iBT新托福突破口TPO听力分类总结(01-24)

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托福TPO1-24听力单词

托福TPO1-24听力单词TPO 1 -24听力单词（每天一列黑体字优先背）TPO 2Variation 改变Founder 建立者validity Summarize 总结Behaviorism行为主义者JupiterGeneral knowledge 概括知识Observe观测Telescope望远镜TPO 1literature review 文献综述Conclusively令人信服的Territorial 领土的Article 文章Interdisciplinary跨学科的Aggressive侵略性的Dream Interpretatio梦的解析Mythology 神话Impersonal非个人性的Journal日志Jupiter 木星Impressive印象深刻的Version 版本Concentrate 集中注意力Bizarre奇怪Reference 参考Settlement 定居Survival 生存Available 可获得的Neolithic period新石器时代Electronically 电子的Impressive印象深刻的Access 途径accessibleObsidian 黑曜石Database 数据库Diagonal 对角线的Source 来源Hatchway舱口Abstract 摘要Smoky 多烟的Display 展示Soot 烟灰Durable 持久的Feature特点Illustration说明例证Burial埋葬Convince 说服Indicate指示Refinement 改进Ancestor祖先mountain range 山脉a range of 一系列的Excavation挖出Grand Canyon 大峡谷Layout布局Solidify 固化Speculate猜想Refinement改进Artifact手工作品Particle颗粒Cereal crop 谷类麦片Grain 颗粒谷粒marmot旱獭,土拨鼠Magma岩浆Squirrel 松鼠Larva 幼体rodent<动>啮齿目动物Crystallize结晶Portion部分Lead 铅Hibernate冬眠Granite 花岗岩Reside居住Assumption假设T emperate温和的Accurate准确的Mate交配Predict预计Availability可获得Indicate 指示Verify证实Appearance外表Indicator指示者Accuracy 准确Population人口Statistical数据的Manifestation表达Fiber纤维Reference 参考Muscular肌肉的Explosive爆炸物Semester学期Laryngeal【解】喉(头)的Manila hemp马尼拉麻(马尼拉麻纤维,用来做绳子、绳索和纸)Regional 地区的larynx喉Chiefly主要地Approach 接近V方法N V oice box喉头Flexible灵活的Version版本Covert暗暗的Characteristic性格特点Ethical 道德的Convert改变Exceptionally特别地Technical term 技术的术语electrode电极Resistant抵抗性的Extrinsic 外在的Diligently勤奋地Combination综合Intrinsic 内在的Sign language手语Steel cable钢缆Degrade降级Aristotle亚里斯多德motor马达,发动机;内燃机;电动机Distinction 区分idiomatic观念运动的Zinc paint锌漆Engage参加Be aware of 意识到Stainless不锈钢的Complicated复杂的Equivalent 同等的anchor锚;锚状物Productive 多产的Account for 解释Extract抽取榨取Vary 改变Definitely 确定地Bundle一捆Yield 产出Asteroid小行星T wist缠绕Attainment达到Decimal十进位的Ultimate最终tantalizing 吸引人的Criteria标准Saturn土星的Feature特点Astronomical unit天文单位Fame名誉Pattern模式Seek寻求Gravitation重力Intellectual 智力的Attempt尝试Contemplation思考Uranus天王星TPO 3Receptionist 接待员Technically技术地Straightforward直接的Register登记Tracking跟踪Meet expectation达到预期Assignment 任务Complexity复杂性Volunteer 志愿Bulletin board 告示板Affect 影响Assume假设Junk mail 垃圾邮件Category分类Introductory介绍的Establish建立Archaeology 考古Administration office行政办公室Inconvenient不方便的Standard标准Relief (痛苦,负担等的)缓和,减轻;解除Instructor讲员Hybrid杂交Excavate挖空enroll Mixture混杂物Artifact艺术品Go through with坚持Fit into 适合Construct建立Environmental science环境科Unique独特的Pottery 陶瓷学Animal habitat动物栖息地Conform to 遵从Extra credit额外学分Species物种Norm标准Incentive刺激因素Impact影响Classify分类Assistant助手Migrate移民Confuse迷惑Origin起源Pollen花粉Fictional虚幻的Primitive原始的Pollinate授粉Pioneer 先锋Masterpiece巨作Cease to停止Aquatic水生的Independent独立的Route路线Display展示Confirmation确认Pose a threat to威胁Narration记叙Paleolithic旧石器时代的Preserve保存Notion概念Inhabit居住Promote提高促进Suspicious怀疑的Penetrate穿透Financial 金融的Rare稀少的T orch火把Creature创造物Innovator革新者Inspire激励Breed繁衍Equipment设备Speculate猜想Nesting site筑巢地点Present呈现现在的Virtually真实地Decline下降Documentary 记录Exception除外Track轨迹Element因素Enhance增加Capture捕捉Incorporate组合Perspective角度Database数据库Caught on with 感兴趣Vitality活力TPO4Review 回顾Profound深奥的Sensitive敏感的Contemporary 当代的Gallery艺术长廊Critique评论Conviction确信Institution机构Curious好奇的Universal truth普遍真理Endowment捐赠Premier首先的首要的council会议;政务会;协调会Reference参考Genius天才Cultural explosion文化大爆炸Basically基本地Glimpse瞥一眼altruistic利他的;爱他的;利他主义的Radical极端的Dismiss错过Corporation机构Mating交配Conformity一致性Acknowledgement承认Ritual 仪式Criticize挑剔Preen梳理羽毛Abandon放弃Displacement替代Consistency一致性Irrelevant不相关的Define定义Inappropriate不合适的Inconsistency不一致性Confront面对V oyage旅行Inhabit居住Zigzag弯弯曲曲Irrelevant不相关的Attest证明Disinheriting接触抑制Property财产Displacement替代Split up分开Activity活动Source来源Accessible可获得的Structure结构Stimulus刺激因素Footprint足迹Basically基本地Bulldozer推土机Display展示Dominant主要的Conflict冲突Combine结合Urge冲突Slippery滑的Horizontal水平的Vibrant充满生气的震动的Beak喙Magnetic force磁力Self-reliance自我依靠Protective保护的Potential潜力Eliminate铲除TPO5Counsel咨询Longevity长寿Crater火山口In short notice短时间内fecundity多产；富饶；肥沃Planetary 行星的Overwhelm压倒性Fidelity忠诚Redistribute重新分配Understatement 轻描淡写Transfer传输Mantle地幔Keep pace with 跟上Replicate重复crust外皮，壳；地壳Impersonal 不个人化的Accuracy准确Expose暴露Mutation变异Impact影响Take sth. Personally 太针对自己太私人化Feedback 反馈Persist坚持Planetary formation行星形成Cello 大提琴Crude天然的粗鲁的Cellist大提琴手Astronomy Indicate指示Audition 面试Argument争论论点Reflective深思熟虑的Inference推理推断结论Compelling引人入胜的令人信服的Sociology pinpoint明确指出，确定（位Meteor 流星置或时间）；为…准确定位Alligator鳄鱼In favor of 支持Comet彗星Reproduce繁衍Space craft宇宙飞船Perpetually永恒地终身地Sewer system下水道系统Equator赤道Evaporation蒸发Transmission传输Orbit旋转Primitive原始的Component组成部分Analogy类比topographical地志的;地形学的Replicator 重复者Correspond to相当于Departure 离开Property属性Elevation提升升高Permanent 永远的Assignment作业ultraviolet光)紫外的，紫外线的Unspecified未指明的Approach方法V靠近Component组成部分Undergo经历Prerequisite 前提条件Signature签名Authoritative权威性的Distinct清晰明白的分开的Tailor裁缝V剪裁chemistry invasive 扩散性的; 蔓延性的spectroscopy光谱学,波谱学,分光镜使用Microscope显微镜Consist of 包括Restoration回归归回Spectrum光谱Deteriorate 变坏恶化Application运用Dissolve溶解discipline训练, 训导处罚,惩罚Uncover揭露发展curator管理者,管理人,图书馆馆长Acquire获得得到literatureOriginal原始的Fairy tale童话,谎言Authentic 真的Folk tale民间故事Canvas画布帆布Version版本Brushstroke一笔一画communal1.社会的, 公有的,（尤指居住在一起的人）共享的Pigment涂料Aspect方面varnish清漆Constant不断的始终如一的Verify证实Modify修改Composition作曲作文Specify叙述指定TPO 6Career fair招聘会Netherland 荷兰Collapse崩溃Flyer传单Mountainous region山区Poster 海报Diplomat外交官biologyAssume假设Roast烤Existence存在Attend 参加exotic由外国引进的新奇的Range范围Familiarize 熟悉Craze疯狂Individual 个人的Recruit招聘招募新兵Mania狂热极大热情Fossil化石Representative代表Prospering成功; 兴旺; 繁荣; 发达Resemblance相似Declare宣告luxury奢侈, 豪华，奢侈的享受Remarkable了不起的引人注目的unregulated未受管理[控制、约束]的cluster (果实、花等的)串, 簇,团,束economics Constrain限制disposal清除, 处理, 处置Boom and bust 经济膨胀爆Explode爆炸Colonize V开拓殖民地炸经济泡沫Dotcom crash网络泡沫崩溃Bloom开花Habitat栖息地Spring up迅速成长Literally逐字地真正地crack (使…)开裂, 破裂Expand 扩展Promissory承诺的Soak up 吸收使充满Expansion 扩展Speculation猜想Retain保留Hysterical歇斯底里的Variety 品种Germinate发芽Irrational无关的Various各种各样的Expire到期Carry away忘乎所以的Mortgage抵押Persist坚持Tulip郁金香Ingredient原料组成部分Indication指示Decline下降Trait人的个性vegetate植物似地生长Remnant剩余余数Attribute V归因于N 属性Fossilize化石化Pollen花粉Dwindle减少Formulate 构想出准确的阐述Species 种类物种Consistent 一贯的Giraffe长颈鹿Retreat 撤退Realistically现实地Migration移民Description描述Prefer选择V Affect影响Intrigue有意思Preference选择N Monsoon季风Scope范围Pitfall 缺陷陷阱Seasonal季节性的Involve包含Stereotype刻板印象Dynamics动力学、力学动态Combination组合Dweller居住者Variation变化Accommodate提供食宿Ragged破破烂烂的perimeter周边;周围;边缘周长使适应Proposal提议建议Defeat 打败Shift改变Compound化合物使混合Creative writing Earth science Retain 保留Character 人物角色Drastic极端的猛烈的Flourish繁荣Sketch素描Occurrence发生Nile River尼罗河Personality个性Tropical热带的Hypothesize假象Characteristic个性Hippopotamus海马Fictional虚构的Source来源Consciously 有意识的aquifer地下蓄水层; 砂石含水层Tpo7Presence在场Anthropology人类学obligatory必须的, 必要的;要求的, 应尽的Remain保持Bulletin board告示板denouement (戏剧、小说等的)结局Inspiring让人心情激动的Resolution解决结局Underestimate 低估Filter过滤Administrative行政的infrasound次声(风暴产生的低频音波)Database数据库Acoustics声音声音学Deciduous落叶的Faculty教职员工Spectrum光谱声谱Concentrate集中注意力Versatile多才多艺的ultrasound超声; 超声波Transfer转移Interaction互动Detect 观测Prevent预防Ecology生态学Frequency 频率Echolocation声音定位BiologyFilm history Self-explanatory不解自明的;明显的Prevalent流行的Realism现实主义Navigation导航Birch tree 桦树Pattern模式Orientation方向定位Protective保护性的Construct建立Predator扑食者Outer layer外皮层Formula公式Insect昆虫Waterproof防水exposition阐述, 讲解Prey猎物牺牲品Container容器Inciting刺激的煽动的Emit发射V Utensil器具incidence发生率,；影响范围；发生范围；影响程度Emission发射N Fold折叠Perceive看待Ultrasonic超声的Canoe木筏Tension紧张Pulse脉搏波动Interconnect内部连接cargo1.（船或飞机装载的）货物2.