The+introduction+of+NS2
(超详细答案)综合学术英语教程2 答案 上海交通大学出版 蔡基刚

综合学术英语教程2 答案之青柳念文创作Unit 1 Multidisciplinary EducationKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to becomeexperts in their field of interest.2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with peoplefrom a diverse set of disciplines.3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach.4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who areinterdisciplinary problem solvers.2. 1) f 2) d 3) a 4) e 5) g 6) m 7) j 8) k 9) l 10) i 11) b 12) h 13) c4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers.3) Open.4) Open.5) Open.Reading about the Topic3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy,ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc.2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT.3) Names of intellectual giants.4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner andarchitect.4.Set 1: 1) c 2) e 3) d 4) h 5) a 6) g 7) f 8)bSet 2: 1) e 2) a 3) h 4) b 5) c 6) f 7) d 8) g5.(b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D(f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard indesign.2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascination with nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand forhands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real world.3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as manydifferent cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F)4) Because by doing so, the students can engagethemselves in new intellectual adventures so as to use their time at MIT to its fullest potential. 5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting backand letting things happen to them.”7. Set 1: 1) h 2) d 3) a 4) g 5) f 6) e 7) b8) cSet 2: 1) c 2) g 3) d 4) a 5) h 6) f 7) e 8) b8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f it with the value of MIT.2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiring role models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds and participate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of theirMIT education.3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics willbe the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the students. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great manyextraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries inorder to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor moreto the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A)2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design.(Para. B)3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci — and you will use your time atMIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F)4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most importantproblems of the world. (Para. G)5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let thingshappen to them. (Para. H)10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development oftechnologies.Exploring the Topic4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance.2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals.3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers.4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal artsperspective.5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventionaldivisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ...However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’ interest to go on reading. Integrated Exercises2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate3.(1) inspiring (2) generation (3) collaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent(6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical4. (1) D (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) D (6) A (7) B (8) C (9) A (10) C5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine.(2) The scientists’ experiment generated an unexpected outcome.(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into theglobal economy.(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head.(5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard.(7) He inherited his parents’ fortune after their death.(8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join thecampaign.(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.(2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck.(3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological andmedical studies.(4)It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed notto have heard about before.(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possibleemergencies.(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by theenvironmentalist.(7) This traveling experience will provide you witha rare opportunity to sample a different way oflife.(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting to the fast-paced modern life.(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.(10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interestswell beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning.8.A. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) DB. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for moreemphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role in training individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to facemultifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities andcolleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinarywork being practiced on a daily basis outside theclassroom.C. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) TD. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject(4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired(7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive(13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadershipUnit 2 The Scientific MethodKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiringknowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gatheringobservable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observationand experimentation, and the formulation andtesting of hypotheses.2)Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experimentsto test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication andthe results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis.3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our sensescan be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence affects what is being studied.5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process.② Science is exciting.③ Science is useful.④ Science is ongoing.⑤ Science is reliable.⑥ Science is a community endeavor.2. 1) c 2) g 3) e 4) f 5) a 6) d 7) h 8) k9) b 10) i 11) j4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional6. 1) Science.2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peeringthrough a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on.3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas.5) Open.Reading about the Topic3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterizedby confirmations and observations which“verified”the theori es in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to befalse, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at theprice of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted andwere always confirmed.4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possibleresults of observation —in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would haveexpected.4. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) gSet 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) d 6) c 7) h8) g5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e)Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrongwith your original hypothesis.4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once youdevelop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of yourexperiment show that you were wrong.5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way.7. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h8) gSet 2: 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) b 7) d 8) h8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of thescientific method, is a way of collecting informationfrom any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In thisprocess, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through beingrefuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified, which ref lects its truescientific virtue.2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while atheory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied toevery situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory fromrefutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivableevent is non-scientific.9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn moreabout what makes plants grow. (Para. B)2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlightappear to grow bigger. (Para. H)4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’tmatch up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that youmade a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q) 10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a researchproject you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and isfollowed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defineswhat you think the outcome of your experimentwill be.Exploring the Topic4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices, misapprehensions, and bias.3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is mostlikely to be correct currently.5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis witha single experiment, as chances are that amistake was made somewhere in the process. Integrated Exercises2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve(7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research (12) support3.(1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical(6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity4. (1) A (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to developa theory of gravity.(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives ofsociology.(4) Scientists insisted there was a rationalexplanation for the strange phenomenon.(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge.(6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter.(7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to the West.(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render thecomputer useless.(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will beultimately integrated into the global economy.7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge.2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from countrydistricts.3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly.4) Something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did.5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses.6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning.8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life.9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university.10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.8. A. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) BB. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientific method is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool that helps scientists solve problems and determineanswers to questions in a logical format.There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptivemethod. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, whilethe latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed inzoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying a problem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment andreaching a conclusion.C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method, is iterative.(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn even more about the natural world.(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along indiscrete packets that cannot be diluted.(4) Any point in the process leads to manypossible next steps, and where that next stepleads could be a surprise.(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of different activities indifferent orders and at different points in time.D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding(7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process(10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less importantUnit 3 A ncient China’s Contribution to ScienceKeys to the ExercisesApproaching the Topic1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization inChina.2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China buthave long since been adopted by the West.3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages.5) His book, The Spirit of Chinese Invention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry ofEducation for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China.2. 1) f 2) k 3) c 4) a 5) o 6) n 7) g8) e9) d 10) m 11) i 12) h 13) j 14) l 15) b 4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly(6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.2)Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on thehistory of Chinese science and technologywould have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas.3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation. 4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing onthe general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was tooacademic.Reading about the Topic3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot ofinventions from ancient China.2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the“modern world”rests come from China.3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselveslost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know thetruth.4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached theirpresent position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities and all crafts.4. Set 1: 1) d 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) g 7) f 8) hSet 2: 1) d 2) g 3) e 4) h 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) f5. Para. A (e) Para. B (b) Para. C (f) Para. D(a) Para. E (a)Para. F (a) Para. G (c) Para. H (g) Para.I (h) Para. J (d)6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off fromthe ancient and the Middle Ages.2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution,came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.3) The truth that half of the basic inventionsand discoveries originated from China needs to be imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then tobridge the chasm between the East and the West.4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science togrow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented a breakthrough which has occurred in Europe.5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward atpresent and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present.7. Set 1: 1) c 2) g 3) h 4) b 5) f 6) d 7) a8) eSet 2: 1) c 2) d 3) g 4) e 5) a 6) b 7) f 8) h8. 