古建筑英文
中国古建筑英文
Disadvantages:
— Their durability is not as good as structures of brick or stone.
— wood grows very slowly and cannot be cut on a large scale recklessly.
• However, there are some down sides to having all of these decorations of the roof.
• The tremendous weight could eventually bring down the entire complex.
•Palace
The Chinese word for "palace" is Gong. The Forbidden City of Beijing, which still stands intact and which served as the imperial palace for both Ming and Qing emperors (1368-1911) covers an area of 720,000 square meters and embraces many halls, towers, pavilions and studies measured as 9,900 bays. It is one of the greatest palaces of the world. In short, palaces grew into a veritable city and are often called Gongcheng (palace city).
古建筑英文word精品
中国古典园林---- c lassical Chinese garden中国传统园林---- t raditional Chinese garden中国古代园林---- a ncient Chinese garden中国山水园------ C hinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑----- imperial palace garden皇家园林----- royal garden私家园林----- private garden江南园林-------- g arden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林-------- western classical garden英国式园林------------- English style garden中英混合式园林--------- Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林----------- Italian style garden西班牙式园林----------- Spainish style garden法兰西式园林----------- French style garden勒诺特尔式园林--------- Le Notre\'s style garden文艺复兴庄园------------- Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林--------------- Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林------------- Baroque style garden庄园---------------- manor,villa garden廊柱园-------------- peristyle garden,patio绿廊---------------- xystus迷阵---------------- maze,labyrinth灵囿---------------- Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语灵沼--------- Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语灵台--------- Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语阿房宫------- E-Pang Palace 秦代术语上林苑---------- S hang-Lin Yuan 汉代术语未央宫---------- W ei-Yang Palace 汉代术语洛阳宫---------- L uoyang Palace 魏代术语华清宫---------- H ua-Qing Palace 唐代术语艮岳------------ G en Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语圆明园---------- Y uan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园------------ Yi-HE Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄-------- Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林------------ Suzhou traditional garden悬园------ Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园” ，“架高园” 。
中国古建筑(英文) ppt课件
• The tremendous weight could eventually bring down the entire complex.
PPT课件
9
•Palace
The Chinese word for "palace" is Gong. The Forbidden City of Beijing, which still stands intact and which served as the imperial palace for both Ming and Qing emperors (1368-1911) covers an area of 720,000 square meters and embraces many halls, towers, pavilions and studies measured as 9,900 bays. It is one of the greatest palaces of the world. In short, palaces grew into a veritable city and are often called Gongcheng (palace city).
PPT课件
2
Disadvantages:
— Their durability is not as good as structures of brick or stone.
— wood grows very slowly and cannot be cut on a large scale recklessly.
骑楼 (qí lóu)Arcade Building—中国古建筑及其故事英文版介绍
骑楼(qílóu)Arcade BuildingVeranda-style buildings populate the south Qilou, arcade building or arcade house, is a fusion of traditional Asian architecture and the 18thcentury Western veranda style, with some Indian and Arabic influences thrown in.These houses can be found chiefly in south and southwest China, including Guangdong, Fujianand Hainan provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. But they may also appear insome other cities south of the Yangtze River. Even in Shanghai, there are streets lined with qilou,or arcadebuildings.Such buildings were first introduced after the 1840 Opium War, an aggressive war waged byBritain against China.After China's defeat in that and following wars with the Western powers, great influences fromthe Western Hemisphere began to affect Chinese people's daily lives, including their buildingsand houses.Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province, was one of the first cities in the country tointroduce arcade buildings in the late years of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911).The most prominent feature of such buildings is that they are linked together by a veranda,which had become widespread since the 1850s in many Western countries and their colonies,including those along the Mediterranean Sea, Australia, New Zealand, India and even the westernpart of the United States.At first, people in Guangzhou built commercial buildings, usually three- or four-story highstructures, with an arcade running along the street and striding over the sidewalk. Such arcadescan stretch for several hundred meters or even surround a whole block. They can provide shelterfor shopsalong the sidewalks as well as the pedestrians from the capricious local weather, whichsees scorching sun one minute and biblical rain the next.In Guangzhou, most arcade buildings are located along its commercial streets, such as DishifuRoad, Shangxiajiu Road, Zhongshan Road, Jiefang Road, Remin Road S. and Yide Road. Thearcade buildings in the Xihaokou area are supposed to be the finest of their kind. They includethe New Asia Hotel, Nanfang Building and Oi Kwan Hotel.Copying Gothic windows, ancient Roman columns, Southeast Asian holed walls, baroquedecorations or modern functionalism, those arcade buildings were built in various architecturalstyles.But after the 1960s, few new arcade structures have been built in the city.Another concentration of arcade buildings in the country can be spotted in Haikou, capital city ofHainan Province, the big island close to the southernmost tip of the Chinese mainland. Haikou features many so-called qilou streets or arcade building streets. Most of them, of course,are commercial buildings housing all kinds of shops.The arcade building streets in Haikou cover an area of 1.5 square kilometers, stretching for morethan 3,800 meters and comprising several roads. Some of the buildings there are more than 100years old, with the oldest dating to 1849.The local government has already presented this area, now a popular tourist attraction in the city,as a candidate for the World Cultural Heritage List.The Qilou Arcade Street in Beihai in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionMeanwhile, Quanzhou in Fujian Province, Wuzhou and Beihai in Guangxi Zhuang AutonomousRegion and a number of other cities around southern China boast many well-preservedarcadebuildings. Some are known for their unique architectural features, such as water gates and ironrings on the outer walls.It is said that such designs were aimed at providing people in the buildings access to the outsideand places to moor boats when the streets were heavily flooded.Pictorial dictionary·山花(shān huā) pedimentShanhua, or pediment, is the triangular part on the top of a gable wall under a gable and hiproof.In the West, the pediment is usually placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature andfound in classical Greek temples, Renaissance and neoclassical architecture. But in China, theycan be spotted on the top of the end walls of a house with a double sloping roof.The pediment in the country is often adorned with glazed tiles or brick sculptures. In the north,the pediment decorations are mostly of themes such as divine animals, figurines and folk stories.In the south, people prefer brick sculptures of flowers and other plants.Fine examples of such pediments can be found in ancient gardens such as the Lion Grove Gardenin Suzhou and the Small Golden Hill in Yangzhou, both in east China's Jiangsu Province.。
世界文化遗产名录中英文对照
世界文化遗产名录中英文对照亚洲及太平洋地区(中国) CHINA■长城The Great Wall 1987■明清皇宫（北京故宫、沈阳故宫）Imperial Palace 1987■泰山Mount Taishan 1987■莫高窟Mogao Caves 1987■秦始皇陵及兵马俑坑Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor1987■周口店北京人遗址1Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian 1987■黄山 Mount Huangshan 1990■承德避暑山庄及周围庙宇 Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde 1994■曲阜孔庙孔林孔府 Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu 1994 ■武当山古建筑群 Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains 1994■拉萨布达拉宫历史建筑群 Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa 1994■庐山国家公园 Lushan National Park 1996■峨嵋山风景名胜区(包括乐山大佛) Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area 1996■平遥古城 Ancient City of Ping Yao 1997■苏州古典园林 Classical Gardens of Suzhou 1997■丽江古城 Old Town of Lijiang 1997■颐和园 Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing 1998■北京天坛 Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing 1998■武夷山 Mount Wuyi 1999■大足石刻 Dazu Rock Carvings 1999■青城山—都江堰 Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System 2000■皖南古城：西递和宏村 Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui - Xidi and Hongcun 2000■龙门石窟 Longmen Grottoes 2000■明清皇家陵寝 Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 2000■云冈石窟 Yungang Grottoes 2001■云南保护区的「三江并流」Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 2003■古代高句丽王国的王城及王陵 Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom 2004■澳门历史城区 The Historic Centre of Macao 2005■中国安阳殷墟 2006■开平碉楼与村落Kaiping Diaolou and Villages 2007■华南卡斯特地质South China Karst 2007■福建土楼Fujian Tulou 2008■三清山自然公园Mount Sanqingshan National Park 2008(柬埔寨) CAMBODIA■吴哥窟区 Angkor1992(孟加拉) BANGLADESH■巴凯尔哈特清真寺历史名城 Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat 1985■帕哈尔普尔的佛教毗诃罗遗址 Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur 1985(老挝) LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC■琅勃拉邦的古城 Town of Luang Prabang 1995■占巴塞文化风景区 Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape 2001(越南)■顺化历史建筑群Complex of Hue Monuments 1993■圣子修道院My Son Sanctuary 1999■会安古镇Hoi An Ancient Town 1999(阿富汗) AFGHANISTAN■查姆回教寺院尖塔和考古遗址Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam 2002■巴米扬谷文化景观和考古遗址Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley 2003 (澳大利亚) AUSTRALIA■皇家展览馆和卡尔顿园林Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens 2004(日本)JAPAN■法隆寺地区的佛教古迹Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area 1993■姬路城Himeji-jo 1993■古京都历史古迹(京都、宇治和大津城)Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) 1994■白川乡和五屹山历史村座Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama 1995■广岛和平纪念公园(原爆遗址)Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) 1996■严岛神殿Itsukushima Shinto Shrine 1996■古奈良的历史遗迹Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara 1998■日光的神殿与庙宇Shrines and Temples of Nikko 1999■琉球王国时期的遗迹Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu 2000■纪伊山脉胜地和朝圣路线以及周围的文化景观 2004(朝鲜)■高句丽古墓群 2004(伊朗) IRAN, Islamic Republic of■恰高·占比尔(神塔和建筑群)Tchogha Zanbil 1979■波斯波利斯Persepolis 1979■伊斯法罕王侯广场Meidan Emam, Esfahan 1979■塔赫特苏莱曼Takht-e Soleyman 2003■帕萨尔加德Pasargadae 2004■巴姆城堡 Bam Cultural Landscape 2004(印度) INDIA■阿旃陀石窟群Ajanta Caves 1983■埃洛拉(埃卢鲁)石窟群Ellora Caves 1983■亚格拉古堡Agra Fort 1983■泰姬·玛哈尔Taj Mahal 1983■科纳拉克太阳神庙Sun Temple, Konarak 1984■默哈伯利布勒姆古迹群Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram 1984■果阿教堂和修道院Churches and Convents of Goa 1986■卡杰拉霍建筑群Khajuraho Group of Monuments 1986■汉皮古迹群Group of Monuments at Hampi 1986■法塔赫布尔西格里Fatehpur Sikri 1986■帕塔达卡尔建筑群Group of Monuments at Pattadakal 1987■埃勒凡塔石窟Elephanta Caves 1987■坦贾武尔的布里哈迪斯瓦拉神庙Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur 1987■桑吉佛教古迹Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi 1989■德里的胡马雍陵Humayun's Tomb, Delhi 1993■德里的顾特卜塔及其古建筑Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi 1993■大吉岭喜马拉雅铁路Darjeeling Himalayan Railway 1999■菩提伽耶的摩诃菩提寺Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya 2002■温迪亚山脉的比莫贝卡特石窟Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka 2003■贾特拉帕蒂·希瓦吉终点站Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) 2004■印度尚庞－巴瓦加德考古公园 Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park 2004(尼泊尔) NEPAL■加德满都谷地Kathmandu Valley 1979■佛祖诞生地兰毗尼Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha 1997(巴基斯坦) PAKISTAN■摩亨佐达罗考古遗迹Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro 1980■塔克希拉 Taxila 1980■塔克特依巴依寺庙和萨尔依巴赫洛古遗址Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol 1980■塔塔城的历史建筑Historical Monuments of Thatta 1981■拉合尔古堡和夏利玛尔公园Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore 1981■罗赫达斯要塞Rohtas Fort 1997(土库曼斯坦) TURKMENISTAN■古梅尔夫国家历史文化公园State Historical and Cultural Park 'Ancient Merv' 1999(哈萨克斯坦) KAZAKHSTAN■霍贾·艾哈迈德·亚萨维陵墓The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 2003■泰姆格里考古景观岩刻 2004(菲律宾) PHILIPPINES■菲律宾巴洛克教堂Baroque Churches of the Philippines 1993■菲律宾科迪勒拉水稻梯田Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 1995■维甘历史古城Historic Town of Vigan 1999(韩国) REPUBLIC OF KOREA■石窟庵和佛国寺Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple 1995■海印寺及八万大藏经藏经处Haeinsa Temple, Janggyeong Pangeon, the Depositories for theTripitaka Koreana Woodblocks 1995■宗庙Jongmyo Shrine 1995■昌德宫建筑群Changdeokgung Palace Complex 1997■华松古堡Hwaseong Fortress 1997■庆州历史区Gyeongju Historic Areas 2000■高昌、华森和江华的史前墓遗址Gochang, Hwasun, and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites 2000(斯里兰卡) SRI LANKA■阿努拉德普勒圣城Sacred City of Anuradhapura 1982■波隆纳鲁沃古城Ancient City of Polonnaruwa 1982■锡吉里那古城Ancient City of Sigiriya 1982■康提圣城Sacred City of Kandy 