Lecture Notes for PAMC (02) - Ch2_L1
How-to-take-Lecture-Notes（最新整理）
How to Take Lecture Notes(/T ake-Lecture-Notes)Taking lecture notes is a major part of studying and it is important that your notes are thorough and accurate. Here's how to get the most out of a lecture and have amazing notes to show for it.Steps1. Prepare for the lecture so that you will be more likely to predict the organization of the lecture. Check the course outline to see if the lecturer has listed the topic or key ideas in the upcoming lecture. If so, convert this information into questions, or structure your notebook according to the headings provided in the outline.2. If an outline or handout is given out at thebeginning of class, skim it quickly. Underline or highlight topics, new vocabulary, key questions and/or main ideas.3. Ideally, you will come to class having read the assigned material. Attending the lecture with the information fresh in your mind will undoubtedly help you follow the presentation with greater ease and less confusion.4. Sit as near to the front of the room as possible to eliminate distractions. You may even want to come five or ten minutes early to get a good seat and have time to set up your pen and notebook or laptop.5. Have a proper attitude. Listening well is a matter of paying close attention. Be prepared to be open-minded about what the lecturer may be saying, even though you may disagree with it.6. Have extra pencils sharpened and ready, or extra lead for mechanical pencils in case a pencil breaks during the lecture. Bring a pen as well, and a (big) eraser.7. Write down the title of the lecture, and the date. Keeping your notes organized will pay off when it comes time to study.8. If you miss a lecture, make sure to write it down in your notes as well, so that you will not forget. This way you ensure that you will get the notes from a friend or colleague instead of missing out on the material entirely.1. Listen carefully to the introduction (if there is one). By knowing this outline, you will be better prepared to anticipate what notes you will need to take. Decipher this outline by listening for:a. A topic for each section.b. Supporting points or examples for the topic.2. Copy what's written on the whiteboard, or overhead projector, especially the outline. To make sure that you get everything, get in the habit of skipping words like "the" and "a" and make use of shorthand and abbreviations. Summarize your notes in your own words, not the instructor's. Remember: your goal is to understand what the professor is saying, not to try to record exactly everything he or she says.3. Recognize main ideas by signal words that indicate something important is to follow. See the tip on signals below.4. Jot down details or examples that support the main ideas. Take down examples and sketches which the lecturer presents. Indicate examples with "e.g." Give specialattention to details not covered in the textbook.5. Come up with symbols for words used often that you can remember easily.6. Take detailed notes if possible.7. Draw diagrams for concepts you can't remember easily or don't understand.8. If there is a summary at the end of the lecture, pay close attention to it. You can use it to check the organization of your notes. If your notes seem disorganized, copy down the main points that are covered in the summary. It will help in revising your notes later.9. At the end of the lecture, ask questions about points that you did not understand.10. If (s)he begins to get off topic by telling a story...write it down anyway. Stories help people remember. The story might be related to what you are learning, and may even be on the test.11. If it becomes apparent that he or she is trying to stress or emphasize something, be sure to get it down.12. Obviously, the teacher/professor will not write down everything he/she says. Listen for key points and important details that are not written down.13. When students ask questions, write down the questions and the teacher/professor's answers. This additional information might answer questions you have as well.1. Revise your notes as quickly as possible,preferably immediately after the lecture, since at that time you will still remember a good deal of the lecture. Also it is a good idea to reread your notes within 24 hours of the lecture. It may be a good idea to rewrite or type your notes to make them clearer and more organized.2. Revise it with a class mate or two. Two students see and hear more than one. Your notes will have different gaps than that of your class mates.3. Review the lecture notes (again) before the next lecture.Tips1. Mark ideas which the lecture emphasizes with a highlighter, arrow or some special symbol.2. If the teacher has given a clear outline of the topic eg "Today we'll learn about 10 typesof leaves..", use numbers 1,2,...10 for the main points (types of leaves), and letters of the alphabet a, b, c etc for examples of each type.3. Use 'mind maps' if you've learnt how to draw them.4. Incorporate different colors of ink, diagrams, drawings of your own. Make your notes your notes. Take advantage of how you learn (visually, aurally [by ear], or actively) and write/draw your notes according to that style.5. Watch for signal words. Your instructor is not going to send up a rocket when he/she states an important new idea or gives an example, but she will use signals to telegraph what she is doing. Every good speaker does it, and you should expect to receive these signals.For example, she may introduce an example with "for example" as done here. Other common signals:"There are three reasons why...." (Here they come!)"First...Second... Third...." (There they are!) "And most important,...." (A main idea!) "A major development...." (A main idea again!)He/She may signal support material with: "On the other hand....""Pay close attention to this""On the contrary...." "Similarly....""In contrast....""Also....""For example....""For instance...."He may signal conclusion or summary with:"Therefore....""In conclusion....""As a result....""Finally....""In summary....""From this we see...."He/She may signal very loudly with: "Now this is important....""Remember that....""The important idea is that....""The basic concept here is...."6. Do NOT try to write down every word of the lecture. It is better to listen attentively, understand the topic /point being explained, and jot down the notes in point form - but not so brief that they don't make sense to you later!7. You may use a certain software to help you take notes such as PerfectNotes software, Live Scribe Smart Pen and Microsoft OneNote.Warnings1. Do not perform manual activities which will detract from taking notes. Do not doodle or play with your pen. These activities break eye contact and concentration; they are alsodistracting to others. Therefore, if you learn best while doodling or tapping your foot, sit near people who do the same or who don't keep glaring in your direction.2. If you are gathering together your personal belongings when you should be listening, you're bound to miss an important point--perhaps an announcement about the next exam--or, at the least, insult the teacher.3. Some professors may not want you to record their lectures, in case they end up shared or posted online without the professor getting credit or financial compensation for their expertise. It could even be illegal to make a recording without their permission! Ask permission before using recording devices, and delete your recordings as soon as the final exam is over.4. Remember that you are there to analyze and process, not: to record. Pieces of electronics can record better than you, but they do not get an academic degree ordiploma. Make sure you keep processing and analyzing despite having a recorder at hand.5. It should be noted that the statement on doodling is not entirely accurate. Doodling has been known to improve memory, so doodling during parts of lectures which do not require note making may actually be beneficial as opposed to distracting. So take this persons' advice with caution.。
Lecture Notes for A Mathematical Introduction to Robotic Manipulation
Lecture Notes for A Mathematical Introduction to Robotic Manipulation
By Z.X. Li∗ and Y.Q. Wu
Dept. of ECE, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology School of ME, Shanghai Jiaotong University
Chapter 4 Robot Dynamics and Control
4.2 Intertial Properties of Rigid Body ◻ Kinetic energy of a rigid body:
Chapter Robot Dynamics and Control Lagrangian Equations Inertial Properties of Rigid Body Dynamics of an Open-chain Manipulator Newton-Euler Equations Coordinateinvariant algorithms for robot dynamics Lagrange’s Equations with Constraints
July
Chapter 4 Robot Dynamics and Control
Summer School-Math. Methods in Robotics@TU-BS.DE
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July
Chapter Robot Dynamics and Control Lagrangian Equations Inertial Properties of Rigid Body Dynamics of an Open-chain Manipulator Newton-Euler Equations Coordinateinvariant algorithms for robot dynamics Lagrange’s Equations with Constraints
Lecture notes for ESSLLI-97
begin
let r be any rule in Q remove r from Q if c(r) 2 Cn(S ) then =
begin end
S := S fc(r)g for every rule s such that p(s) 2 Cn(S ) do add s to Q;
end
Figure 1: Algorithm to compute a basis for CnB (W )
Then, for every set of formulas W there is a least set T closed under PC + B and containing W .
Proposition 2.1 Let B be a set of inference rules (defaults without justi cations).