1) The two readings both list a series of great inventions and discoveries that originated in ancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the fact that the Chinese are ignorant of their ancientachievements and the Westerners simply take them for granted.2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot of examples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives toillustrate his point.3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understandingof each other, allowing the mental gap between East and West to be bridged. (Reading 2)The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafterdepended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science,technology and medicine. (Reading 3)9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “obscure”and he died without everknowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para.B)2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe toChina in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence iscompelling. (Para. C)3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge wasconveyed from East to West. (Para. C)4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization ofhypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)5) One factor which must have great relevance here is the circumstance that the feudalism ofEurope and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)10.The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucraticorganization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its furtherdevelopment later on.Exploring the Topic4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese haveforgotten their own achievements.2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have afar-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance ofthe egoistic westerners.4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modernagriculture, modern shipping and even the essential design of the steam engine alloriginated from China.5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomedto bridge the gap between East and West.5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicatelungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born withsomething special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If greatachievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to thinkthat they are endowed with something super-normal.Integrated Exercises2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential(9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustration3.(1) insightful (2) transformation (3) respectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent(6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary4. (1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) A (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) B (10) D5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range ofleadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.(2) You’ll never be able to eliminateinterruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimizethem.(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women.(4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation.(5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success.(6) The project was held back by budget restraints.(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms.(8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the UnitedNations Security Council.(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might bereversible.7. (1) It must be realized that China experienceda great transformation in the last century.(2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truthabout China and Chinese people.(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world.(5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China.(7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economicdevelopment.(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact that many university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.(10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success asfor more money.8. A. (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) D (5) CB. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the modern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese historyof science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing.Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequent innovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing.The most important invention of gunpowder。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程2教师手册

新时代研究生学术英语综合教程2教师手册全文共10篇示例,供读者参考篇1Hello everyone, I'm here to talk about the Teacher's Manual for the New Era Research Student Academic English Comprehensive Course 2. This book is super cool because it helps teachers like us teach students all about academic English in a fun and interactive way.The Teacher's Manual is full of awesome tips and tricks to help us make our lessons interesting and engaging. It has detailed lesson plans, fun activities, and lots of ideas to keep our students interested and excited about learning. We can use the manual to create a dynamic and interactive classroom environment where our students can improve their English skills while having fun.One of the best things about the Teacher's Manual is that it covers all aspects of academic English, including reading, writing, speaking, and listening. This means that we can help our students become well-rounded English speakers and writers. The manual also provides guidance on how to teach grammar,vocabulary, and pronunciation in a way that is clear and easy for students to understand.Overall, the New Era Research Student Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual is a valuable resource for any teacher looking to improve their English teaching skills. So let's dive in, have fun, and help our students become confident and proficient English speakers! Let's go, teachers! Let's make learning English fun and exciting for our students!篇2Hey guys, today I want to talk about this super cool book called "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Integrated Course 2 Teacher's Manual". It's like a guide for teachers to help students learn academic English.So basically, this book has a bunch of tips and tricks for teachers to use in their classes. It has exercises and activities to help students improve their English skills. It also has sample lesson plans and assessments to make teaching easier.One thing I really like about this book is that it covers a lot of different topics. It talks about reading, writing, speaking, and listening. It also has sections on grammar and vocabulary. Sobasically, it's a one-stop shop for all your academic English needs.Another cool thing about this book is that it's really easy to use. The instructions are simple and the exercises are fun. Plus, it has lots of examples and explanations to help you understand the concepts better.Overall, I think this book is a great resource for teachers who want to help their students improve their academic English skills. It's easy to use, covers a lot of topics, and has lots of helpful tips. So if you're a teacher looking for a way to help your students succeed in English, I definitely recommend checking out "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Integrated Course 2 Teacher's Manual".篇3Hello everyone! Today I want to talk to you about the "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual". It may sound like a mouthful, but don't worry, I'll break it down for you!First of all, this manual is like a guide for teachers who are helping graduate students improve their academic English skills. In this book, you will find lots of tips and tricks to help studentswrite better essays, give great presentations, and do awesome research.One of the things the manual talks about is how to write a good thesis statement. This is like the main idea of your essay, and it's super important to get it right. The manual gives examples and exercises to help students practice writing strong thesis statements.Another thing the manual covers is how to use sources in your research. It's important to give credit to the people whose ideas you're using in your work. The manual shows students how to properly cite sources and avoid plagiarism.There are also sections on grammar and vocabulary, which are essential for writing clear and professional academic papers. The manual breaks down complex grammar rules and gives tips on how to expand your academic vocabulary.In conclusion, the "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual" is a great resource for teachers who want to help their students succeed in their studies. With its practical tips and exercises, students can improve their academic English skills and become better researchers and writers.