, Anxiety, Automated Tasks, Awareness, Interruption, Intrusion1 IntroductionAs users continue offloading more control and responsibility to automating applications such as interface agents, softbots, and peripheral information displays, these applications must increasingly compete for user attention. User attention must be periodically gained in order for an automating application to receive additional guidance from the user (Horvitz, 1999; Maes, 1994), provide feedback regarding decisions made on the user’s behalf, or keep the user aware of peripheral information (Bailey et al, 2000b; Maglio & Campbell, 2000). When an automating application wants user attention, it can either engage the user immediately, interrupting the user’s current task, or wait for a more opportune moment.Waiting for an opportune moment before interrupting someone’s task is a social behavior commonly found in human-human interaction. Interrupting a person who is visibly concentrating on a task, except in the most extreme circumstances, is considered rude and socially unacceptable behavior, as it disrupts that person’s concentration. Analogously, we argue that it is equally rude and distracting for an automating application to unnecessarily interrupt a user’s current task. An application must adhere to the same interruption protocols already established in human-human social interaction, following the theme that computers are social actors (Nass et al, 1994).Although interrupting a user’s task is rude behavior, the goal of this work is to provide quantitative evidence of the disruptive effects of an application-initiated interruption on a user’s task performance, annoyance, and anxiety. By providing this evidence, we lay an empirical foundation from which to justify building systems that observe or predict opportune moments for gaining user attention.Although other researchers have measured the effects of different peripheral information displays on a user’s task performance, awareness, and distraction (Maglio & Campbell, 2000), our work is the first to measure the quantitative effects of manipulating the time of a peripheral information display on a user’s task performance, annoyance, and anxiety. Peripheral information is nonessential information that is helpful or of interest to the user but not necessarily related to the user’s current task.In our experiment, we used two categories of peripheral information, breaking news headlines and stock market updates. To ensure the peripheral information was read and comprehended by a user, each was structured in the form of a peripheral task. An interruption was a peripheral task presented to a user while performing a primary task.A user from either of two groups, a control and experimental group, performed eighteen primary tasks, three from each of six task categories. A user from the control group was presented with a peripheral task just after completing two of three primary tasks in each category, while a user from the experimental group was interrupted during two of three primary tasks in each category. In both conditions, the user attended to the peripheral task immediately.The key findings of this work are that (i) a user performs slower on an interrupted task than a non-interrupted task, (ii) the level of annoyance experienced by a user depends on both the category of primary task being performed and the time at which a peripheral task is displayed, (iii) a user experiences a greater increase in anxiety when a peripheral task interrupts her primary task than when it does not, and (iv) a user perceives an interrupted task to be more difficult to complete than a non-interrupted task.The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we explain the rationale for our experiment and define our experimental hypotheses. In section 3, we define our experimental method and then report on the analysis of the data in section 4. In section 5, we discuss the implications of our results in terms of building an attention manager that coordinates interactions between the user and applications competing for her attention. In section 6, we summarize our key findings.2 Rationale for the Experiment Various effects of interruptions have previously been studied in both psychology and human-machine interaction. (Zijlstra et al, 1999) measured the effects of interruption frequency and complexity on a user’s emotional state and task performance in the context of document-editing tasks. Although a significant difference in anxiety was detected, the difference was attributed to the difference in interruption complexity and not to the event of being interrupted per se. The effect on a user’s anxiety due to the time at which a peripheral task is presented has not previously been studied, which is a goal of our experiment.The authors also found that interrupting a user during the document-editing tasks caused that user to complete the tasks faster than when performing the same tasks without interruption. The more often a user was interrupted during the editing tasks, the faster that user completed those tasks.In contrast to Zijlstra et al, (Kreifeldt & McCarthy, 1981) found that interrupting a user while performing a series of calculator-based tasks caused that user to complete those tasks slower than when performing the same tasks without interruption. Clearly, the conclusions derived from these two independent studies are inconsistent and further investigation into the effects of an interruption on a user’s task performance is warranted.To the best of our knowledge, our experiment is the