1
2 Introduction to Default Logic
Default logic is a knowledge representation mechanism allowing for reasoning in the presence of incomplete information. It handles the logical aspects of modalities such as \normally", \usually", etc. Syntactically, default logic extends the rst order logic (we will be treating propositional case almost exclusively) by introducing new entities called default rules or, simply, defaults. A default rule is a construct of the form : r = ' : M 1 ;# : : ; M m where '; 1; : : : ; k ; # are formulas of the language. The formula ' is called the premise or prerequisite of r and is denoted by p(r). The set f 1 ; : : : ; k g is called the set of justi cation of r and is denoted by j (r). The formula # is called the conclusion or consequent of r and is denoted c(r). Justi cations are used in default logic to explicitly represent conditions blocking applicability of defaults. That is, application of a rule of proof is quali ed by the absence of explicit information that would implying inconsistency of one of the justi cations of the rule. Put in yet another way, a default is applicable if its premise has been already established and all its justi cations are consistent, that is, their negations are not provable. It is precisely that presence of justi cations that allows us to model modalities such as \normally" and \usually" within default logic. In our format, a default rule has just one premise. This is an immaterial restriction since we will be assuming the usual rules of logic anyway. Default logic deals with default theories, that is, pairs (D; W ), where D is a collection of defaults and W is a collection of formulas. Default logic subsumes standard proof systems. It turns out that usual inference rules of the form ' # can simply be considered as defaults with empty set of justi cations. All major approaches to semantics of default logic are based on the natural semantics for a proof system in which propositional logic (PC) is extended by a collection of such standard inference rules (say B ). We will denote such systems by PC + B . We will now describe some properties of systems PC + B . A set of formulas T is closed under an inference rule r if the fact that ' 2 T implies that # 2 T . Similarly, T is closed under a set of rules B is it is closed under all rules in B . A set of formulas T is closed under inference in PC + B if T is closed under B and under propositional provability. We have the following fact. 2
新世纪大学英语综合教程4（第二版）LectureNotes_U2
新世纪⼤学英语综合教程4（第⼆版）LectureNotes_U2 Electronic Teaching PortfolioBook FourUnit Two: Man and TechnologyPart I Get StartedSection A Discussion▇Work in pairs or groups and discuss the following questions.1)What changes have taken place in our life with the advancement of technology?2)Do you think technology makes your life easier? Could you give some examples?3)Is the advancement of technology always a good thing?▇ Answers for reference:1)With the advancement of technology, our health has been improved; production has been increased; humanlabor has been decreased; people’s mental horizons have been broadened, and what is most important is that people live longer and better.2)Yes. Take the Internet for example. With the access to the Internet I can learn what is going on all aroundthe world. I can get the latest information about my present studies at college. And I can communicate with others via e-mail, which saves me a lot of time and money. Another example is the rapid development of various means of transportation. Planes, trains and cars have made my travel easier and more convenient.3)No. Technology is a double-edged sword which can be used equally for good or evil. For example,technology has found wide application in the medical field. However, owing to technology, weapons of mass destruction have been invented and used in wars in which large numbers of innocent people have been killed.Section B Quotes▇Study the following quotes about man and technology and discuss in pairs what you can learn from them.⊙The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom.— Isaac Asimov Interpretation:This quote tells us that knowledge is not wisdom. Knowledge alone does not necessarily make us wiser. Although science has brought about a rapid growth in knowledge, today’s society has not witnessed any corresponding increase in wisdom. And what we are in desperate need of today is wisdom rather than scientific knowledge, for knowledge helps us make a living while wisdom helps us make a life.Isaac AsimovAbout Isaac Asimov:Isaac Asimov (1920-1992): a US science fiction writer. Born in Russia, he was brought to the USA when he was three and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. He studied chemistry at Columbia University and developed a career both as an academic biochemist and as a science fiction writer. Among his best known novels are the “Foundation Series”―Foundation (《基地》) (1951), Foundation and Empire (《基地与帝国》)(1952), andSecond Foundation (《第⼆基地》)(1953), etc. He is also well-known for his textbooks and works of popular science.⊙Education makes machines which act like men and produces men who act like machines.— Erich Fromm Interpretation:This quote questions the rigidity of the formal educational systems. Machines are often considered as being controlled by others and have no individual thoughts. This quote indicates that the formal educational system controls the development of students and washes away the individual creativity.Erich FrommAbout Erich Fromm:Erich Fromm (1900-1980): German-born American psychoanalyst. His works, which include Escape from Freedom(《逃离⾃由》), Man for Himself(《利⼰者》) and The Sane Society(《健全的社会》), emphasize the role of culture in neurosis and strongly criticize materialist values.⊙The production of too many useful things results in too many useless people.—Karl MarxInterpretation:According to Marx, under capitalism, overproduction leads to economic crises and unemployment.Karl MarxAbout Karl Marx:Karl Marx (1818-1883): a German philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary. Karl Marx was the most influential socialist thinker of the 19th century. With Friedrich Engels, he wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) and other works. Exiled from Europe after the Revolutions of 1848, Marx lived in London, where he worked on his monumental work Das Kapital (Capital), in which he used dialectical materialism to analyze economic and social history. Marxism has greatly influenced the development of socialist thought.⊙It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dreams of yesterday are the hopes of today, and the realitiesof tomorrow.— Robert H. Goddard Interpretation:Advances in science and technology have given birth to many things once only dreamed of.Robert H. GoddardAbout Robert H. Goddard:Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945): an American physicist. Goddard is looked upon as one of the three main founders of modern rocketry, along with Tsiolkovsky and Oberth. He launched the first liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926. The flight lasted just 2.5 seconds, reaching an altitude of 12.3 meters and landing 55.2 meters from the launch site.Section C Watching and Discussion▇Watch the following video clip “Inception” and do the tasks that follow:插⼊视频⽚段：“Inception.wmv”1.Fill in the missing words according to what you hear from the video clip.—You create the world of the dream. You’ll bring the subject into that dream, and then they feel it in their subconscious.—How could you ever acquire enough detail to make him think that’s reality?—Our dreams. We feel real while we’re in them. It’s only when we wake up that we realize something actually strange. May I ask you a question? You never really remember the beginning of your dreams, do you? You always wind up right in the middle of what’s going on.2.Discuss the topic with your group members: Are you sometimes troubled by your dreams? Share one ofyour unusual dreams with your peers.▇Answers for reference:(Open.)Script：InceptionCOBB: You create the world of the dream. You’ll bring the subject into that dream, and then they feel it in their subconscious. ARIADNE: How could you ever acquire enough detail to make him think that’s reality?COBB: Our dreams. We feel real while we’re in them. It’s only when we wake up that we realize something actually strange. May I ask you a question? You never really remember the beginning of your dreams, do you? You always wind up right in the middle of what’s going on.ARIADNE: I guess. Yeah.COBB: So ... how did we end up here?ARIADNE: We just came here from the...COBB: Think about it, Ariadne. How did you get here? Where are you right now?ARIADNE: Oh my God. We’re dreaming.COBB: We’re actually asleep in the workshop right now. This is your first lesson in shared dreaming, remember?Part II Listen and RespondSection A Word Bankevolve v. develop gradually by a long continuous process （使）演变；（使）进化shuttle★n. a spacecraft that can be used more than once 航天飞机prolong★vt. make longer; lengthen 延长，拉长，拖长Section B Task One: Focusing on the Main IdeasChoose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the information contained in the listening passage.1) What is the main idea of the passage?A) The rapid changing world we live in.B) The important role the Internet plays in our life.C) The important role technology plays in our life.D) The important role modern transportation plays in our life.2) What does the passage say about the Internet?A) It provides us with the quickest means for communication.B) It provides us with the quickest means to collect information.C) It provides us with the quickest means to talk to each other.D) It provides us with modern means of transportation.3) Why is the journey to the outer space not a dream any more?A) Because people can go anywhere now.B) Because people can travel to the outer space by airplane now.C) Because the modern means of transportation makes the journey smoother.D) Because people can travel to the outer space by rockets and space shuttles.4) How does technology help prolong our life?A) Patients can go anywhere to seek modern medicine.B) With modern medicine, people with cancer do not suffer from the pain.C) With modern medicine, people with AIDs do not suffer from the pain.D) With modern medicine, some deadly diseases can be treated now.5) How does technology expand our vision of the world?A) It gives us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.B) It makes our life easier and more convenient.C) It helps us spread our ideas more quickly.D) It brings us more advanced products.▇ Answers for Reference:1) C 2) B 3) D 4) D 5) ASection C Task Two: Zooming in on the Details▇Listen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks according to what you have heard.Firstly, technology shortens the distance between people and makes 1) __________ much easier. Today, the Internet is widely used not only for the 2) __________ of information but also for correspondence.Secondly, modern means of 3) __________, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey 4) __________ and faster. With the help of modern transportation, we can go almost anywhere we want to. To journey into 5) __________ space is not a dream any more. Rockets and space 6) __________ have made the dream come true.Thirdly, modern medicine prolongs our life and 7) __________ patients from pain. Some deadly 8) __________, such as cancer and AIDs can be treated now, and we can live longer and better.Last but not least, technology expands our 9) __________ of the world. It provides us with larger 10) __________ by giving us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.