大量；重负maneuverable容易操作的,有机动性的Portable可移动的sturdy强壮的,健壮的,坚固的, 结实的affiliate使隶属于, 接纳…为成员alliance（国家、（国家、政党等的）结盟, 联盟, 同盟Efficient有效的Impression印象Federation联邦联盟expand 使…变大, 扩大, 扩张, 增强（尺码、数量或重要性）TPO 8Diploma文凭Requirement要求Credit学分荣誉outline提纲, 要点, 概要Supplement补充biologyHabitat栖息地Active主动的Negative否定的Reproduce繁衍Preference选择Confidence 自信 Evolve 进化Aton 阿托恩(古埃及信奉的太阳神)Interior 次等Invent 发明Property 财产特性Exterior 外部Independent 独立的 Confirm 确信 Depiction 描述Chart 表格 Remind 使想起 savvy 机智,头脑,理解,悟性 Initially 起先地 Version 版本描述Strategic marketing 战略营销 Symbol 代表 Spectroscopy 光谱学,波谱学, Equipment 仪器知识 Intelligence 智力 Convince 使信服Membership card 会员卡Portray 画像描述扮演Discredit 不信aerobics 有氧健身法,健美操 Affluence 富裕丰富 Synthesize 综合Socialize 社会化社交 Symbolize 标志代表 technetium 【化】锝TCU Facilities 设备Available 可获得的Artificially 人工地Resource 资源 Purchase 购买 Synthesize 综合Peddler 商贩 Radioactive 放射性的 LiteratureDecay 衰变腐坏 Accessible 可获得的 ChemistrySpontaneous 自发的 Literacy 识字, 有文化, 会读写Periodic table 元素周期表Split 使裂开分裂Impact 影响Predictive 预言性的 Generate 产生 Correction 更正 Prediction 预言Irony 讽刺 Optimal 最佳的最优的 Atomic 原子的 Alternative 替代选项Proton 质子Geology Credit 学分信誉借贷荣誉Exhibit 陈列展示Crystallize 结晶 Outline 提纲要点轮廓 Preference 选择 Basal slip 地基滑动 Supplement 填充补充 Shrub 灌木丛 Slide 滑动 Density 密度 Glacier 冰川biology Underneath 下面 Depression 洼陷抑郁 Habitat 栖息地 Dominant 主要的 Overlaying 覆盖的 Active 主动的 Affect 影响Reduce 减少Negative 消极的Impact 想象Friction 摩擦力Reproduce 繁衍复制 Correlate 相关 Lubricant 润滑的 Preference参考谈及 Rate 率Deformation 变形 Remove 移除脱去 Feed on 以…为食 Brittle 易碎的 Destruction 摧毁Extension 延展Camouflage 伪装隐藏Woman Artists Compression 挤压压缩 Predator 扑食者 Academy 学院Bedrock 牢固基础 Artificial 人工的 Premiere (电影、戏剧的）首次公演，首映Constrict 限制Threaten 威胁Destination 目的地Crack 使开裂 Conservation 保存 Progressive 进展的 Surge 急剧上升 Recreate 再创造 Criticism 批评挑剔 Diploma 学历 Inaccessible 不可获得的 Rank 排名TPO9Manufacturer制造商Mechanical机械的Horizon地平线范围Administration行政管理管理机关Release释放Convincing令人信服的有说服力的Commercial商业的Constraint强制; 限制, 约束Reflect 反射考虑表达Investigate调查Represent代表Pioneer先驱者Bacteria细菌Dimension方面维度尺度Thunder 迅雷打雷Nutritional value营养价值Mutual 相对的Opaque难理解的不透明的Notable值得注意的显著的Environmental science Dairy日记Attend参加Arctic北极的Supportive支持的Incredibly难以置信地Temperature温度Influential有影响力的Tundra冻原theater Unified统一的Precipitation降雨Entertainment娱乐Subsequent后续的Permafrost永久冻土Excitement兴奋Emphasis 强调Impermeable不可穿透的Suspend暂停Illusion幻想假象Interfere干扰Disbelief不相信Contemporary现代的Occur发生Rigid刚硬的死板的Landscape风景山水画Microbe微生物细菌Scenery景色Concentrate集中注意力Microscopic微小的Three-dimensional三维的Feature特点Organism有机物Elaborate详尽说明Series系列Enable能Representation代表Realistic现实的Penetrate穿透Insulate绝缘Silt淤泥堵塞Instinctive本能的天生的Nutrient营养的Clay粘土Prairie草原Run-off流走之物最后一次Penetrate穿透Constitute组成Drift漂吹积Scatter分散Rodent <动>啮齿目动物Promote提升Have to do with和…有关Burrow挖掘Abundant丰富的Capture 捕捉Qualify使合格Prairie草原Ecosystem生态系统Primitive原始的Persist坚固维护Variety多样Discreteness 分散Shift改变Numerous数目多的Coyote北美小狼Recall回顾Buffalo布法罗(美国纽约州西部一城市)Differentiate区分Semester学期linguistics Display展示表达Request请求Displacement取代替代Privilege特权Mammal哺乳动物Abstract抽象的Primate灵长类动物Hawk鹰geology Clarify弄清楚说清楚Inclination倾向爱好Quarter四分之一一个季度Convey表达Barren贫瘠的Serve a purpose达到一个目的Monsoon季雨Feature特点Limestone石灰石Pragmatic务实的实事求是的Dune沙丘Peculiar奇特的TPO 10Monsoon季雨Sperm whale抹香鲸Soar飞升Trendy时髦的Killer whale虎鲸Full refund全额退款Uninspired 无想象力的无灵Baleen whale长须鲸Exception例外感的Stake赌注Syllabus课表大纲Exhibit陈列显出European history Ingredient组成部分ecologyMarine biology Squash压扁Nutrient营养的Mammal哺乳动物Nightshade family .茄属植物Scarce稀少的Evolve进化Inedible不可吃的Phosphorous cycle磷循环Missing link失落的一环T oxic有毒的Particle粒子Transition过渡转变Poisonous有毒的Fertilizer化肥Land-dwelling陆生的Catch on传播流行Decompose分解Aquatic水生的Item一项一件物品Algae 藻海藻Skeletal structure 骨架结构Restrain限制Excessive过分的Genetic code遗传密码Rejection拒绝Adversely相反地Descendant后代Maize玉米Sediment沉积物Hippopotamus海马Subsist维持生活Submerge 完全淹没Contradict矛盾Mediterranean Sea地中海Nitrogen氦Molecular分子Reliability依靠Assume假设Abundant丰富的Psychology心理学repress抑制压制Disturb干扰Barricade路障障碍物Cognitive认知的Symbolic代表的Represent代表Acknowledge承认Decay 衰变Replicate重复复制TPO11Access to有途径去做Relatively相对地Adaptation适应Register登记注意到Accumulate积累Transform变形Fee费用Chimney烟囱Suitable合适的Efficiently有效地Drain抽干Biology Exterior外部Pattern模式Parenting behavior抚育行为Interior内部EL Nino厄尔尼诺Distraction分心Plain平淡的Subscribe订阅定期捐款Display展现Imitate模仿Affect影响Predator扑食者Aesthetic美学的Release释放Engage in参与Proportion比例Moisture湿度Pretend假装Popularity流行Reconstruct重建Exhaust穷尽累Mild温和的暖和的Predict预测Spread扩展Functional作用的Consequence结果Convincing 说服人的Billboard广告牌Impression印象Qualified合格的Avenue 林荫大道途径Swirl旋转打转Applicant申请者Majority大部分Conspicuous明显的显眼的Committee委员会Associate和…有关Investment投资Academic学术的Hatch孵Representative代表的Snack零食architecture Perspective角度Detour绕道T ough坚韧的粗暴的Residential居住的Ranch-style大农场样式geologyPeninsula海岛Citric柠檬的Strip of land一片地Landscape风景Function作用Vegetation蔬菜Application运用Wetland湿地Exposed暴露的Swampy沼泽的Compact压紧紧促的Marshy沼泽的TPO12Revise修改Executive行政的Commit to委身Rewrite重写Embrace拥抱Imprisonment监牢Swamped泥沼状的充满了Radical极端的Persecution逼迫Ambitious野心勃勃的Replacement替代Resurrect复活Scope范围Respond to等于Melodious有旋律的悦耳的Historical历史的Survey调查Renaissance文艺复兴Unrelated不相关的Manufacture制造Originate起源Distract分心Contact联系Confine限制Focused集中注意力的Extend延展Migrate移民Rhythm节奏韵律biology Paycheck支票A ccompaniment伴随Renew跟新Deposit押金harpsichord拨弦古钢琴Chromosome染色体Payroll 工资名单Mythology神话Stretch延展Retrieve撤退Chivalry骑士制度Junk垃圾Compute计算Appropriate合适的挪用V Sequence 先后顺序一连串Adjustment调整Coil一圈Music history Extraterrestrial外星的Functional作用的Opera戏剧Analyze分析V Plural复数的environmentAnalysis唔系N Lyric歌词Science科学Enzyme酶Common place 常见Alternative替代选项Incredible 难以置信的Thematic题目的主题的Virtually实际上地Contain 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onAnalyze分析有深远影响Combination结合Speculate猜想Limestone石灰Classify分类Sulfuric acid硫酸Hammer锤子biologyDeposit存款押金drumstick鼓槌Pros and cons好处和坏处Permeate渗透Percussion打击Pollinate授粉Crack裂开String弦forage草料,饲料Release释放I nstrument乐器beaver海狸,河狸Hydrogen氢气Artistically艺术的Construct建造Sulfide硫Turning point转折点Predator扑食者Fissure裂缝Convey表达Nutritional营养的aggressively侵略地;攻击地Capacity能力Shelter避难所Dissolve溶解Excessive过量的Same amount of同量地Carbonic acid二氧化碳Essential重要的lug硬扯Carve雕刻Dominate主宰统治Wander闲逛Exaggeration夸张Coincide同时发生巧合Expose暴露Maze迷宫困惑Refine提纯Critical issue重要事件Gypsum石膏Particular特别的Reflect反射Deposit沉积物P reviously之前地Drag拉Exceptional特别的Minimize最小化Genre题材Dramatically戏剧性地Consciously好奇地P atronage赞助人Affect影响Constraint限制Strategy策略Outline轮廓外表Intricate复杂的Yield产生Strip脱掉Stained沾染的Descendant后代Indicate 指示Innovation创新Offspring后代Composition写作Layer一层Boundary界限Art history Metallic金属的Scarce稀少的Compound复合物Decorative装饰性的Copper桐Principal原则Iron铁Lead铅Replace替代Tpo 17Classic经典的Reluctant不愿意的Contradict冲突矛盾Midsummer night’s dream仲夏夜之梦Impose on把…强加于Obtain得到To the point正中主题Preconceived预先知道的Correspond to 一致等于I was wondering if 我猜Presence存在absenceFaculty教职员工Production产生Demonstrate指示显示Sacrifice牺牲Track down跟踪Lack of detail缺乏细节Influence影响Primitive原始的HistoryIronic讽刺的Address解决地址Interpretation诠释Environmental science Keep track of跟踪Figure out猜想Deal with处理Revolve旋转自转Dramatic戏剧地Orbit环绕inundation淹没,泛滥Transient短暂的Lead to导致Subsidence沉寂平静Circular循环的Harvest收割Prehistoric art dating Elliptical椭圆星系的Flood洪水Prehistoric史前的Consistent持续的Essentially 重要地Paleolithic考古旧石器时代的Glacier冰川Submerge淹没Roughly粗糙地Hemisphere半球Subside下沉Define定义Tilt倾斜Recede退去Portable可移动地Imaginary 想象的Phase时期Carve刻Pole地极Approximately大概地Signature签名Severe 严重的Complicated复杂的Stratigraphy分层precession先行;领先Dawn 黎明拂晓Discard丢弃Axis轴线Occur发生Minimum最小Skeptical怀疑的Reappearance再现Maximum最大oceanographer海洋学家Lunar阴历radiocarbon放射性碳Drill挖掘Recycle循环Organic有机的Seafloor海底Combination结合Decay衰变Collect sample收集样本Fluctuate波动Charcoal木炭Extensive大量的Ensure确保Reluctant不愿意的Deposit沉寂Ideal 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IBT听力分类总结

