Chapter 5 - Situational Approach UTA
河南省九师联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期10月英语试题
河南省九师联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期10月英语试题一、阅读理解Ware Poets Open Poetry CompetitionWelcome! We’re pleased to announce the 26th annual Ware Poets competition. Since 1998, we’ve been devoted to offering poets a chance to resonate (共鸣) with our judges and win a prize. Entries are received from throughout the United Kingdom and abroad.Prizes: 1st prize: £600; 2nd prize: £300; 3rd prize: £150Rules and Instructions for Entry:● Th e competition is open to anyone aged 16 or over.● Poems should be in English and must not have been published either in print or online. They must not meanwhile be sent to other competitions or submitted for publication. They must be no longer than 50 lines.● Poems may be submitted:a. Either by post to The Competition Secretary, Ware Poets Competition, 25 Southbrook Drive, Cheshunt, Herts. , EN8 0QJ, using the Postal Entry Form. They must be typed or neatly handwritten on A4 paper. Each poem must be on a separate sheet of paper which must not bear your name.b. Or by email with the individual poems as either WORD or PDF attachments to w**********************.● Any number of poems may be submitted on payment of the proper fee, which is £5 per poem, or £13 for three poems and £4 per poem for more than three poems. If submitted by email, your submission will be admitted by email.● We regret that we’re unable to return poems, or allow corrections to be made after entry.● We’ll hold an informal prize-giving event and a reading event on the evening of Friday 13th September. Names of the prizewinners and winning poets will be published on our website at warepoets. org shortly after.● Copyright remains with the authors but Ware Poets reserves the right to print winning poems in the competition anthology (选集).1．What is a requirement for the entries?A．They should be 50 lines at least.B．They must be submitted by email.C．They have to be original works.D．They must be accepted by publishers. 2．How much should one pay to enter the competition with four poems?A．£13.B．£16.C．£18.D．£20.3．How will the winners benefit from the competition?A．Their works will be published.B．They can decide on the anthology.C．They can interview the judges.D．Their names will appear on a magazine.I was born in Mexico City, and raised in San Luis Potosi and Monterrey. I started learning how to cook by watching my mother and my grandmothers. My passion for cooking started at the age of 14 in Monterrey. Then, at age 17, I was contracted to work in New Orleans and cooked for three years. After that, I moved to Houston in 1990, where I fell in love and then had my first two beautiful children. We moved to Richmond in 1995 due to the unemployment of work in Houston.Living in Richmond, I saw many opportunities come up. I was one of the first ones in Richmond to open a food trailer (活动房屋) business on Jefferson Davis Highway in 2000. We were at this location for about two years, and then we decided to open a restaurant nearby on the same road towards the market. We moved to that location in 2007. Our business was going very well until my husband died, which forced us to close our restaurant.After sadly closing the business, I worked at Tio Pablo as the head cook. I was there for approximately 3 - 4 years, and then headed to Rancho T. I later started working a second job with Commercial Taphouse. After being with Taphouse from 2018, I worked until it closed in 2022. I then saw the opportunity to open my business again. I said to myself, “It’s time to reopen my business back up after so long. ”So now you can find me cooking seven days a week aboard my own food truck, El Taconazo, parked at 3227 Broad Rock Blvd. We have various dishes from tacos to hot, delicious soups like menudo on Sundays, and posole. Anyway, the traditional Mexican food I cook always attracts a crowd.I do my work with passion. I invariably give my 100% to ensure that my customers are happy and come back and visit us. My business may be small, but what makes it big is my happycustomers returning.4．What can we know about the author from paragraph 1?A．She got her first job at age 14.B．She grew up in Mexico City.C．Her family influenced her to cook.D．Her husband pushed her to move.5．What made the author shut down the restaurant on Jefferson Davis Highway?A．Her husband’s death.B．An offer from Tio Pablo.C．Her desire to expand.D．The depression of the market.6．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A．Reasons for closing the business.B．Steps of reopening a restaurant.C．Restaurant industry’s expansion.D．The author’s working experience.7．What motivates the author to keep doing her work?A．Her increasing income.B．Her love of cooking.C．Her passion for eating.D．Her customers’ demand.Global travel is getting busier and busier, and this begs a question: Is there such a thing as an off-season anymore?Recently, ForwardKeys, a Spain-based travel data and analysis company, collected some numbers in three of the world’s most popular beach destinations: Thailand, Hawaii and the Maldives. Here’s the math: take the total number of tourists in a year and divide that figure by 12, which works out to an average of around 8% per month. Then, you can create a graph (图表) to see which months are higher or lower than that average.