▆ Answers:Firstly, technology shortens the distance between people and makes 1) communication much easier. Today, the Internet is widely used not only for the 2) collection of information but also for correspondence. Secondly, modern means of 3) transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey 4) smoother and faster. With the help of modern transportation, we can go almost anywhere we want to. To journey into 5) outer space is not a dream any more. Rockets and space 6) shuttles have made the dream come true.Thirdly, modern medicine prolongs our life and 7) relieves patients from pain. Some deadly 8) diseases, such as cancer and AIDs can be treated now, and we can live longer and better.Last but not least, technology expands our 9) vision of the world. It provides us with larger 10) possibilities by giving us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.Script:What Has Technology Brought Us?Technology plays a vital role in our society. It makes our life more comfortable and convenient. Without it, we couldn’t evolve or cope up with the ever changing world we live in.Firstly, technology shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Today, the Internet is widely used not only for the collection of information but also for correspondence.Secondly, modern means of transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smoother and faster. With the help of modern transportation, we can go almost anywhere we want to. To journey into outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles have made the dream come true.Thirdly, modern medicine prolongs our life and relieves patients from pain. Some deadly diseases, such as cancer and AIDS can be treated now, and we can live longer and better.Last but not least, technology expands our vision of the world. It provides us with larger possibilities by giving us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.It is hard to imagine what the world would be like without technology.Part III Read and ExploreText ASection A Discovering the Main Ideas1. Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.1)Did material and technological advances make Americans happier according to the survey?2)What is the relationship between money and happiness according to Easterlin?3)How does technology affect human relationships according to the author?4)In which field does technology have the most important impact on people’s sense of well-being accordingto the author?5)What does the author think of the relationship between technology and happiness?▆ Answers for Reference:1)No. The survey showed that the majority of Americans did not become happier with the advancement oftechnology. In fact, the percentage of people who say they are “very happy” has fallen slightly since the early 1970s, even though their income has increased considerably.2)According to Easterlin, money cannot make people happier after a certain point, that is, when people areable to meet the needs for a decent life.3)According to the author, with technological inventions such as linked databases, the Internet and TV,people have less privacy and less time for real world communication. As a result, they tend to be more lonely and depressed.4)The most important impact of technology on people’s life is in the field of health care. The developmentof medical technology has greatly increased people’s life expectancy and improved their quality of life.So the vast majority of people are happy to be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they’ll be. 5)On the whole, the author holds that technology and happiness are not necessarily closely related.Throughout the text, the author cites examples to illustrate that the advances in technology do not necessarily make people happier.2.Text A can be divided into five Parts with the paragraph number(s) of each part provided as follows. Write down the main idea of each part.Part Paragraph(s) Main IdeaOne1-2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Two3-5________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Three6-9________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Four10________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Five11________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________▆▆ Answers for Reference:Part Paragraph(s) Main IdeaOne 1-2 Material and technological advances do not really bringhappiness to people in the developed countries. ThoughAmericans now are wealthier than they were in the middleof the last century, they are not happier than they used tobe.Two 3-5 Technology and happiness are not necessarily closelycorrelated because people adapt to technological progresstoo quickly.Three 6-9 The current comments on technology have mostly centeredon the bad effects of technology on human relationshipsrather than particular, harmful technologies.Four 10 The most important impact of technology on people’s senseof well-being is in the field of health care.Five 11 People in general claim that on a deeper level, technologycannot bring happiness to them, which is just contradictoryto the fact that it has greatly improved people’s health andlife expectancy.Section B In-depth StudyIn the present era, all of us are enthusiastically pursuing technological advancement and take it for granted that the development of technology will make us happier. However, little evidence can be found to prove the correlation between technology and happiness once material and technological advances reach a certain level. The text below may provide you with some insights into this issue.Technology and HappinessJames Surowiecki1 In the 20th century, Americans, Europeans, and East Asians enjoyed material and technological advances that were unimaginable in previous eras. In the United States, for instance, gross domestic product per capita tripled from 1950 to 2000. Life expectancy soared. The boom in productivity after World War II made goods better and cheaper at the same time. Things that were once luxuries, such as jet travel and long-distance phone calls, became necessities. And even though Americans seemed to work extraordinarily hard, their pursuit of entertainment turned media and leisure into multibillion-dollar industries.2 By most standards, then, you would have to say that Americans are better off now than they were in the middle of the last century. Oddly, though, if you ask Americans how happy they are, you find that they are no happier than they were in 1946 (which is when formal surveys of happiness started). In fact, the percentage of people who say they are “very happy” has fallen slightly since the early 1970s — even though the income of people born in 1940 has, on average, increased by 116 percent over the course of their working lives. You can find similar data for most developed countries.3 The relationship between happiness and technology has been an eternal subject for social critics and philosophers since the advent of the Industrial Revolution. But it’s been left largely unexamined by economists and social scientists.The truly groundbreaking work on the relationship between prosperity and well-being was done by the economist Richard Easterlin, who in 1974 wrote a famous paper entitled “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?” Easterlin showed that when it came to developed countries, there was no real correlation between a nation’s income level and its citizens’ happiness. Money, Easterlin argued, could not buy happiness —at least not after a certain point. Easterlin showed that though poverty was strongly correlated with misery, once a country was solidly middle-class, getting wealthier did not seem to make its citizens any happier.4 This seems to be close to a universal phenomenon. In fact, one of happiness scholars’ most important insights is that people adapt very quickly to good news. Take lottery winners for example. One famous study showed that although winners were very, very happy when they won, their extreme excitement quickly evaporated, and after a while their moods and sense of well-being were indistinguishable from what they had been before the victory.5 So, too, with technology: no matter how dramatic a new innovation is, no matter how much easier it makes our lives, it is very easy to take it for granted. You can see this principle at work in the world of technology every day, as things that once seemed miraculous soon become common and, worse, frustrating when they don’t work perfectly. It’s hard, it turns out, to keep in mind what things were like before the new technology came along.6 Does our fast assimilation of technological progress mean, then, that technology makes no difference? No. It just makes the question of technology’s impact, for good or ill, more complicated. Let’s start with the downside. There are certain ways in which technology makes life obviously worse. Telemarketing, traffic jams, and identity theft all come to mind. These are all phenomena that make people consciously unhappy. But for the most part, modern critiques of technology have focused not so much on specific, bad technologies as on the impact of technology on our human relationships.7 Privacy has become increasingly fragile in a world of linked databases. In many workplaces, technologies like keystroke monitoring and full recordings of phone calls make it easier to watch workers. The notion that technology disrupts relationships and fractures community gained mainstream prominence as an attack on television. Some even say that TV is chiefly responsible for the gradual isolation of Americans from each other. Similarly, some others stress the harmful effects of the Internet, which supposedly further isolates people from what is often called “the real world”.8 This broad criticism of technology’s impact on relationships is an interesting one and is especially relevant to the question of happiness, because one of the few things we can say for certain is that the more friends and the closer relationships people have, the happier they tend to be.9 Today, technological change is so rapid that when you buy something, you do so knowing that in a few months there’s going to be a better, faster version of the product, and that you’re going to be stuck with the old o ne. Someone else, in other words, has it better. It’s as if disappointment were built into acquisition from the very beginning.10 Daily stress, an annoying sense of disappointment, fear that the government knows a lot more about youthan you would like it to —these are obviously some of the ways in which technology reduces people’s sense of well-being. But the most important impact of technology on people’s sense of well-being is in the field of health care. Before the Industrial Revolution, two out of every three Europeans died before the age of 30. Today, life expectancy for women in Western Europe is almost 80 years, and it continues to increase. The point is obvious: the vast majority of people are happy to be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they’ll be. But until very recently, life for the vast majority of people was nasty, rough, and short. Technology has changed that, at least for people in the rich world. As much as we should worry about the rising cost of he alth care and the problem of the uninsured, it’s also worth remembering how valuable for our spiritsas well as our bodies are the benefits that medical technology has brought us.11 On a deeper level, what the technological improvement of our health and our longevity emphasizes is a paradox of any discussion of happiness on a national or a global level: even though people may not be happier, even though they are wealthier and possess more technology, they’re still as hungry as ever for more time. It’s like that old joke: the food may not be so great, but we want the portions to be as big as possible.（此课⽂没有更新，不需要配图说明。
ch2-1
Process Creation
• Pid, Process identifier • Solaris • Unix, PS
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Process Creation
• • • • 1 Request for a new blank PCB 2 Allocate resource for new process 3 Initiate the PCB 4 Put the process into ready queue
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Schedulers
• Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) – selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue. • Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) – selects which process should be executed next and allocates CPU.
