广东中学英语教学法真题(08.7)
2008年7月广东省高等教育自学考试
中学英语教学法试卷
一、单项选择题（在每小题的备选答案中选出一个正确的答案，并将正确的号码填在题干的括号内。每小题1分，共30分）
1．第二语言习得了理论中对待语言输入有三种观点。其中强调外部条件，视语言为一种人类行为，并认为语言行为与其他行为一样是通过习惯养成而获得的观点属于（）
A、先天论
B、行为主义(P223)
C、相互作用
D、发生认识论
2、如果一个人懂得如何结合一定的上下文来理解句子之间的关系和句子的意义，那么，根据卡南尔和斯温纳（Canale&Swain）的交际能力理论，我们可以认为这个人具有（）
A、交际能力
B、语言能力
C、社交能力
D、篇章能力P97
3、根据美国语言学家克拉申（S.Krashen）的观点，就语言习得而言，人们在接触大量的语言输入之后，说的能力就可以（）
A、通过反复练习获得
B、自然产生P101
C、暂时不产生
D、通过有意识的推理获得
4、美国语言学家拉多（https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,do）认为在外语学习时，学习者出现困难和发生错误的原因是（）
A、对语言规则的过度概括
B、母语的干扰
C、应用规则不完全
D、教学不当
5、相互作用的模式认为，在阅读或聆听时，必须调用（）
A、语言功能、语言知识和语言技能
B、语言图式、内容图式和形式图式(P112)
C、语言规则、语言理解和语言运用
D、学习策略、交际策略和认知策略
6、下列属于控制性语言活动的是（）
A、角色扮演
B、语言游戏
C、线索反应操练(P233)
D、辩论
7、美国语言学家克拉申（S.Krashen）在谈到情感过滤假设时，提到的概念是（）
A、临界期
B、认知结构
C、顺化
D、忧虑程度(P102)
8、美国语言学家乔姆斯基（Norm Chomsky0认为,人们能够学习和使用语言，而动物不能学习和使用语言，是因为（）
A、人类通过习惯养成而获得语言
B、学习者心理能力与语言环境相互作用的结果
C、人类具有天赋的学习语言能力(P91)
D、人类能通过模仿和重复学习语言
9、认知法的理论基础之一是（）
A、图式理论
B、输出理论
C、二语习得理论
D、转换生成语法
10、按照海姆斯的观点，如果一个人知道对什么人在什么场合以及在什么时间用什么方式讲些什么话和不讲什么话，我们可以认为他获得了（）
A、语言能力
B、语法能力
C、交际能力(P95)
D、篇章能力
11、下列属于描写非交际性语言活动特点的是（）
A语言材料不受控制
B、在活动过程中教师不纠正错误
C、多种语言形式运用
D、强调语言形式的掌握和逐个语言项目的训练(P223)
12、根据“自上而下”的信息加工的原理，在语言理解过程中起非常重要的作用的是（）
A、学习策略
B、交际策略
C、语言知识
D、背景知识(P109)
13、根据韩礼德所描述的语言的七种基本功能，当一位父亲对儿子说：“Do as I tell you..”时，该话语实施的功能为（）
A、工具功能
B、规章功能(P98)
C、相互关系功能
D、个人功能
14、有一种理论认为，语言是一套习惯。根据此理论，这套理论的形成必须经过（）
A、生成的过程
B、刺激的作用
C、学习语法规则
D、强化训练
15、听说法的理论基础基础之一是（）
A、结构主义语言学
B、转换生成语法
C、二语习得理论
D、交际能力理论
16、根据结构主义语言学的观点，语言（）
A、必须是得体的
B、首先是口语的（P83）
C、首先是书面的
D、是天生就有的
17、用于计划、调节和自我调整语言学习行为的策略属于学习者策略中的（）
A、认知策略
B、元认知策略(P118)
C、沟通策略
