英语历年考研真题阅读翻译教学内容

2009Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try---the more we step outside our comfort zone---the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule i n the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good a t and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.习惯是一种有趣的现象。

我们无意识地养成了习惯，任由大脑自动操作，且不知不觉在熟悉的常规中感到轻松舒适。

“并非选择，而是习惯会控制那些没有思想的人。

”19世纪时，威廉·华兹华斯说。

在千变万化的21世纪，甚至“习惯”这个词本身也带有负面涵义。

因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。

但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯，就创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们思绪的列车跳转到新的创新轨道上来。

我们不用因为自己是受习惯影响的一成不变的生物而否定自己，相反我们可以通过有意识的培养新习惯来指导改变。

事实上，我们对新事物尝试得越多，就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带，在职场及个人生活中变得越有创造性。

但是，不要白费力气试图戒除旧习惯;一旦这些惯有程序融进脑部，它们就会留在那里。

相反，我们有意使之根深蒂固的新习惯会创建平行路径，它们可以绕过原来那些路径。

《开放思想》一书的作者达瓦纳·马克瓦说：“革新所需要的第一样东西就是对好奇的着迷。

然而我们被教导去做‘决定’，就像我们的总裁称呼自己为‘决策者’那样。

”她接着说，“但是，决定意味着除了一种可能性外，其他的都被扼杀了。

优秀的具有革新精神的思想家总是在探寻着许多其他的可能性。

”她说，我们都是通过一些自己没有意识到的方法解决问题的。

研究人员在20世纪60年代末发现人类天生主要用四种方法应对挑战：分析法，程序法，相关法(或合作法)和创新法。

但是在青春期结束，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最为宝贵的思维方式。

目前标准化测试主要强调分析法和程序法这两种方式，也就是说，我们中很少有人会本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。

M.J.瑞恩是2006年出版的著作《今年我将……》一书的作者以及马克瓦女士的商业合作伙伴，她解释说：“这打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则—任何人都可以做任何事。

这是一个我们已经使之永久化的谎言，这会造成平庸。

了解你擅长什么，再多做一些就会成就卓越。

”这正是培养新习惯的用武之地。

Text 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom —or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore—and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestrytesting only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondri al DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.俗话说，贤父知己子，但是如今男人可以提升自己的智慧，至少可以确认自己是孩子的父亲了。