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Ready Queue and Various I/O Device Queues
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Representation of Process Scheduling
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Process Creation (Cont.)
• Exec()
– the machine code, data, heap, and stack of the process are replaced by those of the new program.
Lecture Notes for PAMC (03) - Ch2_L2-201415(1)
…
22H 21H 20H
字节地址
…
10H 11H 12H 13H 14H 15H 16H 17H 08H 09H 0AH 0BH 0CH 0DH 0EH 0FH 00H 01H 02H 03H 04H 05H 06H 07H
LSB 位地址 MSB
B (C 20H ) 08H
位地址B 对应的字节地址C 及偏移d 分别为
通用寄存器区 (32个字节地址): 00H~1FH 通用位变量区 (16个字节地址): 20H~2FH; 128个位地址: 00H~7FH
高128字节RAM (地址范围: 80H~FFH)
一般数据存储器, 堆栈等; 只能采用间接地址方式访问 特殊功能单元的编程控制; 只能采用直接地址方式访问 只能采用MOVX指令(即外部数据存储器和I/O地址)访问
总结
MCS-51单片机存储器系统的组成 程序和数据存储器空间的使用 片内数据存储器功能分区及其作用 不同功能分区的访问方法 特殊功能寄存器(和特殊功能单元的关系) MCS-51单片机地址空间的编址 总结MCS-51单片机的基本资源
问题和讨论
4个通用寄存器组在使用时有什么特殊作用? 为什么特殊功能位的起始地址是从80H, 而不 是从00H? MCS-51单片机的地址空间编址应该遵循什么 原则? MCS-51单片机具有布尔(位)处理器，所以可 以单独控制单个I/O位的状态，在哪些场合这 种操作有优点？
端口 5个中断源 1个串行端口 3个16位定时/计数器 等.
DPTR 请问: 为什么8052比8051 多出6个SFRs?
其它衍生的类型可能集成了更多的特殊功能单元(如ADC和DAC, 串行端 口等), 所以将具有更多的SFRs
ch1ch2ch3讲义
Chapter One The Basic Knowledge of a Business LetterThe purpose of a business letter is to establish a relationship between the two parties and do business. It is very essential for the writer to give his/her partner a good and deep impression on all aspects. A slovenly badly setout of a letter might suggest the carelessness of the writer though this may not be the case. Unfortunately the writer will never have a chance to give the receiver another first impression.I. The Structure of a Business Letter1) Heading ................. ................. 2) Ref. No. 3) Date 4) Inside Address 5) Attention Line 6) Salutation 7) Subject Line 8) Opening sentence Body of the letter ……………………………………………………………………………. Closing sentence 9) Complimentary Close 10) Signature 11) Encl. 12) c.c. 13) P.S. 1) Heading Heading includes the sender's name, postal address, telephone number, telex number, fax number, e-mail address, telegraphic address and the telegraphic codes used, if any. It sometimes also includes additional information, such as a listing of branch offices, the line of business, the year of establishment, bankers or capital. Usually it is printed in the center or at the left margin of a letter writing paper. The following is a specimen of the heading: Guangzhou Textiles Imp. & Exp.Corporation 15/FGuangtex Building 438 Dong Feng Road (C) Guangzhou 570030 Peoples' Republic of China Tel:83348898 Cable:1159 Telex: 44452 GZTEX CN Fax: 8337389812) Reference numbers and initials The reference numbers and initials are generally used as a useful indication for filing, including a file number, departmental code or the initials of the signer followed by that of the typist of the letter. They are typed two lines below the heading. If desired, they can also be placed at the lower left margin two lines below the name of the signer. e.g. Our Ref No. JS/nb 09811 3) Date The date is usually typed two lines below the heading, either on the left-hand side or on the right-hand side of the letter paper. The following dates are shown either in American form or in British form: August 15, 2008 (American Form) 15th August, 2008 (British Form) 4) Inside Address The name and address of the receiver is typed at the left-hand margin about two or four spaces below the date. It appears exactly the same way as on the envelope. Mr. C. E. Eckersley c/o Messrs Longmans Green & Company 6 & 7 Clifford Street London SW7 2DY EnglandSpecial care must be given to the use of the word "Messrs" (an abbreviated form of Messieurs, the French word for Gentlemen). It is often used in the case of a firm named after one or more persons and omitted where the names are impersonal. e.g. Messrs Smith & Co. Messrs Hamilton and Jacobs 5) Attention Line Attention line is used when the writer of a letter addressed to an organization wishes to direct the letter to a specific individual or section of the firm. It generally follows the inside address. e.g. Attention: Mr. Smith Attention: The Sales Manager 6) Salutation Salutation is the greeting of a business letter. Its form depends on the writer's relationship with the receiver. The customary formal greeting in a business letter is "Dear Sirs" or "Dear Madam" used for addressing one person; and "Dear Sirs", "Dear Mesdames", or "Gentlemen" (always should be in plural form and never write "Gentleman") for addressing two or more people. If the receiver is known to the writer personally, a warmer greeting "Dear Mr. Sb." is then preferred Salutation is usually typed two or three spaces below the inside address or the attention line, and followed by a comma for "Dear Sir", "Dear Sirs", and a colon for "Gentlemen". 7) Subject Line Subject line is actually the general idea of a letter. It is inserted between the salutation and the body of the letter either at the left-hand margin for full-block form or centrally over the body for other forms.2e.g. Your Quotation Sheet No.98135 Re: Our Order No.AB-54678 Sub: Chinese Light Industrial Products 8) Body of the Letter It is the most important part of any business letter. No matter how brief it may be, it deserves special attention. If there has been previous correspondence, the reply letter will refer to it in the first paragraph. The writer's plans, hopes and expectations will be expressed in the last paragraph. 9) Complimentary Close The complimentary close provides the writer of a business letter with an opportunity to say "Good-bye" at the end of this written "conversation" just as the salutation was a way of saying "Hello". The complimentary close should be chosen carefully to agree in tone and manner with the salutation as follows: Formal: Dear Sir(s), ....................................................................Yours faithfully, Gentlemen: ....................................................................Truly yours, Less formal: Dear Mr. Henry,(:) .........................................................Yours sincerely (or Sincerely yours) 10) Signature It is common to type the name of the writer's firm or company immediately below complimentary close. The handwritten signature is vital; the typewritten name alone is insufficient and more importantly not valid. Since handwritten signatures are illegible, the name of signer is usually typed below the signature, and followed by his job title or position. Never sign a letter with a rubber stamp. The following are examples of signing a business letter: (a) (b) Yours faithfully, Yours truly, THE NATIONAL TRANSPORT CO., for The Overseas Co. Ltd. (signature) (signature) Wang Wei W. Black Manager President 11) Enclosure When there is something such as a catalogue, a price list enclosed with the letter, this fact should be indicated by typing the word "Enclosure" or its abbreviation "Encl." or "Enc." two lines below the signature or reference numbers, if there are any. e.g. Enclosure: A Price List Encl: As stated Enc: A Catalogue 12) Carbon Copy When copies of the letter are sent to others, type c.c. below the signature at the left margin. e.g. c.c. The Osaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry c.c. Mr. G. Well313) Postscript If the writer wishes to add something he forgot to mention or for emphasis, he may add his postscript two spaces below the carbon copy notation: P.S. The samples will be mailed to you tomorrow. Try to avoid using P.S. since it may suggest that the writer failed to plan his letter well before he typed it.II. The Styles of Business Letter1. Full Block Form This letter-style is very modern and has now become firmly established as the recommended way of setting out letters. The most remarkable features of a business letter written in the full-bock are that every line starts block with the left hand margin. This includes the date, the inside address, the salutation, the subject heading, the body of the letter, the complimentary closing, the signature and the enclosures. The letterhead is usually printed either on the left-hand side or in the center of the upper edge of the writing paper.Allen Incorporation 1432 St. Louis Street Los Angeles, CA90015 U.S.A. Our ref: C9836 January 1, 1998 Guangzhou Textiles Imp & Exp Corporation 8-15/F Guangtex Building 438 Dongfeng Road (C) Guangzhou, 510030 China Dear Sirs Your corporation has been recommended to us by John Simmon & Co. of London, with whom we have done business for many years. We are interested in your cotton piece goods and shall be glad if you will send us a copy of your catalogue and current price list. Yours faithfully ALLEN INCORPORATION James Smith42. Semi-Block Form Allen Incorporation 1470 St. Louis Street Los Angeles CA90015 U.S.A Our ref:C9836 Guangzhou Textiles Imp & Exp Corporation 8-15/F Guangtex Building 438 Dongfeng Road (C) Guangzhou, 510030 China Dear Sirs, Your corporation has been recommended to us by John Simmon & Co. of London, with whom we have done business for many years. We are interested in your cotton piece goods and shall be glad if you will send us a copy of your catalogue and current price list. Yours faithfully, ALLEN INCORPORATION James Smith Most parts of the letter written in semi-block form start flush with the left-hand margin. But there are exceptions: 1) The date is typed near the right-hand margin at the top of the letter. 