“In Thailand, low season typically lasts from April to September with April and May being really hot,” says Olivier Ponti, a director at ForwardKeys. “During this low season, the tourist volume each month covers over 7% of the annual total. That means very, very little seasonality.”Arguably, the biggest single factor affecting what we know as “peak season” travel is weather. A 2023 survey from the European Travel Commission reported that European travelers cited weather as their number-one factor in deciding where to go on vacation, with 8% of respondents saying they were concerned about extreme weather in European destinations.Climate may be an important factor in booking a holiday, but it’s not the only one. ForwardKeys’ Ponti, a father of two, notes that many travelers have to plan their trips at the sametime because they’re working around school schedules.But every family’s situation is different. For those whose kids are grown or who don’t have kids at all, there’re more opportunities to travel.Ann Woodward, a childfree American, makes a point of learning school schedules in her area so that she can plan around them. “I’m generally trying not to go to touristic attractions during those periods. I call it hiding,” she laughs. Woodward spent much of her youth traveling and has already checked off many of the big places that attract the most crowds, which means she can now go to less busy areas during an off-season. “For me, the challenge is about finding the joy in those low seasons,” she says.8．What does Olivier Ponti mean?A．Tourists find ways to fight overtourism.B．Off- season travel doesn’t exist anymore.C．More tourists enjoy traveling in low seasons.D．Peak-season travel is getting uncontrollable.9．What is the most important factor in European’s booking a holiday according to the 2023 survey?A．School plans.B．Economic budget.C．Technology.D．Climate.10．Why is Ann Woodward mentioned in the text?A．She is a travel enthusiast.B．She likes busier areas.C．She has flexible schedules.D．She has unique travel habits.11．What does the underlined phrase “checked off” in the last paragraph probably mean?A．Visited.B．Avoided.C．Examined.D．Remembered.If a stranger knocked on your door asking for using your phone, would you help? How about lending them five dollars for the bus, if they said they’d return and pay you back?Nowadays, many people find it hard to trust strangers. A recent study found that our ability to trust strangers may be more than just a social or psychological trait (特征) — it could be rooted in our DNA．This is important, as it turns out that trusting people might actually live longer and healthier lives compared to more skeptical people.Two main theories have appeared to explain why some people are more trusting than others. One suggests trust is a stable trait shaped by early life experiences. The other thinks it’s influenced by a person’s ongoing evaluation of the social environment. We can easily imagine that the answer to the question “Would you say that most people can be trusted? ” would depend on whether you’d been robbed the day before or if you’d had your dropped wallet returned.This is where the recent research comes in. A professor of Lund University, Edgerton and his coworkers have been doing research about trust. In their most recent study, involving 33, 882 Danish blood donors, their analyses identified a single gene (基因), PLPP4, which was strongly associated with the trait of trusting others. They discovered that the PLPP4 gene explained 6% of the variation in social trust within the study population. If you take two people who have similar education and life experiences, this gene alone could account for 6% of the difference in how much they trust others.They suspect that the PLPP4 gene may somehow soften our “fight-or-flight” survival mechanism. If our fight-or-flight system is less intense when we encounter new people, it makes sense that tending to trust others could have huge health benefits. Indeed, if trusting others acts as something against stress, it may lower the risk of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease.As people continue to uncover the mysteries of trust, one thing is clear: Understanding its genetic roots may hold the key to developing healthier communities in the world.12．What might affect people’s trust levels according to the existing theories?A．Their childhood habits.B．Their social experiences.C．Their personal abilities.D．Their communication skills.13．What does the recent study focus on?A．The ways to develop survival ability.B．The mental cause of trust.C．The connection between trust and a gene.D．The features of different genes. 14．What does the text say about trusting others?A．It could bring health benefits.B．It helps to develop the world faster.C．It lessens the intense stress in work.D．It causes better survival mechanisms. 15．What might be the best title for the text?A．