篇4Hey guys! Today I wanna talk to you about this super cool book called "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Guide". It's all about helping teachers teach us graduate students how to rock our academic English skills!First off, this book has tons of awesome tips and tricks for reading, writing, speaking, and listening. It helps us understand tricky academic vocabulary and grammar, and gives us practice exercises to improve our skills.The book also has real-life examples of academic essays and presentations, so we can see what good academic English looks and sounds like. It even has activities to help us practice researching and citing sources properly.One of my favorite parts of the book is the "Activities" section. It has fun games and group activities that make learning academic English super fun and interactive. Plus, it helps us work on our teamwork and communication skills!Overall, this book is like having a super smart English teacher right in your hands. It's packed with everything we need tosucceed in our graduate studies and beyond. So grab a copy and let's start improving our academic English skills together!篇5Hi teacher! Today I want to tell you about the "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual". It's a really cool book that helps us learn English in a fun and interesting way.First of all, this book has so many useful tips and strategies for improving our English skills. It helps us with reading, writing, listening, and speaking English. The activities in the book are really fun and they help us practice what we've learned.The grammar section in the book is great too. It explains grammar rules in a simple and easy-to-understand way. There are also lots of exercises to practice what we've learned. It really helps us improve our English grammar.The vocabulary section is awesome too. It teaches us lots of new words and how to use them in sentences. There are also exercises to help us remember the words and use them correctly.I also love the listening and speaking activities in the book. They help us practice our listening skills and speaking skills in afun way. It's really helped me become more confident in speaking English.Overall, the "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual" is a fantastic book for helping us improve our English skills. I've learned so much from it and I know you will too. Thanks for teaching us with this awesome book!篇6Hey guys, today I'm going to talk about the "New Era Research-oriented Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual". It's a super important book for our teachers to help us learn academic English better.This book is full of useful information and tips on how to improve our English skills. It covers everything from reading, writing, listening, speaking, grammar, vocabulary, and more. The activities and exercises in the book are really fun and interesting, which makes learning English a lot more enjoyable.One of the coolest things about this book is that it includes real-life examples of academic English in action. This helps us understand how to use English in a more professional and academic way. It also gives us a better idea of what to expectwhen we go on to higher education or start working in a professional setting.The book also has lots of useful strategies for improving our English skills, like how to take notes, how to write essays, how to give presentations, and so much more. These skills are super important for us to succeed in our academic and professional lives.Overall, the "New Era Research-oriented Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual" is a must-have for all teachers who want to help us become better English speakers and writers. It's packed with tons of useful information and tips that will really help us improve our English skills. Make sure to check it out and ask your teacher to use it in class!篇7Hello everyone, I’m going to tell you about the "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual"! This book is super important for teachers who want to help students improve their English skills. Let’s dive into the details!First off, this book covers a wide range of topics, from academic writing to public speaking. It’s designed to helpstudents become better communicators and researchers. The book is divided into different units, each focusing on a specific aspect of academic English. It’s filled with useful tips, exercises, and examples to help students master the skills they need.One of the key features of this book is the emphasis on critical thinking. The authors encourage students to think critically about the information they read and hear, and to develop their own arguments based on evidence. This is a valuable skill for any student, whether they are studying science, literature, or history.Another great thing about this book is that it includesreal-life examples of academic writing. Students can see how to structure a paper, cite sources, and write clearly and persuasively. This hands-on approach helps students understand what is expected of them in the academic world.Overall, the "New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual" is a valuable resource for any teacher who wants to help students succeed in their studies. It’s engaging, practical, and full of useful information. I highly recommend it to all teachers who want to bring out the best in their students!So, if you want to help your students improve their English skills and succeed in their academic careers, make sure to check out this book. Happy teaching!篇8The New Era Research Graduate Academic English Integrated Course 2 Teacher's Manual is a super important book that helps teachers teach students how to use academic English. It's like a treasure map for learning! The book is full of tips and tricks to help students improve their English skills and do well in their studies.First off, the book talks about all the different types of academic English, like writing essays, giving presentations, and doing research. It even has exercises and activities to practice these skills. It's like a fun English adventure!The book also has lots of vocabulary and grammar tips to help students sound more professional. There are also sections on how to read and write academic articles, which are super useful for doing research projects.One of the best parts of the book is that it has real-life examples of academic English in action. So students can see howto use the language in a practical way. It's like having a secret weapon for learning English!Overall, this book is a must-have for any teacher who wants to help their students succeed in their studies. It's full of valuable information and will definitely help improve students' English skills. So let's all grab our copy of the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Integrated Course 2 Teacher's Manual and start our English adventure today!