2) The first line of each paragraph is indented. 3) The complimentary close, and signature start near the right-hand margin. 4) Mixed punctuation is used. That is , the salutation is punctuated with a colon, or a comma. The complimentary close is punctuated with a comma. 3.Modified Block Form Allen Incorporation 1470 St. Louis Street Los Angeles CA90015 U.S.A Our ref:C9836 Guangzhou Textiles Imp & Exp Corporation 8-15/F Guangtex Building 438 Dongfeng Road (C) Guangzhou, 510030 China5January 1, 1998January 1, 1998Dear Sirs, Your corporation has been recommended to us by John Simmon & Co. of London, with whom we have done business for many years. We are interested in your cotton piece goods and shall be glad if you will send us a copy of your catalogue and current price list. Yours faithfully, ALLEN INCORPORATION James Smith Some points are listed below for identification of this modified block form: 1) The heading is in the center. 2) The date, complimentary close, and signature start near the right-hand margin. 3) The other parts start flush with the left-hand margin. The most outstanding difference between modified block form and semi-block form lies in that no indention is needed for the first line of each paragraph in modified block form.III. Second and Succeeding PagesWhen using continuation sheets, the following second page heading must be used: --2-L. A. Brizier & Co. March 1, 1997 The phrase "______ to be continued ______" should be added at the bottom of the first page.IV. Addressing EnvelopesThe name and address of the recipient start one third of the way across the envelope from left to right and half way down from top to bottom. Type the name and address of the sender at the left top corner of the envelope and leave a blank space on the right hand side for stamp. e.g. China National Chemicals Import & Export Co. Beijing, China Overseas Trading Co. 153 Market Street London, E. C. 3 (stamp)V. Writing Principles of a Business Letter1. Clarity A business letter must be in clear and easily comprehended language, straight forward and free from commercial jargon. e.g. As to the steamers sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct6services. The word "bimonthly" has two meanings: twice a month, or once two months. The reader will feel puzzled about the meaning. (Rewriting) : 1) We have two direct sailings every month from Hong Kong to San Francisco. 2) We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco. 3) We have a direct sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco every two months. Commercial letters should be clear and tidy, easy to understand the content. So a writer should paragraph a letter carefully and properly. One paragraph for each point is a good general rules. 2. Conciseness That is using concise sentences and fewest words, without losing completeness and courtesy, to explain the meaning of a letter clearly. The following are the methods of making a letter concise: Avoid using wordy expressions (wordy) (concise) We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter... We appreciate your letter... Enclosed herewith please find two copies of... We enclose two copies of... Avoid unnecessary repetition Will you ship us any time during the month of December, or even November if you are rushed, for November would suit us just as well? (Rewriting): Please ship us by the end of November. Using short sentences, simple words and clear explanations e.g. enclosed herewith..............................................................................enclosed at this time..........................................................................................now due to the fact that..............................................................................because a draft in the amount of $1,000 .........................................................a draft for $1,000 Please don't hesitate to call upon us...................................................Please write us. Please see that an enquiry is conducted to determine the reason.......Please find out the reason. We require full-automatic washing which is of the new type...................................................... We require new-type full-automatic washing machine. Avoid padded expressions It should be noted that this is the best we can do. For your information we enclose a catalogue. Please be advised that we have received your invoice. Using subject line properly and flexibly can cancel the same content in the opening sentence of a letter. 3. Completeness &Concreteness A business letter should include all the necessary information. It is essential to check the message carefully before it is sent out. Make the message specific, definite and vivid. Compare: ST858L 5-Band Stereo Radio Cassette Recorder is of full functions.7ST858L 5- Band Stereo Radio Cassette Recorder can delivers superb FM/MW/LW/SW1/ SW2/FM Stereo band reception. Full auto-stop and automatic quick program search (AQPS system ). We have drawn on you as usual under your L/C. We have drawn on you our sight draft No. 845 for the Invoice amount , US$ 560.00, under your L/C No. 246 of the China Bank . 4. Courtesy True courtesy requires more than the use of polite words and phrases. It indicates a desire to be helpful and useful to others. Use a friendly, sincere tone in your letter to create a courteous manner and leave the recipient an impression that you sincerely wish to be of services. Compare: (Polite) We have received with many thanks your letter of Oct. 7, and we take the pleasure of sending you our latest catalogue. We wish to draw your attention to a special offer which we have made in it. (Courteous) You will be particularly interested in a special offer on page 5 of the latest catalogue enclosed, which you requested in your letter of Oct. 7. In order to make a business letter courteous, try to avoid irritating, offensive, or belittling statements. To answer letters promptly is also a matter of courtesy. 5. Consideration Consideration emphasizes You-attitude rather than We-attitude. When writing a letter , it is advisable to keep the reader's request, needs, desires, as well as his feelings in mind. Plan the best way to present the message for the reader to receive. Compare: We- attitude You-attitude We allow 2 percent discount for cash payment. You earn 2 percent discount when you pay cash. We won't be able to send you the brochure this We will send you the brochure next month. month. 6. Correctness Correctness refers not only to correct usage of grammar, punctuation and spelling, but also to standard language, proper statement, and accurate figures as well as the correct understanding of commercial jargons. Compare: You failed to include your credit card number, so we can’t mail your order. You can’t park in Lot H until May 1. You won’t be sorry that… We’ll mail your order as soon as we receive your credit card number. You may park in Lot H after May 1. You will be happy that…8Chapter Two Establishing Business Relations1. The Importance of Establishing Business Relations The importance of establishing business relations is obvious. Just as a factory requires a complete set of machinery to proceed with production, so does a foreign firm need extensive business connections to consolidate existing relations, to seek new customers, to expand new markets and to enter into new fields of business activities. No transaction can be concluded until contacts have been made between the two or more companies. Therefore, the establishment of business relations is one of the important undertakings in the field of foreign trade. 2. Sources of Obtaining Information about a New Firm After we have obtained the name and address of a firm, we may start sending a letter to the party concerned. This type of letter is an outgoing letter and may be called a first enquiry. Naturally we must somehow get to know a particular firm or company before we can work up our relations with it. Usually information about a new firm is obtainable through: 1) Banks; 2) Chamber of Commerce both at home and abroad; 3) Commercial Counsellor's Office; 4) Advertisements in newspapers or periodicals; 5) Contacts at exhibition; 6) Recommendations by others, etc. 3. Contents of an Initial Letter For initial approach, the first letter usually contains: 1) The source of information. The initial letter should, in the first paragraph begin by telling the addressee how his name is known. 2) Intention of writing the letter. We can express our desire to enter into business relations with the firm we are writing to. 3) Some general information should be given as to the lines of business being handled. 4) Information about the firm's financial standing. 