survey sampling 2 Basic Concepts of Sampling
China Online Shopping Market Survey Report
China Online Shopping Market Survey Report，2009 1. Objective of the Research:As the number of Chinese netizens increases rapidly, shopping online has become a part of more and more people's daily life. In 2009, the ratio of online shopping transactions to total retail sales of social consumer goods increased to 1.6% and 1.9% respectively in 2009 from 1.3% in 2008. In addition to consumer’s increasingly preference to online shopping, financial crisis is also in favor of online shopping development. The purpose I did this research is to analysis the real reason why online shopping is gaining popularity in China.2. Description of the Market:Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet. An online shop, e-shop,e-store, internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall.Online shopping is a type of electronic commerce used for business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. But compared with B2B and B2C, C2C (Customer to Customer) appears to be more active because of more participants, a wide coverage, abundant types of products in great amounts and flexible trading patterns.A growing number of Chinese netizens are accustomed to online shopping due to its apparent price and convenience. Currently, around one in four netizens in China select online shopping, while it is two in three netizens in countries with high Internet penetration such as European countries, the United States and South Korea. Therefore, the potential of China’s online shopping market has not been fully liberated yet.3. Market Metrics:It is estimated that till 2010, the registered customers in China's C2C e-commerce market will amount to 72 million, including 27 million active customers, and the trading volume is likely to amount to RMB110 billion yuan. In China, the three mainChina’s C2C market players are:1）Taobao –A C2C Marketplace operated by , a local Internet company in which Yahoo bought 40% stake in Sept. 2005. also boasts the world’s largest B2B marketplace.2）eBay Eachnet –eBay’s 100% owned China operations3）Paipai –a new launched C2C marketplace operated by Tencent, which owns QQ, China’s most popular instant messenger.For example, recently, CNNIC made a C2C Shopping Market Survey, which involves Random Sampling Telephone Survey and Online Survey.Random Sampling Telephone Survey: 1) Covers C2C shoppers in 3 cities –Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou 2) Number of valid respondents: 1,856.Online Survey: 1) Conducted on 3 C2C marketplaces –Taobao, eBay, and Paipai 2) Surveyed both buyers and sellers 3) National coverage 4) Number of Valid Respondents: Buyers –3,299; Sellers -1,775. The basic findings I acquired including:1) 3.3 million people have shopped Online (both B2C and C2C) in the 3 cities surveyed. Penetration rate is 25.5% of total online population.2)2 million people in the 3 cities have shopped on a C2C marketplace (auction Website). Nationally, C2C shoppers are estimated to exceed 10 million people.3) According to number of shoppers and their shopping frequency, Taobao and eBay had a market share of 67.3% and 29.1%, respectively, in the 3 cities over Year 2009.Random Sampling Telephone Survey C2C Online Shopping in the Three CitiesC2C Shoppers in the 3 CitiesC2C Shoppers in the 3 Cities Who Have Shopped:C2C Online Shopping3 Cities vs. China TotalExpressed as % of China Total:4. Competitive Analysis:The difference between traditional shopping and online shopping are the following:When you do traditional shopping, you must carry what you buy and drive to the store where you want to buy it. But the good thing about traditional shopping is you can see what you want to buy. When you do online shopping, you will not carry any load or weight from the items you purchased. You will just wait for it to be delivered. You cannot feel or touch what you are buying. There's a risk that it might be defective. You can have great discounts using coupon codes. You can select from a wide range without hassle. Simply, clicking your mouse in browsing the different products. And you also can enjoy unique features like wish cards, wish lists and other more. The main advantage of online shopping is that it allows people to browse through many items and categories without leaving their house, to compare the prices of as many shops as they want, and also to order as many items as they can afford without having to worry about how they will transport them, because the online shopping websites also deliver the things to the buyer's home. Furthermore, the Internet is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, so you don't have to hurry or worry about finding a parking spot.If you plan on shopping from the Internet then first use a search engine to find online shops. If you want fast deliveries and low shipping fees then try to search for the shops that are in your country. You can use a shopping directory that contains categorized links to stores from a specific region or from all over the world, together with reviews from other customers. If you live in