Theories That Explain Why You Are TrustedB．Experiences Can Make You Grow DependableC．A Link Between Biology and Social ScienceD．A Gene Influences How Trusting You AreThanks to scientific and technological developments, billions of people today are living a better life than that of kings of centuries ago. 16 After all, despite all the progress we've made, the world faces many challenges in the 21st century: climate change, poverty and cancer, etc.Our best hope of dealing with these challenges is to make science and technology more productive. One practical way to achieve this is through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and laboratory automation. AI systems already possess superhuman scientific powers. They can remember massive volumes of facts and learn from huge datasets. 17 These powers are highly praised even by human scientists.18 Robots can now carry out most of the laboratory tasks humans can. Then there’re AI Scientists: AI systems integrated with laboratory automations that are capable of carrying out the closed-loop (闭环) automation of scientific research. These systems automatically generate hypotheses (假设) to explain observations, design experiments to test these hypotheses, interpret the results and then repeat the cycle.Within the last year or so, the world has been astonished by the success of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, which have achieved ground-breaking performance on a wide range of conversation- based tasks. 19 This is associated with their capacity to read all the scientific literature and act as a source of scientific knowledge.However, the application of AI to science has the potential for harm. As a step towards preventing this, some scientists have prepared the Stockholm Declaration on AI for Science.20 They urge all scientists working with AI to sign.A．They can carry out perfect logical reasoning.B．Today, laboratory automation is increasingly advancing.C．AI has the potential to transform the very process of thinking.D．These LLMs show great potential for super-charging AI Scientists.E．There’re now about 100 AI Scientists worldwide, working in various areas.F．However, it is deeply surprising how little appreciated this astonishing fact is.G．This commits the signees to the responsible and healthy development of AI for science.二、完形填空I carry the delayed dreams of my father firmly on my shoulders. People often looked 21 when they heard I 22 to be a lawyer, because that was my father’s dream when he was my age. They 23 me living my life for myself. What many people did not 24 was that there was no greater 25 for me than achieving what he had been unable to.About 17 years ago, I was born David Malakai Allen Ⅲ. I was named for my dad. This name, which now fills me with great pride and 26 , didn’t always do so. When I was younger, I often watched my father working at warehouses and driving trucks, which slowly 27 him down. I 28 to these with fear. I thought that giving me his name, my father had also handed me his 29 .One day in my freshman year of high school, my father told me that he knew from the moment when he 30 me for the first time that I was born to achieve something 31 . By naming me David Malakai Allen Ⅲ, he was 32 I was equipped with a resilient (不屈的) spirit.Now, with college enrollment (入学) only months away, I’m filled with pride 33 I’m the first person in my family who’ll graduate from college. When I was younger, the pressure of carrying my family’s legacy (遗赠) 34 felt tiring. As I’ve grown, I can 35 no greater blessing than achieving something those who came before me never thought possible for themselves.21．A．disappointed B．relieved C．surprised D．annoyed 22．A．desired B．happened C．failed D．refused 23．A．heard of B．insisted on C．objected to D．approved of 24．A．confirm B．doubt C．receive D．realize 25．A．strength B．energy C．honor D．method 26．A．motivation B．kindness C．trend D．space 27．A．turned B．wore C．calmed D．put 28．A．attended B．contributed C．reacted D．pointed29．A．rule B．future C．secret D．target 30．A．forgot B．saved C．approached D．held 31．A．similar B．relaxing C．great D．demanding 32．A．ensuring B．warning C．admitting D．debating 33．A．expecting B．knowing C．regretting D．stressing 34．A．eventually B．instantly C．formally D．really 35．A．imagine B．waste C．overlook D．research三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
the lexical approach (2)
Role of learners
• • • • Discoverer Data Analyst and User Manager Constructor
Materials
• Materials and teaching resources to support lexical approaches in language teaching are of at least four types.
Syllabus
• The lexical syllabus not only sumsumes a structural syllabus, it also indicates how the structures which make up syllabus should be exemplified.
Notes
Lexical approaches in language teaching reflect a belief in the centrality of the lexicon to language structure, second language learning, and language use, and in particular to mutiword lexical units or "chunks" that are learned and used as single items. Linguistic theory has also recognized a more central role for vocabulary in linguistic description.
what is collocation?