D、自我操控策略
18、我们所熟悉的期中考试、期末考试属于（）
A、水平考试
B、成绩考试(P173)
C、分离式考试
D、综合式考试
19、方框内的列子能帮助我们理解是哪一种阅读模式在阅读过程中起作用？（）
当我们读到下面这些句子时：Mary heard the ice cream man coming down the street ，she remembered her birthday money and rushed into the house…，多数读者都会认为小女孩是跑进屋里拿钱买冰淇淋。但如果加上一个分句：…and locked the door…，读者就会修正自己的理解。
A、自下而上模式
B、自上而下模式
C、语言图式模式
D、图式理论模式(P111)
20、美国语言学家克拉申（S.Krashen）在外语教学理论上提出了五个假设，其中包括（）
A、i+l假设
B、社会语言能力假设
C、二语习得假设
D、情感过滤假设(P100)
21、一些学者把焦虑分为二类：即退缩性焦虑和（）
A、促进性焦虑(P130)
B、同化性焦虑
C、顺化性焦虑
D、外部性焦虑
22、在语言测试中，一般来说，题目越多，（）
A、信度越高(P183)
B、信度越低
C、效度越高
D、效度越低
23、学习者运用所学的目标语来描述某一词语，以让对方明白其意，是属于学习者策略中的
（）
A、认知策略
B、元认知策略
C、自我操控策略D交际策略(P122)
24、布朗（H.Brown）按照策略与语言输入及语言输出的关系把学习者策略分为（）
A、认知策略和元认知策略
B、学习策略和交际策略（P119）
C、学习策略和沟通策略
D、认知策略和社会情感策略
25、下面方框内的这类检测题，常常会被用于
下面句子划线部分都是虚构的词，请在A,B,C,D,中选出它可能的意义。
Dusay the other West Indians Rick Ferreira is white, so he is not looked down upon as a second—class citizen.
A、作为
B、犹如
C、由于
D、不像
A、成绩考试
B、水平考试
C、学能考试（P178）
D、诊断考试
26、再说话之后，当我们发现自己的讲话出现了错误时，储存在我们头脑中的语言知识和规
则会帮我们意识到这些错误，并进行纠正。语言知识的这种作用叫（）
A、同化
B、认知功能
C、迁移作用
D、监察作用（P102）
27、学习者学习外语的目的是想利用外语这个工具去寻找职业，改善自己的社会地位和资格。
这种学习者具有（）
A、内部动机
B、外部动机
C、结合型动机
D、工具型动机（P126）
28、某位英语老师想测试学生的英语写作能力，他给学生出了这样一道作文题“How to Repair
a Televison?”,这道题（）
A、信度太低
B、信度太高
C、信度正常
D、效度太低（P189）
29、根据美国语言学家克拉申（S.Krashen）的习的和学习假设，习得（）
A、可以帮助学习者自然获得使用语言的能力(P100)
B、使学习者获得明示的语言知识
C、可以帮助纠正错误
D、可以起到监察作用
30、下列各题中出得最理想的是（）
A
What do you usually do ___?
A、in an evening
B、in the evening
C、on the evening
B、
She needs to get up earlier so she’s buying an ___clock.
A、time
B、alarm
C、watch
D、bell
C
She had to help the ___old man up the stairs.