a big country you'll be surprised to find out that there are thousands of online shops available where you live, and these shops sell everything that can be sold, from baby products to dog houses and motor oil.Most of the online shopping websites have the same pattern, first you choose the category under which your item is listed, and then you can select the item that you're looking for, and add it to your shopping cart. If you want to buy other items, you click the "add to cart" button near them, and when you're finished you check out. After that you can see a list with everything that you've ordered, and the total amount that has to be paid. You can also remove items from your shopping cart if you desire to do so. Payment is usually done by credit card. The buyer enters the data on the credit card and the shop charges the price and then delivers the items to the buyer's house in a few days.The transaction is perfectly safe and the credit card data you send is encrypted so it can't be stolen.After you've done some online shopping you'll see how easy it is and you'll quickly get used to it. Soon you will know what the best shopping websites are and you will be able to buy the things you need very easy and fast, saving a lot of time and trouble. Online shopping is the most practical, economical and fun method of shopping, that is perfect for everyone.Some people said once that among the many advantages that the Internet gives us, one of the main ones is online shopping, an activity that many have become addicted to. Shopping is a necessity for all of us, some of us really enjoys it, and others try to keep it as simple and short as possible. Well, online shopping is the best solution for both those who consider it a chore that they try to avoid and for those who do it on a daily basis.1) Benefits of online shopping: (Strengths& Opportunities)1.Bargaining power of consumers. They enjoy a wider choice2.Supplier power. It is more difficult for consumers to manage anon-digital channel.3.Internet increases commoditisation4.Threat of new entrants. Online means it is easier to introducenew services with lower over-heads5.Threat of substitutes6.Rivalry among competitors. It is easier to introduce productsand services to different markets2) Customers:In general, shopping has always catered to middle class and upper class women. Shopping is fragmented and pyramid-shaped. At the pinnacle are elegant boutiques for the affluent; a huge belt ofin elegant but ruthlessly efficient “discounters” flog plenty at the pyramid’s precarious middle. According to the analysis of Susan D. Davis, at its base are the world’s workers and poor, on whose cheapened labor the rest of the pyramid depends for its incredible abundance. Shopping has evolved from single stores to large malls containing many stores that most often offer attentive service, store credit, delivery, and acceptance of returns. These new additions to shopping have encouraged and targeted middle class women.In recent years, online shopping has become popular; however, it still caters to the middle and upper class. In order to shop online, one must be able to have access to a computer, a bank account and a debit card. Shopping has evolved with the growth of technology. According to research found in the Journal of Electronic Commerce, if we focus on the demographic characteristics of the in-home shopper, in general, the higher the level of education, income, and occupation of the head of the household, the more favorable the perception of non-store shopping. An influential factor in consumer attitude towards non-store shopping is exposure to technology, since it has been demonstrated that increased exposure to technology increases the probability of developing favorable attitudes towards new shopping channels.Online shopping widened the target audience to men and women of the middle class. At first, the main users of online shopping were young men with a high level of income and a university education. This profile is changing.For example:Online Survey Findings Buyers’ ReportBuyersMost Popular Shopping Categories in 2009Female BuyersMost Popular Shopping Categories for Female Shoppers in 2009Buyers Online Behavioral Pattern:1.Purpose for the Goods Bought: 1) More than 95% are for personal use2) More than 30% are for gifts to others 2. In Choosing a Seller: 1) More than 75% of buyers are concerned about theprice or the price-to-quality factor2) More than 75% of buyers are concerned about theseller’s feedback scores and transaction records3) More than 55% of buyers are concerned about thequality of goods4)39% Taobao buyers place emphas is on how they feelin communicating with the seller.3. Communication Tools between Buyers and Sellers:1) 89% Taobao buyers use Wangwang2) 61% eBay buyers use Email93% Paipai buyers use QQ3) Logistics: (Strengths)Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly, or do a search across many different vendors using a shopping search engine.Once a particular product has been found on the web site of the seller, most online retailers use shopping cart software to allow the consumer to accumulate