Sediment Concentration to Water Discharge Ratio Along the 泥沙浓度沿水流量比
在野外把脏水过滤成清水英语作文
在野外把脏水过滤成清水英语作文Surviving in the wilderness can be a daunting challenge, especially when it comes to accessing clean drinking water. One crucial skill that can mean the difference between life and death is the ability to filter dirty water and make it potable. This essay will explore the process of transforming murky, contaminated water into a clear, purified source that is safe for consumption.When venturing into remote, natural environments, it is essential to be prepared for the possibility of encountering only undrinkable water sources. Surface water such as lakes, rivers, and streams can often be polluted with a variety of contaminants, including bacteria, protozoa, and even chemical pollutants. Consuming this untreated water can lead to severe gastrointestinal illnesses, dehydration, and other life-threatening conditions. Therefore, having the knowledge and equipment to effectively filter dirty water is a critical survival skill.The first step in the water filtration process is to gather the necessary materials. This typically includes a water container, a filter, and a means of boiling or disinfecting the filtered water. A sturdy, wide-mouthed bottle or canteen can serve as the water container. The filter can range from a simple cloth or bandana to a more advanced personal water filtration system. These filters often utilize physical barriers, chemical treatments, or a combination of both to remove impurities.Once the materials are gathered, the next step is to collect the dirty water. It is important to avoid stagnant or murky water sources, as they are more likely to contain a higher concentration of contaminants. Instead, seek out moving water bodies, such as streams or rivers, as they tend to have a lower sediment load and fewer microorganisms.With the dirty water collected, the filtration process can begin. If using a cloth or bandana as a filter, start by thoroughly rinsing the material to remove any loose fibers or debris. Then, carefully pour the water through the filter, allowing the impurities to be trapped while the cleaner water passes through. Repeat this process several times, using a clean section of the filter each time, until the water appears visibly clearer.For more advanced filtration systems, the process may involve additional steps. Many personal water filters utilize a combination of physical and chemical methods to remove a wide range of contaminants. These filters often have multiple stages, such as a pre-filter to remove larger particles, a membrane filter to trap smaller microorganisms, and an activated carbon element to adsorb chemicals and improve the taste of the water.Regardless of the filtration method used, it is crucial to ensure that the water is thoroughly disinfected before consumption. This can be accomplished through boiling, chemical treatment, or the use of a UV light purifier. Boiling the water for at least one minute is an effective way to kill any remaining pathogens, while chemical treatments, such as chlorine tablets or iodine drops, can provide an additional layer of protection.The benefits of being able to filter dirty water in the wilderness are numerous. Not only does it ensure access to a safe, potable water source, but it also reduces the risk of contracting waterborne illnesses that can be debilitating or even life-threatening. This skill can be particularly valuable in emergency situations, such as natural disasters or hiking/camping trips, where access to clean water may be limited.Moreover, the ability to filter water can also have broader environmental implications. By reducing the need to rely on bottled water or other pre-packaged sources, individuals can minimize their carbon footprint and contribute to the sustainability of natural resources. Additionally, the filtration process can help to preserve theintegrity of delicate ecosystems by preventing the introduction of contaminants into sensitive water bodies.In conclusion, the skill of filtering dirty water into clean, drinkable water is a crucial survival technique for anyone venturing into the wilderness. By understanding the process, gathering the necessary materials, and properly disinfecting the filtered water, individuals can ensure their safety and reduce the risk of waterborne illnesses. This valuable knowledge not only enhances personal well-being but also has the potential to contribute to the broader environmental stewardship of our natural resources.。
托福TPO4阅读文本及题目答案Part3
托福TPO4阅读文本及题目答案Part3托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO4阅读文本及题目答案Part3，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO4阅读真题原文Part3Petroleum ResourcesPetroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well becauseof its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean's continental shelves-those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world's oil and almost one-fifth of the world's natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract andhas to remain underground.Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulatein marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.托福TPO4阅读真题题目Part31.The word "accumulate" in the passage is closest in meaning to○grow up○build up○spread out○break apart2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about petroleum formation?