A、weak
B、slowly C.try D.wisdom
D
We have worked out the plan and now wu must put it into___
A.fact
B.reality
C.practice
D.deed
二．选择填空题{本大题共10空，每空1分，共产党10分}
请从A. B. C. D. E F G H I J 中选出一个最佳答案的代码填在答案相应的位置上。错填，不填均无分。
A.内在化B、产生C、数据和资料D、实验法E、目的语
F、第二语言
G、英语教学
H、教法
I、自然条件
J、学习者
31、近二三十年来，现代外语教学法研究的重点从过去集中研究H转向重视对学习过程和J 的研究(P1)
32、英语教学法的研究对象是G( P3)
33、英语在南非、印度、新加坡等国家是F( P9)
34、语言学家科德（P.Corder）、理查兹（J.Richards）等认为外语学习过程是一个漫长的把E
的规则A的过程
35、用D研究外语教学时，研究者创设或改变一些条件，同时控制另一种条件，以引起探
求现象的B(P137）
36、调查法是在I下，依据一定的计划，对客观事物进行了解，以取得C并对事物进行研究
的方法。（P158）
三．配伍题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)
请从A. B. C. D. E F G 中选出一个可以和下列每小题的陈述相配对的最佳答案，并将其代码填在题后的括号内，每小题只能用一个选项配对，每个选项可以多次使用。
A. .语法—翻译法结构主义
B. 直接法行为主义心理学C情景法
D. 听说法
E. 认知法
F. 交际法
G. 全身反应法
37、我们现在还在用的教科书、工具书，如《新概念英语》（New Concept English），Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary等是根据本教学法的原则编写的。P 60
(C)
38、本教学认为，语言习得是按照“假设—验证—纠正”的过程进行的。因此，在语言习得过程中，错误出现是难免的，也是很自然的。
P 70 （E）
39、在本教学法的教材中，不少课文选自外语的文学原著或来自文学原著的简易本或改写本，课文会按照语法现象和项目的出现顺序来安排，很多教材采用线性排列的组织方法。
P 52 （A）
40本教学法的教材在编写方面有如下明显的特点：（1）按照语言项目的出现频率，选择词汇和语法项目，常用的先安排，先教授；（2）按照从简单到复杂的原则安排和组织教学内容。P 60 （C）
41、本教学法主张外语教学时外语词汇与它们代表的事物和意义建立直接的联系，而不需要翻译作为中介。因此，它主张全外语教学，并广泛使用实物、图画、手势、表情等直接手段对外语的词义和句子作解释，以使意义清楚。P54 （B）
42本教学法主要的教学活动是发命令和对命令作出反应。它主张在学生还不愿意或不敢参与“说”的训练的时候，教师不应强迫他们参与“说”的活动。P76 （G）
43、本教学法认为语言是一套习惯，而语言各有所异，因此在学习外语时必须克服母语习惯的影响而养成外语的新习惯。
P65 （D）
44、本教学法课堂的教学活动和特点可以总结为：教授对话，听说领先；跟读模仿，句句复述；强化训练，掌握句型，巩固口头，读写跟上。P62 （D）
45、本教学法的建立标志着在外语教学中，人们开始从只注意语言形式和结构的教学转向注意语言功能的教学。
P70 （F）
46、本教学法建立于20世纪60年代中期，它探讨怎样才能使成人掌握外语，以达到使用外语的目的。
P67 （E）
四．简答题。(本大题共2小题，每小题为分，共10分)
47、简述交际法对待错误的态度。P75
●交际法的四个方面：
●交际法三个特点：信息沟、
●交际法培养目标：
●教师和学生的作用：
48、简述外语学习中的自尊心。P 129
五、撰写教案题（本题40分）
51．请根据下列所提供的一节英语课的教学内容撰写一篇教案。
要求：
（1）用英文撰写，自述不少于500个单词；
（2）必须写出本节课的教学目的、教学重点和难点；
（3）教案能反映本节课的整个教学过程。
（课文中加底线部分的内容为学生未学过的单词和结构）
My name is Elias. I am a poor black worker in South Africa. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. I was twelve years old. It was in 1952 and he had opened a black law firm to advise poor black on their problems.
I began school at six. The school where I studied only two years was three kilometers away. I had to leave, because my family could not continue to pay the school fees and the bus fare. I could not read or write. After trying hard, I got a job in a gold mine. This was a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg. Sadly I did not have this passbook because I was not born there and I was worried about whether I would be out of work.
The day when Nelson Mandela told me what to do and helped me was one of the the happiest days of my life. He told me how to get the correct papers so I could stay in Johannesburg. I never forgot how kind he was and when he organized the ANC Youth League, I joined it as soon as I could. He said：
“The last thirty years have been the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.”
It was the truth. Black people had no vote and could not choose who ruled them. The parts of town where they lived were places decided by white people. They could not get jobs they wanted. The places where they were sent to live were the poorest areas in South Africa. No one could grow food there. In fact as Nelson Mandela said:
“…we were put in a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the Government. We choose to attack the law. We first broke the law in a way which was peaceful; when this was not allowed…only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.”