multiple items and to adjust quantities, by analogy with filling a physical shopping cart or basket in a conventional store. A "checkout" process follows (continuing the physical-store analogy) in which payment and delivery information is collected, if necessary. Some stores allow consumers to sign up for a permanent online account so that some or all of this information onlyneeds to be entered once. The consumer often receives an e-mail confirmation once the transaction is complete. Less sophisticated stores may rely on consumers to phone or e-mail their orders (though credit card numbers are not accepted by e-mail, for security reasons).4) Payment:Online shoppers commonly use credit card to make payments, however some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means, such as:∙Debit card∙Various types of electronic money∙Cash on delivery (C.O.D., offered by very few online stores) ∙Cheque∙Wire transfer/delivery on payment∙Postal money order∙Reverse SMS billing to mobile phones∙Gift cards∙Direct debit in some countriesFor example:Buyers Online Payment in China:Online Payment: 94% of Taobao users vs. 63% of eBay users and 87% of Paipai usersOnline Bank Account：1) More than 50% use ICBC (Industrial and CommercialBank of China)2) 15% use CMB (China Merchants Bank)5) Design: (Strengths)Why does electronic shopping exist? For customers it is not only because of the high level of convenience, but also because of the broader selection; competitive pricing and greater access to information. For organizations it increases their customer value and the building of sustainable capabilities, next to the increased profits.6) Market share:For developing countries and low-income households in developed countries, adoption of e-commerce in place of or in addition to conventional methods is limited by a lack of affordable Internet access.For example:C2C Shoppers in the 3 CitiesMarket Shares in 20097) Concerns: (Weaknesses & Threats)Given the lack of ability to inspect merchandise before purchase, consumers are at higher risk of fraud on the part of the merchant than in a physical store. Merchants also risk fraudulent purchases using stolen credit cards or fraudulent repudiation of the online purchase. With a warehouse instead of a retail storefront, merchants face less risk from physical theft.Of course, there still are many other reasons may lead buyers feel unpleasant when doing online shopping.For example:BuyersUnpleasant Online Shopping Experiences(Multiple selections are accepted)To conclude,although the benefits of online shopping are considerable, when the process goes poorly it can create a thorny situation. A few problems that shoppers potentially face include identity theft, faulty products, and the accumulation of spy ware. Most large online corporations are inventing new ways to make fraud more difficult, however, the criminals are constantly responding to these developments with new ways to manipulate the system. Even though these efforts are making it easier to protect yourself online, it is a constant fight to maintain the lead. It is advisable to be aware of the most current technology and scams out there to fully protect yourself and your finances.5. Additional:1) Consumer expectations: (Strengths)Rather than supporting the organization’s culture and brand name, the website should satisfy consumer's expectations. Many researchers notify that the uniqueness of the web has dissolved and the need for the design, which will be user centered, is very important. Companies should always remember that there are certain things, such as understanding the customer’s wants and needs, living up to promises, never go out of style, because they give reason to come back. And the reason will stay if consumers always get what they expect. McDonaldization theory can be used in terms of online shopping, because online shopping is becoming more and more popular and website that wants to gain more shoppers will use four major principles of McDonaldization: efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. Organizations, which want people to shopmore online for them, consume extensive amounts of time and money to define, design, develop, test, implement, and maintain website. 2) Trends: (Strengths& Opportunities)One third of people that shop online use a search engine to find what they are looking for and about one fourth find websites by word of mouth. Word of mouth has become a leading way by which people find shopping websites. When an online shopper has a good first experience with a certain website, sixty percent of the time they will return to that website to buy more.Books are one of the things bought most online. However, clothes, shoes, and accessories are all very popular things bought online. Cosmetics, nutrition products, and groceries are increasingly being purchased online. About one fourth of travelers buy their plane tickets online because it is a quick and easy way to compare airline travel and make a purchase. Online shopping provides more freedom and control than shopping in a store.From a sociological perspective, online shopping is arguably the