○Microscopic organisms that live in mud produce crude oil and natural gas.○Large amounts of oxygen are needed for petroleum formation to begin.○Petroleum is produced when organic material in sediments combines with decaying marine organisms.○Petroleum formation appears to begin in marine sediments where organic matter is present.Paragraph 1: Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.Paragraph 2: Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.3.In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author's primary purpose is to○describe how petroleum is formed○explain why petroleum formation is a slow process○provide evidence that a marine environment is necessary for petroleum formation○show that oil commonly occurs in association with gas4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Higher temperatures and pressures promote sedimentation, which is responsible for petroleum formation.○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.○The remains of microscopic organisms transform into petroleum once they are buried under mud.Paragraph 3: Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oilfrom underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.5.The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to○nearby○existing○special○deep6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?○They make bringing the oil to the surface easi er.○They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.○They waste more oil than they collect.○They are unlikely to occur nowadays.Paragraph 4: As oil becomes increasingly difficult to find, the search for it is extended into more-hostile environments. The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries. Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean's continental shelves-those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents. More than one-quarter of the world's oil and almost one-fifth of the world's natural gas come from offshore, even though offshore drilling is six to seven times more expensive than drilling on land. A significant part of this oil and gas comes from under the North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.7.Which of the following strategies for oil exploration is described in paragraph 4?○Drilling under the ocean's surface○Limiting drilling to accessible locations○Using highly sophisticated drilling equipment○Constructing technologically advanced drilling platforms8.What does the development of the Alaskan oil field mentioned in paragraph 4 demonstrate?○More oil is extr acted from the sea than from land.○Drilling for oil requires major financial investments.○The global demand for oil has increased over the years.○The North Slope of Alaska has substantial amounts of oil.9.The word "sloping" in the passage is closest in meaning to○shifting○inclining○forming○rollingParagraph 5: Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.10.According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT○permission to access the area where oil has been found○the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool○the loca tion of the market in relation to the drilling site○the political situation in the region where drilling would occurParagraph 6: Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line. Pipelines carrying oil can be broken by faults or landslides, causing serious oil spills. Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea. Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment. Sometimes, the ground at an oil field may subside as oil is removed. The Wilmington field near Long Beach, California, has subsided nine meters in 50 years; protective barriers have had to be built to prevent seawater from flooding the area. Finally, the refining and burning of petroleum and its products can cause air pollution. Advancing technology and strict laws, however, are helping control some of these adverse environmental effects.11.The word "foul" in the passage is closest in meaning to○reach○flood○pollute○alter12.In paragraph 6, the author's primary purpose is to○provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment○describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress○give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment○explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spillsParagraph 2: Continued sedimentation-the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom-buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points."Petroleum" is a broad term that includes both crude oil and natural gas.●●●Answer choices○Petroleum formation is the result of biological as well as chemical activity.○The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.○Petroleum extra ction can have a negative impact on the environment.○Petroleum tends to rise to the surface, since it is lower in density than water.○Current methods of petroleum extraction enable oil producers to recover about half of the world's petroleum reserves.○A ccidents involving oil tankers occur when tankers run into shore reefs or collide with other vessels托福TPO4阅读真题题目答案Part3参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○14. ○35. ○16. ○47. ○18. ○29. ○210. ○411. ○312. ○113. ○414. Petroleum formation is the…The difficulty of finding…Petroleum extraction can…托福TPO4阅读真题翻译Part3参考翻译：石油资源石油是由原油和天然气组成，似乎都源自于海洋的有机物沉淀。
2021级 大学英语四级模拟试卷