As a matter of fact, I do not like violence…but in 1963 I helped him blow up some government buildings. It was very dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison for years. But I was happy to help because I knew it was to realize our dream of making black and white people equal.
中学英语教学法(1)
1．第1题 In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of ___. A.structures B.sentences C.form D.meaning 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 In the traditional classroom, very often, too much attention has been paid to ___, with little or no attention paid to practising language skills. A.linguistic competence B.linguistic knowledge https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,nguage use https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,nguage functions 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 One of the reasons of providing the students with a variety of speaking activities is that the variety of activities helps ___. A.keep motivation high B.de-motivate students C.memorise the speech D.learn the dialogues by heart 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 PPP and TBL are two approaches to language teaching. PPP stands for Presentation, Practice and Production and TBL stands for___.
英语教学法(中文)
Grammar-translation approach 语法翻译法 语言观 语法翻译法起源于历史比较语言学（机械语言学理论），认为语言都起源于一种共同的原始语言，语言规律是相同的，词汇的所代表的概念也是相同的，不同的只是书写和语音形式。习得观 学习者通过互译和语法关系的替换，就能够掌握另一种语言。 教学观 1.为了完成互译和语法关系的转换，母语所起的翻译能力很重要。因此，重视母语在教学 中的使用。 2.注重语言规则的学习，认为语言教学就是规则的理解和教学。 代表教学步骤 1.教师在教学中需使用“规”的语言书面语 2.教师在课堂上积极使用母语 3.教学式以母语的外语的互相翻译为主，并通过大量的书面翻译及写作来巩固和检验语法 知识 4.重视语法教学，强调词与词之间的组合规则，讲词的形态和曲折变化，对复杂的语法现 象做详尽的解释 5.注重书面语练习，不注重听说练习 语法教学法的典型教学流程 Tasks: 1. Share with your experiences that you were taught in this grammar-translation approach? 2. Sum up the advantage of this approach. 3. Sum up the disadvantage of this approach. 语法翻译法的优势 1. 充分利用母语的优势，协助学习者理解目的语 2. 语法教学作为中心，有利于学习者掌握语言“规”，理解语言的结构框架知识。 3. 注重阅读能力的培养，翻译能力能得以锻炼。
4. 教学式安全，简便易行，可操作性强。 语法翻译法的劣势 1. 过分依赖母语和翻译法，容易造成学习者依赖母语。 2. 把语言更多当做知识而不是交际技能来锻炼 3. 过分重视学习者阅读写作能力，轻视学习者的听说能力 4. 机械翻译，大量阅读等法较死板，容易使学习者失去主动性和兴趣，学习气氛沉闷。 Task: When and how can we apply this approach properly?
中学英语教学法全部作业答案
第一次作业 [论述题] 4. What is a successful speaking activity? 答案： 1) Students talk a lot in English. 2) Students’ participation is even. The class is not dominated by a few talkative participants. 3) Students’ motivation is high. Students are interested in the topic, eager to speak and share their own information with others. 4) Language use is of an acceptable level. Students speak with appropriate accuracy and fluency, new language is comprehended and incorporated in their production. 3. How to develop your self-evaluation? 答案： Self-evaluation is not something that can be taught. It can be gradually developed by teachers themselves as they become more aware of their own teaching and of all the different factors that affect learning. In order to evaluate themselves, teachers must learn to observe themselves. Obviously, teachers cannot normally observe themselves directly, but there are ways in which they can observe themselves indirectly: ― By careful planning before the lesson, followed by careful reflection after the lesson on what actually took place. ― By observing other teachers’ lessons and comparing them with what happens in your own classes. ―By inviting other teachers to observe your classes, and discussing the lesson with them afterwards. 2. How could you write something onto the blackboard but still keep the attention of the class?答案： A. To talk as you write, saying the words and making any necessary comments ― Talk to the students as you are writing and turn round frequently to face them. ― Ask the stu dents what to write as often as possible and get examples from them. ― Ask them what they think this word or picture is going to be. ― Get them to read things as you write them. B. To stand in a way that does not hide the board 1. What does ‘knowin g a word' mean? 答案： Knowing a word means that you know word meaning, word use, word formation and word grammar.