5) Expectation of cooperation and / or an early reply. Specimen Letters Letter-1 Dear Sirs, Re: Cotton T-shirts and Sweat Shirts Your name has been forwarded by the Chinese Consulate in London as dealer and manufacturer of the above goods and we wish to enter into business relations with you in this line. We would be grateful if you could please forward by fax your prices and range along with samples separately as soon as possible. We would like to represent you in UK or whole of Europe. Your early response will be very much appreciated. Yours faithfully, Amin Esmail Managing agent9Letter-2 Dear Sirs, Your firm has been recommended to us by John Morris & Co., with whom we have done business for many years. We specialize in the exportation of Chinese Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, which have enjoyed great popularity in world market. We enclose a copy of our catalogue for your reference and hope that you would contact us if any item is interesting to you. We hope you will give us an early reply. Yours faithfully, Letter-3 Dear Sirs, From the latest issue of "Guangdong Foreign Trade" we learn the name and address of your corporation, and now take the liberty to write to you with a view to establishing business relations with you. We should be pleased if you could make us an offer for 50 metric tons of Bitter Apricot Kernels for prompt shipment, together with your trade terms and conditions. We are confectioners and bakers having many years' experience in this line of business. Our firm was established in 1935 and has extensive connections with food stores in all the cities and towns of Copenhagen. We need a regular supply of the said goods for cakes and candies. Up to the present, we have been purchasing these goods from commission houses. But we now wish to switch our purchases to your corporation, for we know Chinese Apricot Kernels are of fine quality and special flavour. As to our financial standing, we refer you to Jardine Matheson Bank, 57 Waterloo Street, Copenhagen, who, we feel sure, will be glad to furnish you with any information you may require. If you wish to have more information about our business status, we shall be only too glad to answer your inquiry at any time. Yours faithfully, Letter-4 Dear Sirs Being member of International Trade Association, we are very pleased to communicate with you for the possibility of trading together. We have noticed that your company is involved in manufacturing sector. Ours is a marketing firm in Nigeria. Our service includes: Manufacturer's representative (establishing buyers contacts) within Nigeria. Importer of cars, trucks, auto spare parts, electronic gadgets and accessories (both new and fairy used). Exporter of crude oil, cocoa, rubber, cashew-nut, palm oil, palm kernel jute bags, etc. corporate contacts within and outside Nigeria among other consultancy service. If your company is interested to secure an extended market for the products in Nigeria, please do not hesitate to write to us, attaching your complete brochure on product ranges and the relevant samples, so that we may be able to confirm our orders.10Upon hearing from you, I will furnish you with detailed information.Best RegardsLetter-5Dear Sirs,The name and address of your corporation has been given to us by the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, who has informed us that you are a reputable exporter of Chinese furniture. We are, therefore, getting into contact with you with a view to introducing your products into our market.We take pleasure in advising you that we have been in import business in the line of furniture for many years and have extensive connections with the wholesalers and retailers in our country. It appears that the beautiful designs and fine workmanship of Chinese furniture appeal to our market, and we believe your products will enjoy popular sales here.We are particularly interested in chairs and desks for office use for the moment and should appreciate it if you would send us your catalogue for these items, together with your latest price list indicating your terms and conditions of sales.We look forward to hearing from you soon.Y ours faithfully,Letter-6Dear Sirs,We come across your corporation's name and address from the magazine "Trade East" , from where we have learnt that you are leading manufacturers / exporters of textiles, knit-wears and ready-to-wear garments.Taking this opportunity we like to introduce ourselves to you as general commission agents and indentors, dealing mainly in textiles and garments. Our firm has been in the import business on commission basis for 12 years and we have several satisfied customers who regularly place orders with us.We are also the sole agents for major European companies and because we are branching out we are seeking new connections in the Far East. The Maltese Islands are small and the market is limited and it is because of this that the only way we operate is on an exclusive basis.We have good clients in the United Kingdom mainly for garments. The margin we work on is 5%. Of course, this commission rate depends on the size of the orders. Our clients pay for their imports by letter of credit.We like to take the privilege of requesting you (provided your firm is not already dealing with another party here in Malta) that we act as your sole agent for the Maltese Islands. If this is to your acceptance we will inform you in due course of the items / lines we require you to offer us.We await your favourable reply.Y ours faithfully,Letter-7Dear Sirs,We thank you for your enquiry of 1st July requesting us to make you an offer for our garments. As we have not previously done business together, perhaps you will kindly supply either the usual trade references, or the name of a bank to which we refer. Then as soon as theseenquiries are satisfactorily settled, we shall be happy to send you good selection of the items you mention in your letter.We sincerely hope that this, our first transaction together, will be the b eginning of a long and pleasant business association.Y ours faithfully,Letter-8Dear Sirs,Recently we have received an order for our Green Beans to the value of USD8500 from a new customer in Pakistan. As we have had no dealings with them in the past, we would be grateful if you could get some information for us concerning their financial status and their ability to conduct business.Enclosed please find the name and address of the company we enquire about. Y ou may rest assured that any information you may provide will be treated as strictly confidential.Y our early reply will be highly appreciated.Y ours faithfully,ExercisesI. Choose the best answer:1. We confirm ______ your Order No. 1234 dated May 9, 1997.A. to have receivedB. having receivedC. receivingD. to receive2. We ______ if you could give us whatever information you can in this respect.A. should appreciateB. appreciateC. appreciate itD. should appreciate it3. We have received your letter of December 15, ______ we are glad to know that you are interested in our electric goods.A. whichB. at whichC. from whichD. in which4. Y ou may rest assured that any further orders you may ______ will always be carefully attended to.A. place usB. place with usC. make usD. make with us5. Y ou have previously ______A. supplied us for glasswaresB. supplied glasswares with usC. supplied us on glasswaresD. supplied us with glasswares6. We have been ______ with that firm for many years.A. making businessB. contactingC. dealingD. supplying7. The design of the goods is very nice but the colour does not ______ to us.A. attractB. appealC. appreciateD. suit8. We thank you for your letter of July 6, ______ your purchase from us of 500 M/T Green Beans.A. confirmB. to confirmC. confirmingD. confirmed9. Our products enjoy ______ in world market.A. most popularB. great popularityC. good sellerD. selling fast10.We would like to take this ______ to establish business relations with you.A. openingB. opportunityC. stepD. advantageII. Fill in the blank with proper prepositions:1.Through the courtesy of Mr. Freemen, we are given to understand that you are one of theleading importers of electric goods _____your area and wish to enter ______business relations with us.2.The Chartered Bank of Liverpool has informed us that you are interested _____trading with us______the line of tools and instruments.3.We have come to know the name of your corporation and have the pleasure ______writing toyou _______the hope of establishing business relations with you.4.Y our desire to establish business relations with our firm _______the basis of equality andmutual benefit coincides ______ours.5.Y our company has been introduced to us by R. G. Nelson & Co. Ltd. ______prospective buyersof Chinese sewing machines. As we deal _____these goods, we shall be pleased to establish business relations with you.6.______ the recommendation of Messrs Smith & Co. we have learned the name of your firmand have pleasure ______establishing business relations with you.7.We thank you ______your letter of August 1 and shall be glad to discuss with you thepossibility _____expanding trade between us.8.Y our letter of July 25, _____which you express the hope of entering into business connectionswith us, has been received _____thanks.9.Much ______our regret, we are unable to do business with you direct, as we have beenrepresented by The Acme Trading Company ______your end.10.Please accept our regret _______having to decline your request ______establishment ofbusiness relations with us as the items named in your letter have been exhausted.11.Please provide us ______a full report ______the business, reputation, means and creditstanding of the following firm.12.Messrs Smith & Co. have given us your name ______a reference. We should be obliged ifyou would advise us whether they are ______good repute.13.As we have no business relations with that firm before, we should be most grateful______any information you may obtain ______us.14.The above information is given ______confidence and without any responsibility ______ourpart.15.We specialize ______the import and export of Art and Crafts. We express our desire to trade_____ this line.III. T ranslate the following sentences into English:1 伦敦英格兰银行告诉我们贵公司是化肥的最大出口商，并有兴趣在这方面同我们进行贸易。