Collocation is the way one word
理智与情感-英文
要点三
Increased selfawareness
Rational thinking fans selfawareness by encoding individuals to reflect on their emotional experiences and identify patterns in their emotional responses
The Regulation of Reason on Emotional Expression
Emotional suppression
Reason can regulate emotional expression by suppressing inappropriate or excessive displays of emotion, such as controlling factual expressions or vocal tones
The relationship between reason and emotion
• Interaction: Reason and emotion are not mutually exclusive; They interact and influence each other For example, emotions can provide valuable information that helps us make quick decisions, while reason can help us evaluate and justify those decisions
• Integration: In many cases, the best decisions are made by integrating both reason and emotion This allows us to take advantage of the strengths of both cultures while minimizing their weaknesses For example, we might use reason to objectively analyze a problem while also considering our emotional response to potential solutions
Chapter 5 - Situational Approach UTA
Situational Approach Description, cont’d
(Hersey & Blanchard, 1969)
Definition
• Comprised of both a directive dimension & supportive dimension:
– Each dimension must be applied appropriately in a given situation
Development Levels
Definition
Dimension Definitions
The degree to which
D1
subordinates have the
competence and
D2
commitment necessary
D3
to accomplish a given
Situational Approach Description (Hersey & Blanchard, 1969)
“Leaders match their style to the competence and commitment of subordinates”
Perspective
• Focuses on leadership in situations
• Supportive behaviors - Assist group members via two-way communication in feeling comfortable with themselves, co-workers, and situation – Asking for input – Problem solving – Praising, listeninveloped
恋爱中的闪躲技巧小说
恋爱中的闪躲技巧小说Chapter 1: Love in the AirSophie sat under a tall oak tree in the park, lost in her thoughts, her heart fluttering with anticipation. She had fallen madly in love with Jack, an incredibly charming and handsome young man she had met at a friend's birthday party a few weeks ago. They had been chatting online and had agreed to meet today for a picnic. Sophie was excited, but also a little nervous. She wanted to make a good impression and hoped their connection would continue to grow stronger.Chapter 2: The Unexpected EncounterSophie spread out the picnic blanket and carefully arranged the delicious sandwiches and fresh fruits she had prepared. Just as she was putting the finishing touches, a sudden gust of wind blew her carefully coiffed hair into a tangled mess. Frantically, she searched in her bag for a hair tie, but to no avail. Just when she thought all hope was lost, she spotted a familiar face in the distance. It was Lily, her childhood friend.Chapter 3: The Perfect DisguiseSophie's heart skipped a beat as she noticed Lily approaching. Desperately seeking help, she hatched a plan. "Lily, it's you!" she exclaimed, putting on her most surprised face. "What a coincidence! I was just about to have a picnic all by myself. Care to join?"Lily, delighted to meet her old friend, gladly accepted the invitation. Sophie skillfully maneuvered the conversation towards Jack, seizing the opportunity to gather any juicy details about him. She discovered that he was a music lover, had a soft spot for romantic comedies, and had a passion for cooking. Armed with this information, Sophie felt a renewed sense of confidence.Chapter 4: The Serendipitous EncounterAs they chatted and laughed, Sophie's eyes wandered to the path leading to the picnic spot. Suddenly, she noticed a familiar figure in the distance. It was Jack! Panic flooded through her veins, but she suppressed the urge to let it consume her.Sophie skillfully guided Lily's attention away from the path by pointing out a beautiful bird perched on a nearby tree. In that moment, she mustered all her courage and discreetly gestured for Jack to stay hidden. With a hint of relief, he complied, concealing himself behind a bush.As the sun began to set, Sophie and Lily said their goodbyes. Sophie thanked Lily for keeping her company and promised to meet up again soon. Once Lily was out of sight, Sophie quickly made her way to Jack's hiding spot.Breathing a sigh of relief, they embraced, their hearts beating in synchrony. Jack smiled, his eyes twinkling with adoration. In that moment, Sophie knew they had successfully dodged the awkwardness of their unexpected encounter.From that day forward, Sophie and Jack's love blossomed, growing deeper and stronger with each passing day. They often laughed about their serendipitous encounter – the day they skillfully avoided a potentially embarrassing situation. And as they reminisced about that day, they couldn't help but be grateful for the unexpected circumstances that had brought them closer together.As time went by, Sophie learned that life was full of surprises. Sometimes, the greatest love stories were the ones that were built on a foundation of spontaneity, curiosity, and a willingness to embrace the unexpected. And so, their adventurous journey continued, navigating the twists and turns of life, hand in hand, ready to face whatever challenges came their way.Chapter 5: A Journey of DiscoverySophie and Jack's love continued to thrive as they embarked on new adventures together. They discovered a shared sense of wanderlust and decided to explore the world. Their first destination was the enchanting city of Paris, known as the "City of Love."As they strolled along the romantic streets of Paris, hand in hand, their hearts were filled with excitement and wonder. They wandered through the charming neighborhoods, admiring the stunning architecture and indulging in delicious pastries from local bakeries.One evening, as they stood beneath the Eiffel Tower, bathed in its golden glow, Jack took Sophie's hand and whispered, "This is where I fell in love with you, Sophie. I can't imagine my life without you." Tears welled up in Sophie's eyes as she realized howdeeply Jack cared for her. With joyous tears streaming down her face, she replied, "I feel the same way, Jack. You are my greatest adventure, and I am so grateful to have you by my side."Chapter 