英语教学法试卷(附答案)
中学英语教学法 1．第1题 According to Clark, Scarino ａnd Brownell, the main components of a task include ____. A.exercises, exercise-tasks ａnd tasks B.new language items, time ａnd learning culture C.a purpose, a context, a process ａnd a product/outcome D.pre-task, task cycle ａnd language focus 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 As far as vocabulary teaching is concerned, which of the following is NOT the uncertainty that still remains? A.which vocabulary items should be taught ａnd learned. B.how vocabulary can be taught ａnd learned most effectively. C.whether vocabulary should be taught ｏr not. D.What constitute a vocabulary item. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 According to the Cognitive theory, a language learner acquires language ____ which enables him to produce language. A.structures B.habbits C.skills https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,petence 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Which of the following are not one of the principles of communicative language teaching proposed by Richards ａnd Rodgers (1986)? https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,munication principle B.Task principle C.Meaningfulness principle
2015春《中学英语教学法》作业-92分
1．第1题 PPP ａnd TBL are two approaches to language teaching. PPP stands for presentation, practice ａnd production, ａnd TBL stａnds for___. A.Task Book Language stands B.Text Book Learning C.Teacher-Based Learning D.Task-Based Learning 您的答案：D 2．第2题 Jane Willis holds that the conditions for language learning are exposure to a rich but comprehensible language put, ___ of the language to do things, motivation to process ａnd ｕｓｅ the exposure, ａnd instruction in language. A.chances B.ｕｓｅ C.context D.knowledge 您的答案：B 3．第3题 Methods of teaching grammar include the ___ method, the inductive method ａnd the guided discovery method. A.traditional B.modern C.deductive D.productive 您的答案：C 4．第4题 The idea of the audio-lingual method, which was based on the behaviorist theory of language learning, was that language is learned by constant ___, during which mistakes were immediately corrected, ａnd correct utterances were immediately praised. A.cognitive processing B.meaningful practice C.repetition ａnd reinforcement D.imitation ａnd communication 您的答案：C 5．第5题 The guided discovery method is different ｆrom the inductive method because the process of the discovery ___ ａnd the rules are then elicited ａnd taught explicitly. A.is carefully guided ａnd assisted by the teacher B.is made by the students themselves C.takes place automatically D.never takes place
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作业 1．第1题 The ___ theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences ａnd what he ｏ r she already knows. 您的答案：A 题目分数： 此题得分： 2．第2题 According to Ur (1996), as for the ｕｓｅ of grammatical terminology, for younger learners, ｕｓｅof complex terminology ___. be used be avoided necessary helpful 您的答案：B 题目分数： 此题得分： 3．第3题 Examples of pronunciation perception practice include ___. pictures ａnd tongue twisters minimal pairs, ａnd “odd one out” ａnd discussion of the above 您的答案：B
此题得分： 4．第4题 As far as language learning is concerned, the ___emphasize the nature of the human ａnd physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, ａnd the atmosphere. theories theories theories theories 您的答案：A 题目分数： 此题得分： 5．第5题 As far as learning pronunciation is concerned, the realistic goals for the students are consistency, intelligibility, ａnd ___. efficiency 您的答案：A 题目分数： 此题得分： 6．第6题 According to Ellis, procedures for teaching grammar using listening as input are “Listening to comprehend”, “Listening to notice”, “Understanding the grammar point”, ___. A.“listen ａnd repeat” ａnd “listen ａnd tick” B. “checking” ａnd “trying it out” C.“listen ａnd circle” ａnd “listen ａnd write” D.“listen ａnd correct” ａnd “listen ａnd fill” 您的答案：B
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[0161]《中学英语教学法》 第二次作业 [论述题] 4. What is a successful speaking activity? 参考答案： 1) Students talk a lot in English. 2) Students' participation is even. The class is not dominated by a few talkative participants. 3) Students' motivation is high. Students are interested in the topic, eager to speak and share their own information with others. 4) Language use is of an acceptable level. Students speak with appropriate accuracy and fluency, new language is comprehended and incorporated in their production. [论述题] 3. How to develop your self-evaluation? 参考答案： Self-evaluation is not something that can be taught. It can be gradually developed by teachers themselves as they become more aware of their own teaching and of all the different factors that affect learning. In order to evaluate themselves, teachers must learn to observe themselves. Obviously, teachers cannot normally observe themselves directly, but there are ways in which they can observe themselves indirectly: ― By careful planning before the lesson, followed by careful reflection after the lesson on what actually took place. ― By observing other teachers' lessons and comparing them with what happens in your own classes. ―By inviting other teachers to observe your classes, and discussing the lesson with them afterwards. [论述题] 2. How could you write something onto the blackboard but still keep the attention of the class? 参考答案： A. To talk as you write, saying the words and making any necessary comments ― Talk to the students as you are writing and turn round frequently to face them.