[总结]IBT听力分类总结（不重复精简版）8月听力1自然类：A>以Hummingbird 为例讲述migratory animal habitat的研究.关于鸟类栖息地的文章。

文章以一种鸟为例，指出其的特性，它虽然小，但迁徙范围极大。

并说它靠吃花是的蜜补充能量，而花又反过来靠它授粉。

文章接着讲了如何保护鸟类的栖息地，如不要开发人类住宅和农田，而大量种鸟类喜欢的当地的花儿，给鸟腿上绑标签从而知道它们的行踪。

开发观鸟活动以提供经费。

B>一个老太太讲鱼的FINS, 刚开始我还想怎么谈FENCES. 介绍了FINS 的作用, 在水中像BRAKE 什么功能的. 有三种功能:<1> 上浮<2> 下沉<3> DRAG (有题: 说DRAG 作者和什么想类比, 就像空气对飞机的作用)讲SHARK 不能够快速转玩,SHARK 的尾巴和但是别的鱼不同. 然后又讲了这两种尾巴的不同功能.这里提到了SEAHORSE,和EEL 没有那样的尾巴.C>说动物对环境的适应。

北极熊是熊的一种但是为什么他是白色的呢？呵呵，不是因为捕食的缘故，因为北极熊要捕食的海狮是瞎的，所以他们根本不用伪装。

但是夏天很热，白色的皮毛能让他们过得舒服一点。

所以北极熊冬眠的时间是夏天，但是他们不会用很长的时间，所以被称为“活动的休眠”。

说北极熊的事情。

北极熊不是mammal animal, 而是marine animal。

身上白毛的作用——不是用来作为保护色，而是为了防止太阳赛伤，同时为了保暖。

还说了北极熊的snout 很坚硬，通过snout打碎冰面，并且捕捉海豹seal。

还讲到了北极熊独特的冬眠方式--Walking hibernationpolarbear, 说它们从brown bear演化过来（有题！）他们的毛为什么是白的（以前说是防止被发现，最新解释为辐射阳光，保暖）。