first to quantitatively measure the subjective level of annoyance experienced by a user due to interruptions in the user interface.In sum, our experiment should (i) help resolve the contrasting conclusions regarding the effect of an interruption on task performance and (ii) provide a first attempt at measuring the effect of manipulating the time of an interruption on a user’s anxiety and subjective level of annoyance.2.1 Experimental HypothesesBased on related work, we formulated five hypotheses for our experiment, structured in terms of task performance, annoyance, and anxiety.Task Performance. Although previous research has provided contrasting conclusions, it does seem reasonable that task re-orientation after an interruption would cause performance degradation:H1: An interrupted task will require more time to complete than a non-interrupted task within thesame task category.Additional hypotheses and analysis relating to the effects of an interruption on a user’s task performance can be found in (Bailey et al, 2000a).Annoyance. Although not previously investigated, interrupting a user engaged in a task should cause that user to experience a higher level of annoyance than when not interrupted. Thus, we formulated three hypotheses relating to annoyance:H2: A user will experience a higher level of annoyance when a peripheral task interrupts herprimary task than when it does not.H3: When a peripheral task interrupts a primary task, the level of annoyance experienced by auser will depend on the category of thatprimary task.H4: When a peripheral task is presented just after the completion of a primary task, the level ofannoyance experienced by a user will notdepend on the category of that primary task.The first of these three hypotheses compares the level of annoyance experienced by a user in the control vs. experimental group. The second hypothesis compares the levels of annoyanceexperienced by users only within the experimental group, while the third hypothesis compares the levels of annoyance only within the control group.Anxiety. Based on (Zijlstra et al, 1999) and other research demonstrating that interruptions cause increased levels of stress (Boucsein, 1987; Johansson & Aronsson, 1984), a user from the experimental group should experience a greater increase in anxiety than a user from the control group:H5: A user will experience a greater increase in anxiety when her primary task is interruptedby a peripheral task than when it is not.The experiment designed to test our five hypotheses is described next.3 Experimental Method3.1 Subjects50 subjects (30 male, 20 female) participated in the experiment. Subjects were between the ages of 18 and 40, had at least one year of computer experience, and were a mix of students and local professionals. A subject was compensated for his/her participation with a five-dollar lunch coupon.3.2 Experimental DesignThe experiment consisted of two groups of users, six primary task categories, and two peripheral task categories. A user was randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group with the constraint that each group had an equal number of males (15) and females (10). A user from the control group was presented with a peripheral task just after completing two of three primary tasks from each category, while a user from the experimental group was interrupted with a peripheral task while performing two of three primary tasks from each category. In both conditions, the user attended to the peripheral task immediately. Within the experimental group, we analyzed the difference in task performance between the two interrupted tasks and the one non-interrupted task within each category. Between the groups, we analyzed the differences in anxiety and subjective level of annoyance measured through a self-evaluation state anxiety form and a pencil and paper questionnaire, respectively.We wanted to analyze whether the effects of an interruption would depend on the category of the primary task being performed when that interruption occurred. Thus, our experiment used six primary task categories, each varying in difficulty.Primary Task CategoriesThe six primary task categories used in the experiment were:• Addition. Four numbers, each consisting of four digits, were presented to the user. The numbers were right aligned in a 4-row x 1-column table.The task was to add the numbers and then enter the correct sum into a text field positioned underneath the last number.• Counting. A set of 40 words was arranged in a 10-row x 4-column table and presented to the user. The 40 words were randomly chosen from a base set of six words, i.e., each of the six words was repeated in the table. The task was to first count the number of words in the table matchinga target word chosen from the base set, and tothen enter this count into a text field.• Image Comprehension. A completed tournament bracket starting with eight teams was presented to the user. The task was to answer five questions regarding the outcomes of the pairings. An example of this task is shown in Figure 1.• Reading Comprehension. A short passage (~4-5 sentences) was presented to the user. The task was to read the passage and then answer three questions regarding its content.• Registration. Eight registration-style questions were presented to the user, e.g., name, age range, and political affiliation. The task was to enter the requested information using three interaction formats; toggle sets, drop-down lists, and free-form text fields. The interaction format was homogenous for each question.