possibly poisons leached from federal toxic waste sites, the U.S. Environmental2021 级高校英语四级模拟试卷（2021.11.21）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: T he I mportance o f k eeping A G ood M ood. Y ou s hould w rite a t l east 120 w ords according to the outline given below in Chinese:1. 人们每天都生活在压力之下2. 所以说保持一个好的心情是非常重要的3. 我的观点和缘由Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: I n t his p art, y ou w ill h ave 15 m inutes t o g o o ver t he p assage q uickly a nd answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, m arkY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For q uestions 8-10, c omplete t he s entences w ith t he i nformation g iven i n t he passage. Gulf Wracked By Katrina's Latest Legacy-Disease, Poisons, MoldA month after Hurricane Katrina tore through the U.S. Gulf Coast, medical experts are now struggling with the latest crisis in the region; contamination(污染). Katrina left New Orleans and other communities tainted with oil, sewage, and Protection Agency (EPA) s ays.The pollution, combined with the lack of regular medical services in the region, has raised serious questions about the safety of New Orleans and other coastal towns as people longing for home begin to go back.I don't think New Orleans is safe for people to return to, from a public health and environmental health standpoint, said Miriam Aschkenasy, an environmental health expert working with Oxfam America in the region.Much of the contamination rests in the brown, filmy sediment(沉淀物) left behind by Katrina's polluted floodwaters.Recent EPA tests of the sediment confirmed high levels of E. coli bacteria, oil andgas chemicals, and lead, as well as varying quantities of arsenic.The health risks posed by the sediment are immediate, experts say, because the sludge(淤泥) is nearly impossible for returning residents to avoid. In New Orleans, it covers e very s urface that was flooded, from cars a nd n ow-dead lawns to t he e ntire contents of flooded homes, stores, hospitals, and schools.When p eople c ome b ack, t hey a re e xposed t o t he s ediment, s aid W ilma S ubra, a chemist from New Iberia, Louisiana, who is analyzing the sediment. It's in their yards and h ouses. Old Pollution ResurfacingPlaquemines Parish, a rural county on the peninsula south of New Orleans, is now covered with even more toxic sediment than it was two weeks ago, thanks to Hurricane R ita. Six inches up to one foot (15 to 30 centimeters) of sludge, Subra2021级大学英语四级模拟试卷reported.1Much o f t he s ludge i n P laquemines i s t he p roduct o f n earby b ayous a nd b ay bottoms, where sediment was lifted up by Katrina's and Rita's storm surges.The sediment has been polluted over the years with industrial chemicals and heavy metals, said Subra, who tested the sediment for the Southern Mutual Help Association, a nonprofit organization in New Iberia, Louisiana.These water bodies have received industrial wastes for decades, she said. This material h as t oxic c hemicals, metals, and o rganic p etrochemicals(石化产品). Matters have only been made worse by multiple oil spills caused by Katrina and Rita. According to the U.S. Coast Guard, 11 oil spills have occurred in southern Louisiana, t otaling 7.4 m illion g allons (28 m illion l iters) o f o il, m ost o f w hich h as b een contained.Bacteria levels are also especially high in the Plaquemines sludge, said Rodney Mallett, spokesperson for the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality.The sewage treatment plants were underwater, he explained. Between the animal waste and the human waste, you've got a lot of bacteria.Protection KitsHealth a nd e nvironmental a gencies a re a dvising p eople t o a void c ontact w ith t he sludge. They recommend that people wear gloves, goggles, and dust masks, and that they wash promptly if exposure occurs.EPA officials are directing people to its Web site () to inform themselves ofthe contamination risks.But most people returning to the area don't have computers to get that information, said Erik Olson, an attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council,an environmental a dvocacy group. If you [do] read the Web site, he added, you practically have to have a degree in chemistry to understand it.To b etter i nform p eople o f h ealth r isks, t he S outhern M utual H elp A ssociation a nd Oxfam America are developing a program to give every returning resident a protective kit.Each kit would contain waterproof suits, goggles(风镜), shoe covers, and masks, along with i nformation about potential h azards, Volunteers would g ive out t he kits a tthe security checkpoints that now stand at the major entrances to affected cities.The groups have made a hundred demonstration kits, which cost about $100 (U.S.) each to produce, and have shown them to state leaders in Louisiana.The g overnor i s r eally i n f avor o f t his, S ubra s aid. W e j ust h ave t o d etermine h owwe're going to fund them.Toxic Mold BloomsIn addition to the toxic sediment, sprawling blooms of mold have now taken hold in many f looded h omes. T he m old i s g rowing e verywhere-homes a re j ust c oated w ith i t, Subra said.The problem has become so widespread that federal health officials warned Wednesday of allergic reactions and toxic responses to the mold. Professionals shouldbe hired to clean mold that covers more than ten square feet (one square m e t e H r e)r,teams have been inoculating residents for tetanus and Hepatitis A and B. they urged. Hepatitis is a danger when people are exposed to sewage, through water or food, Those [surfaces] that can't be cleaned need to be removed, said Steven R e B d r d i,g g c s h i e e x f p l a i n e d.Tetanus can occur when people cut themselves on uncleanof the Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch of the U.S. Centers for Control and Prevention (CDC). m D a i t s e e r a i s a e ls, as may happen when cleaning deb T r h i e s.rudimentary根(本的) living conditions in many Kat-r s i t n r a u ck areas make it more likely that people will get sickThe effects of the mold are already surfacing in Mississippi, wh呼er吸e respi a r n a d to i r n y j(ured, Briggs said.