全新版大学英语综合教程(第二版)B1-Unit 1 (lecture notes)
Unit 1 Growing UpText A Writing for MyselfⅠ.Teaching ObjectivesStudents will be able to:1.grasp the main idea (the essence of writing is to write what one enjoys writing)and structure ofthe text (narration in chronological sequence):2.appreciate the narrative skills demonstrated in the text (selection of details, repetition,coherence):3.master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text:4.conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of theunit.Ⅱ. Before Reading1.English song Beautiful Boy vocal by John Lennon1). John LennonBrief introduction to John Lennon: John Lennon (1940~1980) was an English rockmusician and co-founder of The Beatles, the most lauded and influential rock group atall time.Questions about John Lennon:a)Who was John Lennon?b)Which country was he from?c)What was his profession?d)Do you know any songs by him?e)Can you tell us anything about Lennon?Chronology of John Lennon:--October 9, 1940Born John Winston Lennon, in Liverpool, England.--September 1957Enrolled at Liverpool College of Art.--August 23, 1962married college girlfriend Cynthia Powell (divorced 1968)--February 19, 1963Please Please Me reached Number One in the UK charts.--February 12, 1964The Beatles started their first US tour.--June 15, 1965The Beatles received MBEs (Member of the Order of the British Empire) from QueenElizabeth II.--March14, 1969Married Yoko one.--November 25, 1969Lennon returned his MRE in peace protest.--December 8, 1980Shot dead outside his apartment in the Dakota building in New York City. The Killerwas a crazed fan, Mark Chapman, who had recently obtained Lennon’s autograph.2). Beautiful Boy3). Questions about the Song and Textsa)In your opinion, what is the song Beautiful boy going to tell us?b)What does Lennon think of growing up? Is it easy of full of adventures?c)Can you guess what the texts in this unit are going to be about?2.Spaghetti1)Definition: spaghetti is the Italian-style thin noodle, cooked by boiling and servedwith sauce. Unlike some Chinese noodles, it is not served in soup and will never tastepulpy.2)Listen and practiceRead the words given below and then listen to the passage. After listening to thepassage one student is required to come up and show the right way of eating spaghettibefore the class.i.hold the fork in your hand as if to poke the spaghetti.ii.Scoop up a small amount of spaghetti on your fork and raise it about30 cm above your plate.iii.Make sure the spaghetti on your fork is completely disconnected fromthe remainder on your plate.iv.Put the prongs of the fork at an edge of the plate that is free of food.v.Quickly point the prongs of the fork straight down toward the plateand place the points on the plate.vi.Twirl the fork to gather the spaghetti around the prongs.vii.With a quick scooping movement, gather up the roll around theprongs and place it in your month.viii.Gently gather up any stray spaghetti ends that don’t make it all theway into your mouth.3.American education systemIn the U.S., education is the responsibility of individual states, not of the federalgovernment, so requirements may vary from one state to another. The following is ageneralization:Kindergarten: under 5 years oldElementary/primary school (grades 1-6): 6-11 years oldJunior high/middle school (grades7-8): 12-13 years oldSenior high school (grades9-12): 14-17 years oldCollege, institute, academy, universityⅢ. Global Reading1.ScanningScan Text A and find out all the time words, phrases and clauses.since my childhood in Belleville (LL.1-2)until my third year in high school (L.2)until then(L.3)when our classed was assigned to Mr. Fleagle for third-year English(L.7)late in the year (L.17)until the night before the essay was due. (LL20-21)when I finished (L.40)next morning (L.42)two days passed (L.42)when I saw him lift my paper from his desk…(L.45)when Mr. Fleagle finished (L.58)3.True or false1). Baker had never thought of becoming a writer until he was in the eleventh grade. (F)As a child in Belleville, he had thought of becoming a writer from time to time.2). Tea chers found it painful to read students’ long and lifeless essays. ( T ).3). Before Mr. Fleagle became the English teacher for Baker’s class, the English course hadbeen interesting. ( F ).From the words “another cheerless year” we can see the English course had been quite boring.4). In Baker’s opinion, Mr. Fleagle was really a formal, rigid and out-of-date teacher onlybecause of Fleagle’s manner of speaking. (F)Besides the manner of speaking, Fleagle’s appearance and dress also showed that he was a dull and rigid teacher.4.Multi-choice1) At first, Baker thought Mr. Fleagle’s English course was _b__.a)interestingb)dullc)hopefuld)attractive2) In Baker’s opinion, the title of the composition “What I did on My Summer Vacation”was _d__.a)dullb)unfruitfulc)difficultd)foolish and dull3) Baker liked to write a composition with the title “ The Art of Eating Spaghetti” because_c__.a)neither Baker nor Doris had ever eaten spaghetti before.b) they argued with each other at the supper.c) it remained him of the pleasure of that evening.d) spaghetti was from Italy and quite new then.4) Which of the following statements is TRUE? _a__.a)You’ll not write a good composition until you like the topic.b)When Baker wrote the essay, he thought his teacher would like it.c)Mr. Fleagle had like Baker’s compositions before.d)Baker succeeded in writing two compositions.5.Questions and answers1. As a student, Baker was long bored by writing compositions. Later, however, hisattitude changed completely. What do you think brought about this change?By reading the text, it seems that the assignment to write an essay led to the change. However, the assignment was still there as it used to be as well asMr. Fleagle. Nothing but his own understanding toward writing an essaychanged.2. Mr. Fleagle says “it’s of the very essence of the essay”, yet he gives no furtherexplanation. Think it over. What does he mean?After reading the class Baker’s essay, Mr. Flealge told the students “it’s of the very essence of the essay”. It was clear enough for the students tounderstand what the essence was. For they enjoued the essay so much thatthey should have got a clue of how to mke the essay. Just like what Baker haddone, to write as the things are and to write for your own joy, might be whatMr. Fleagle wants to illustrate.3. How do you understand the title” Writing for Myself”?To write for oneself may be a good way in making some certain articles such as essay pr poem and so on. For by reading such an essay, the readersexpect of nothing but of the author’s individual feelings toward certainmatters.Ⅳ. Detailed ReadingImportant words , phrase and difficult sentences:Part One (para.1-2)1)(para.1）off and on : or on and off: from time to time; now and again, irregularly断断续续地，有时---It has been raining on and off for a week. That’ why the clothes feel damp.---As her patient slept soundly during the night, Nurse Betty was able to doze off andon in a bedside chair.2)(para1）take hold: become established 生根，确立---The idea of one child only has taken hold in many Chinese families---老习惯总是很难摆脱的. 这就是为什么你要在习惯养成之前戒烟..---Old habits die hard. That’s why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold.3)(para.1）bore : vt. Make sb. feel tired and lose interest 使人厌烦---The speaker went on and on, and the audience grew bored by his speech.---Tom Sawyer grew bored with painting the garden fence, so he thought of a way to make others paint for him.Collocation:A crashing bore 讨厌之极的人/事A frightful bore 讨厌得要命的家伙An insufferable bore 讨厌得让人无法忍受的人An utter bore 极惹人厌烦的事4)(para.1）)associate: vt. Join or connect together; connect or bring in the mind. 使联系起来，使联想--- 我们只是把埃及和金字塔联系起来.---We often associate Egypt with pyramids.---I can’t associate this gentle you ng woman with the radical political essays she has written,.---Jim wished to forget everything associated with his former life.*associate: n. partner, 合伙人---He is not a friend, he is a business associate.他不是我的朋友，而是我生意上的合伙人。
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I/O端口的读写操作
I/O端口的写操作非常简单 I/O端口的2种读操作有什么区别? 什么情况是读引脚状态? 反之? 读I/O锁存器状态的操作 例 ORL P1, Acc ; 其中隐含一个读锁存器状态的操作
该指令的执行过程: 读P1锁存器状态→执行逻辑与操作→写结果到P1
读I/O引脚状态的操作 例 MOV Acc, P1 ; 将P1引脚状态传送到Acc
Data Bus
RAM 128/256 Bytes
Instruction Register
OSC
Clock and Control
XTAL2
EA/Vpp
GND
XTAL1
PSEN
ALE
Vcc
RST
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ALU, PC的作用
ALU的作用
算术运算 (字节型四则运算) 逻辑运算 (基本逻辑运算和移位操作)
PC的作用
程序执行过程的调度 始终保存着将要执行的指令在程序存储器中地址 一点说明: PC是一个16位的控制寄存器, 为了便 于说明，其高、低字节分别记为PC.H、PC.L
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SP, PSW的作用
SP (堆栈操作的特殊功能寄存器)
指示堆栈顶部在RAM中的位置 MCS-51单片机的堆栈操作按“先进后出”原则
控制信号
WR RD
1 2
U5A 74HC08 3 RAMCE
8031的片内无程序存储器. 问: 可以把图中的EA/VP引脚接Vcc吗? 为什么?