1988■加勒老城及其城堡Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications 1988■丹布勒金殿Golden Temple of Dambulla 1991(泰国) THAILAND■素可泰历史城镇及相关历史城镇Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns 1991 ■阿育他亚(大城)历史城及相关城镇Historic City of Ayutthaya and Associated Historic Towns 1991 ■班清阿考古遗址Ban Chiang Archaeological Site 1992(乌兹别克斯坦) UZBEKISTAN■伊特察思·卡拉Itchan Kala 1990■布哈拉历史中心Historic Centre of Bukhara 1993■沙赫利苏伯兹历史中心Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz 2000■处在文化十字路口的撒马尔罕城Samarkand - Crossroads of Cultures 2001(蒙古) MONGOLIA■鄂尔浑峡谷文化景观 2004(印度尼西亚) INDONESIA■婆罗浮屠寺庙群Borobudur Temple Compounds 1991■普兰巴南寺庙群Prambanan Temple Compounds 1991■桑义兰早期人类遗址Sangiran Early Man Site 1996美洲(阿根廷) ARGENTINA■库埃瓦—德尔阿斯—马诺斯Cueva de las Manos, Rio Pinturas1999■科尔多巴耶稣会牧场和街区Jesuit Block and Estancias of Cordoba2000（Cordoba的第一个O上有一撇）■塔夫拉达德乌玛瓦卡Quebrada de Humahuaca2003(阿根廷和巴西) ARGENTINA and BRAZIL■瓜拉尼人聚居地的耶稣会传教区：阿根廷的圣伊格纳西奥米尼、圣安娜、罗雷托和圣母玛利亚艾尔马约尔村遗迹以及巴西的圣米格尔杜斯米索纳斯遗迹Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Senora de Loreto and Santa Maria la Mayor (Argentina); Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) 1983-1984(玻利维亚) BOLIVIA■波托西城City of Potosi1987■奇基托斯基督教传教区Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos1990■苏克雷城Historic City of Sucre1991■萨迈帕塔考古遗址Fuerte de Samaipata1998■蒂瓦纳科文化的精神和政治中心Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture2000 (智利)CHILE■拉帕努伊国家公园Rapa Nui National Park1995■奇洛埃教堂Churches of Chiloe 2000■瓦尔帕莱索港口城市历史区Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaiso2003(巴西) BRAZIL■欧鲁普雷图历史名镇Historic Town of Ouro Preto 1980■奥林达历史中心Historic Centre of Olinda1982■巴伊亚州的萨尔瓦多历史中心Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia1985■孔戈尼亚斯的仁慈耶稣圣殿Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas1985■巴西利亚Brasilia 1987■卡皮瓦拉山国家公园Serra da Capivara National Park1991■圣路易斯历史中心Historic Centre of Sao Luis1997■蒂阿曼蒂那城历史中心Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina 1999■戈亚斯城历史中心 Historic Centre of the Town of Goias2001(加拿大) CANADA■拉安斯欧克斯梅多国家历史遗址L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site 1978■安东尼岛SGaang Gwaii (Anthony Island)1981■美洲野牛涧地带Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump1981■魁北克古城区Historic District of Quebec 1985(C iv, vi)■卢嫩堡旧城Old Town Lunenburg1995(智利) CHILE■拉帕努伊国家公园Rapa Nui National Park1995■奇洛埃教堂Churches of Chiloe 2000■瓦尔帕莱索港口城市历史区Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaiso2003(哥伦比亚) COLOMBIA■卡塔赫纳港口、要塞和古迹群Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena 1984■蒙波斯的圣克鲁斯历史中心Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de Mompox 1995■铁拉登特罗国家考古公园National Archaeological Park of Tierradentro 1995■圣奥古斯丁考古公园San Agustin Archaeological Park 1995(洪都拉斯) HONDURAS■科潘玛雅古迹损址Maya Site of Copan1980(古巴) CUBA■哈瓦那旧城及其工事体系Old Havana and its Fortifications1982■特立尼达和洛斯因赫尼奥斯山谷Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios1988■古巴圣地亚哥的圣佩德罗德拉罗卡堡San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba1997■比尼亚莱斯山谷Vinales Valley1999■古巴东南第一座咖啡种植园考古风景区Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba 2000(多米尼加共和国) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC■圣多明各殖民城市 Colonial City of Santo Domingo(厄瓜多尔) ECUADOR■基多旧城City of Quito1978■昆卡的洛斯·里奥斯的圣安娜历史中心Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Rios de Cuenca1999(萨尔瓦多) EL SALVADOR■霍亚－德赛伦考古遗址Joya de Ceren Archaeological Site 1993(危地马拉) GUATEMALA■安提瓜危地马拉Antigua Guatemala1979■基里瓜考古公园和玛雅文化遗址Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua 1981(海地) HAITI■国家历史公园：城堡、圣苏西宫、拉米尔斯堡垒National Historic Park Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers 1982 墨西哥MEXICO■帕伦克古城和国家公园Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque 1987■墨西哥城与赫霍奇米尔科历史中心Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco 1987■特奥蒂瓦坎Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan 1987■瓦哈卡历史中心与阿尔班山考古遗址Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Alban1987 ■普埃布拉历史中心Historic Centre of Puebla 1987■瓜纳托历史名城及周围矿藏Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines1988■奇琴伊察古城Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza 1988■莫雷利亚城历史中心Historic Centre of Morelia 1991■埃尔塔津古城El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City 1992■萨卡特卡斯历史中心Historic Centre of Zacatecas 1993■圣弗兰西斯科山脉岩画Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco 1993■波波卡特佩特火山坡上最早的16世纪修道院Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl 1994■乌斯马尔古镇Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal 1996■克雷塔罗历史遗迹区Historic Monuments