的 ) problems are among the illnesses doctors there are reporting.2They have no electricity, no clean water, no air conditioning, she said. There a collapsed structures and stray animals. There are huge amounts of stray dogs, and people have been bitten.B riggs and other doctors in the area have been treatingWe're seeing a lot of asthma from inhaling the mold, said Richard Paat m,an t y ea c m ases of diarrhea, rashes, and-re u s p p p i e r r atory illnesses.leader of a temporary East Biloxi clinic. And mouth sores from the bad water.All of these conditions are to be expected after natural disasters, according to Due to contact with unclean water, 33 people in the flood zone have c o n t r C a D c C t.e d B u t it's too soon to know if these ailments are related to contamination, the Vibrio infections, according to the CDC. The infections are caused by a famCiDlCy'sofRoebuck said.We're looking at that question, he said. We'd like to know the bacteria that live in contaminated salt water. They can cause serious i l l n e a s n s s,w e e r s.p e c i a l l yin people with compromised immune systems.To date, six people have died from Vibrio infections.1. The passage gives a description of the contamination in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.People had open wound and walked through floodwater with sewage in it, CDC 2. Katrina left New Orleans and other communities tainted with oil and sewage. spokesperson Von Roebuck said. And these folks were having these wounds infec3t.edPlaquemines Parish is now covered with even more toxic sediment that it waswith Vibrio.Disaster Response Care two weeks ago.4. People are being advised to avoid contact with the sludge by health andThis is a highly contaminated area, said Susan Briggs, the physician o v e r e s n e v e i i r n o g n m e n t a l agencies.FEMA's disast-erresponse medical teams in Louisiana and Alabama. 5. The Southern Mutual Help Association and Oxfam America are developing aprogram to sell every returning resident a protective kit.6. The conditions in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina is special.7. In addition to the toxic sediment, sprawling blooms of mold have now taken hold in many flooded homes, and it is growing everywhere.8. To date, six people have died from .9. The rudimentary living conditions in many Katrina-struck areas make it more likely that people will get .10. All of these conditions are to be expected after .Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section A3Directions: I n t his s ection, t here i s a p assage w ith t en b lanks. Y ou a re r equired to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each afraid to ask someone for a date.Many people are afraid to assert(表现)themselves. Dr. Alberti thinks it's because their self-respect is low. Our whole 48 is designed to make people distrust themselves, says Alberti. There's always ' 49 ' around-a parent, a teacher, a boss-who 'knows better'. These superiors often gain when they chip(减弱) away at your self-image.But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people 50 themselves. They 51 assertiveness training courses-At for short. In the AT courses p eople l earn t hat t hey h ave a r ight t o b e t hemselves. T hey l earn t o s peak o ut and feel good about doing so. They learn to be more 52 without hurting other people.In one way. learning to speak out is to 53 fear. A g roup t aking a c ourse w ill help the timid person to lose his fear. But AT uses an even stronger 54 -the need t o s hare. T he timid p erson s peaks o ut in t he g roup b ecause he wants t o t ell h ow he feels.Whether o r n ot y ou s peak u p f or y ourself d epends o n y our s elf-image. I f s omeone you face is more important than you, you may feel less of a person. You start toitem on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of 55 your own good sense.the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated 47 ? Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are youYou go by the other person's 56 . But, why should you? AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.