他们鼻子很厉害，帮助他们猎取seals海豹。

TPO1-24(讲座类)(7月16日)分类表格 Office Word 文档

tpo130tpo130模考软件tpo1听力解析tpo1阅读tpo1听力答案tpo130下载tpo1阅读答案tpo1阅读解析tpo1综合写作tpo1综合写作文本
文科
社会科学
1，考古学人类学 2，历史哲学 3，商业经济政治 4，心理学语言学社会学
TPO1(L3)(Catahuyak); TPO14(L4)(Cave); TPO23(L1)(Antikythera Mechanism); TPO24(L3)(Mega fauna in NA); TPO7(L3)(Native Americans); TPO22(L1)(Human State); TPO10(L2)(Food Introduction); TPO17(L3)(Ancient Egyptian’s Calendar); TPO18(L3)(Spice); TPO2(L3)(Happiness); TPO11(L4)(Advertising Plan); TPO12(L2)(MBWA); TPO6(L1)(Boom&Bust); TPO4(L4)(Support Art); TPO2(L1)(Behaviorism); TPO10(L4)(Child Amnesia); TPO14(L1)(Cognition); TPO15(L1)(Distraction); TPO9(L4)(Animal Communication); TPO19(L1)(Family Tree); TPO20(L1)(Gricean Maxims); TPO5(L1)(Meme Theory); TPO4(L2)(Self-reliance); TPO5(L4)(Folk tales& Fairy tales); TPO6(L3)(Creative Writing); TPO13(L3)(Poetry); TPO20(L3)(Folktales); TPO7(L1)(Well-made play); TPO9(L1)(Theatre Design); TPO21(L4)(Alice Neel); TPO12(L3)(Opera); TPO16(L2)(Pianos); TPO22(L4)(20century American Musician); TPO23(L4)(Screen Dance& Choreography); TPO24(L2)(Modern Dance); TPO3(L2)(Jean Painleve); TPO1(L1)(Rose Franzen); TPO3(L3)(Cave Art); TPO8(L2)(Women Art School); TPO15(L3)(Archimedes’ work);TPO16(L4)(Stained Glass); TPO17(L1)(Prehistoric Art Dating); TPO18(L2)(Ancient Roman Sculpture); TPO19(L4)(Cecilia Beaux); TPO21(L4)(Alice Neel); TPO11(L2)(Form&Function); TPO13(L1)(City Planning);

托福TPO1-24听力题目汇总

托福TPO1-24听力题目汇总听力考察的三大层面听到1.问…主旨2.问为什么要对话或者讲座3.问说到了….(事情) 听懂1. 问speaker 态度2. 再听一遍，为什么要说这句话听会1. 问表述的结构2. 问…和…的联系3. 问….可以推理出听力时候要注意的出题点1 转折：转折后面为重点，后面的重点信息的出现。

2.观点和例子：例子支持观点，所以观点是重点（要记录），例子理解为主3.时间：表示时间点的，新时间点后内容更加重要4.分类：出现了two points，three levels，注意听各个point 序数词5.同位语：如果很多名词之间没有and，as well as 的连接词，听懂一个就可以6.差异：凡是与大众观点不同的，有difference、special、interesting 之类信号词，为重点7.比较：对比（unlike）和类比（similar to）需要理解 8.回答：提问后回答为要点、不直接问答，兜圈的地方，容易出现态度考察。

9.建议：建议和意见为重点，解决问题的最终方法为重点，与教授的约定为重点，建议不被接纳的原因为重点10.因果：原因和结果的区分，都有可能成为重点，但作为抽象归纳的一方，更容易成为重点。