篇9Hey guys, have you heard about the New Era Research Graduates Academic English Comprehensive Tutorial 2 Teacher's Manual? It's like a super cool book that helps teachers like your teachers to teach us better in school. Let me tell you more about it!Firstly, this book is all about learning academic English, which is like a more advanced kind of English that we use in school for writing essays and reports. It helps us to sound more professional and smart when we talk and write in English.In the manual, there are lots of fun activities and exercises for us to do in class. These activities help us practice reading,writing, speaking, and listening in English. There are also tips and tricks for studying better and getting good grades in school.The book covers topics like research skills, critical thinking, and academic writing. It teaches us how to do research, analyze information, and present our ideas in a clear and organized way. It's like a guide to becoming a super smart and successful student!Our teachers use this manual to plan their lessons and help us improve our English skills. They also use it to assess our progress and give us feedback on our work. It's like having a super teacher's helper in the classroom!So, next time you see your teacher using the New Era Research Graduates Academic English Comprehensive Tutorial 2 Teacher's Manual, remember that it's there to help us become awesome English speakers and writers. Let's study hard and have fun learning together!篇10Hi guys! Today let's talk about the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual. It's super important for teachers to know how to help us become better at English!First off, this manual is all about helping us improve our English skills in a fun and effective way. It covers lots of different topics like reading, writing, listening, and speaking. There are also tips for teachers on how to make our learning experience more engaging and interesting.One cool thing about this manual is that it includes plenty of activities and exercises for us to practice what we've learned. There are also quizzes and tests to help us track our progress and see how much we've improved.The manual also provides guidance on how to teach specific English skills like grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. This is super helpful for teachers who want to make sure they're covering all the important aspects of English language learning.Overall, the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 2 Teacher's Manual is a great resource for teachers who want to help us get better at English. So next time you're in class, make sure to thank your teacher for all their hard work in following this awesome manual!。
NS2_introduction_guide

NS2入门指导---SeaSon & crabhit From DB lab of HIT序很多人都问我新手应该看些什么资料,或者怎么熟悉NS2这个工具。
这是让很多入门者非常头痛的问题,包括我自己,当初也是困难重重,不过现在让我说我也没什么印象了,因为我当时比较盲目看了很多兑现在一点儿用都没有的资料。
为了能让写的东西真的对新手有所帮助,刚才跟我师弟crabhit谈了谈,所以总结了一下,希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用。
当然,只是我们的粗略见解,如有不足,欢迎指正。
SeaSon’email: yuhui.wu@Crabhit’email: crabhit@一. 安装(Cygwin+ns2.2*)这应该是让很多人头大的问题,因为NS2安装比较另类,所以很多人已如果安装的时候稍有闪失,便会出现很多莫名其妙的问题,这时候一般人会选择重装,但是如果你的问题如果是cygwin(一般NS2如果是从官方网站上下载的就不会有问题),无论重装多少次都是没用的。
所以一定要确保你安装的Cygwin是正确的,如果你在哈尔滨可以联系我我有一个完整版本的Cygwin,已经经过无数人测试没有任何问题,不过大于2G,所以不能放到网上,只能找我来拷了。
至于NS2你如果不是特别喜欢刺激的人就安装ns-1llinone-2.2*,至于单个安装的我也装过,装好了也会出现一些莫名其妙的问题。
版本如果没有特殊需求就安装最新的ns-allinone-2.29。
具体安装方法,柯老师已经写的很完整了,已经包括Cygwin的下载,我就不罗嗦了,网址如下:http://140.116.72.80/~smallko/ns2/setup_en.htm安装成功之后,按照网页中的提示,测试脚本,如果没什么问题,应该就是成功了。
二、初学者要看什么资料1.语言基础C/C++是使用ns2的基础。
调试的过程中出现的错误大多数都是C/C++常见的错误,比如空指针等等。
对北欧两项的认识英语作文

对北欧两项的认识英语作文Dive into the thrilling world of Nordic combined, a sport that's as unique as it is demanding, blending the grace of cross-country skiing with the adrenaline rush of ski jumping. It's not just a competition; it's a symphony of speed, precision, and endurance, a true test of a winter athlete's mettle. Imagine soaring through the crisp Nordic air, then swiftly transitioning to a cross-country sprint—this is the essence of the Nordic combined.This sport, a true gem of the winter Olympics, hails from the snowy landscapes of Scandinavia, where it's more thanjust a pastime; it's a cultural phenomenon. The term "Nordic" is a nod to the region's heritage, and the "combined" part refers to the two distinct disciplines that athletes must master. It's like trying to excel at a high-speed ballet followed by a marathon—no easy feat!Local lingo often refers to the ski jumpers as "birds of prey" due to the way they glide through the air, a testament to their skill and the sport's poetic nature. The cross-country segment is where the real endurance comes into play, with athletes pushing through the snow-packed trails, their breaths visible in the frosty air.Each competition is a narrative of strategy and physical prowess. The ski jump sets the stage, with distances determining start intervals for the cross-country race. It'sa high-stakes game where every meter counts, and theathletes' grit is as冰冻 (freezing) as the Nordic winds they face.The Nordic combined is more than a sport; it's a celebration of the human spirit's ability to conquer the elements. It's a dance with nature, a display of strength, and a narrative that unfolds against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains and icy tracks. It's a sport that captures the heart of the North, and once you witness the drama and determination unfold, you'll be hooked, just like the locals who cheer on with fervor and pride. So, buckle up and get ready to be swept away by the dynamic duo of ski jumping and cross-country skiing in the Nordic combined.。
新核心综合学术英语教程第二册_Unit_2

Claudius Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Egyptian writer of Alexandria, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest. The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (―Four books‖), in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
In this unit, you will
• learn about the concept ―scientific method‖ and its application in science; • research ―verification of theories‖ and falsification of theories‖ on the Internet and find reliable information; • learn words, expressions, and sentence patterns related to the theme and use them in writing and speech; • learn strategies such as listening for introduction (listening), skimming (reading), agreeing and disagreeing (discussing), writing thesis statements (writing), etc; • learn the deductive and inductive method of reasoning; • give an oral presentation on an assigned topic to the class.
Springer Handbook of Robotics 第二版说明书

Second edition of Springer Handbook of Robotics | Robohubexpansion of robotics across the boundaries with related disciplines. Again, the authors have been asked to step outside of their comfort zone, as the Editorial Board have teamed up authors who never worked together before.No doubt one of the most innovative elements is the inclusion of multimedia content to leverage the valuable written content inside the book. Under the editorial leadership of Torsten Kröger, a web portal has been created to host the Multimedia Extension of the book, which serves as a quick one-stop shop for more than 700 videos associated with the specific chapters. In addition, video tutorials have been created for each of the seven parts of the book, which benefit everyone from PhD students to seasoned robotics experts who have been in the field for years. A special video related to the contents of the first chapter shows the journey of robotics with the latest and coolest developments in the last 15 years. As publishing explores new interactive technologies, an App has been made available in the Google/IOS stores to introduce an additional multimedia layer to the reader’s experience. With the app, readers can use the camera on their smartphone or tablet, hold it to a page containing one or more special icons, and produce an augmented reality on the screen, watching videos as they read along the book.。
全新版大学英第二版语综合教程2听力原文Unit