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A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15
29 WR 24 RD
11
MCS-51单片机的内部结构
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 PDIP40 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
Vcc P0.0 (AD0) P0.1 (AD1) P0.2 (AD2) P0.3 (AD3) P0.4 (AD4) P0.5 (AD5) P0.6 (AD6) P0.7 (AD7) EA/Vpp ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7 (A15) P2.6 (A14) P2.5 (A13) P2.4 (A12) P2.3 (A11) P2.2 (A10) P2.1 (A9) P2.0 (A8)
P0.7:0
P2.7:0
P1.7:0
P3.7:0
内 部 结 构
Port0 Drivers
Port2 Drivers
Port1 Drivers
Port3 Drivers
Port Latch
Port Latch
Serial Port Timer Interrupt Logic
Port Latch
Data Bus
数据总线
程序存储器
U3 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 27C512 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7
☺ 有关MCS-51单片机存储器和特殊功能寄存器的内容在下一讲专门介绍
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P1端口的结构
读锁存器 Vcc 内部上拉电阻 内部总线 写锁存器 D CL Q Q P1.x
问题: 当P1端口作为输入 使用时, 各个位对 应的锁存器必须先 锁存 “1”。 为什么?
读引脚
每个位都具有内部上拉电阻 可编程输入和输出 写操作的结果(输出)被D型锁存器保持 读操作分读引脚状态和读输出锁存器状态 (后详述)
(见教材refs.[9], p.25)
5
PQFP44封装的规格
脚距
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(见教材refs.[9], p.26)
6
MCS-51单片机引脚及名称
☺ 三种封装形式的引脚布局不同, 但对应功能完全相同!
P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST/Vpd (RXD) P3.0 (TXD) P3.1
Lecture notes for Principle and Applications of Micro-Computers
“微机原理及应用”讲义
第2讲 MCS-51单片机的引脚和内部结构 (教材2.1~2.3节)
教学目的: 了解MCS-51单片机的基本结构 要求: 掌握MCS-51单片机的各引脚功能地址锁存器
地址总线
OE CE
22 PSEN 20
数据存储器
U4 62C512 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 CE2 CE1 WE CE 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 30 22 DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 VCC RAMCE
DIP40(40-pins Dual In-line Package, [脚距2.54mm]) PLCC44 (44-lead Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier, [脚距1.27mm]) PQFP44 (Plastic Quad Flat Package [脚距0.8mm])
1
P0端口
8位双向可编程I/O; 支持字节操作(P0); 支持单个位操作 (P0.i) 第二功能: 分时复用作为低8位地址总线和8位数据总线 (见下例)
P2端口
8位双向可编程I/O; 支持字节操作(P2); 支持单个位操作 (P2.i) 第二功能: 高8位地址总线 (见下例)
P3端口
8位双向可编程I/O; 支持字节操作(P3); 支持单个位操作 (P3.i) 第二功能: 每个引脚有不同第二功能, 见教材p.12的表2-2 (见下例)
Port 1
Port 0
Port 3
(INT0) P3.2 (INT1) P3.3 (T0) P3.4 (T1) P3.5 (WR) P3.6 (RD) P3.7 XTAL2 XTAL1 GND
Port 2
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7
MCS-51单片机引脚的功能
MCS-51单片机的40个引脚可以分三类 电源引脚 (2个)
MCS-51单片机的基本内核包括
控制、运算单元和基本寄存器
ALU, PC, 布尔(位)处理器; SP, ACC, PSW, DPTR
存储器
程序存储器 数据存储器和特殊功能寄存器(SFR)
I/O部件
I/O端口锁存器和I/O接口单元 特殊功能单元: 定时/计数器, 串行收发器, 中断逻辑
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Data Bus
Data Bus
Program address Register
Acc
B register
ALU reg1 Program memory Option (0/4/8/32/64K)
ALU reg1
PSW ALU
Stack Pointer
Program Counter PC Increment Buffer DPTR
元的作用
难点:
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主要功能单元的作用
1
本讲的主要内容
外观
MCS-51单片机的封装 MCS-51单片机的引脚功能
内部
MCS-51单片机的内部结构 MCS-51单片机内部功能部件的作用 MCS-51单片机I/O端口的结构和操作方法
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MCS-51单片机的封装(常见的形式)
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总结 (从外观到内部)
外观
MCS-51单片机的封装形式及规格 MCS-51单片机40个引脚的分布, 名称及它们的功能
Vcc (电源正极) GND (电源地)
控制和时钟引脚 (6个)
控制引脚: RST/Vpd, EA/VPP, ALE/PROG, PSEN 时钟引脚: XTAL1(输入), XTAL2
可编程I/O引脚 (32个)
P0(P0.0~7), P1(P1.0~7), P2(P2.0~7), P3(P3.0~7)端口
15
存储器
程序存储器
分引导程序存储器和应用程序存储器 存储容量: 0~64K+引导程序空间(1~8K) 类型: FlsahROM, EPROM, OTP ROM, Mask ROM
数据存储器
至少具有128字节, 8032, 8052等具有256字节 部分衍生类型具有更多的片内RAM(256~8192字节)
PSW (程序执行状态的特殊功能寄存器, 支持位操作)
PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0
Cy
AC
F0
RS1
标志位
RS0
OV
-
P
ACC的奇标志位
低半字节进/借位 字节进/借位
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算术运算结果是否溢出的标志位 (按符号数[即有符号位]运算规则) 通用寄存器组选择控制位(见教材p.15表2-3)
ALE/PROG (PROG仅在写入/编程片内ROM时有用)
地址锁存使能信号; 高电平有效 (使用方法见下例)
PSEN
扩展的程序存储器读/输出使能信号; 低电平有效 (使用方法见下例)
9
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四组8位I/O端口的功能描述
P1端口
8位双向可编程I/O; 支持字节操作(P1); 支持单个位操作 (P1.i) 部分衍生的MCS-51单片机中, P1.i具有第二功能, 如8052, W77E58