Effect of Reducing Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Chemical Pesticides on Physiolo

Effect of Ｒeducing Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Chemical Pesticides on Physiological Traits ，Yield and Quality of ＲadishWeiling YUAN 1，Shangyong YUAN 2，Caixia GAN 1，Lei CUI 1，Zhongjiu JIAO 1，Yong MIN 3，Fengjuan ZHU 1，Zheng-ming QIU 1*1．Institute of Economic Crops ，Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences ，Wuhan 430064，China ；2．Hubei Vegetable Office ，Wuhan 430070，China ；3．Biologi-cal Pesticide Engineering Ｒesearch Center ，Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences ，Wuhan 430070，ChinaAbstract This paper studied the effect of reducing application of chemical fertilizer ，increasing application of functional organic fertilizer andtrace elements and fully using biological pesticides on physiological traits ，yield and quality of radish．The results showed that applying func-tional organic fertilizer and trace elements and fully using biological pesticides could help to significantly improve the radish fleshy root yield ，increase soluble sugar and vitamin C content ，reduce crude fiber and nitrate content ，but had no significant influence on radish moisture con-tent ，glucosinolates and chlorpyrifos content in organophosphorus pesticides．Key words Ｒeducing application of chemical fertilizer ，Ｒeducing application of chemical pesticides ，Ｒadish ，Yield and QualityＲeceived ：August 8，2016Accepted ：October 15，2016Supported by the Second Batch of Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project in Hubei Province．*Corresponding author．E-mail ：ywling2012@126．com1IntroductionＲadish is the second largest vegetable crop in Hubei Province．In2015，the planting area of radish was 1．9million mu ，the annual output was about 4．4million t ，and the annual output value was about 5billion yuan．Ｒadish industry has developed into one of the pillar agricultural industries in the province ，and one of the main sources of income of farmers．In the current situation of frequentoutbreak of agricultural pests ，chemical fertilizers and pesticides are excessively used in the process of radish cultivation ，resulting in soil compaction ，acidification ，pesticide residue ，increased insecticide resistance ，environmental pollution ，ecological balance damage and other problems ，thereby posing a serious threat to radish quality and safety and environmental safety in the vegetable production areas．In order to ensure sustainable development of radish industry ，we re-lied on Zhongxiang Jingsha Vegetable Cooperative to carry out test about reduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in Shayang main radish producing area during the spring of 2016．The purpose of this paper is to improve radish quality and production efficiency without affecting radish fleshy root yield by reducing application ofchemical fertilizer ，increasing application of functional organic fer-tilizer and trace elements ，and fully using biological pesticides throughout the process of radish growth．2Materials and methods2．1Test soil The test soil is sandy loam ，and the physical and chemical properties are as follows ：soil pH （5．8）；organic carbon （8．3g kg －1）；total nitrogen （1．18g kg －1）；available phosphor-us （9．7mg kg －1）；available potassium （98mg kg －1）；cation ex-change capacity （CEC ）（9．1cmol kg －1）．2．2Treatments The experiment had three treatments ：N 1（traditional fertilizer +traditional chemical pesticides ）；N 2（func-tional organic fertilizer +trace elements +traditional chemical pesticides ）；N 3（functional organic fertilizer +trace elements +biological pesticides ）．The experiment was carried out in the core demonstration base of Zhongxiang Jingsha Vegetable Cooperative ，and the plot area was 160m 2，repeated three times．The applica-tion rate of traditional fertilizer was as follows ：compound fertilizer （60kg /667m 2）；NʒPʒK （15ʒ15ʒ15）；organic fertilizer （40kg /667m 2）；calcium ，magnesium ，phosphate fertilizer （80kg /667m 2）．All fertilizers were from Yunnan Jinda Phosphorus Chemical Industry Co．，Ltd．Functional organic fertilizers were the plant growth regulators and trace elements by adding pest-resistant and disease-resistant functional microbes and P ，K-solubilizing func-tional microbes on the basis of traditional organic fertilizer to pro-mote root growth．N ，P ，K total nutrient content ＞5%，and all fertilizers were used as basal fertilizers ，produced by Bio-pesticide Center of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences．The biological pesticides used during the growth of radish were matrine ，Bt wet-table powders ，and Yelukang．It was sown on February 23，2016，and harvested on May 7，2016．Before harvesting ，the fresh weight ，moisture ，soluble sugar ，crude fiber ，vitamin C ，nitrate and pesticide residue in radish leaves and fleshy roots were meas-ured ，and the radish fleshy root yield was also measured．Moisture was measured using the general drying method ；soluble sugar is measured using iodometry ；crude fiber was measured using crude fiber determination method （GB /T 5009．10－2003）；vitamin C was measured using 2，6－chlorine indophenol titration ；glucosi-nolates were measured using high performance liquid chromatogra-phy （NY /T 1103．3－2006）；nitrate was measured using GB /T 5009．33－2010method ；organic phosphorus was measured using NY /T 761－2008method．Asian Agricultural Ｒesearch 2016，8（10）：88－89，1002．3Data analysis DPS data processing software was used for analysis of variance on data，and LSD method was used for multi-ple comparisons．3Ｒesults and analysis3．