• Selection. A set of 40 words along with checkboxes was arranged in a 10-row x 4-column table and presented to the user. The 40 words were randomly chosen from a base set of six words, i.e., each of the six words was repeated in Figure 1. An example of an image comprehension task. A user from the control group would be presented with a peripheral task just after clicking the finished link, whereas a user from the experimental group would be presented with aperipheral task about halfway through this task.the table. The task was to select each word in the table that correctly matched a target word chosen from the base set.The task categories were designed to be of varying difficulty and duration (~15-40s). Because a user would need to perform more than one task from each category, multiple sets of similar tasks were designed. The task screens were implemented using HTML and rendered with Netscape Navigator 4.7.To estimate the completion time for a task within each category, we conducted a pilot study with five users and computed their average completion times. Peripheral Task CategoriesThe two peripheral task categories used in the experiment were:• Reading comprehension. A short (3-5 sentence) news summary was presented to the user. The task was to read the summary and then select the most appropriate title from among three choices.Each news summary and its actual title were obtained from an existing news site to enhance realism.• Stock decision. A stock scenario comprised of a fictitious company’s name along with the quantity, date, and price of shares previously purchased of that company were presented to the user. The current stock price and a one sentence “news-flash” regarding the company were also presented. The task was to first read and analyze the scenario and to then select one of five actions;do nothing, buy a few more shares, buy many more shares, sell a few shares, or sell all the shares.The peripheral tasks were designed to last approximately 10-30s. Because a user would receive more than one peripheral task from each category, multiple sets of similar tasks were designed. The peripheral task screens were implemented using HTML. Netscape Navigator was programmed using JavaScript to present the user with a peripheral task either just after the user completed a primary task, signified by clicking the finished link (see Figure 1), or about halfway through a primary task. The choice depended on whether the user had been assigned to the control or experimental group, respectively.3.3 Hardware/SoftwareThe experiment was conducted on a Pentium III 460 MHz machine with 128MB of RAM running Windows NT. The primary and peripheral tasks were designed using HTML. JavaScript 1.2 was used to implement the dynamics of the experiment, e.g., randomizing, sequencing, and displaying the tasks. Netscape Navigator 4.7 was used to execute the experiment. Each user’s screen interaction was recorded for later analysis using Lotus ScreenCam. 3.4 ProcedureAfter a brief introduction, a user was asked to sign a consent form and then complete the self-evaluation state anxiety form (form Y-1) of the STAI (Spielberger, 1983). After completing these forms, the user moved to the computer to perform the primary and peripheral tasks.Experimental Group. On the computer, a user completed 18 timed tasks from the six primary task categories (3 tasks per category). Prior to starting each task category, the experimenter gave a verbal description of the category and the user’s task, allowed the user to perform a practice task, and answered any questions. A user was instructed to complete both the primary and peripheral task as quickly as possible while maintaining accuracy on the task. A user was also instructed to immediately attend to a peripheral task whenever it appeared. After any questions were answered, the experimenter left the testing area and the user performed three timed tasks from the current task category. One of the three primary tasks was interrupted using the news task, another with the stock task, and the remaining primary task was not interrupted and served as a control task. If a peripheral task was presented, it was presented approximately halfway through the primary task. This same process was followed for the remaining five task categories. The presentation order of the task categories, tasks within each category, and peripheral tasks was randomized.Control Group. The procedure for the control group was similar to that of the experimental group. The only difference was that a peripheral task was now presented just after the completion of a primary task. Completion of a primary task was indicated by having the user select a “finished” link as shown in Figure 1. As with the experimental group, a peripheral task was presented for two of the three primary tasks performed within each category.After completing the computer-based tasks, a user was asked to complete the following two formsin order:• Another self-evaluation state anxiety form of theSTAI. A user was instructed to complete the formaccording to how s/he felt, on average, whileperforming a peripheral task. The “on average”instruction was required because the user performed peripheral tasks across several taskcategories.