11.转换内容重点：作者从一个讲课对象，转移到另外一个转移对象，在每个对象中都容易出现考点。

TPO-1 Section 11.Why does the student go to see the librarian? ", To sign up for aseminar on using electronic sources for research ", To report that a journalis missing from the reference area ", To find out the procedure for checkingout journal articles ", To ask about how to look for resources for a class paper 2.What does the librarian say about the availability of journals andarticles in the library? ", They are not easy to find if a professor put them on reserve", Most of them are accessible in an electronic format ", Most of them can be checked out for three weeks ", Printed versions from the past three yearsare located in the reference section.3.What does the librarian suggest the student should do to save time? ", Choose an easier research topic ", Concentrate on five journals ", Read the summaries of the articles first ", Install a new program on her home computer4.What can be inferred about why the woman decides to use the computer in the library? ", She thinks she might need additional help from the man ", She does not have a computer at home ", She has to hand in her assignment by the end of the day ", She will be meeting a friend in the library later on5.Why does the woman say this() ", She had forgotten about the information ", She is surprised she was not aware of the information ", She is annoyed that the information was published only recently ", She is concerned that the librarian gave her incorrect information6.What is the purpose of the lecture? ", To explain the difference between two artistic styles ", To describe a new art gallery to the class ", To introduce an artist's work to the class ", To show how artists' styles can evolve over time7.What does the professor say about Frantzen's painting of a farm scene? ", It resembles a photograph ", It may be Frantzen's best known painting ", Itwas painted in the Impressionist style ", It was painted while Frantzen lived abroad 8.Why did Frantzen go to the Sales Barn? ", To study human form and movement ", To earn money by painting portraits ", To paint farm animals in an outdoor setting ", To meet people who could model for her paining9.What does the professor imply about the painting of the young womansurrounded by pumpkins? ", It was painted at an art fair ", It combines Impressionism with Realism ", It convinced Frantzen that she was a good illustrator ", It was originally meant to be used in an advertisement10.Why does the professor discuss Frantzen's difficulties as a young painter? ", He wants to point out mistakes that young artists commonly make ", He thinks her example can inspire the students in their own lives ", Her difficulties remind him of the difficulties he himself experienced as a younggirl ", Her difficulties are the subject of some of the paintings in the gallery that the students will visit11.What does the professor imply when he says this() ", The students can understand Frantzen's art without knowing about her life ", The students should pay very close attention to what he is going to say ", Some of his students are already familiar with Frantzen's life story ", Some of his students may not appreciate Frantzen's work 12.What does the professor mainly discuss? ", The difference in age among American mountain ranges ", The importance of a technique used for dating geological materials ", The recent discovery of an ancient canyon ", A comparison of various minerals used for dating13.Before the use of uranium-lead analysis, where did most geologiststhinkthe Grand Canyon sandstone came from? ", An ancient lake located in the American Southwest ", A desert that once connected two continents ", Sands carried by a river from the Appalachian Mountains ", A nearby mountain range that had flattened out over time14.In the talk, the professor describes the sequence of uranium-lead dating.Summarize the sequence by putting the events in the correct order.Drag your answer choices to spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on itZircon in the sandstone is matched to the zircon in a particular mountain range.The amount of lead in sandstone zircon is measured The age of zircon in a sandstone sample is determined 1 2 3 15.According to the professor, what change has caused uranium-lead dating to gain popularity recently? ", It can be performed outside a laboratory ", It can now be done more efficiently ", It no longer involves radioactive elements ", It can be used in fields other than geology16.Why does the professor talk about the breaking apart of Earth's continents? ", To give another example of how uranium-lead dating might be useful ", To explain how the Grand Canyon was formed ", To demonstrate howdifficult uranium-lead dating is ", To disprove a theory about the age ofEarth's first mountain ranges17.What does the professor imply when he says this() ", The class iseasier than other geology classes ", The class has already studied the information he is discussing ", Some students should take a course ingeological dating techniques ", He will discuss the topic later in the class Section 2.1.What is the conversation mainly about ", A lesson Matthew prepared forhis students ", A class Matthew has been observing ", A term paper that Matthew has written ", A problem in Matthew's classroom2.What is Matthew's opinion about observing Mr.Grabell's third-grade class? ", It will help him become a more effective teacher ", It could help improvehis study habits ", It has improved his public-speaking skills ", It may bethe most difficult assignment he has had 3.Why does Matthew mention Greek and Roman mythology? ", To identify a topic frequently discussed in third grade ", To get the professor's opinion about a lesson he taught ", To make asuggestion to improve the class he is taking ", To illustrate a technique used to teach a third-grade class 4.What important skills did Mr.Grabell introduceto his third-grade class? Click on 3 answers ", Reviewing other student's reports ", Using books in the library ", Interviewing their classmates ", Speaking in public ", Writing reports5.What will Matthew probably do in next Wednesday'sclass? ", Hand in his assignment early ", Try to start a study group ", Make a presentation to the class ", Choose a topic for his paper 6.What is the lecture mainly about? ", Art in the Neolithic period ", The site of aNeolithic town ", Methods of making stone tools ", The domestication of plants and animals by early farmers7.What does the professor imply about the tools used by the people of Catalhoyuk? ", They were made of stone that came from Catalhoyuk ", They were among the sharpest tools available at the time ", They were often used in religious rituals ", They were used primarily for agriculture8.What does the professor say about the entrances to the houses in Catalhoyuk?Click on 2 answers ", They were in the roof ", They were usually kept closed ", They allowed smoke to escape from the house ", They stood opposite one another across narrow streets 9.What does the professor say about Catalhoyuk graves? ", The graves contained precious stones ", Many people were buried in each grave ", The grave were located under the house floors ", The graves contained ashes rather than bones 10.What does the professor think of the idea that the inhabitants ofCatalhoyuk deliberately arranged their house so that they could live near their ancestors' graves? ", She thinks it is a good guess, but only a guess ", She thinks some evidence supports it, but other evidence contradicts it. ", She thinks that further excavations will soon disprove it ", She thinks thatit is not appropriate to make such guesses about the distant past11.What are three things the professor says about the artwork of Catalhoyuk? Click on 3 answers ", It was clearly important to the Catalhoyuk religion ", It became covered with soot ", It often shows farmers at work ", Its significance is unknown", It contains many hunting scenes 12.What is the main topic of thelecture ", The types of habitats marmots prefer ", Methods of observing marmot behavior ", Feeding habits of some marmot species ", Differences in behavior between marmot species13.According to the case study, why are marmots ideal for observation ", They do not hide from humans ", They reside in many regions throughout North America ", They are active in open areas during the day ", Their burrows are easy to locate14.Drag the appropriate description of each marmot species' behavior to thebox below the marmot's nameClick on a phrase. Then drag it to the space where it belongs.One of the phrases will not be used Displays aggressive tendencies is family orientedstays active during the winter Olympic Marmot Eastern Marmot15.What reason does the professor give for the difference in marmotbehaviour patterns? ", Type of food available ", The size of the population ", Interaction with other marmot species ", Adaptations to the climate16.Why does the professor say this() ", To inform the student that his definition is incorrect ", To suggest that the student did not do the reading ", To encourage the student to try again ", To change the topic of discussion 17.Why does the professor say this() ", To express a similar concern ", To encourage the student to explain what she means ", To address the student's concern ", To agree with the student TPO-2 Section 11.Why does the man go to see his professor To borrow some charts and graphs from her To ask her to explain some statistical procedures To talk about report he is writing To discuss a grade he got on a paper2.What information will the man include in his report? Click in thecorrect box for each phraseInclude in report Not include in report Climate charts Interviews with meteorologists Journals notes Statistical tests3.Why does the professor tell the man about the appointment at thedoctor's office?To demonstrate a way of remembering things To explain why she needs to leave soonTo illustrate a point that appears in his report To emphasize the importance of good health 4.What does the professor offer to do for the man Help him collect more data in other areas of the state Submit his research findings for publication Give him the doctor's telephone number Review thefirst version of his report 5.Why does the professor say this() To question the length of the paper To offer encouragement To dispute the data sources To explain a theory6.What is the professor mainly discussing The development of motor skills in childrenHow psychologists measure muscle activity in the throat A theory about the relationship between muscle activity and thinkingA study on deaf people's problem-solving techniques 7.Why does the professor say this() To give an example of a laryngeal habit To explain the meaning of a termTo explain why he is discussing laryngeal habitsTo remind students of a point he had discussed previously 8.Why does the professor say about people who use sign languageIt is not possible to study their thinking habits They exhibit laryngeal habitsThe muscles in their hands move when they solve problemsThey do not exhibit ideomotor action9.What point does the professor make when he refers to the university libraryA study on problem solving took place thereStudents should go there to read more about behaviorism Students' eyeswill turn toward it if they think about it He learned about William James' concept of thinking there 10.The professor describes a magic trick to the class,what does the magic trick demonstrate?An action people make that they are not aware of That behaviorists are not really scientists How psychologists study children A method for remembering locations11.What is the professor's opinion of the motor theory of thinkingMost of the evidence he has collected contradicts it It explains adult behavior better than it explains child behaviorIt is the most valid theory of thinking at the present time It cannot be completely proved or disproved12.What aspect of Manila hemp fibers does the professor mainly discuss in the lectureSimilarities between cotton fibers and manila hemp fibers Various types of manila hemp fibersThe economic importance of Manila hemp fibers A use of Manila hemp fibers13.Why does the professor mention going away for the weekend?To tell the class a jokeTo apologize for not completing some work To introduce the topic of the lectureTo encourage students to ask about her trip14.What does the professor imply about the name Manila hempIt is a commercial brand name Part of the name is inappropriate The name has recently changedThe name was first used in the 1940's15.Why does the professor mention the Golden Gate Bridge?To demonstrate a disadvantage of steel cables To give an example of the creative use of colorTo show that steel cables are able to resist salt water To give an example of a use of Manila hemp16.According to the professor, what was the main reason that many ships usedManila hemp ropes instead of steel cables? Manila hemp was cheaperManila hemp was easier to produceManila hemp is more resistant to salt water Manila hemp is lighter in weight17.According to the lecture, what are two ways to increase the strength or ropemade from Manila hemp fibers? Click on 2 answersCoat the fibers with zinc-based paintCombine the fibers into bundles Soak bundles of fibers in salt water Twist bundles of fibers Section 21.What are the students mainly discussing? Click on 2 answersTheir courses for next semester Their plans for the weekend A poetry clubA class assignment2.What does the man plan to do at the end of the month Register for classesFinish writing his master's thesis Leave his job at the coffee shop Take a short vacation3.Why does the man talk to the woman about the \Kitchen\To find out how often the club meetsTo inform her that the date of the next meeting has changedTo complain that not enough people are reading their poemsTo encourage her to attend4.What is the woman's attitude toward participating in the poetry club?She is looking forward to hearing her professor's poetry She is interested in attending but she has no timeShe thinks the poetry that is read there is not very good She used to participate but did not enjoy it 5.What will the students do in the summer They will both take coursesThey will both have full-time jobs They will travel to England together They will teach a class together6.What is the main purpose of the lecture? To illustrate the importance of extrinsic valuesTo explain Aristotle's views about the importance of teachingTo explain why people change what they value To discuss Aristotle's views about human happiness 7.The professor gives examples of things that have value for her. Indicate foreach example what type of value it has for her.Click in the correct box. This question is worth 2 points. Only extrinsic valueOnly intrinsic valueBoth extrinsic and intrinsic value Teaching Exercise healthPlaying a musical instrument8.Why is happiness central to Aristotle's theory? Because it is sodifficult for people to attainBecause it is valued for its own sake by all people Because it is a means to a productive lifeBecause most people agree about what happiness is9.According to the professor, why does Aristotle think that fame cannotprovide true happiness?Fame cannot be obtained without help from other people Fame cannot be obtained by all people Fame does not last foreverPeople cannot share their fame with other people10.What does the professor mean when she says this() Teaching is not a highly valued profession in society She may change professions in order to earn more money The reason she is a teacher has little to do with her salary More people would become teachers if the salary were higher11.What is Bode's law? A law of gravitationAn estimate of the distance between Mars and Jupiter A prediction of how many asteroids there are A pattern in the spacing of the planets12.Why does the professor explain Bode's Law to the class?To describe the size of the asteroidsTo explain who the asteroids belt was discoveredTo explain how gravitational forces influence the planets To describe the impact of telescopes on astronomy 13.How does the professor introduce Bode's Law? By demonstrating how it is derived mathematically By describing the discovery of UranusBy drawing attention to the inaccuracy of a certain pattern By telling the names of several of the asteroids 14.According to the professor, what twofactors contributed to the discovery of the asteroid Ceres? Click on 2 answers Improved telescopesAdvances in mathematics The discovery of a new starThe position of Uranus in a pattern感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

2020年1月24日托福听力答案解析

2020年1月24日托福听力答案解析对话1教授问学生的暑假怎样过?学生说想留在学校，因为这里是hometown。

学生希望教授给她个reference(此处reference意为推荐信，而非参考文献)。

学生去年在教授去墨西哥时曾协助教授照看房子。

教授说，今年我也有个工作给你，做我的研究助理(research assistant)，去图书馆查资料。

学生很开心，觉得有钱赚，又不耽误她找其他工作。

最后教授让学生与秘书约时间，下次详谈。

工作场景是对话中经常出现的场景，能够参考的题目包括：P9高级讲义中的TEST 6-C2，TEST 7-C1，TPO 40-C2，35-C1，18-C1，17-C2，12-C2和6-C1.讲座1音乐史讲座，讲了madrigal(意大利牧歌)起源与发展。

教授说我们今天来讲madrigal，它不但仅起源于意大利，也融合了其他地区但音乐。

它是一个4-6人的合唱，分低中高声部。

它是将诗人的诗歌配上音乐(set poem to music小黑板上举了一个诗人的例子)，用来传达诗歌中的情感(convey emotion)。

不同的音乐能够表达不同的情感。

而后madrigal发展的越来越复杂，不但仅表达情感，增加了更多的戏剧性效果(more dramatic)。

最后教授说，我这么说太抽象了，所以我给你们布置了作业，听CD。

背景资料补充：Madrigal在很多篇听力真题中都有涉及，因为它是16世纪欧洲世俗音乐(secular music)的代表。

而听力题目中经常涉及文艺复兴时期艺术开始世俗化(secularization)的话题。

这种世俗化体现在各种艺术形式当中，当然其中也包括音乐。

Madrigal的歌词(lyric)多是感伤或爱情内容的田园诗，室内复调音乐的风格。

音乐家在写作牧歌时特别注重对诗文内容的表达，体现在音乐上就是“表情性”的增强。

在16世纪后半叶，欧洲还出现了诗歌的情感与音乐的规则孰轻孰重的争论(音乐理论家Giovanni Artusi和作曲家Claudio Monteverdi的争论)。