Zone of Queretaro 1996■瓜达拉哈拉的卡瓦尼亚斯救济所Hospicio Cabanas, Guadalajara 1997■大卡萨斯的帕魁姆考古区Archaeological Zone of Paquime, Casas Grandes 1998■塔拉科塔潘历史遗迹区Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan1998■霍齐卡尔科的历史纪念区Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco1999■坎佩切历史要塞城Historic Fortified Town of Campeche 1999■坎佩切卡拉科姆鲁古老的玛雅城Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche 2002■克雷塔罗的谢拉戈达圣方济会修道院Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Queretaro 2003 ■路易斯·巴拉干故居和工作室 2004(尼加拉瓜) NICARAGUA■莱昂·别霍遗址Ruins of Leon Viejo2000(巴拿马) PANAMA■巴拿马加勒比海岸的防御工事：波托韦洛－圣洛伦索Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo San Lorenzo 1980■巴拿马城考古遗址及巴拿马历史名区Archaeological Site of Panama Viejo and the Historic Districtof Panama1997, 2003(圣基特和尼维斯岛) SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS■硫磺石山要塞国家公园Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park1999(巴拉圭) PARAGUAY■塔瓦兰格的耶稣和巴拉那的桑蒂西莫－特立尼达耶稣会传教区Jesuit Missions of La Santisima Trinidad de Parana and Jesus de Tavarangue 1993(苏里南) SURINAME■帕拉马里博的古内城Historic Inner City of Paramaribo2002(美国) USA■梅萨维德印第安遗址Mesa Verde 1978■独立大厅Independence Hall1979■卡俄基亚土丘历史遗址Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site 1982■大烟雾山国家公园Great Smoky Mountains National Park 1983■波所黎各的古堡与圣胡安历史遗址La Fortaleza and San Juan Historic Site in Puerto Rico1983■自由女神像Statue of Liberty1984■查科文化国家历史公园Chaco Culture National Historical Park 1987■夏洛茨维尔的蒙蒂塞洛和弗吉尼亚大学Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville1987 ■陶斯印第安村Pueblo de Taos 1992(秘鲁) PERU■科斯科古城City of Cuzco 1983■夏文考古遗址Chavin (Archaeological Site)1985■昌昌城考古地区Chan Chan Archaeological Zone 1986■利马的历史中心Historic Centre of Lima1988-1991■纳斯卡和朱马纳草原的线条图Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana 1994■阿雷基帕城历史中心Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa 2000非洲及阿拉伯地区(阿尔及利亚) ALGERIA■贝尼·哈玛德的卡拉城Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad1980■杰米拉Djemila1982■蒂帕萨Tipasa1982■蒂姆加德Timgad1982■阿尔及尔城堡Kasbah of Algiers1992(埃及) EGYPT■孟菲斯及其墓地金字塔Memphis and its Necropolis the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur 1979 ■底比斯古城及其墓地Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis1979■阿布辛拜勒至菲莱的努比亚遗址Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae1979■伊斯兰开罗Islamic Cairo1979■阿布米那基督教遗址Abu Mena1979■圣卡特琳娜地区Saint Catherine Area2002(伊拉克) IRAQ■哈特拉Hatra1985■亚述古城Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)2003(约旦) JORDAN■佩特拉Petra1985■库塞尔阿姆拉Quseir Amra1985■乌姆赖萨斯考古遗址2004(黎巴嫩) LEBANON■安杰尔Anjar 1984■巴勒贝克Baalbek1984■比布鲁斯Byblos1984■提尔城Tyre1984(利比亚) LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA■莱波蒂斯考古遗址Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna1982■萨布拉塔考古遗址Archaeological Site of Sabratha1982■昔兰尼考古遗址Archaeological Site of Cyrene1982■塔德拉尔特·阿卡库斯石窟Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus1982■加达梅斯古镇Old Town of Ghadames1986(C v) (Ghadames的E上面有一点)(也门) YEMEN■萨那古城Old City of Sana'a1986■城墙环绕的希巴姆古城Old Walled City of Shibam1982■乍比得历史古城Historic Town of Zabid1993(突尼斯) TUNISIA■突尼斯的阿拉伯人聚居区Medina of Tunis1979■迦太基遗址Site of Carthage1979■杰姆的圆形竞技场Amphitheatre of El Jem1979■科克瓦尼布尼城及其陵园Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis1985-1986■苏塞古城Medina of Sousse1988■凯鲁万Kairouan1988■沙格镇Dougga/Thugga1997JERUSALEM(proposed for inscription by Jordan)(耶路撒冷) (由约旦提请加入世界遗产名录■耶路撤冷旧城及其城墙①Old city of jerusalem and its Walls 1981)(毛里塔尼亚) MAURITANIA■瓦丹、欣盖提、提希特和瓦拉塔古镇Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata1996 (摩洛哥) MOROCCO■非斯的阿拉伯人聚居区Medina of Fez1981■马拉柯什的阿拉伯人聚居区Medina of Marrakesh1985■阿伊特·本·哈杜筑垒村Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou 1987■历史名城梅克内斯Historic City of Meknes1996■瓦卢比利斯考古遗址Archaeological Site of Volubilis1997■缔头万城Medina of Tetouan (formerly known as Titawin)1997 （Tetouan的E上面有一点）■索维拉城（原摩加多尔） Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador)2001■马扎甘葡萄牙城 2004(阿曼) OMAN■巴赫莱要塞Bahla Fort1987■巴特·库特姆和艾因考古遗址Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn1988■乳香之路The Frankincense Trail 2000(苏丹) SUDAN■博尔戈尔山及纳巴塔地区Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region2003(叙利亚) SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC■大马士革古城Ancient City of Damascus1979■布基拉古城Ancient City of Bosra 1980■帕尔米拉古城遗址Site of Palmyra1980■阿勒颇古城Ancient City of Aleppo 1986注①：“耶路撒冷旧城及其城墙”遗产其归属问题在国际上尚未确定。
莫高窟 (mò gāo kū)Mogao Grottoes—中国古建筑及其故事英文版介绍