• Pencil and paper questionnaire. The questionnaire asked a user to rate three items.First, a user was asked to rate the relative difficulty level of each primary task category.Second, a user was asked to rate the level of annoyance experienced when attending to a peripheral task for each of the primary task categories. Finally, a user was asked to rate the level of annoyance experienced when attending to the news and stock tasks independent of the primary task categories.The entire experimental procedure lasted no more than 60 minutes for a user.3.5 MeasurementsWe measured a user’s task performance, perceived level of task difficulty, subjective level of annoyance experienced, and anxiety.Task PerformanceFor each primary task, the system recorded two performance measurements:• Time on Primary Task (TOT). The amount of time a user spent performing a primary task. This measurement did not include the time spent on a peripheral task, if presented.• Time on Peripheral Task (TOI). The amount of time a user spent on a peripheral task, if presented.The performance measurements, along with the primary and peripheral task categories, were logged to a data file for analysis.Perceived Level of Task Difficulty and Annoyance The perceived level of difficulty for each primary task category and the level of annoyance experienced by a user due to the peripheral tasks were measured using a pencil and paper questionnaire. The questionnaire asked a user to rate the:• Relative difficulty level for each primary task category. The difficulty scale ranged from 1 (easiest) to 6 (hardest). A user indicated the level of difficulty by placing an ‘X’ in the appropriate location and was allowed to rate two or more categories as being equally difficult.• The level of annoyance experienced for each category of primary tasks when a peripheral task was presented. A user placed six labels representing the primary task categories along a single, continuous scale ranging from 1 (Not Annoying) to 25 (Intolerable).• The level of annoyance experienced for each category of peripheral tasks, independent of a primary task category. A user placed two labels representing the peripheral task categories alonga single, continuous scale ranging from 1 (NotAnnoying) to 25 (Intolerable).The annoyance scale was pre-marked in nineequidistant locations identifying different levels ofannoyance such as slightly annoying, somewhat annoying, and moderately annoying. Our annoyance scale was adapted from scales used to measureannoyance caused by aircraft (Gunn et al, 1981) andtransportation noise (Miedema & Vos, 1999).AnxietyA user’s anxiety was measured just before and afterperforming the computer-based tasks. Both anxietymeasurements were measured using the self-evaluation state anxiety form (Y-1) of the STAI.4 AnalysisIn this section, we provide an analysis of thecollected data, structured in terms of taskperformance, annoyance, and anxiety. Becausegender did not show a main effect in the analysis ofthe data, we do not include it here.4.1 H1: The Effect of Interruptions on Task PerformanceBefore analyzing the task performance data, wereviewed each user’s screen interaction and removedperformance measurements associated with a taskhaving substantial error. This was done to ensure theperformance times analyzed were from userscompleting the tasks in a similar manner. Errors werenot analyzed, because most were procedural errorssuch as not meeting the stated objective of a task.For each subject in the experimental group, the differences in TOT between the two interrupted tasks and the one non-interrupted task were calculated for each category. The TOT differences are graphed as a function of both primary and peripheral task category in Figure 2.SelectionRegistrnReadingImageCountingAddingTOT interrupted–TOTnon-interrupted108642NewsStockPeripheral TaskFigure 2. The differences in task completion time (TOT) for interrupted vs. non-interrupted tasks of the experimental group.The TOT differences were analyzed using a full-factorial ANOVA with the primary and peripheral task category as factors. The primary task category had a main effect on the TOT differences F(5,260)=4.08, p<.01), while the peripheral task category did not (F(1,260)=1.68, p<.20). No interaction was detected F(5,260)=.39, p<.86). These results indicate that the disruptive effect of an interruption in terms of task performance depends on the category of task being performed (memory load) when that interruption occurs (Bailey et al, 2000a). To compare whether an interrupted task requires more time to complete than a non-interrupted task, we performed one-tailed t-tests comparing the TOT differences in each category with 0. Mostly consistent with our first hypothesis, a user required more time to complete an interrupted task than a non-interrupted task for all categories except Registration (Adding, t=6.34, p<.00; Counting, t=8.90, p<.00; Image, t=3.43, p<.01; Reading, t=2.56, p<.01; Selection, t=8.42, p<.00; Registration, t=1.25, p<.11). Although the mean TOT differences for Registration did not reach a significant level, the mean was in the positive direction. Furthermore, this result seems reasonable as the registration tasks ostensibly required the lowest memory load at the point of interruption.Finally, the category of primary task had no effect on the amount of time a user spent on an interruption (Bailey et al, 2000a). Together, the analysis of the performance data indicates that a user can switch easily from a primary task to a peripheral task, but has difficulty switching back to the previously suspended primary task. And the level of difficulty experienced depends on the memory load of the primary task at the point of interruption.4.2 H2-H4: The Effect of Interruptions on AnnoyanceH2 - Level of annoyance experienced by a user in the control vs. experimental groupThe peripheral task category annoyance ratings