6: A Proposal Under the StarsTheir journey continued, and soon they found themselves on a secluded island in the Caribbean. As they walked along the sandy beach, with the gentle waves lapping at their feet, the night sky filled with millions of twinkling stars.Jack pulled Sophie close, his voice filled with love and excitement. "Sophie, my love, I have a question to ask you," he whispered, dropping down on one knee as astonishment filled Sophie's face. With trembling hands, he pulled out a small velvet box, opening it to reveal a stunning diamond ring. "Will you marry me?"Sophie's heart skipped a beat, and tears of joy streamed down her face as she nodded eagerly, unable to find her voice. They embraced under the sparkling sky, sharing a moment of unadulterated happiness as they sealed their love with a passionate kiss.Chapter 7: The Wedding of a LifetimeSophie and Jack's wedding day arrived, and they were surrounded by friends and family who had witnessed their love story unfold. The ceremony took place in a picturesque garden, adorned with blooming flowers and draped in delicate lace. The scent of roses floated in the air, creating a fragrance that would forever be etchedin their memories.As Sophie walked down the aisle, her heart overflowed with love and gratitude. Jack's eyes locked onto hers, and a radiant smile graced his face. Tears of happiness filled Sophie's eyes as they exchanged heartfelt vows, promising to love and support each other for the rest of their lives.The reception was a joyful celebration of their love, filled with laughter, music, and heartfelt toasts. Sophie and Jack danced their first dance as a married couple, their steps in perfect harmony, symbolizing the journey they had taken together.Chapter 8: A Love That EnduresYears passed, and Sophie and Jack's love only intensified. They faced challenges and triumphs, but their commitment to each other remained steadfast. They built a beautiful life together, filled with love, laughter, and shared dreams.As they grew old together, Sophie and Jack often found themselves reminiscing about that fateful day in the park – the unexpected encounter that had led them to a lifetime of love and adventure. They realized that life had a funny way of bringing people together, and their story was a testament to the power of love and the beauty of embracing the unexpected.Sophie and Jack's love story was a testament to the fact that true love could withstand the tests of time. They had learned that loveis not just about the grand gestures and passionate moments butalso about the quiet, everyday moments that bring two souls closer together.And so, their love endured. Through the winds of change and the challenges of life, Sophie and Jack walked hand in hand, their hearts forever intertwined, cherishing each precious moment they shared.。
Chapter5-Measuring system response
Southwest Jiaotong University
Mechanical Measurements The square wave with 1000Hz and 2000Hz Measuring system
Xuemei Wang 2017spring
Southwest Jiaotong University
Amplitude Response
Chapter 5 Measuring System Response
Frequency Response Phase Response mass spring damping
1
2
Southwest Jiaotong University
Mechanical Measurements
5.4 Phase Response
Time is required for the transmission of a signal through any measuring system. The output lags the input. The shift will depend on the equipment and also on the frequency. It is often the frequency-dependence. Figure 5.3 Phase lag vs. frequency Why is phase response of importance only for the complex wave? P125
Southwest Jiaotong University
Mechanical Measurements
Xuemei Wang 2017spring
JWatcher软件用户手册说明书
analysis is best.The chapter then moves into detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to run each analysis. The coverage of these procedures is,necessarily,a bit more detailed than the other sections because most users will not be familiar with the specific features of each test.Finally,Chapter15includes four different out-standing laboratory exercises that use JWatcher to teach students:(1)how to develop their own ethogram and score behavior,(2)the differences between time sampling and continuous recordings, (3)how to conduct sequential analysis,and(4)how to use both sequential analysis and basic analysis to refine research questions from initial pilot data.These exercises use video clips downloadable from the JWatcher website free of charge and would be excellent teaching tools in the classroom.This manual is a vast improvement over the Version0.9Manual available on the JWatcher website, which only covers some basic guidelines for running the software,explains what the individual file types do,and indicates how to analyze results.The online manual has no coverage of the complex sequential analysis functions of JWatcher1.0.In summary,this book is a necessity for users at all experience levels who wish to quantify behavior using an event recorder.JWatcher software is free of charge and this manual is affordable enough that several copies could be purchased for use in one’s research laboratory.The money from the sale of the manual is used to support further development of the software so that the future versions of the program can be offered free of charge.Theodore StankowichOrganismic&Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst Morrill Science Center South,611N.Pleasant Street,Amherst,MA01003E-mail:Advance Access publication February14,2008doi:10.1093/icb/icn005An Introduction to Nervous Systems. Ralph J.Greenspan,editor.Woodbury,NY:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,2007. 