Unit 5 Unsolved MysteriesListening and SpeakingAudio Track 2-5-1In the picture on the left, a criminal is breaking a law; he is committing a crime.In the picture on the right, the detective is catching and arresting the criminal.In the picture in the center, the detective is questioning the criminal but he is not making a confession.Audio Track 2-5-2/Audio Track 2-5-3The greatest detectiveSherlock Holmes is probably the greatest detective ever known — well, at least he’s one of the most famous. Bu t he never actually existed … he’s an imaginary detective who appears in sixty stories created by the Scottish author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.Doyle was not always a writer. He started his career as a doctor. Fortunately for us, he did not have many patients. He needed money and so he started to write stories.The first Sherlock Holmes story was published in 1887, and was called AStudy in Scarlet. Later, a magazine published The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and readers loved it!What makes Sherlock Holmes so special Well, he was very intelligent and successful. He always arrested the criminal — every single time — with the help of his partner, Dr. Watson.In the stories, Holmes lived at 221B Baker Street in London, England. Thousands of people visit that address every year. There’s also a Sherlock Holmes Museum in London.Audio Track 2-5-4/Audio Track 2-5-5/Audio Track 2-5-6Mike: … So, we can look forward to warmer temperatures. It’ll be a good weekend for the beach. Over to you, Alexa.Alexa: Thank you for that weather report, Mike. And finally, this story just in. … We have a report that a local man, Nick Brown, saw some strange lights. He was driving home at about 10 . He said the lights were bright and they moved across the sky. He stopped at a gas station and talked to a police officer about the lights. The police officer had seen the lights, too. Mike: Hmm … that’s a strange story. What happened nextAlexa: Well, Mr. Brown took some pictures, but there was no film in his camera. Finally, he called his wife on his cell phone. But by that time, the lights were gone.Mike: Well, I know that there is a legend around here about mysteriouslights … a lot of local people have seen the lights. It’s starting to seem like those lights really exist. What do you think, AlexaAlexa: I don’t believe it. I think it’s some kind of hoax!Audio Track 2-5-7/Audio Track 2-5-8It was raining heavily. I couldn’t see clearly. I drove slowly. Suddenly, I saw a young girl. She was dressed neatly and standing in the middle of the road. I was surprised! Somehow, I stopped the car quickly.“What are you doing” I asked. She looked at me strangely but didn’t answer. “Are you OK” I asked. “I’m fine,” she answered. Then she smiled happily and walked away quietly. Nervously, I drove to my hotel and checked in. I told the clerk about the little girl. “Do you know her” I asked. “Oh yes,” he said calmly.“That’s Mary Anne. She died five years ago on that road. It was a car accident during a rainstorm.”Audio Track 2-5-9The Tunguska MysteryIt was early morning. June 30, 1908, in eastern Russia. Suddenly, a terrible explosion rocked the forest in Tunguska. People fell to the ground, and all the trees for 2000 square kilometers were knocked down. People heard the explosion 800 kilometers away, and the fire burned for many weeks.Audio Track 2-5-10/Audio Track 2-5-11What caused this terrible explosion A century later, scientists are still trying to find the answer. Here are some possible explanations.1. An asteroid: Asteroids are very large pieces of rock that go around in space and sometimes hit the planet. They can cause lots of damage. Some of them weigh as much as 100,000 tons. If an asteroid hit the earth, it would cause a huge explosion.2. A comet: Comets are giant balls of gas, ice, and rock with long tails. They travel through space in a regular pattern. Encke’s Comet was near Earth in 1908, and it’s possible that a part of it broke off and hit the earth.3. A UFO accident: Some people believe that a spaceship crashed into the ground in Siberia and its engine exploded.4. An extraterrestrial attack: Another idea is that extraterrestrials, that is, people from other planets, attacked the earth. Extraterrestrials might have wanted to destroy the earth, so they aimed their weapons at Earth and set fire to the forest.5. A scientific experiment: Another idea is that scientists made a mistake during an experiment with electricity. A man named Nikola Tesla tried to build a “supergun” that used electricity. Maybe it was a test of his gun and it didn’t work correctly.Audio Track 2-5-12/Audio Track 2-5-13Q: Where is Marfa and what exactly is it famous forA: Marfa is a small town in west Texas in the United States. It’s famous for the “Marfa mystery lights.”Q: What are the mystery lights exactlyA: No one knows for sure. There are many different ideas about that.Q: Can you describe themA: That’s a difficult question. Different people see different lights. They are not always the same. I can say that they appear after sunset in the sky. They dance mysteriously in air and vanish. Then they suddenly reappear. Q: Some people say they are car headlights. Do you think soA: No, I don’t. A man first saw the mystery lights over 100 years ago. The man was Robert Ellison and the year was 1883. Of cour se we didn’t have cars in 1883.Q: What do you think causes the lightsA: There are many theories. The Native Americans thought the lights were stars falling to Earth. Some people think uranium gas causes the lights. Other people suggest that ball lightning does it. Ball lightning is lightning in the shape of circle. It often appears just after a rainstorm.Q: What are some of the weirdest ideas about the lightsA: Well, some people call them “ghost lights.” They think ghosts do it. That’s the strangest ide a. Some say they are UFOs. I don’t think so.Q: What do the experts sayA: They can’t figure it out. Some engineers even came from Japan one time. They studied the lights, but couldn’t solve the mystery.Q: Are the local people scaredA: No, actually, they aren’t. They like the lights. And every year in early September there’s a big town festival to celebrate the mystery lights.Audio Track 2-5-14Q: What do you think causes the lightsA: There are many theories. The Native Americans thought the lights were stars falling to Earth. Some people think uranium gas causes the lights. Other people suggest that ball lightning does it. Ball lightning is lightning in the shape of circle. It often appears just after a rainstorm.Q: What are some of the weirdest ideas about the lightsA: Well, some people call them “ghost lights.” They think ghosts do it. That’s the strangest idea. Some say they are UFOs. I don’t think so. Q: What do the experts sayA: They can’t figure it out. Some engineers even came from Japan one time. They studied the lights, but couldn’t solve the mystery.Q: Are the local people scaredA: No, actually, they aren’t. They like the lights. And every year in early September there’s a big town festival to celebrate the mystery lights.Audio Track 2-5-151. That man seems angry.2. She speaks French.3. Your sister looks tired.4. He practices the piano every day.5. My aunt always watches the news.6. My friend knows the answer.Audio Track 2-5-16/Audio Track 2-5-17Stye: Do you know the Dodd DiamondFrye: Of course! The museum owns it.Stye: Not anymore! Someone stole it last night!Frye: Really How did it happenStye: Well, it’s unlikely the criminal walked into the room. There’s an alarm on the floor.Frye: But there’s no alarm for the skylight.St ye: You’re right! I bet the criminal climbed down a rope. Then he took the diamond without touching the floor!Audio Track 2-5-18A: I love chocolate.B: There's a good chance that's true. I know you like sweets. You probably like chocolate, too.A: My family has moved house six times.B: It doesn't seem possible.A: Why do you say thatB: I've known you since we were kids.Audio Track 2-5-19A: Do you believe that Bruno Hauptmann was the real kidnapperB: I doubt that he was. Nobody's likely to be so silly to leave all the evidence there for people to