莫高窟(mògāo kū)Mogao GrottoesSpiritual, artistic and architectural wonders The Mogao Grottoes in northwest China are the greatest Buddhist caves, and the second oldestafter the Qiuci Grottoes in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region still in existence in the countrytoday.Also known as the Caves of a Thousand Buddhas, the grottoes are about 25 kilometers southeastof Dunhuang in Gansu Province, a strategic center for trade, as well as a hub for cultural andreligious exchanges on the Silk Road in ancient times.Construction of the caves began in the 4th century AD. According to a legend, Buddhist monk Le Zun saw 1,000 Buddhas bathed in golden light at thesite. He then decided to dig a cave into the cliff to create a place for mediation while pursuing hisquest for enlightenment.Gradually, more Buddhist monks came here to dig caves into the cliff of the east range of MountMingsha. The caves served as both their homes and places to meditate.Later, caves began to be carved out of the southern side of the cliff to serve as places for worshipand pilgrimage.By the T ang Dynasty (618–907 AD) there were more than 1,000 grottoes.Today, 735 caves, which contain numerous murals and 2,415 statues of Buddha, still exist.Distributed on four levels and stretching 1,680 meters from south to north, the floor space ofeach cave varies from more than 200 square meters to less than one square meter.Since the grottoes on the north section of the cliff once served as mediation chambers, livingquarters and burial sites, they are simpler in design. But those on the south section are richlypainted and built in various styles as places for worship and pilgrimage.The main chambers of these caves feature distinctive architectural styles such as chaitya, nirvanaand grand Buddha.Cave No. 96 houses a sitting statue of Buddha measuring 35.6 meters in height.The chaitya style has a square-sectioned column standing in the center of the chamber,representing Buddha. Worshipers would circle around the column seeking blessings.Grottoes in the nirvana style are usually a rectangular chamber with a landscape orientation. Astatue of a reclined Buddha is placed on a platform built along the back wall and open forworshipers.A cave for a grand Buddha statue is often built according to the size of the statue. For instance,Cave No. 96 houses a sittingstatue of Buddha measuring 35.6 meters tall. It is made of stone andcolored with clay.Such caves all have a square base and the walls taper toward the ceiling, which is usually in theshape of a dome or a flat-top pyramid.Cave No. 96 was built in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. The cave is inside a tall andgrandiose pavilion featuring nine flying eaves, which were rebuilt in the 1930s.There are also caves that imitate traditional Chinese buildings and Buddhist architecture.Some of the grottoes once had wooden porches, but they have nearly all been lost due toerosion or destruction. There are several relatively well-preserved extant wooden eaves at the entrance of some caves.They are rare samples of the wooden structures prevalent in the Tang and Song (960–1279)dynasties.The large murals inside the caves have great artistic value. However, they are also treasured byarchitects and historians since they depict ancient buildings such as palaces, temples, pavilions,city walls, tents, bridges, prisons, beacon towers,taverns, wine shops and tombs.In 1987, the Mogao Grottoes were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Today it isone of the most popular tourist attractions in the country.Buddha statues in Maiji Mountain Grottoes Pictorial dictionary·石窟寺(shíkūsì) cave templeCave temples are a type of rock-cut architecture that China first introduced from India in the 3rdcentury AD, when Chinese Buddhist monks began to build caves in cliffs and used themasmediation chambers and living quarters.Later, more caves were chiseled out to serve as Buddhist temples for worship and pilgrimage.The best-known cave temples in China include the Mogao Grottoes, Maiji Mountain Grottoes,Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes. They are all fine examples of Chinese Buddhist art,combining architecture with sculptures and paintings.Most of these caves were built in one of six distinctive architecture styles.One is called chaitya, featuring a square-section column in the center of the cave. Worshiperscircle the column seeking blessings.Some large grottoes were built to house large Buddha statues, some of which are nearly 40meters tall.Others have combined the Buddhist style with traditional Chinese buildings.Cave temples have long been deemed a part of ancient Chinese architecture.。