172pp.ISBN978-0-87969-0(hardcover)$65.00,ISBN 978-0-87969-821-8(paper)$45.00.Over the past30years,there have been several iterations of books aimed at capturing in brief the essence of the organization and function of the nervous system.Not uncommonly,they extract general princi-ples that would be more fully explored in a compre-hensive text but do not otherwise deviate significantly from the traditional form and content of presentation. This one does.Ralph Greenspan is an established neuroscientist who has pioneered novel research to explore basic and cognitive aspects of nervous system function using the fruit fly as a model system.As he states in the Preface of this book,the Neurocience Institute,of which he is a staff scientist,aims to be a provocative academy,to“push the envelope.”That philosophy is clearly conveyed in the creative,non-traditional style of presentation in this special book. The title of the book,“An Introduction to Nervous Systems,”is a bit misleading.A more accurate title, although cumbersome,would be something like “An Introduction to Nervous Systems through Exam-ination of Some Invertebrate Models.”The book uses select examples from invertebrate nervous systems to convey some fundamental principles that apply in some respects to the organization and function of thenervous system in general.In the final,short chapter—“Are All Brains Alike?Are All Brains Different?”—theauthor writes“Perhaps all nervous systems make useof common general strategies.Anatomical disparitiesmay mask underlying functional similarities in thetasks performed by various circuits.”At first glance,it is surprising that nowhere in thetext are there descriptions of what has been learnedabout ion channels and membrane potentials from classical studies of squid giant axons;of neuralnetwork properties from studies of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion;of nervous system develop-ment from experiments on fruit fly nerve cord or nematode worms;of sensory signaling and receptionfrom the moth or cricket;or of insect social structure,for example.The author’s enthusiasm for Drosophila,which represents his main research subject,is reflectedin a substantial fraction of the book.Moreover,thereis little or no discussion of how the principles described are employed in mammals.Surveying thebreadth of the neurobiology landscape seems not to bethe primary purpose of this book.Rather,it describesselect examples that highlight what studies of“simple”invertebrate nervous systems have taught us.The taleslink organization of the nervous system to the organism’s behavior,for which invertebrates haveproven to be especially valuable.In a modern, molecular,mammalian research universe,the rich439 Downloaded from https:///icb/article/48/3/439/627027 by Guangxi University of Nationalities user on 18 September 2023history of fundamental contributions of invertebrates to neuroscience may too often be overlooked.It is especially in this respect that the book is a welcome contribution to the neurobiological literature.In the introduction to Chapter4—“Modulation,The Spice of Neural Life”—the author writes:“The capabilities of invertebrates have traditionally been underesti-mated.Perhaps this is because they are not warm and fuzzy...For whatever reason,it has taken us an inordinately long time to realize that even the simplest animals have the capacity for modifying their behavior by adjusting the activities of their nervous systems. Perhaps this is a fundamental,inseparable property of nervous systems.”Despite the fact that the book deviates from a traditional style,in its own way it follows a rather traditional sequence,e.g.,membrane potentials,then chemical signaling and sensing,then neural circuits,then neuromodulation,then biological clocks,then higher,or cognitive,function.There is a lot to like in this book,not only in its fascinating content but in the style of presentation. Ralph Greenspan weaves a tapestry about the molecular,cellular and network origins of function and behavior,and the implications for speciation, using a variety of invertebrate models.The images he creates are expressed as interesting,often humorous, readable stories about what some nervous systems do, how they do it,and how that has evolved using some basic principles in novel ways.Each chapter begins with a relevant quote or poem from a literary or scientific giant that sets the stage and tone for the often poetic introduction and description that follows. The stories themselves—about swimming in Paramecium and jellyfish,light detection by barnacles, decision making by marine snails,circadian rhythms, flying,and mating—are fascinating because they are set in a context of understanding the generation and modulation of behavior and,in some cases,the impact on ecology and evolution.Although the author states in the Preface that the book is intended for the neurobiology novice posses-sing a basic introductory knowledge of biology,this reviewer believes that it would be more appropriate for an individual with an introductory neurobiological background.For example,in the very first chapter, one quickly discovers that understanding“simple”systems can be quite complex.In particular,students new to neurobiology often struggle with concepts underlying the generation of membrane potentials and the relationship of voltage and current,yet the text and figures require some understanding of these topics.In this respect,the Glossary at the end of the book seems uneven,defining some very basic biological terms yet not defining“receptor potential,”for example,which is named but not explained in the caption of Figure3.10.Not to quibble,but this reviewer and two other neuroscientists who scanned the book question some statements or generalizations proposed,particularly in the Introduction(“What are Brains For”?).For example,on page1it states“When it comes to brains,size unquestionably matters.”While that is no doubt true,it may be the organization of cells,i.e.the way they interact,that is more relevant.If it is size that is so important,then one should note that about three quarters of cells in mammalian brain are glial cells, not neurons,some potentially capable of modulating chemical signaling at up to100,000synapses,yet their contributions are not mentioned(see below). Furthermore,spinal cords also possess much of the organization and cellular interactions,e.g.,integrating sensory input and generating motor output,yet we view their capabilities as somewhat lacking in comparison with brain.What might be the funda-mental differences between invertebrate and verte-brate nervous systems and between brain and spinal cord that yield unique aspects of functional compe-tence?Or,are they as different as we imagine them to be,particularly in comparing function in invertebrates versus vertebrates?These are some interesting questions—not found in a typical comprehensive text—that might be explored a bit further in the Introduction and