TPO1-24综合写作：阅读+听力文本

TPO1-24综合写作：阅读+听力文本【YeeaooBox推荐】特别推荐，感谢原作者目录TPO1 (2)TPO2 (3)TPO3 (4)TPO4 (5)TPO5 (7)TPO6 (8)TPO7 (9)TPO8 (11)TPO9 (12)TPO10 (13)TPO11 (15)TPO12 (16)TPO13 (17)TPO14 (18)TPO15 (20)TPO16 (21)TPO17 (22)TPO18 (23)TPO19 (25)TPO20 (26)TPO21 (27)TPO22 (28)TPO23 (29)TPO24 (30)是免费的托福真题备考网站 (31)随心的YeeaooBox iPhone客户端 (33)是免费的托福真题备考网站我们致力于提供最全的托福纯真题备考资料http:TPO1ReadingIn the United States,employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However,many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so.A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths(80percent)of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert,and as a result,they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid80percent of the normal rate.In the end,companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money,which would increase company profits.For the country as a whole,one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours,some of their workload would have to be shifted to others.Thus,for every four employees who went on an80percent week,a new employee could be hired at the80percent rate.Finally,the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families,pursuing private interests,or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First,offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more,possibly a lot more.Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits.Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five.And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers.These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second,with respect to overall employment,it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek,many more jobs will become available.Hiring new workers is costly,as I argued a moment ago.And companies have other options.They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference.Worse,companies might raise expectations.They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days.If this happens,then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally,while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives,it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life.Working a shorter week can decrease employees'job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn.They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2ReadingIn many organizations,perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all,a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise,and skills than any single individual is likely to possess.Also,because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess,a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake.This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team.Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others.Also,the individual team member has a much better chance to“shine”,to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant,because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.ListeningProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people,and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done.After about six months,the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team,some members got almost a"free ride"...they didn't contribute much at all,but if their team did a good job,they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues?Well...the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole,nonames were named.So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process,their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly.Why?Because it took so long to reach consensus;it took many,many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.On the other hand,there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said"That will never work"about an idea the group was developing,the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed.And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was"highly creative."And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work,they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story?When the project failed,the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3ReadingRembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters.However,there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him.One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style,and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt.But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First,there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed.She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford.Rembrandt,who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’clothing,would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency.Second,Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow,but in this painting these elements do not fit together.The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below.But below the face is the dark fur collar,which would absorb light rather than reflect it.So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears.Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally,examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together.Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels,no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the1930s.ListeningProfessor:Everything you just read about"Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet"is true,and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting,a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt.Here is why.First,the fur collar.X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting.The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made.Why?Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady.Second,the supposed error with light and shadow.Once the paint of the added fur color was removed,the original could be seen,in the original painting,the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth.The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face.That's why the face is not in partial shadow.So in the original painting,light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally,the wood panel.It turns out that when the fur collar was added,the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable.So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood,as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting.And in fact,researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of"Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet"is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt,his"Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4ReadingEndotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant.For instance,humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of37°C,no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.Because dinosaurs were reptiles,and modern reptiles are not endotherms,it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms.However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles,and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were,in fact,endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions.Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of thesurrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs.The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity,such as running.But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body,not at the body's side,as they are for crocodiles and many lizards.The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs.This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure.The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals.These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly,and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy.The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm,and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.ListeningProfessor:Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage.They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument.When dinosaurs lived,even the polar regions,where dinosaur fossils have been found,were much warmer than today,warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live.And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do.So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well,what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies,not out to the side like crocodiles.That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running.There is another explanation for having legs under the body.This body structure supports more weight,so with the legs under their bodies,dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs,so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok,so how about bone structure?Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals,that's true.The dinosaur bones also have growth rings.Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing.These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods.This pattern of periodic growth,you know,rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth,and then rapid growth again,is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms.Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.TPO5ReadingAs early as the twelfth century A.D.,the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their"great houses,"massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high.Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used.While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation,there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential,with each housing hundreds of people.Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies.In particular,the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large,well-known"apartment buildings"at Taos,New Mexico,in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies.One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize,which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food.The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere,and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers.Close to one house,called Pueblo Alto,archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies.At the ceremonies,they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served.Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.ListeningProfessor:Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First,sure,from the outside,the great houses look like later and native American apartment building,but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there.I'll explain.If hundreds of people were living in the great houses,then there would have to be many fireplaces,where each family did its daily cooking,but there are very few fireplaces.In one of the largest great houses,there were fireplaces for only around ten families.Yet there wereenough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families,so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second,the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize is unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage,but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers.If the great houses were used for storage,why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor?Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third,the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either.You know that mound at Pueblo Alto?It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots,stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies.For example,there are large quantities of building materials, sands,stones,even construction tools.This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material,stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too,leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies.TPO6ReadingCommunal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects.What is specific to these online encyclopedias,however,is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one.As a result,the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users.The idea might sound attractive,but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional,printed encyclopedias.First,contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials,thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second,even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct,the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate,delete,and corrupt information in the encyclopedia.Once changes have been made to the original text,an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with.None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third,the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently,and in too great a depth,on trivial andpopular topics,which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not.A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as,say,a single long-running television program.The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online"democratic"communal encyclopedias do not.ListeningProfessor:The communal online encyclopedia will probably never be perfect,but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer.The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First,errors.It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors.Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate,if you are looking for a realty comprehensive reference work without any mistakes,you are not going to find it,on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia.But with the printed and bound encyclopedia,the errors remain for decades.Second,hacking.Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers.One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format,which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable.Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third,what's worth knowing about?The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space,so they have to decide what's important and what's not.And in practice,the judgments of the group of academics that make these decisions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have.But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias.The academic articles are still represented in online encyclopedias,but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users'interests.The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantagesTPO7ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices,an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling panies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as eco-certified.Around the world,many wood companies haveadopted new,ecologically friendly practices in order to receive eco-certification.However,it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same,for several reasons.First,American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the eco-certification label.Because so many mediocre products are labeled'new" or improved,''American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.Second,eco-certified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn eco-certification,a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency.This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price,and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly,American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain eco-certificationThird,although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world,this argument is not convincing.Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad.But that is not the case—American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States,catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell,despite what many people say,there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek eco-certification for the wood products.First off,companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies.Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecological-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with an international reputation for trustworthiness.Second point,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone determines consumers'decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small,say,less than5percent,as is the case with certified wood,American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third,US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally.Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors.AsI just told you,there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested ineco-certified products,and guess why?If American companies are slow capturing those consumers,you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets,offering eco-certified wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8ReadingToward the end of his life,the Chevalier de Seingalt(1725-1798)wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures.The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure,but since he met many famous people,including kings and writers,his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century.However,some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir.They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.For example,in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland,he was very wealthy,and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However,evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant.Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich,he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire.No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed.However,critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately,because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice,Italy.He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof.Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading,it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him.They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.ListeningProfessor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail,but still,the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall,and is,by and large,a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.。

TPO新托福突破口Listening听力部分使用指南

育是不注重听力的能力的，因此，我们很多人在形容中国考生的英语能力的时候，经常用的是“哑巴英语”或者说“聋子英语”来形容。

但是实际上，如果我们仔细研究一下ETS关于托福成绩的报告的话，就会发现这样一组数字2009年全球华人iBT新托福考试成绩平均分76分，阅读20分，听力17分，口语18分，作文20分。

很显然，听力是中国学生最大的短板，而且我们还会发现这个分数跟中国教育联系之紧密令人惊讶，中国传统一直在考的阅读和作文均为20分，显示了我们的侧重点，同时听力和口语的17分和18分也佐证了中国英语应试教育的弊端。

其实，无老师没好意思往下写，后面还有数据呢，同期朝鲜考生平均分75分；日本考生分数为67分；韩国考生分数为81分；马来西亚88分；巴基斯坦88分；菲律宾88分，新加坡99分。

我们在亚洲如果倒数的话，是14名，悲催的是，正数也是14名！-_-！！！其实我们也可以想到，无数的考生一定是将准备新托福考试的很大一部分精力全都用在听力之上了。

而作为重中之重的TPO新托福突破口听力，几乎是所有考生追捧的焦点。

如果你拿到这套题之后，立即就将这里从TPO1直至TPO19的所有题全都做一遍的话，在绝大多数情况下，您真的是浪费了这套真题了。

因为对于绝大多数中国考生来说，我们的能力还达不到新托福考试的要求，因此这套题不仅是用来测试我们的，还是用来提升我们的，同时也是用来让我们了解新托福考试的真实思路的。

要想做到这几点，我们应该在每一套题里面经过如下的步骤。

第1步：掐表，按规定时间完整的做完TPO1。

第2步：看答案。

看自己的正确率。

如果正确率在50%以下，那么立即将这套题封存，至少1个月内不应打开。

然后立即看无老师的《手把手教你成为听力达人》/archives/1160从基础一点点起步，提升自己的听力能力，每个月按顺序向后做一套TPO，直到正确率达到50%再向后看本文。

如果正确率在50%-90%之间，那么立即进入第三步。

tpo 听力学科分类及部分单词总结(含词根)

