美国版的成本会计Chapter3

= Total manufacturing cost
Feb 1,000 $20,000 $45,000 $25,000 $90,000 1,000 $90
Mar 1,000 $20,000 $45,000 $25,000 $90,000 1,000 $90
Apr 1,000 $20,000 $45,000 $25,000 $90,000 1,000 $90
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Labor Hours
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Supervision Cost
This point is the total supervision cost for 6 labor hours
This point Represents the fixed portion
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Labor Hours
Total supervision cost for 6 DLH (-) Fixed Portion (=) Total variable cost for 6 DLH (÷) DLH corresponding to that amount of variable portion (=) Variable cost / DLH
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Actual Versus Normal Costing Systems We can use the actual cost when we account for direct materials and direct labor but we cannot use the actual cost to account for Factory Overhead expenses (F.O.H.). We should use the normal costing to account for F.O.H. Why? Because direct materials and labor costs are incurred evenly throughout the accounting period but the F.O.H. costs are not incurred evenly throughout the accounting period. F.O.H. cost fluctuates from one accounting period to another.
Theoretical capacity (Ideal Capacity): Max # of units that can be produced with no provisions for interruptions or lack of sales.
Practical Capacity (Realistic Capacity) : is the theoretical capacity with provision for unavoidable interrupt-ions but no provision for lack of sales.
The factory overhead cost consists of maintenance expenses. The expenses. monthly maintenance expenses is $50,000. The maintenance is done 50,000. every other month starting February. February. Required: 1. Prepare the manufacturing statement for each month using the actual cost. 2. Prepare the manufacturing statement for each month using the normal cost
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This portion should be added to
Accounting Treatment For F.O.H Under Normal Costing System Steps to follow: A. Before the beginning of the accounting period: We should compute the F.O.H Application rate. This rate is computed as follows: F.O.H. Application rate Estimated F.O.H. Cost (F.O.H.A.R.) = -----------------------------------Estimated Activity Level * *Activity Level may be expressed in terms of: Number of units produced Direct materials cost Direct labor cost Direct labor hours Number of machine hours
= Average Cost / Unit
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Estimated F.O.H - Maintenance Expenses = $50,000 X 6 = $300,000 Normalized F.O.H – Maintenance expense = $300,000 / 12 = $25,000 Monthly Manufacturing Statements – Normal Cost Jan # of units produced D. Material cost $20/U +D. Labor cost $45/H + F.O.H: Maintenance
Chapter (3 ) Predetermined Overhead Rates, Flexible Budgets, and Absorption/Variable Costing
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Methods Used to decompose the mixed cost into variable portion and fixed portion: 1. Scatter Graph method. 2. High-Low method. 3. Linear regression (Ordinary Least Square).
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Supervision Cost
This point is the total supervision cost for 6 labor hours
This point Represents the fixed portion
$14.2 $ 5.3 $ 8.9 6 $ 1.48 DLH
Y
=a
+
bX
Y (Dependent variable) = a (Fixed portion) + b (Variable cost/unit) X (Independent variable) Intercept Slope
Y (Supervision cost) = $5.3
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Monthly Manufacturing Statements Jan # of units produced D. Material cost $20/U +D. Labor cost $45/H + F.O.H: Maintenance
= Total manufacturing cost
Feb 1,000 $20,000 $45,000 $50,000 $115,000 1,000 $115
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Accounting For Factory Overhead (F.O.H.)
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Cost Behavior
Classification based on the cost behavior in response to changes in production volume: Under this classification we can identify 3 groups:
1. Variable Costs
2. Fixed Costs
3. Mixed Costs
a. Semi Variable
b. Semi Fixed
Should be decomposed into This portion should be added to
Variable Portion
Fixed Portion
+ $1.48 X
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High/Low Method
Labor Hours Highest Lowest The difference Variable Cost Per Unit Variable cost for 6 DLH = = 6 1 5 $10 / 5 Supervision Cost $15 $5 $10 = $2/DLH
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In order to estimate F.O.H we should define and estimate the activity ( capacity) level. We can use any of the following definitions of capacity:
Mar 1,000 $20,000 $45,000 $ 0
Apr 1,000 $20,000 $45,000 $50,000 $115,000 1,000 $115