1Effect of reducing application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides on biological characteristics and yield of radish Table1showed the effect of reducing application of chemi-cal fertilizers and chemical pesticides on radish biological character-istics and fleshy root yield．There were no significant differences in radish plant height，spread，leaf length，leaf width and root lengthamong treatments N1，N2and N3，while there were significantdifferences in radish root diameter，single root weight and yield among treatments N1，N2and N3．The yield under N2and N3was4 673kg/666．7m2and4703kg/666．7m2，respectively，significantlyhigher than the yield under N1（4595kg/666．7m2），indicating that increasing application of functional organic fertilizers and trace ele-ments was favorable for the growth of the fleshy roots in the later growing stage of radish，possibly because traditional chemical fertil-izers were generally quick-acting fertilizers，while functional organic fertilizers could provide long-term comprehensive nutrition for radish plants，increase and update soil organic matter，promote soil micro-bial reproduction，improve soil microenvironment，and increase rad-ish fleshy root yield by adding the functional microbes and trace ele-ments beneficial to the growth of radish．Table1Effect of reducing application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides on biological characteristics and yield of radishTreatment Plant heightcmSpreadcmLeaf lengthcmLeaf widthcmＲoot lengthcmＲoot diametercmSingle root weightkgＲoot yieldkg/666．7m2N142．5a59．6a36．4a18．5a28．1a8．03a0．74b4595b N241．9a60．1a35．9a18．4a27．5a8．68a0．83a4673a N342．7a57．7a36．0a18．6a29．6a8．71a0．85a4703a Note：Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference（P=0．05），the same below．3．2Effect of reducing application of chemical fertilizers andchemical pesticides on main quality indicators of radish Ascan be seen from Table2，reducing application of chemical fertil-izers and chemical pesticides，increasing application of functionalorganic fertilizers，and spraying biological pesticides，could helpto significantly improve the quality of radish．Compared with N1，after application of functional organic fertilizers and trace ele-ments，the content of soluble sugar and vitamin C in fleshy rootduring the harvest of radish under N2and N3increased by33．3%and6．06%，33．3%and7．58%，respectively；the content ofcrude fiber and nitrate under N2and N3decreased by8．57%and14．36%，8．57%and13．28%，respectively．There were no sig-nificant differences in glucosinolates and moisture content among treatments．There might be two reasons for the role of applying functional organic fertilizers and trace elements in reducing nitrate in radish fleshy root．Firstly，compared with chemical fertilizer，nitrogen forms are different．Functional organic fertilizer was slow-acting nitrogen fertilizer，and the nitrogen source was mainly or-ganic nitrogen．After being applied into the soil，only after it was decomposed into available nutrient via the microbes could it be ab-sorbed and used by radish．There was a small amount of nitrate ni-trogen to be absorbed by radish，and after application，it could obviously reduce radish nitrate content．Pesticide residue refers to the pesticides that may remain on or in food after they are applied to food crops．In this experiment，chlorpyrifos were used during the radish seedling and fleshy root enlargement period．The results in Table2showed that N1，N2and N3had no significant effect on the content of chlorpyrifos in organophosphorus pesticides for rad-ish，indicating that under traditional treatment and the treatment of reducing application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesti-cides，there were no pesticide residues in radish products．Table2Effect of reducing application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides on main quality indicators of radishTreatment Soluble sugar%Vitamin Cmg/100gCrude fiber%Moisture content%Glucosinolatesumol/gNitratemg/kgChlorpyrifos in organophosphoruspesticides∥mg/kgN10．03b13．2b3．8a94．6a24．17a92．6a0a N20．04a14．0a3．5b94．5a22．10a79．3b0a N30．04a14．2a3．5b94．4a21．93a80．3b0a4Conclusions and discussionsExcessive application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesti-cides is the main reason for the low utilization efficiency of fertil-izers and the deterioration of soil environment in China，resul-ting in a huge waste of resources and affecting the sustainable development of agriculture［1－2］．Ｒeducing chemical fertilizer in-put，increasing application organic fertilizer and functional mi-crobes，and efficiently managing nutrient resources according to the crop fertilizer requirement［3－5］，is the fundamental way to achieve high crop yield，efficient use of resources and farmland environmental protection，and the inevitable choice to promote sustainable agricultural development［6］．The results showed that reducing the input of chemical fertilizers，and increasing appli-cation of organic fertilizers and functional microorganisms，could provide a variety of inorganic and organic nutrients，and pro-（To page100）98Weiling YUAN et al．Effect ofＲeducing Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Chemical Pesticides on Physiological Traits，Yield and Quality ofＲadish［14］LEVENTHAL AG，WANG Y，PU M，et al．GABA and its agonists im-proved visual cortical function in senescent monkeys［J］．Science，2003，300：812－815．［15］YE X，et al．Engineering the pro-vitaminA（β-carotene）biosynthetic pathway into（carotenoid-free）rice endosperm［J］．Science，2000，287：303－305．［16］SU N，WAN XY，ZHAI HQ，et al．Progress and 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