Conversation课程学业：1.课程与作业：1-2，5-2，6-2，8-2，9-1，10-1，12-1，15-2，16-2，17-1，19-1，22-2，25-1，26-1，27-1，27-2，28-1，29-1，30-1，30-2，32-1，33-1，33-2，34-22.选课与换课：14-2，21-2，23-2，24-2，28-23.研究项目：2-1，4-2，13-1，20-2校园生活：1.图书馆与书店：1-1，4-1，7-2，9-2，10-2，13-2，14-1，20-1，24-1，26-2，31-2，34-12.校内工作：3-2，7-1，11-2，12-2，15-1，17-2，18-1，18-2，25-23.住宿与餐饮：19-2，32-24.问询：3-1，5-1，8-1，21-1，31-15.社团与活动：2-2，6-1，11-1，16-1，22-1，23-1，29-2TPO lecture 学科背景分类（1-34）1.Physical Science（38）Astronomy2-4（Bode’s Law）3-4（Spectroscopy）5-2（Moon Landing）13-4（Meteorites）14-3（Seafarers and Stars）18-1（Sunspots）21-1（Geocentric Theory）22-2（Faint Young Sun Paradox）24-4（Shield V olcano on Venus）26-3（Comets）29-4（Carbon Nanotubes）30-3（Jarosite）Ecology & Environmental Science 9-2（Shrubs in Tundra）10-3（Phosphorus Cycle）11-3（Landscape & Climate）12-4（Solar Energy）13-2（Interrelationships）17-2（Milankovitsh Hypothesis）20-2（Interglacial Periods）23-2（Earth Radiation Budgets）29-1（Pedodiversity Plant）32-2（Relationships among Species）33-2（Colorado’s Water）34-2（ASP Digestion）Geology1-2（Uranium-Lead Dating）4-2（Moving Rocks）7-4（Glacial Movement）9-3（Desert Lakes）15-2（Geologic Time Periods）16-1（Lechuguilla Cave）30-2（Oviraptor）31-2（Plate Drift）32-3（The Copper Basin）Chemistry5-3（Spectroscopy）8-4（The Periodic Table of Elements）Computer Science21-2（Software Development）2.Social ScienceArcheology1-3（Catalhoyuk）14-4（Passage Graves）23-1（Antikythera Mechanism）24-3（Megafauna）28-4（Gonur-depe）29-3（Clovis People & Caches）32-1（Ancient Bananas）33-1（The Great Pyramid）History8-3（Vision Correction）10-2（American Food Crops）17-3（Ancient Egyptian Calendar）18-3（Spices）25-3（Egyptian Hieroglyphs）Economics & Business6-1（Boom and Bust）11-4（Advertising）12-2（Managing by Wandering Around）26-1（Green Marketing）34-4（The Life of Innovation）Psychology2-1（Behaviorism）10-4（Childhood Amnesia）14-1（Cognition）15-1（Distraction）30-1（Metacognition）Anthropology7-3（Iroquois People & Birch Tree）22-1（State Formation）31-4（The Botai Culture）Linguistics19-1（Family Tree Model）20-1（Gricean Maxims）Philosophy2-3（Aristotle）28-1（Foundationalism）Sociology5-1（Meme）3.Life ScienceAnimal7-2（Bat’s Use of Ultrasound）10-1（Whales）14-2（Microclimate）17-4（Octopus）18-4（North American Wood Frog）20-4（Snowshoe Hare）21-3（Evolution Theory）22-3（Pleistocene Rewilding）23-3（Dolphin’s Navigation）24-1（Crocodile V ocalization）27-1（Coral Reefs Marine）27-3（Sauropod）31-3（Decline of Coral Reefs）33-3（Notothenioids）12-1（Cell Division）15-4（Biology Community）26-2（Carbon Cycling）Animal Behavior1-4（Marmots）3-1（Humming Birds）4-1（Displacement Activity）8-1（Active Habitat Selection）11-1（Distraction Display）16-3（Foraging Behavior Among Beavers）25-1（Assisted Migration Conservation）25-4（Play）28-2（Mirror Self-Recognition）Botany2-2（Manila Hemp）6-2（Nightcap Oak）19-3（Plants in Salt Mashes）28-3（Plant s’ Photoreceptor）34-3（Plants and Pollinators）4.ArtArt History3-3（Chauvet Painting）8-2（Women Artist in Paris）16-4（Stained Glass Art）17-1（Prehistoric Art Dating）18-2（Copies of Greek Sculptures）26-4（Archimedes Palimpsest）34-1（Dadaism）1-1（Rose Frantzen）19-4（Cecilia Beaux）21-4（Alice Neel）27-4（Primary Colors）Music12-3（Opera）16-2（Piano）22-4（Musicians & Film Industry）25-2（Bela Bartok）27-2（Cremonese Violin）30-4（Electric Guitar）31-1（Music in Ancient Greece）Literature4-2（Emerson’s Self－reliance）5-4（Folk Tales and Fairy Tales）6-3（Character Sketch）13-3（Medieval Poetry）Architecture11-2（Cape Cod House）13-1（Pedestrian Malls）29-2（Reverberation）32-4（Harriet Morrison Irwin）33-4（The Renaissance Gardens）Dance History23-4（Screen Dance）24-2（Modern Dance）Theater History7-1（The Well－made Play）9-1（Philippe Jacques De Loutherbourg）Film History3-2（Jean Painleve）astronomy2-4asteroid beltMercuryVenusEarthMarsSaturnUranus (天神，乌拉诺斯)NeptunePlutoAstronomical unitPatternCeresobjectGravitation gravity，grav=heavy重，或悲伤Grave 严肃的，庄重的，坟墓Aggra－vation 加重，恶化You can imagine that there was some interest in why the 2.8 spot was skipped Validity3-4bloom 花，开花期n. 开花，使植物繁盛，大量出现v.spectroscopy spectroscopicspectraspectral linesspectrum 光谱，波普，范围，系列spectral graphchemical compositioncrystal prismbeamoptical radiationexposeuranium 以Uranus 为依据命名heliumbleed intomagnify 放大，赞美randomlycompileflamefingerprintextensivecircumspect 小心谨慎的circum周围+spect看→看周围→小心2perspective 透视的per全部+spect看+ive……的→看透了的→透视的3prospective 预期的prospect前景+ive……的→adj.预期的respectable 可敬的;人格高尚的respect尊敬+able可以……的→adj.可敬的;人格高尚的5respectful 恭敬的,尊重的respect尊敬,尊重+ful有……的→adj.恭敬的,尊重的6respective 各自的,各个的re回+spect看+ive……的→回头看[自己]→各自的7retrospective 追想的,回顾的retrospect[v.回顾,回想]+ive……的→adj.追想的,回顾的8spectacular 壮观的,引人注目的spect看+acular……的→adj.壮观的,引人注目的n.壮观的演出Badv.1respectively 分别地, 各个地respective[adj.各自的,各个的]+ly表副词→adv.分别地, 各个地Cn.1prospect 景象,前景pro前面+spect看→向前看→前景2aspect 样子, 外表, 面貌, [问题等的]方面a加强意义+spect看→看的东西→外表,容貌3circumspection 细心,慎重circumspect[adj.小心谨慎的]+ion表名词→n.细心,慎重4inspector 检查员, 巡视员inspect[v.检查,调查,视察]+or人→n.检查员, 巡视员5inspection 检查,审查;检阅inspect[v.检查,调查,视察]+ion表名词→n.检查,审查;检阅6prospectus 章程,内容简介;创办计划pro前+spect看+us→向前看的东西7respect 敬意,问候,关系,方面re再+spect看→再看[一眼]→尊敬8spectacle [spect看+acle东西→看的东西→景象;眼镜9spectacular 壮观的演出spect看+acular……的→adj.壮观的,引人注目的n.壮观的演出spectator 观众,旁观者spect看+ator人→看的人11spectrum 系列，范围；光谱spect看+rum→可以看的范围Dn.&v.1respect 尊敬,尊重re再+spect看→再看[一眼]→尊敬Ev.1expect 预期;期望,指望ex出+pect=spect看→看出去,看外面→期待2inspect 检查,调查,视察in内,里面+spect看→看里面→检查3retrospect 回顾,回想retro向后+spect看→向后看4speculate 思索;推测spec=spect看+ulate→看准了→思考,投机suspect 怀疑sus下面+spect看→在下面看一看,斜眼看→怀疑前缀: per- 1. 表示"贯穿,自始至终;全部"; 2. 