perhaps elsewhere in the book.In addition,on page2,the author writes“Chemical sensing is almost certainly the original sense...,”yet mechanically gated ion channels that could sense changes in flow or pressure in the ambient environ-ment are universal and also have been identified in prokaryotic organisms.Also,on page4,the author writes“And because none of us wants to submit to being experimented upon...we study animals.”Yet, there is a substantial and rapidly growing literature that provides insights on the organization and function of human brain from studies of living persons—for example from functional MRI or stimulation/recording of brain of awake epileptic patients—or of postmortem tissue samples.There are several other aspects of the book in its current form that would benefit from revision in a second edition.First,the emphasis is on how invertebrate nervous systems inform on nervous systems in general,but it is not clear in many cases to what extent the general organization of the behaviors is similar in invertebrates and vertebrates or whether similar molecules or mechanisms are used for different purposes.Does evolution mix and match bits and pieces of behavioral components that moves behavior in new directions?One also wonders whether440Book ReviewsDownloaded from https:///icb/article/48/3/439/627027 by Guangxi University of Nationalities user on 18 September 2023there are good examples of invertebrate nervous systems and behaviors that do not translate well to a mammalian equivalent.Second,the book has a traditional neurocentric focus—and some inverte-brates indeed have few glial cells—yet in the past couple of decades it has become abundantly clear from studies of mammalian systems that interactions of neurons with glia play vital roles in regulation of neural function,development and blood flow.Third, some of the figures could benefit from greater clarity or correction of the illustration or of the explanation in the caption,including citing the source link that is listed in the Bibliography at the end of the book.In addition,the Preface could note the location of the relevant Bibliography,currently organized by chapters but separate from them.It should be noted that the author also recently co-edited a much more compre-hensive(800pages),related book(“Invertebrate Neurobiology”)with Geoffrey North.In summary,this is an excellent book for gaining an appreciation for the links between form-function and behavior in the nervous system from invertebrate model systems and one that is interesting and enjoyable to read.It should be particularly valuable in inspiring budding or established life scientists to read more on the subject or even to become engaged in the pursuit of elucidating fundamental principles of neurobiology and behavior.It should stimulate broad questions about nervous systems and behavior. From a pedagogical perspective,I could imagine it being assigned as a short text in a general course on neurobiology and behavior or in a specialized neurobiology course that focuses on invertebrates or as a supplement to a more comprehensive text.Robert M.GrossfeldDepartment of Zoology NC State University,Raleigh,NC27695E-mail:*************************Advance Access publication February15,2008doi:10.1093/icb/icn004Rodent Societies–An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective.Jerry O.Wolff and Paul W.Sherman,editors. Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press,2007.610pp. ISBN0-226-90536-5(cloth),$125.00and ISBN0-226-90537-3(paper),$49.00.As the editors point out in the first sentence of the first chapter,“The Rodentia is the largest order of mammals consisting of more than2000species and comprising44%of all mammals.”This breadth makes the task of compiling a definitive and comprehensive anthology on rodent societies a nearly impossible task,but the result is undoubtedly the most exhaustive and progressive analysis of rodent social behavior to date.Deftly edited by Jerry Wolff and Paul Sherman,this well-organized book,consisting of41chapters from61contributors is,without doubt,a significant compendium of more than50years of research.That being said,only a true rodent lover is likely to love this book.Its creation was prompted by the success of the two volumes within this series that preceded it:Primate Societies and Cetacean Societies(published by University of Chicago Press).Thus,the scope and format of Rodent Societies is in many ways similar to that of the previous two volumes.The text is organized into nine sections,beginning with a succinct,but satisfying,overview of rodent evolutionary history and proceeding through sexual behavior,life histories and behavior,behavioral development,social behavior, antipredator behavior,comparative socioecology,con-servation and disease,and a final concluding sectionwritten by the editors on potential directions for future research.Each chapter concludes with a summary thatbriefly reviews the material,identifies caveats,and frequently suggests strategies for future research.The chapters are written by some of the most productiveand well-known scholars in the field but,as expected ina multi-authored work,the quality is uneven.Some chapters do a better job than others of achieving thestated goal to“synthesize and integrate the currentstate of knowledge about the social behavior of rodents”and to“provide ecological and evolutionary contexts for understanding rodent societies.”However,it generally succeeds in combining ideasand strategies from a wide range of disciplines to generate new theoretical and experimental paradigmsfor exploring rodent social behavior.Despite this,itfeels outdated in many places.Much of the work citedin the text is not new,with the majority of citationsdating before2000and a substantial number datingbefore1985.Even the photographs,all in black andwhite,are fairly old and some date back to the1950s.Some of the illustrations are even hand-drawn.Thismakes the book feel like historical retrospective rathera breakthrough collaborative of evolutionary and behavioral biology.441 Downloaded from https:///icb/article/48/3/439/627027 by Guangxi University of Nationalities user on 18 September 2023。
2025届人教版(2019)高中英语一轮话题复习高考题型通关练课件：话题2 学校生活
√C.Julia should overcome the fear to drive.