窑洞 (yáo dòng)Cave House—中国古建筑及其故事英文版介绍
窑洞(yáo dòng)Cave HouseNorthern China's simple shelters last centuries For several thousand years, yaodong, or cave house, has been a typical residential dwelling forChinese people living on the Loess Plateau in northern China.The Loess Plateau, the largest of its kind in the world, covers an area of nearly 620,000 squarekilometers and lies 1,000 to 2,000 meters above sea level. The 50- to 200-meter-thick fine-grained and unstratified earth on the plateau provides an ideal condition for excavation and cavebuilding.Thanks to the thick and solid earth there, it is said that a home carved into the Loess Plateaucould be used for several hundred years.According to historical records, cave houses first appeared in China more than 4,000 years ago. Itwas even mentioned in the Book of Songs, the oldest extant collection of Chinese poems andsongs, written during the 10th to 7th centuries BC.Such simple shelters were easy to build, yet because of the thick cave wall, they are well-insulated from the cold winter and hot summer or outside noises.Usually, a cave room is about 3 to 4 meters wide and 6 to 8 meters deep, with a vaulted ceiling.Several neighboring rooms are connected by small tunnels.Through ages of evolution, the living conditions kept improving. For instance, during theWestern Han Dynasty (206 BC–25 AD), people began to install elaborate kitchens, kang (heatedbrick beds) and chimneys in the cave houses and during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD), thecave houses were divided into living quarters, kitchens and livestock stalls. More than 400 years later, people began to build thick and tallwalls around a group of cavehouses to protect them from burglary or outside turmoil.Today, the cave houses we see on the Loess Plateau can be divided into three main types —cliffyaodong, sunken courtyard yaodong and the stand-alone yaodong.The cliff yaodong is built into loess cliffs or along hill slopes. People first shaved the cliff into avertical surface and then carved into the earth to build a 3- or 5-room cave house.Cliff yaodongOn the side of a deep valley, the cave houses could be carved out on two or more levels. Whenthe earth was not thick enough near the hill tip, the builders first dug horizontally intothe hilland then carved a room into the earth.In flat areas, such as plains, people would dig a rectangular well about 5 to 8 meters deep withvertical wall surfaces inside. Then cave houses would be carved into those surfaces. The well wasthen used as a sunken courtyard.Along one wall inside the well, a sloped walkway is built to provide access to the ground surface.Cave houses in a sunken courtyard are actually underground dwellings, which have betterinsulation than other type of cave houses.People living on the Loess Plateau have also created another type of cave house, the socalled guyao, or "hooped cave house."▲Stand-alone yaodongIt's actually a type of stand-alone structure made of adobe, stones and mud, and featuring avaulted roof. Some of such cave houses even have a brick façade and tiled roofs to make themmore durable. Today, about 20 million Chinese people are still living in yaodongs in northernChina.Pictorial dictionary·炕(kàng) heated brick bedKang is a type of heated sleeping platform made of bricks or adobe. It's quite common innorthern China and especially in northeastern China, where temperature can dip to as low asminus 50 degrees Celsius in winter.A kang is usually about 1.7 to 2.3 meters wide and runs all the way along the southern ornorthern wall of a room. It is connected at one end to a wood or coal stove, usually in thekitchen, next room, and its other end is joined with a chimney.The inside cavity of a kang serves as a flue. When cooking, theheat and smoke from the stovewill be channeled through the kang to the chimney, thus heating the bed as well as the room. According to archaeological discoveries, people in China began to build kang during the WesternHan Dynasty (206 BC–25 AD), but others say people in northeastern China began to use heatedbed floors nearly 7,000 years ago.。
中国古建筑(英文)
Confucius
7
Longmen Grotteoes