表示"假,坏"Aadj.1perennial 全年的per贯穿,自始至终;全部+enn年+ial的→全年的2permanent 永久的per贯穿,自始至终;全部+man拿住+ent……的→永久拿住→永恒的3pernicious 有害的,有毒的per贯穿,自始至终;全部+nic毒+ious……的→有毒的4perplexed 困惑的per贯穿,自始至终;全部+plex重叠+ed……的→重叠在一起→困惑的5perspective 透视的per贯穿,自始至终;全部+spect看+ive……的→看透了→透视的6perspicacious 独具慧眼的per贯穿,自始至终;全部+spic看+acious多……的→全部看到→独具慧眼perverse 刚愎自用的,故意作对的per贯穿,自始至终;全部+vers转+e→一直和别人拧着转8perfunctory 草率的per假,坏+funct作用+ory……的→没起好作用→草率的Bn.1percussion 敲打;碰击; 冲突per贯穿,自始至终;全部+cuss摇动,敲打+ion表名词→一直敲打2peroxide 过氧化物per贯穿,自始至终;全部+oxide氧化物→贯穿的氧化物→过氧化物3perturb 烦乱,扰乱per贯穿,自始至终;全部+turb搅→直搅乱→扰乱4perfidy 不忠,背叛per假,坏+fid相信+y状态→假相信→不忠诚5perjury 伪证,假誓per假,坏+jur发誓+y状态→假发誓;参考:jury陪审团Cv.perforate 打洞per贯穿,自始至终;全部+forate打孔→打孔穿过→打洞2perfuse 使洒遍,横流per贯穿,自始至终;全部+fuse流→流遍3permeate 弥漫,遍布,散布;渗入,渗透per贯穿,自始至终;全部+me走+ate表动词→走过去→渗透过去4persist 坚持per贯穿,自始至终;全部+sist站→站到最后→坚持5perspire 出汗per贯穿,自始至终;全部+spir呼吸+e→全身呼吸→出汗6persuade 劝说per贯穿,自始至终;全部+suade劝→一直劝→劝说7peruse 细读per贯穿,自始至终;全部+use利用→[读书的时候]全部利用→细读8pervade 弥漫,普及per贯穿,自始至终;全部+vade走→走遍,遍及9perpetrate 做坏事;犯罪per假,坏+petr石+ate表动词→像石头一样顽固的做坏事→专横,做坏事10pervert 堕落,滥用per假,坏+vert转→转向坏→堕落1.you get the idea2.Anyone want to take a stab at the scientific term for visible light? And I’m sure all of you knowthis because you all did the reading for today3.before we get into that, it’s probably a good thing to back up a bit4.what happens if the sunlight’s spectrum is magnified? Maybe you all didn’t do the reading. Well,here’s what you’d see.5.I’m sure all of you know it. OK. Let’s try something else. Any of you happened to be familiar withthe …?5-2compelling reasonspinpointimpact craterbasincolor-coated imagespacecraftlunarorbitequatortopographical 地形的elevation (low, high)diameterdepthplanetaryredistributecrustmantlepenetratecomposition, formationmeteor showerconcentration of hydrogencometmoleculeevaporationprimitiveoxygen and hydrogenrocket fuelmaybe a ways off: way off, 偏离轨道，错得厉害，有很大距离，（”I think you are way off base.）haul: to move something really big with a lot of effortsperpetually, eternally, perpetual motion (永动机), permanentgive or takecrude estimateby inference “You seemed to know about the book and by inference I though t you had read it.”13-4meteoroids 流星体meteorite：陨石meteor: 流星，大气现象，meteorology，气象学，mythologyinterplanetary spaceproportionterrestrial territory terr＝earth，土地；frighten，可怕，恐惧；extraterrestrial 地球外的，宇宙的Mediterranean，地中海的subterranean，地下的，subterrane，下层，洞穴，地下室cometasteroid (-oid, 希腊语，like，acidoid, 似酸的，asteroid，星状的，小行星，organoid，类器官debris uncountable noun 残骸，碎片，垃圾methanecarbon dioxide (monoxide) nitric oxide 一氧化氮particlenickelindistinguishableleft overanalogous: similar, “marine construction technology like this is very complex, somewhat analogous to trying to build a bridge under water.”Analogy 类似，相似，比拟，“The teacher draw an analogy between the human heart and a pump.”Now I’m going a bit out of a boarder here.the thing is, what’s especially interesting about … is that…难句: they consist of the same chemical elements that are in matter originated on earth.It might help if you think of…remember we talked about the two classes of planets in our solar system? And how they differ in composition?14-3latitude 纬度longitudealtitude elevationorient v. 标定方向，使熟悉或适应，orient oneselforientation n.oriental 东方的seafarersnavigationalpartition v. 分割partition the country 分裂国家symmetrical 对称的匀称的symmetric 对称性的historichistoricalidenticalcanoediscern 看出理解了解识别Vikingkeep track of seasonsecology9-2we are around the topicCelsiusVegetationShrubTundra: a flat land with very little vegetation Precipitation, respirationThawPermafrostImpermeableNone of the plants that grow there can have deep roots, can they? No, and that’s one of the reasons that shrubs survive in the arctic Interfere withMicrobes microbialMicroscopic organismNitrogenPhosphorusInsulateRun-offSemiaridPrairie10-3scarce scarcitynitrogen, carbon, phosphorus硫，sulphur sulphuricbreak down erodeparticleweather v.mine v.fertilizerdecomposecompositionalgaeclogadverse adversitysediment depositsubstantial11-3citrusbout 发作I was suffering with a bout of nerves一段时间，一阵（不愉快的事大量发生）The latest bout of violence has claimed twenty-four lives. Spell of frost 一阵（某种活动，天气等）Wetland swamp marsh 淹没，使陷入困境，忙的不可开交OverwhelmedSwampy marshy 泥泞的沼泽的marshmallowsugar coated hawsdrain 排水v. 下水道n. drainage 废水，排水系统sewer 下水道阴沟divert 转道，转向－vert＝turnconvert convertible 可辩论的敞篷车ventilate 通风ventilate the room ventilatorsubscribe 订阅subscribe to 同意，支持Fahrenheit CelsiusPlumb v. plumberA drop in the bucket12-4alternative energy sourcediffused 含糊不清的难以理解的diffuse v. 传播四散普及to diffuse new ideas fuse 融化融合保险丝引信confusespur v. 策马前进鼓励激励加速推动n. 马刺，刺激因素fall into two categoriespanel 专门小组仪表板solar energyplantmega13-2interrelationshipinterdependenceecosystem ecofriendlylogpondstanding stillmammalssponge songebob squarepantssoak up17-2circular a. ovalelliptical a. 隐晦的，间接的hemisphere sphere 势力范围圈子，阶层This area was formerly within the sphere of influence of the US Glacier 冰川Rotation rotateAxis 轴symmetry axisScopeSkeptical 怀疑性的TiltPrecessionGeology16-1permeablepermeate the smell of roast beef permeated the airlimestonesulfuric acidbacteriadiagram,let’s draw a diagramwater table 地下水位fissure deep crack in something, especially in rock. Carbonic acidDissolveSolubleSolutionSolv: loosen 溶解，解决，松开Dry as a boneBone dry: the river bed is bone dry.Residue: 残余，残渣，remainsPesticide residue：农药残留Homicide: 凶杀，suicide: 自杀Cide: cut, kill; homi: 人DecideGypsumDormant: 潜伏的，休眠的，静止的Dormant volcanoElaborate: 复杂的，精心制作的，精巧的Labor; 劳动Collaborate: 合作，协作15-2gravelgrav=heavy, 沉重的，悲伤的grave，aggravationgravity, gravitationgravitateepoch: 纪元，时期erosion and weatheringremnants: 残存物CE: common eraBCE: before common era 公元纪年AD: Anno Domini, in the year of our lord, 主的纪年BC: before ChristLivestock; 牲畜9-3Arabian PeninsulaBarren: 贫瘠的，荒原Monsoon: 季风，季风季节，季风雨Dot, spotButte: 孤山，独立的山丘Butt，buttonSand duneTorrential: torrential rain pours down very rapidly and in great quantities. Clay siltChop up 切开，割断chopstick lamb chopHollow: 坑，洞，山谷a hollow tree, 空心的树Ridge: 背脊，山脉，田埂，隆起Hollows and ridges: 沟壑Art history3-3（Chauvet Painting）8-2（Women Artist in Paris）15-2（Palimpsest）16-4（Stained Glass Art）17-1（Prehistoric Art Dating）18-2（Copies of Greek Sculptures）26-4（Archimedes Palimpsest）34-1（Dadaism）1-1（Rose Frantzen）19-4（Cecilia Beaux）21-4（Alice Neel）27-4（Primary Colors）3-3cave paintingslides 幻灯片diagram，picturedepictprimitivedating technique charcoalPaleolithicNeolithic8-2canny，canny valley premiereBiology12-1renew 更新，延长有效期tissuechromosomespringcoil up 盘绕，卷成一圈，coil：线圈，卷tongue in cheek 开玩笑的，不是认真的，风凉话，说说而已sequence，repetitiouslacethreadravel: 使纠缠，变得错综复杂，磨损，unravel，解开，阐明archeology1-3settlementinhabitantNeolithicPaleolithicHatchway hatch孵化HearthPlaster 灰泥Lung ribSootBurial sitesAncestor 祖先词根cess go 行走前进accessibleexcessive 过分的过度的successive suc 随后连续的继承的successor 继承人继任者heir heritor process 过程处理concession 让步迁就speculateexcavationcav holelife science12-1be programmed to do 预先设定好了要nerve cellsgene genetic informationchromosome (练习听开头猜测chromosome定义)springcoil 盘绕卷成圈线圈coil upbreak off 分离脱离停止enzyme 酶immortal 不死的，永恒的，不朽的mortal 致命的，不共戴天的，终有一死的，极度的凡人人类mort ＝death15-4inorganic photosynthesis photon光子microbe。

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