find. Besides, he never made a confession, did heA: If it wasn’t him … it could have been Betty Gow. What do you think B: Well, it’s unlikely that she did it. She loved the baby. She even fainted at the trial.A: That’s true. Then it could have been Ernie Brinkert.B: Why do you think it could be himA: Well, he’s Violet Sharpe’s boyfriend. He knew about the Lindberghs. It’s quite possible that he made a secret plan with his girlfriend to kidnap the baby for money.B: That’s nonsense. His girlfriend had an alibi. She wasn’t in the house on the day the baby was kidnapped.A: Maybe that was part of the secret plan. Perhaps she was purposefully outof the house.B: Well, possibly. But Ernie’s handwriting didn’t match the kidnapper’s note. How can you explain thatA: I dare say that was also part of the plan. He could have deliberately written the note in a handwriting that is different to normal.B: It doesn’t seem possible. He couldn’t possibly have fooled the c ourt.Video CourseVideo Track 2-5-1Agnes: When I was visiting my grandfather in his village I witnessed a very strange event. It wasn’t raining and the women of the village went to a special place to make the rain fall. And that night it rained.Dave: T here’s a strange tale in Mexico about La Llorona who is a woman who wanders the streets weeping for her dead sons. When there is a strong wind they say you can hear La Llorona .Catherine: In New Jersey there’s a thing or a monster called the “Jersey Devil.” They say it’s very big and hairy but also very sneaky and that it moves from tree to tree.Lourdes: My favorite mysteries are about UFOs, which means Unidentified Flying Objects. I’m not sure if the UFOs are real or if they are a hoax, but I would like to think that they are real.Alejandra: One of the mysteries that I find interesting and has not beensolved yet is the one of the Pyramids. How they made them. How they brought in those very heavy pieces of stone to build the Pyramids. Calum: My advisor and my teacher told us that the dorm that we lived in was haunted, and one time late at night all the lights turned off suddenly and it was very strange and quite scary.Video Track 2-5-2Agnes: When I was visiting my grandfather in his village I witnessed a very strange event. It wasn’t raining and the women of the village went to a special place to make the rain fall. And that night it rained.Calum: My advisor and my teacher told us that the dorm that we lived in was haunted, and one time late at night all the lights turned off suddenly and it was very strange and quite scary.Video Track 2-5-3Roberto: Does anybody know why Tara asked us to come here today Takeshi: She said something about solving a crime and arresting a criminal. Claudia: Arresting a criminalTara: Yes, a criminal.Takeshi: Hey, Tara. Nice hat!Tara: Someone in this room has committed a crime.All: What Come on. What are you talking aboutTara: A theft. Someone ate Sun-hee’s yogurt!Sun-hee: Well, my yogurt is missing. But it’s OK. It’s only yogurt. Tara: It starts with yogurt. Next time it’s your cookies, your ice cream … who knows where it will endSun-hee: OK ... OK. Go on.Tara: It’s very likely one of you did it because you all have a key to this apartment.Takeshi: I only use my key for emergencies. And besides, you live here, you have a key … maybe you took it …Tara: I’m the detective, I didn’t do it. Now. The thief worked calmly, quietly, and very neatly. Note the weapon. (holds up spoon) Clean and dry. Roberto: I didn’t do it. I have an alibi. I was out of town last week … just got home last night.Tara: I know you didn’t do it, Roberto. I asked you to come here today because you are a friend of the thief — Claudia!Claudia: WhatTara: Confess! You’re always too busy to go shopping! You didn’t have any yogurt. You were hungry. It was late! You waited until everyone went to bed and then you slowly entered the kitchen, you made sure no one was there, then you carefully took this spoon and — very quietly — opened the refrigerator door and ate Sun-hee’s yogurt!Claudia: (jokingly) No! No! It’s not true!Mike: (enters apartment using key) Hey, everyone! (to Tara while taking spoon and walking towards fridge) Thanks. Nice hat! (to all while eating yogurt) What’s upVideo Track 2-5-4Roberto: Does anybody know why Tara asked us to come here today Takeshi: She said something about solving a crime and arresting a criminal. Claudia: Arresting a criminalTara: Yes, a criminal.Takeshi: Hey, Tara. Nice hat!Tara: Someone in this room has committed a crime.All: What Come on. What are you talking aboutTara: A theft. Someone ate Sun-hee’s yogurt!Sun-hee: Well, my yogurt is missing. But it’s OK. It’s only yogurt. Tara: It starts with yogurt. Next time it’s your cookies, your ice cream … who knows where it will endSun-hee: OK … OK. Go on.Video Track 2-5-5Tara: It’s very likely one of you did it because you all have a key to this apartment.Takeshi: I only use my key for emergencies. And besides, you live here, youhave a key … maybe you took i t …Tara: I’m the detective, I didn’t do it. Now. The thief worked calmly, quietly, and very neatly. Note the weapon. (holds up spoon) Clean and dry. Roberto: I didn’t do it. I have an alibi. I was out of town last week … just got home last night.Tara: I know you didn’t do it, Roberto. I asked you to come here today because you are a friend of the thief — Claudia!Video Track 2-5-6Claudia: WhatTara: Confess! You’re always too busy to go shopping! You didn’t have any yogurt. You were hungry. It was late! You waited until everyone went to bed and then you slowly entered the kitchen, you made sure no one was there, then you carefully took this spoon and — very quietly — opened the refrigerator door and ate Sun-hee’s yogurt!Claudia: (jokingly) No! No! It’s not true!Mike: (enters apartment using key) Hey, everyone! (to Tara while taking spoon and walking towards fridge) Thanks. Nice hat! (to all while eating yogurt) What’s upAudio Track 2-5-20One day, Tara found that someone had eaten Sun-hee’s yogurt withoutnotice. So, she asked everyone to help her solve this “crime.” She thought that it was very likely that one of her friends stole Sun-hee’s yogurt because they all had a key to the apartment. While Sun-hee the owner was quite calm and generous about the missing yogurt, Tara got serious about the matter. She warned everyone that a misdemeanor might gradually become a real crime if it were not checked at the start. She seemed to be determined to solve the crime, though in a humorous way. She accused Takeshi first, but he denied it. While Tara was showing everyone the “weapon” — a clean, dry spoon — Roberto said that he had an alibi and hadn’t done it. Tara said she knew he hadn’t done it and that Claudia had done it! Just as Claudia was protesting that it wasn’t true, Mike suddenly walked in. He calmly went to the refrigerator, took out some yogurt, and ate it! Finally everyone came to know who the “thief” really was.。
柳木川电子有限公司EJA系列电子压力传感器用户手册说明书