[A] doubt [I] peace[B] active [J] demand[C] system [K] ask[D] offer [L] superior[E] unfairly [M] overcome[F] unfortunately [N] confidence[G] motive [O] roar[H] imageSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Passage OneQuestion 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Among all the animals, the ape is most like human beings. Both people and apes have the similar brain structure, the similar nerve system, and the similar kind of blood.There are four kinds of apes: the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), the orangutan(猩猩), the gorilla(大猩4猩), and the gibbon(长臂猿). They live in the deep forests and warm tropical regions of Africa and of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.All apes are covered with brown, reddish-brown, or black hair everywhere on their bodies e xcept t heir f aces, f eet, a nd h ands. T heir h ands e ach h ave f our f ingers a nd a thumb that helps them grip things the way our thumbs help us. But they also have a thumb on each foot instead of a big toe. Thus they can hold things with their feet also. Having short, weak legs, apes do not walk on the ground very much. However, their arms are very strong. This enables them to swing from branches and travel very quickly from tree to tree.These a nimals l ive i n s mall f amily g roups t hat m ove f rom p lace t o p lace i n s earch o f vegetables and fruits. They also eat eggs, small animals, nuts, and insects. When they are tired, they build nests in the trees. But they rarely sleep there for more than a night or two. Then they move on to look for more food.There are some differences among the following three kids of apes. The gibbon is never m ore t han t hree f eet h igh and w eight o nly about f ourteen p ounds. The g orilla grows to be six feet tall and weigh up to 600 pounds. The orangutan is smaller than the gorilla. It stands three to five feet tall and weigh up to 200 pounds. Chimpanzees a re t he s martest o f a ll a pes. T hey c an b e t aught t o s it a t a t able a nd eat, to dress themselves, and to do things that human children can do.57. What does the first paragraph tell us?[A] The ape looks like human beings most.[B] People and the ape think alike.[C] People and the ape behave alike.[D] The ape is the most intellectual animal in the world.58. Which of the following sentences is TRUE?[A] All apes are brown or black.[B] All parts of apes' bodies are covered with hair.[C] Apes have weak legs but very strong arms.[D] Apes' arms are strong enough to swim.59. Apes build nests in the trees but seldom sleep there for more than a night or two because .[A] They like to live in small family groups[B] They like to move from place to place in search of more food[C] They like to eat eggs, small animals, nuts and insects[D] It rains too often in the deep forests60. Among the three kinds of apes, .[A] the gorilla is the biggest[B] the gibbon is only three feet high but it is heavier than the orangutan[C] the orangutan is smaller than the gorilla and cleverer than the gibbon[D] the orangutan can stand up to a great height, but others cannot61. The last paragraph tells us that .[A] chimpanzees can do better than human children[B] chimpanzees can do many things that human children cannot do[C] human children can do many things that chimpanzees cannot do[D] the intelligence of chimpanzees is similar to that of human children5Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Videodisc holds great promise of helping to meet the needs of American schoolchildren who have problems seeing, hearing, speaking, or socializing. Almost eleven percent of the students aged 3~21 in this country have an impairment that affects their ability to benefit from a regular education program. Handicapped students require special education because they are often markedly different from most children in one or more of the following ways: mentally retarded(进展迟缓的) learning-disabled, emotionally disturbed, deaf, visually handicapped, physically handicapped, or other health impairments. The education of these handicapped children is rewarding but challenging.A special education student usually needs a longer period of time to acquire information. Repetitive teaching techniques are often beneficial, and indefatigable(孜孜不倦的) consistency o n t he p art o f t he t eacher i s f requently n ecessary. Interactive videodisc c ourseware h as c haracteristics t hat c an b e c apitalized u pon t o m eet t he challenges t hat s pecial e ducation p oses. A v ideodisc p rogram i s i nfinitely p atient. Repetition of any videodisc lesson can continue endlessly, and designers can assure absolute consistency within a program. Most important, according to special educator William Healey of the University of Arizona, is that videodisc adds an extradimension of realism for children who need graphic representations.Healey explained that deaf and mentally retarded children especially have difficulty grasping figurative(比方的)language and higher-order language concepts. He believes that for special education, the power of videodisc lies in the ability of the technology to visually represent language concepts normally taken for granted bynon-handicapped persons. Complex figurative language forms such as idioms and metaphors come most readily to mind as being difficult for handicapped learners. 62. The special education mentioned in the text is mainly concerned with.[A] genius students from day-care centers to colleges[B] students who are fond of computer video games[C] teachers of language in the University of Arizona[D] students who are either mentally or physically disabled63. A videodisc courseware is beneficial to those who have study difficulties because .[A] its fancy design is very attractive[B] it allows the user to go back to where he wants to restudy[C] the content of it is healthy and promising[D] it is developed by university professors64. According to Professor Healey, we may infer that mentally retarded children perhaps .