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___ is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson. A.Self-reliance B.Nature C.The American Scholar D. The Bells 答案:D 2．第6题 _______ does not belong to the school of naturalism in history. A.Stephen Crane B.Frank Norris C.Jack London D.Walt Whitman 答案:D 3．第7题 william faulkner once declared that ___ was the first truly american writer ｆrom whom we are descended. A.Washington Irving B.Cooper C.Hawthorne D.Mark Twain 答案:D 4．第8题 ___ is not a name to refer to Natty Bumppo in Cooper’s frontier saga. A.deerslayer B.pathfinder C.hawkeye D.Mohican 答案:D 5．第10题 Twice-told Tales is a collection of stories written by ___. A.Nathaniel Howthorne B.Edgar Ellan Poe C.Washington Irving 答案:A 6．第11题 Among the following stories written by Poe, only one belongs to the category of the detective
120602中学英语教学法在线作业
1．第1题 Methods of teaching grammar include the ___ method, the inductive method ａnd the guided discovery method. A.traditional B.modern C.deductive D.productive 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 One language form may express a number of communicative functions ａnd one ___ can also be expressed by a variety of ___. https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,nguage … dialects B.dialect … languages https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,nguage form … communicative functions https://www.360docs.net/doc/075753330.html,municative function … language forms 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 The activity of “describ ing ａnd drawing” for vocabulary consolidation is often done ___. A.outside the classroom B.without doing anything C.individually D.in pairs 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Jane Willis holds that the conditions for language learning are exposure to a rich but comprehensible language put, ___ of the language
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华师中学英语教学法作业
华师中学英语教学法作 业
1．第1题 Communicative competence consists of knowledge ａnd ability for___. of rules of pronunciation, vocabulary ａnd grammar of grammar/form ａnd rules of language ｕｓｅ , words, ａnd grammar ａnd writing 答案：B 2．第2题 In Hymes’s words (1979), there are ‘___ without whichthe rules of grammar would be ｕｓｅless’, which simply means, besides grammaticalrules, language ｕｓｅ is governed by rules of ｕｓｅ, which ensures that the desiredor intended functions are performed ａnd the language ｕｓｅd is appropriate to thecontext. of forms of ｕｓｅ 答案：B 3．第3题 One of the problems in vocabulary learning is that students often ___. A.ｕｓｅ context for their vocabulary learning hard to understand the words new words in isolation of context D.ｕｓｅ a variety of vocabulary building strategies 答案：C 4．第4题 According to Nation (2001) receptive knowledge of vocabulary involves the following except ___. (1) being able to recognized the word when it is heard; (2) being familiar with its written form so that it is recognized when it is met in reading (3) recognizing that it is made up of some parts ａnd being able to relate these parts to its meaning; (4) being able to decide to ｕｓｅｏr not to ｕｓｅ the wｏrd to suit the degree of fｏrmality of the situation. A.(1) B.(2) C.(3) D.(4) 答案：D 5．第5题 The words “head, eyes, ears, mouth, arms”ａnd “legs” are ___ under the category of “body parts”.