• The carving began in North Wei Dynasty, and went on through East and West Wei Dynasties, then the Dynasties of North Qi, Zhou, Sui, Tang, and the Five Dynasties Period, lasting for over 400 years
• These temples belong to the black and the yellow sect, representing the Han and the Tibetan Buddhism
Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang and Terra-cotta Warriors
Ancient Chinese Architecture and Classical Gardens
The Great Wall
• Contruction of the Great Wall lasted for more than two thousand years, extended over 6700 kilometers,and the longest defesive engineer project in ancient times in the world
• The artistic content of the grottoes is exceedingly rich as an integrated art of architecture, sculpture and fresco, reflecting not only the acceptance of Buddhism in Dunhuang area, but also the history and society as well as economy of the area, and providing a vivid illustration of the localization of Buddhism in China and the capacity of Chinese people in their absorbing and remodeling of foreign cultures
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中国古典园林------classical Chinese garden
中国传统园林-------traditional Chinese garden
中国古代园林-------ancient Chinese garden
中国山水园----------Chinese mountain and water garden
帝王宫苑--------- imperial palace garden
皇家园林----------royal garden
私家园林-----------private garden
江南园林--------------garden on the Yangtze Delta
西方古典园林---------------western classical garden
英国式园林-------------------- English style garden
中英混合式园林--------------Anglo-Chinese style garden
意大利式园林------------------ Italian style garden
西班牙式园林----------------Spainish style garden
法兰西式园林------------------French style garden
勒诺特尔式园林---------------Le Notre\'s style garden
文艺复兴庄园--------------------Renaissance style garden
洛可可式园林-----------------------Rococo style garden
巴洛克式园林---------------------Baroque style garden
庄园--------------------------manor,villa garden
廊柱园-----------------------peristyle garden,patio
绿廊----------------------------xystus
迷阵-----------------------------maze,labyrinth
灵囿-------------------------- Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语
灵沼---------------Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语
灵台---------------Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语
阿房宫-------------E-Pang Palace 秦代术语
上林苑---------------Shang-Lin Yuan 汉代术语
未央宫---------------Wei-Yang Palace 汉代术语
洛阳宫----------------Luoyang Palace 魏代术语
华清宫----------------Hua-Qing Palace 唐代术语
艮岳-------------------Gen Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语
圆明园----------------Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden
颐和园-------------------Yi-HE Yuan Imperial Garden
承德避暑山庄---------------Chengde Imperial Summer Resort
苏州园林----------------------Suzhou traditional garden
悬园----------- Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。
英国皇家植物园-----------Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 又称“邱园”。
凡尔赛宫苑-----------------Versailles Palace Park
枫丹白露宫园------------Fontainebleau Palace Garden
景---------------------------view,scenery,feature
远景-------------------------distant view
近景-------------------------nearby view
障景----------------obstructive scenery, blocking view 又称“抑景”。
借景--------------------borrowed scenery,view borrowing
对景---------------------oppositive scenery,view in opposite place
缩景---------------------miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery
漏景-------------------- leaking through scenery
框景---------------------enframed scenery
尾景------------------------terminal feature
主景-----------------------main feature
副景------------------------secondary feature
配景------------------------- objective view
夹景--------------------------vista line,vista 又称“风景线”
前景----------------------------front view
背景-------------------------------background
景序----------------------------order of sceneries
景点-------------------------------feature spot,view spot
园林空间--------------------------garden space
开敞空间----------------------------wide open space,wide space
封闭空间-----------------------------encloseure space
意境----------------------------artistic conception,poetic imagery
苍古-----------------------------antiquity
空灵------------------------------spaciousness,airiness
动观------------------------------- in-motion viewing
静观---------------------------------in-position viewing
轴线---------------------------------axis,axial line
主轴---------------------------------main axis
副轴-------------------------------auxiliary axis
暗轴------------------------ hidden axis,invisible axis 又称“隐轴”。