were analyzed using a full-factorial ANOVA with peripheral task category and group as factors. The ratings are graphed in Figure 3.The results are consistent with our second hypothesis. Whether a user was presented with a peripheral task during or just after a primary task (group) had a main effect on the level of annoyance experienced when performing that peripheral task (F(1,96)=20.226, p<.00). The category of peripheral task did not have a main effect on the annoyance rating (F(1,96)=2.98, p<.09) nor were there any interactions (F(1,96)=.42, p<.52).The primary task category annoyance ratings were analyzed using a full-factorial ANOVA with primary task category and group as factors. These ratings are graphed in Figure 4.The results further support our second hypothesis. Whether a user was presented with a peripheral task during or just after a primary task (group) had a main effect on the level of annoyance experienced by a user for performing that primary task (F(1,288)=36.49, p<.00). The category of primary task being performed also had a main effect on the level annoyance experienced by a user (F(5,288)=14.55, p<.00). No interactions were present in the data (F(5,288)=2.10, p<.07).H3 – Level of annoyance experienced by a user (only within experimental group)The primary task annoyance ratings from the experimental group were analyzed using an ANOVAFigure 3. The mean level of annoyance experienced by a user when performing a peripheral task. The annoyance ratings are graphed as a function of peripheral task category and group.StockNews M e a n A n n o y . R a t i n g o f P e r i p h e r a l T a s k1614121086GroupControlExper.Figure 4. The mean level of annoyance experienced by a user when attending to a peripheral task during (or just after completing) the primary tasks from each category.SelectnRegistrn Reading Image Counting Adding M e a n A n n o y a n c e R a t i n g o f P r i m a r y T a s k18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4GroupControlExper.with primary task category as the factor. These annoyance ratings are graphed in Figure 4 as the upper line. The results are consistent with our third hypothesis. The category of primary task had a main effect on the level of annoyance experienced by a user due to an interruption (F(5,144)=11.35, p<.00). H4 – Level of annoyance experienced by a user (only within the control group)The primary task annoyance ratings from the control group were analyzed using an ANOVA with primary task category as the factor. These annoyance ratings are graphed in Figure 4 as the lower line. However, the results are inconsistent with our fourth hypothesis. The primary task category did have a main effect on the level of annoyance experienced by a user even when the peripheral task was presented just after the completion of the primary task (F(5,144)=4.61, p<.01). This result suggests that the mental stress caused by a task is not immediately released upon the completion of that task.Together, the analysis of the annoyance ratings demonstrate that the level of annoyance experienced by a user due to an interruption depends on both the category of task being performed and the time at which that interruption is presented.4.3 H5: The Effect of Interruptions on AnxietyThe anxiety difference for a user was computed by subtracting the “before” measure from the “after” measure. The mean anxiety differences for each group are graphed in Figure 5.The anxiety differences were analyzed using a t-test and the results are consistent with our fifth hypothesis. The mean increase in anxiety for a userin the experimental group was significantly greater than the mean increase in anxiety for a user in the control group (F(1,48)=5.12, p<.03). The results demonstrate that a peripheral task causes a greater increase in anxiety when it is presented during a primary task than when it is presented just after the completion of that task.4.4 The Effect of Interruptions on Perceived Task DifficultyThe primary task difficulty ratings were analyzed using a full-factorial ANOVA with primary task category and group as factors. These ratings are graphed in Figure 6.A user did perceive the primary task categories to be of varying difficulties (F(5,288)=44.68, p<.00). Whether a user was presented with a peripheral task during or just after the primary task (group) also had a main effect on the perceived level of task difficulty (F(1,288)=4.76, p<.03). No interactions were present in the data (F(5,288)=1.66, p<.14).These findings indicate that interrupting a user already engaged in a task causes him to perceive that task as being more difficult to complete than when that same task is not interrupted. A comparison of Figures 4 and 6 suggests a possible correlation between a user’s rating of task difficulty and his level of annoyance experienced due to an interruption. A regression analysis using annoyance as the dependent variable and perceived difficulty as the independent variable shows a linear relationship between them (F(1,298)=62.96, R=.42, p<.00). This indicates that the more difficult a user perceives a task to be, the more annoying it is to be interrupted during that task.Figure 5. The mean increase in anxiety for users within the control and experimental groups.M e a n I n c r e a s e i n A n x i e t y98765Figure 6. The mean perceived difficulty rating for a primary task, graphed as a function of primary task category and group.1SelectionRegistrn Reading Image CountingAdding M e a n D i f f i c u l t y R a t i n g o f P r i m a r y T a s k s65432GroupControl Exper.。