[A] need graphic representations in order to understand higher-order language concepts[B] are g ood a t s tudying E nglish i dioms b ut o ften f ail t o g rasp h igher-orderlanguage concepts[C] are not very patient with videodisc which helps them to understand the world concepts[D] tend t o b e deaf a s well and have difficulty learning the simple concept b eforeand after65. The best phrase that summarizes the main idea of the text is .6[A] handicapped students and their problems[B] videodisc and special e ducation[C] computer assisted teaching p rograms[D] normal children and handicapped kids66. The word impairment (Line 2, Para. 1) probably means .[A] habit[B] disability[C] misconception[D] beliefPart V Cloze (15 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there areexperience for everyone who might be 86 . four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] on the right side of the paper. You shouldchoose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letteron Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Many p eople w rongly b elieve t hat w hen p eople r each o ld a ge, t heir f amilies p lacethem in nursing homes. They are left in the 67 of strangers for the rest oftheir lives. Their 68 children visit them onlyoccasionally, but more often, they do not have any 69visitors. The truth is that this idea is an unfortunate myth-an70 story. In fact, family members provide over 80 percent of the care71 elderly people need. Samuel Preston, a sociologist, studied 72the American family is changing. He reported that by the time the 73American couple reaches 40 years of age, they have more parents than children.74 , because people today live longer after an illness than people did years75 , family members must provide long term care. More psychologists havefound that all caregivers 76 a common characteristic: All caregivers believethat they are the best 77 for the job. In other words, they all felt that they78 do the job better than anyone else. Social workers 79 caregiversto find out why they took 80 the responsibility of caring for an elderlyrelative. Many caregivers believed they had 81 to help their relative. Somestated that helping others 82 them feel more useful. Others hoped that byhelping 83 now, t hey would d eserve care w hen they b ecame old and 84. Caring for the elderly and being taken care of can be a 85 satisfying67. [A] hands [B] arms [C] bodies [D] homes68. [A] growing [B] grown [C] grow [D] grows69. [A] constant [B] lasting [C] regular [D] normal70. [A] imaginary [B] imaginable [C] imaginative [D] imagery71. [A] that [B] this [C] those [D] these72. [A] when [B] how [C] what [D] where73. [A] common [B] ordinary [C] standard [D] average74. [A] Still [B] However [C] Moreover [D] Whereas75. [A] before [B] ago [C] later [D] lately76. [A] share [B] enjoy [C] divide [D] consent77. [A] person [B] people [C] character [D] man78. [A] would [B] will [C] could [D] can 779. [A] questioned [B] interviewed [C] inquired [D] interrogate80. [A] in [B] up [C] on [D] off81. [A] admiration [B] initiative [C] necessity [D] obligation82. [A] cause [B] enable [C] make [D] get83. [A] someone [B] anyone [C] everyone [D] anybody84. [A] elderly [B] dependent [C] d ependable [D] independent85. [A] similarly [B] differently [C] mutually [D] certainly86. [A] involved [B] excluded [C] included [D] consideredPart VI Translation (5 minutes)Directions: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.87. (幸亏遇到一位好心的出租车司机), Amy arrived at the test room in time.88. (这是一个生死攸关的问题) and therefore we must pay more attention to it.89. The problem of internet crime (近些年来引起了广泛关注).90. The computer isn't working properly; (确定有什么地方出了毛病).91. (应当留意的是) that pollution has become one of the thorniest problems in many big cities.8姓名学号学院答题卡89Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Part VI Translation87. 88. 89. 90. 91.Part I Writing910Part I WritingThe Importance of Keeping A Good MoodIn today's increasingly competitive world it is essential to maintain a positive attitude towards life. To put it in a metaphor, keeping a good mood is a foundation upon which our life is built.Keeping a good mood is important because it can help us solve various problems in life. The following two situations can enable us to clearly see how a positive attitude helps us cope with unpleasant things. Take English learning for example. In our effort to grasp English, mistakes are unavoidable. From one perspective mistakes are annoying, but a positive attitude can make us realize that only through makingmistakes c an a learner be expected to make p rogress. Sometimes one may come down w ith a s erious c old, f eeling d epressed. B ut a c hange i n a ttitude w ill e nable u s t o look at the matter from a positive perspective. The illness may teach us the importance of health.As we c an s ee, k eeping a g ood m ood c an h elp u s t o d eal with mistakes i n t he r ight way and find comfort in time of sorrow. Its importance cannot be denied.Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)1. Y 通读全文后，即可发觉本文描写了新奥尔良被“卡特利娜”飓风攻击后的景象，可知题干表述正确。
Sediment Concentration to Water Discharge Ratio Along the 泥沙浓度沿水流量比17页PPT
Missouri River: Results
• Upstream has much larger
concentration to discharge ratio;
St. Louis
Missouri River: Results
• Upstream has much larger
concentration to discharge tio;
discharge ratio decreases downstream;
• Sediment concentration does not reach
the limit of river capacity most of the time.