D.Julia was smart to deal with any trouble. 解析 推理判断题。根据第三段的“I realized that no matter how I felt about it...‘You’re stronger than you think，’ I said.”可知，当茱莉亚与保险公司 代理人打电话时，作者意识到朱莉亚长大了，应该克服开车的恐惧。
The Zem is the second zero－emission vehicle we’ve seen come out of the Eindhoven University of st year ， another team of students created the Stella Vita，a solar－powered vehicle that could travel up to 450 miles a day.We can’t wait to see what the school’s students come up with next. 【语篇解读】 本文是说明文。文章介绍了埃因霍芬理工大学的学生们创造出 一款名叫Zem的吸收二氧化碳的电动汽车。
高考题型通关
2.What did the doctor suggest to Julia?
A.Staying away from driving. B.Attending a driving lesson. C.Contacting the insurance agent.
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D4
Developed
D3
D2
velopmental Level of Followers
How Does the Situational Approach Work?
Focus of Situational Approach
Strengths
Criticisms
Criticisms
• Lack of an empirical foundation raises theoretical considerations regarding the validity of the approach. • Further research is required to determine how commitment and competence are conceptualized for each developmental level. • Conceptualization of commitment itself and why it varies is very unclear. • Replication studies fail to support basic prescriptions of situational leadership model.
Dimension Definitions
D1 D2 D3 D4 Low Competence High Commitment Some Competence Low Commitment Mod-High Competence Low Commitment High Competence High Commitment Low
S4 - Delegating Style
• Leader offers LESS task input and social support; facilitates subordinates’ confidence and motivation in relation to the task • Leader lessens involvement in planning, control of details, and goal clarification • Gives subordinates control and refrains from intervention and unneeded social support
1st Task
Diagnose the Situation Identify the developmental level of employee Ask questions like:
• What is the task subordinates are being
2nd Task
Adapt their Style To prescribed Leadership style in the SLII model
– Directive (task) behaviors – Supportive (relationship) behaviors
Leadership Styles – con’t Dimension Definition • Directive behaviors - Help group members in goal achievement via oneway communication through:
Situational Approach Description, cont’d
(Hersey & Blanchard, 1969)
Definition
• Comprised of both a directive dimension & supportive dimension: – Each dimension must be applied appropriately in a given situation
• Emphasizes adapting style - different situations demand different kinds of leadership • Used extensively in organizational leadership training and development
– Leaders evaluate employees to assess their competence and commitment to perform a given task
Leadership Styles
Definition • Leadership style - the behavior pattern of an individual who attempts to influence others It includes both:
• Prescriptive value. Situational leadership clearly outlines what you should and should not do in various settings.
Strengths, cont’d.
• Leader flexibility. Situational leadership stresses that effective leaders are those who can change their style based on task requirements and subordinate needs. • Differential treatment. Situational leadership is based on the premise that leaders need to treat each subordinate according to his/her unique needs.
– Problem solving
– Praising, listening
S1 - Directing Style
• Leader focuses communication on goal achievement
• Spends LESS time using supportive behaviors
“The Situational approach requires leaders to demonstrate a strong degree of flexibility.”
How Does The Situational Approach Work?
Using SLII model – In any given situation the Leader has 2 tasks:
– Giving directions – Establishing goals & how to achieve them – Methods of evaluation & time lines – Defining roles
Leadership Styles, cont’d. Dimension Definitions
Development Levels
Definition The degree to which subordinates have the competence and commitment necessary to accomplish a given task or activity
High Moderate
• Leadership style must correspond
asked to perform?
• How complicated is it? • What is their skill set? • Do they have the desire to complete the
to the employee’s development level
Application
Situational Approach
Focus
• Assumes that subordinates vacillate along the developmental continuum of competence and commitment • Leader effectiveness depends on – assessing subordinate’s developmental position, and – adapting his/her leadership style to match subordinate developmental level
job?
How Does The Situational Approach Work?
Employee’s Developmental level Leader’s Leadership style
D1
Low Competence High Commitment Some Competence Low Commitment Mod-High Competence Low Commitment High Competence High Commitment
Situational Approach Description (Hersey & Blanchard, 1969) “Leaders match their style to the competence and commitment of subordinates”