Y okogawa Electric Corporation IM 01C22A00-12E 2nd EditionIM 01C22A00-12E1.INTRODUCTIONThank you for purchasing the DPharp electronic pressure transmitter.This manual contains important note and handling cautions for the DPharp EJA Series DifferentialPressure/Pressure Transmitters with NEPSI certifica-tion, option code /NS2 and /NF2.Refer to each of the following user’s manuals for standard specifications, functions, handling cautions,and operations, etc.Table 1 List of Individual User’s ManualsEJA110A, EJA120A, and EJA130A IM 01C21B01-01E EJA210A and EJA220A IM 01C21C01-01E EJA310A, EJA430A, and EJA440A IM 01C21D01-01E EJA510A and EJA530A IM 01C21F01-01E EJA110 and EJA120 IM 01C22B01-01E EJA210 and EJA220 IM 01C22C01-01E EJA310 and EJA430 IM 01C22D01-01E EJA118W, EJA118N, and EJA118Y IM 01C22H01-01E EJA438W and EJA438N IM 01C22J01-01E EJA115 IM 01C22K01-01ET01.EPSDocument No.Model2. NEPSI Certificationa.NEPSI Intrinsically Safe TypeCaution for NEPSI Intrinsically safe type.Note 1.Model EJA Series differential, gauge, andabsolute pressure transmitters withoptional code /NS2 are applicable for use in hazardous locations• Applicable Standard: GB3836.1:2000,GB3836.4:2000• Type of Protection and Marking Code: Ex ia IIC T4• Ambient Temperature :–40 to 60°C • Max. Process Temp.: 120°C • Enclosure: IP67Note 2.Entity Parameters• Intrinsically safe ratings are as follows:Maximum Input Voltage (Ui) = 30 V Maximum Input Current (Ii) = 165 mA Maximum Input Power (Pi) = 0.9 WMaximum Internal Capacitance (Ci) = 22.5 nF Maximum Internal Inductance (Li) = 730 µH Maximum Internal Inductance (Li) = 730 µH • Installation RequirementsUo ≤ Ui, Io ≤ Ii, Po ≤ Pi,Co ≥ Ci + Ccable, Lo ≥ Li + Lcable Uo, Io, Po, Co, and Lo are parameters of barrier.Note 3.Installation• In any safety barreir used output current must be limited by a resistor 'R' such that Io=Uo/R.• The safety barrier must be NEPSI certified.• Input voltage of the safety barrier must be less than 250 Vrms/Vdc.• The instrument modification or parts replacement by other than authorized representative of Yokogawa Electric Corporation and will void NEPSI Intrinsically safe certification.• The cable entry devices and blanking elements for type n shall be of a certified type providing a level of ingress protection of at least IP54, suitable for the conditions of use and correctly installed.• Electrical Connection:The type of electrical connection is stamped near the electrical connection port according to the following marking.Note 4. Operation • WARNING:WHEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ≥ 55°C,USE THE HEAT-RESISTING CABLES ≥ 90°C.Note 5. Special Conditions for Safe Use • WARNING:IN THE CASE WHERE THE ENCLOSURE OF THE PRESSURE TRANSMITTER IS MADE OF ALUMINUM, IF IT IS MOUNTED IN AN AREA WHERE THE USE OF ZONE 0 IS REQUIRED,IT MUST BE INSTALLED SUCH, THAT, EVEN IN THE EVENT OF RARE INCIDENTS, IGNI-TION SOURCES DUE TO IMPACT AND FRICTION SPARKS ARE EXCLUDED.[Intrinsically Safe]FD No. IM 01C22A00-12E 2nd Edition: June 2011(YK)All Rights Reserved, Copyright © 2007, Yokogawa Electric Corporationb.NEPSI Flameproof TypeCaution for NEPSI flameproof type.Note 1.Model EJA Series differential, gauge, andabsolute pressure transmitters withoptional code /NF2 are applicable for usein hazardous locations:• Applicable Standard: GB3836.1:2000,GB3836.2:2000• Type of Protection and Marking Code:Ex d IIC T6...T4• Enclosure: IP67• Maximum Process Temperature: 120°C (T4),100°C (T5), 85°C (T6)• Ambient Temperature: –40 to 75°C (T4), –40 to80°C (T5), –40 to 75°C (T6)• Supply Voltage: 42 V dc max.• Output Signal: 4 to 20 mA dcNote 2.Wiring• In hazardous locations, the cable entry devices shallbe of a certified flameproof type, suitable for theconditions of use and correctly installed.• Unused apertures shall be closed with suitableflameproof certified blanking elements. (The plugattached is certificated as the flame proof IP67 as apart of this apparatus.)• In case of ANSI 1/2 NPT plug, ANSI hexagonalwrench should be applied to screw in.Note 3. Operation• WARNING:AFTER DE-ENERGIZING, DELAY 10 MINUTESBEFORE OPENING.• WARNING:WHEN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ≥ 70°C,USE THE HEAT-RESISTING CABLES ≥ 90°C.• Take care not to generate mechanical sparkingwhen accessing to the instrument and peripheraldevices in a hazardous location.Note 4. Maintenance and Repair• The instrument modification or parts replacementby other than authorized representative ofYokogawa Electric Corporation is prohibited andwill void NEPSI Certification.Revision RecordJanuary 20071st edition New PublicationJune 20112nd edition Delete certificaion No.IM 01C22A00-12E。
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2.LEACH(Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy)协议:
LEACH协议分为两个阶段操作,即类准备阶段(set-up phase)和就绪阶段(ready phase)。为了使能耗最小化,就绪阶段持续的时间比类准备阶段长。类准备阶段和就 绪阶段所持续的时间总和称为一轮(round) 在类准备阶段,LEACH协议随机选择一个传感器节点作为类头节点(cluster head node),随机性确保类头与基站之间数据传输的高能耗成本均匀地分摊到所有传感器 节点。 具体的选择办法是:一个传感器节点随机选择0和1之间的一个值,如果选定的值小于 某一个阈值T(n),那么这个节点 成为类头节点。T(n)值按右边公式计算: N:网络中传感器节点的总数; p:一轮中网络的类头节点数;r:己完成的轮数; Gr:在剩余的N/k-r个回合中未成为类头节点的传感器节点组成的集合; 在类头节点选定后,该类头节点对网络中所有节点进行广播,广播数据包含有该节点 成为类头节点的信息。一旦传感器节点收到广播数据包,根据接收到的各个类头节点 广播信号强度,该节点选择信号强度最大的类头节点加入,向其发送成为其成员的数 据包。类形成后,类头节点采用TDMA策略分配通道使用权给类内节点。 一旦处于就绪阶段,类头节点开始接收类内各节点采集的数据,然后采用数据融合和 数据压缩等技术进行汇聚,将整合后的数据传输给Sink节点。在就绪阶段持续了一段 时间后,网络又进入了另一次的类准备阶段。
Otcl是Tcl的面向对象(Object Oriented)的扩展,在 Otcl中加入了类的概念。 对象是类的实例,它有自己的属性(成员变量,InstVar )和自己的内部操作(成员函数,InstProc)。 对象具有继承、封装、多态性和动态绑定等性质。 面向对象机制的加入使得原始的Tcl变得更加强大,更加 方便使用。 实际上,Tcl和OTcl的关系就像C和C++ 。因此,所有的 Tcl命令都可以在OTcl中使用。
无线传感器网络仿真平台NS2
计算机应用技术 张道远
内容
NS2介绍 OTcl语言简介 NS2的实现机制和体系结构 利用NS2模拟流程和注意事项 NS2—协议仿真
NS2介绍
NS2是面向对象的,离散事件驱动的网络环境模拟器,开发于 UC Berkeley,它可以模拟各种IP网络环境。 NS2实现了对许多网络协议的模拟,如TCP,UDP,和数据源 发生器(traffic source)如FTP,WWW,Telnet,Web,CBR和 VBR等。 NS2模拟了路由队列的管理机制,如Drop Tail,RED和VBR, 实现了Dijkstra和其他的路由算法。 NS2也实现了Multicasting和一些应用于局域网模拟的在MAC层 的协议。 NS2采用分裂对象模型的开发机制,由C++和Otcl(加上面向对 象特性的TCL脚本程序设计语言,开发于MIT)两种程序设计语 言实现。
节点存活率
节点能量消耗
数据包发送量
NS2的部分类结构
分类器——classifier是Ns-2基本网络组件的一个大类。 它的基本派生类有地址分类器(AddrClassifier)和多播 分类器(McastClassifier)等。基于分类器的基本网络 组件具有1个或多个可能的数据输出路径,属于交换 (Switch)设备(对应来说,连接器Connector只有一个 数据的输出路径)。 拓扑结点(Node)是由一个结点入口对象和若干个分类 器(Classifier)组成的一个符合对象。
C++程序模块的运行速度非常快,是强制类型的程序设 计语言(变量严格定义整型,浮点型和字符、字符串类 型),容易实现精确的、复杂的算法,但是修改和发现 、修正bug所花费的时间要长一些。适合对具体协议的模 拟和实现,因为它需要很有效率的处理字节(Byte), 报头(Packet Header)等信息,需要应用合适的算法在 大量的数据集合上进行操作。 Otcl是脚本程序编写语言,是无强制类型的,比较简单 ,容易实现和修改,容易发现和修正bug,虽然它的运行 速度和C++的模块相比要慢很多。许多网络中的研究工 作都围绕着网络组件和环境的具体参数的设置和改变而 进行的,需要在短时间内快速的开发和模拟出所需要的 网络环境(scenarios),并且方便修改和发现、修复程 序中的Bug。这种环境的配置只需要一次。
NS2的实现机制和体系结构
N S 仿 真 试 图
NS是一种面向对象Tcl(OTcl)语言脚本解释器,它有一个事件调度器、一个网络组件 库。换句话说,使用NS时需要使用OTcl语言编写脚本文件。 事件调度器:事件在NS中是一个具有唯一ID号的数据包、数据包被处理的时间及处 理它的主对象的总称。事件调度器跟踪仿真的时间并且根据预定时间安排队列中的 事件,激活当前时间对应的处理该事件的网络对象。事件调度器维护一个排序的数 据结构(缺省情况下ns使用链表),对事件有序地执行、释放,并激活事件处理对 象。
NS由C++和OTcl写成:其中C++语言实现各种网络组件,这是为了提高效 率;OTcl语言编写脚本文件来建立网络和运行仿真,这样是为了简单而快速 地进行网络环境的建立。 编译过的C++对象只要通过链接,创建一个与之匹配的OTcl对象就可在OTcl 解释器中使用。
OTcl与C++的类对应示意图
OTcl语言简介
Tk是Tcl在X Window环境下的扩展,它包含了Tcl的全部的C库函 数,以及支持X Window的窗口、控件等C库函数,为用户开发 图形用户界面提供了方便。 Tcl是解释执行的脚本语言。它的实现依赖于Tcl内部的C函数库 。添加新的C函数就可以扩充Tcl的命令和功能,是扩展性非常强 的脚本程序设计语言。 Tcl解释器把用户输入的命令和程序语句进行初步分析,然后调 用C函数库里的相应函数来执行,输出结果。 Tcl是无强制类型的脚本语言,一切变量,不论整型,浮点型等 ,都以字符串的形式存储。
连接器——Connector是NS2基本网络组件中的另一个大类。 它的基本派生类对象包括缓冲队列(Queue)、延迟 (Delay)、各种产生和处理数据包的代理(Agent)和对象 的跟踪器(Trace)。基于连接器的基本网络组件只有一个可 能数据输出的路径,和分类器有1个或多个可能的数据输出 路径(Switch)是不同的。 拓扑结点连接类(Link)是NS2中另一个主要的复合组件对 象。一个结点和另一个结点之间的简单连接(simplex-link) 是单向的。一个最基本的简单连接由一个连接入口、包缓冲 队列、延迟处理对象、废弃处理对象和时间处理对象(TTL )组成。
NS2的总体系结构
NS2的目录结构
ns-2.34:存放C++代码的地方; ns-2.34\tcl:存放OTcl代码的地方; Ns-2.34\tcl\lib:存放与组件(agent, node, link, packet, address, routing ) 实现有关的OTcl代码;在此目录下,有以下几个文件:ns-lib.tcl: Simulator 类定义与成员函数实现,如 run,simplexlink,flush-trace等;ns-default.tcl :各种网络组件配置的缺省值。 ns-2.34\tcl\ex, ns-2.34\tcl\test: 存放一些例子脚本文件和验证结果。
2. 注意事项
Start NS有 吗 ?
No
Yes
需要修改 吗?
网上呢?
C++实 现
添加
Yes
配置场景
修改
编译调试 测试分析
编译调试
Ye s
TE(Minimum Transmission Energy)协议:
在MTE协议中,节点选择离自己平面距离 最近的节点进行路由中转 当且仅当如下公式满足时,节点A将会选择 B转发自己的数据到节点C
两个节点间数据包通信的实例
如何从OTcl来操纵NS2的C++对象, 这包括: 动态创建一个新的C++对象, 访问这个C++对象的属性, 调用该C++对象的方法.
利用NS2模拟流程和注意事项
1. 流程 整个模拟流程主要有三部分工作量:一是修改源代码,二是 编写Tcl模拟脚本,三是分析结果。 源代码在需要修改的时候才修改,注意修改C++代码时候,要修 改相应的OTcl代码 需要用awk语言对结果进行分析,用gnuplot作图或者用nam生 成动画 Gawk gnuplot Trace文件 tcl 脚本 ns-2 Nam文件 nam
LEACH模型
3.LEACH-C协议: LEACH-C引入中心控制机制,保证簇头较优地分布于网络中,从而优化网 络性能。 LEACH-C 协议也分为簇的建立和数据传输阶段。在簇的建立阶段,所有节 点都将自己的位置与能量信息传送给基站。基站计算出所有节点能量的平 均值,只有能量大于平均值的节点才有资格成为簇头。然后基站利用模拟 退火算法划分簇,选出簇头节点。然后向所有节点广播簇头节点的ID 信息 ,各个节点根据接收的消息判断自己的身份。如果ID 与自己的ID 信息相同 ,则成为簇头;否则,则根据自己所在的簇决定自己的数据传输TDMA 时 隙,并进入“睡眠”状态,直到传输数据的时隙到来。数据传输阶段, LEACH-C 与LEACH 机制相同。
仿真后生成 x.data,x.alive,x.energy等文件(x对应的为协 议名称),分别对应的为各个协议的数据包传送个数, 节点生存情况和节点能量消耗,用awk语言编写程序, 提取数据进行分析 在Cygwin中用gnuplot 作出分析结果曲线