Sediment Concentration Against Discharge
amount of sediment into the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, MO;
• Rivers are not at their full transport
capacity most of the time.
Future Work
downstream
Sudden Increase of Sediment Concentration Near St. Louis, MO
Mississippi River
Missouri River, major sediment supplier for MS
St. Louis
Missouri River
Anoka, MN
correlation coefficient: 0.6804
Flow velocity increases
水体悬浮泥沙浓度新型监测方法综述
科 技·TECHNOLOGY68水体悬浮泥沙浓度新型监测方法综述文_肖小妮 北控技术服务（广东）有限公司摘要: 水体悬浮泥沙浓度作为表征水质优劣的一个重要特性，不仅直接影响水质透明度和水色等光学特性，而且对水生生态环境和河口海岸带冲淤演变过程也有显著影响。
因此，水体悬浮泥沙浓度的监测对水体环境具有重要的现实意义。
而传统的过滤称量法虽然具备较高的精度，但存在着耗时长、工作量大、数据不连续及丢失等问题，不再适合于观察复杂的泥沙运动和实地监测。
对此，本文从声学测量、卫星遥感、光学测量等方面分析了近年的悬浮泥沙浓度新型监测方法，并针对目前新型监测方法存在的主要问题，提出了在未来研究中需要改进的内容和建议，有利于悬浮泥沙浓度检测领域新技术的创新和发展。
关键词：悬浮泥沙；浓度；遥感；光学测量；声学测量Review of New Monitoring Methods for Suspended Sediment Concentration in WaterXiao Xiao-ni[ Abstract ] As an important characteristic of water quality, the concentration of suspended sediment not only directly affects the transparency and color of water quality, but also has a significant impact on the aquatic ecological environment and the evolution of estuarine and coastal zone. Therefore, the monitoring of suspended sediment concentration is of great practical significance to the water environment. However, the traditional filter weighing method has high precision, but it has many problems such as long time consuming, heavy workload, data discontinuity and loss. It is no longer suitable for observation of complex sediment movement and field monitoring. In this paper, the new monitoring methods of suspended sediment concentration in recent years are analyzed from the aspects of acoustic measurement, satellite remote sensing and optical measurement. In view of the main problems existing in the current new monitoring methods, the contents and suggestions that need to be improved in the future research are put forward, which is conducive to the innovation and development of new technologies in the field of suspended sediment concentration detection.[ Key words ] suspended sediment; concentration; remote sensing; optical measurement; acoustic measurement河水和海水中的悬浮泥沙浓度是最基础关键的水文和环境参数，直接影响了水体中光照分布、水体透明度、水色等光学特性，进而对水生生态过程产生显著影响。
沉淀的藻样 英语
沉淀的藻样英语In the quietude of the watery world, where lightfilters gently through the surface, the sediments of algal bloom bear silent witness to the transformations within our ecological systems. These deposits, often overlooked in the bustle of daily life, hold within them the tales ofnutrient fluxes, environmental stress, and the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems.Algal blooms, a phenomenon that often grabs headlines for their unsightly appearance and potential environmental harm, are actually a complex response to various environmental conditions. Nutrient enrichment, particularly the influx of nitrogen and phosphorus, often triggers these explosions of algal growth. When these algae die and sink to the bottom, they form sediments that, over time, accumulate and record the history of these events.The study of these sediments, therefore, offers a unique window into the past, allowing scientists to reconstruct the environmental conditions that led to algal blooms. They can analyze the composition of the sediments, the types of algae present, and the concentrations ofnutrients and other pollutants, providing insights into the health and resilience of aquatic ecosystems.Moreover, the sediments of algal bloom are not just historical markers; they are also indicators of potential future change. As human activities continue to alter the chemical balance of water bodies, these sediments may provide early warnings of impending environmental shifts.By monitoring changes in algal composition andsedimentation rates, we can anticipate potential shifts in water quality and ecosystem function.The significance of these sediments extends beyond scientific understanding. They also speak to the intricate relationship between humans and the natural world. Our actions, whether it's agricultural runoff, industrial waste, or urban development, all leave their imprint on these aquatic sediments. In a sense, the sediments of algal bloom are a testament to our impact on the environment, areminder of the responsibility we bear in safeguarding the integrity of our ecosystems.The challenge lies in translating these scientific insights into effective conservation measures. It requiresa multifaceted approach that addresses both the root causes of algal blooms and the mitigation strategies to reducetheir impact. This includes improving water management practices, reducing nutrient inputs, and enhancing the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to environmental stress.As we navigate this complex ecological landscape, it is essential to remember the silent witnesses below the surface—the sediments of algal bloom. They are not just lifeless remnants of past events; they are living repositories of ecological knowledge, holding the key to understanding and preserving the health of our aquatic environments.**沉淀的藻样：生态变迁的写照**在宁静的水域世界中，光线轻柔地穿透水面，藻样沉积物无声地见证着生态系统内部的变迁。
SedimentConcentrationtoWaterDischargeRatioAlongthe泥沙浓沿水流量比
• The ratio increases near Sioux,
IA and Omaha, NE.
St. Louis
Conclusions
• Sediment concentration to discharge
ratio decreases downstream;
• Qualified sites have
uneven data points (3-20);
• Data comes from different
time periods.
Treatment of Data
• Few sites: nothing we can
do right now...
• Small number of data
Missouri River
Missouri River: Results
• Upstream has much larger
concentration to discharge ratio;
St. Louis
Missouri River: Results
• Upstream has much larger
points: rank sum+t test
• Time period issue: test for
trend.
Results
downstream
Majority Trend: Upstream ≥ Downstream
≥
≥
downstream
Exception: Upstream < Downstream
• Missouri River contributes a significant
Sediment Concentration to Water Discharge Ratio Along the 泥沙浓度沿水流量比
Treatment of Data
•
•
Few sites: nothing we can do right now... Small number of data points: rank sum+t test
•
Time period issue: test for trend.
Anoka, MN
correlation coefficient: 0.6804
Flow velocity increases
The Ratio Compared to Discharge
Anoka, MN
Flow velocity increases
The Ratio Compared to Discharge
Results
downstream
Majority Trend: Upstream ≥ Downstream
≥
≥
downstream
Exception: Upstream < Downstream
<
St. Louis, MO
downstream
Sudden Increase of Sediment Concentration Near St. Louis, MO
Conclusions
• Sediment concentration to discharge
ratio decreases downstream;
• Missouri River contributes a significant
amount of sediment into the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, MO;
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trend.
Results
downstream
Majority Trend: Upstream ≥ Downstream
≥
≥
downstream
Exception: Upstream < Downstream
<
St. Louis, MO
• Understand the physics of the observed
trends;
• Study more rivers to verify those
findings.
St. Louis, MO
Flow velocity increases
Data Source
• Very few sites have both
consistent (suspended) sediment concentration and water discharge data;
• Qualified sites have
Anoka, MN
correlation coefficient: 0.6804
Flow velocity increases
The Ratio Compared to Discharge
Anoka, MN
Flow velocity increases
The Ratio Compared to Discharge
uneven data points (3-20);
• Data comes from different
time periods.
Treatment of Data
• Few sites: nothing we can
do right now...
• Small number of data
points: rank sum+t test
discharge ratio decreases entration does not reach
the limit of river capacity most of the time.
Sediment Concentration Against Discharge
downstream
Sudden Increase of Sediment Concentration Near St. Louis, MO
Mississippi River
Missouri River, major sediment supplier for MS
St. Louis
Missouri River
Missouri River: Results
• Upstream has much larger
concentration to discharge ratio;
St. Louis
Missouri River: Results
• Upstream has much larger
concentration to discharge ratio;
amount of sediment into the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, MO;
• Rivers are not at their full transport
capacity most of the time.
Future Work
• The ratio increases near Sioux,
IA and Omaha, NE.
St. Louis
Conclusions
• Sediment concentration to discharge
ratio decreases downstream;
• Missouri River contributes a significant
Sediment Concentration to Water Discharge Ratio Along the Mississippi
(and Missouri) River
CE 397 Statistics of Water Resources
Yao You
Key Points
• Sediment concentration to water