most predictable way to shop. One knows exactly what website to go to, how much the product will cost, and how long it will take for the product to reach them. Online shopping has become extremely routine and predictable, which is one of its great appeals to the consumer.For example:C2C Shoppers in the 3 CitiesConcerns About C2C Online Shopping：(Multiple selections are accepted)C2C Shoppers in the 3 CitiesBased on your own experience, will you Recommend C2C online shopping to others?C2C Shoppers in the 3 Cities6-Month Intention to Buy More on:(Multiple selections are accepted)Dangdang and Joyo are two of leading B2C Websites in China. Joyo is now 100% owned by .6. Conclusion:For example:BuyersBased on your own experience, will you Recommend C2C online shopping to others?Buyer RatingsRatings for Overall PerformanceTaobao received the highest ratings for overall performance, regardless of what sites the respondents are from. Each site’s highest rating is given by its own respondents. The lowest ratings for Taobaoand Paipai are given by respondents from .eBay’s lowest rating is given by respondents from .In Taobao respondents’opinion, eBay is no better than Paipai. In Paipai respondents’opinion, Taobao is much better than eBay.According to data from authoritative organizations such as China Internet Network Information Centre (CNNIC), the report elaborates the development and influencing factors of China’s online s hopping industry, analyzes the market size, layout, regional distribution, and market share of online shopping websites. In addition, it focus on analysis of the 19 websites, in point of market share, acquired venture capital, logistics, performance, and competitiveness, as well as probes into future development trend of Ch ina’s online shopping industry.I nsiders note that online shopping has become another new pillar of China's Internet industry after portals, computer games, text messages and search engines.——周琪 007313107英语（2）班。
SPSS术语中英文对照
SPSS术语中英文对照【常用软件】SPSS术语中英文对照Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interac tion Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 一般线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。
基因分离定律（Lawofgenesegregation）
基因分离定律（Law of gene segregation）The law of segregation of genesFirst, the examination site content of all solutions(1) what is the test site?The main test sites include: to know the reasons for the success and achievement of Mendel's work; to understand the basic concepts of genetic law, a pair of relative characters of genetic experiments to verify the interpretation and explanation of the phenomenon of separation separation phenomenon; master essence gene separation law and application in practice.1. Mendel's pea hybridization test(1) Mendel's achievements. (2) the advantages of pea as a genetic experimental material. (3) the reason for Mendel's success:The pea as experimental materials; research methods to the multi factors by single factor; scientific use of statistical methods to analyze the results of the experiment; experimental procedures: the rigorous scientific hypothesis verification summarize.2. basic concepts of genetic law(1) mating classes(1) hybridization; self pollination; backcross and cross sampling; orthogonal and reciprocal crossing.(2) traitsThe characters; II relative traits; the dominant traits; the recessive trait; the traits of the dominant relative separation.(3) genesThe alleles of the same gene;; the dominant traits; the recessive trait; the non allele; 6 alleles.(4) individual classesPhenotype; genotype; (phenotype = genotype + environment); homozygote; heterozygote; hybrid.Experiment of hybridization between 3. pairs of relative characters(1) hybrid methods: emasculation and pollination and bagging.(2) process: pure high stem and short stem pea as parents, and then F1 selfing F2.(3) the results of the experiment: (1) F1 only showed dominant parental characters. F2 showed the separation of characters with different characters, and the ratio of isolation was significant: implicit =3:1.4. explain the phenomenon of separation of characters(1) illustrationP: tall stem (DD) * short stem (DD)Gamete D DBe fertilizedOffspring (Dd) tall stems* 10Two generationsD DD DD tall, Dd tallD Dd tall, DD short(2) main points:Generally speaking, in sexual reproduction, the genes in the somatic cells are paired, and the genes in the germ cell are single.The parents were homozygous tall stem (DD) and short stem (DD), and F1 was Dd.There were alleles in F1, which showed dominant characters.The behavior of alleles: D and D are separated from homologous chromosomes at the first anaphase of meiosis. So F1 produces two equal amounts of gametes, D and D.In F1, the fertilization opportunities of various male and female gametes are equal, and F2 is produced by random fertilization; there are three genotypes in F2, two phenotypes, and the ratio of dominant and recessive is 3:1.5. verification of the correctness of the interpretationMendel's design idea: measuring the type and proportion of the progeny of the offspring can truly reflect the type and proportion of gametes produced by F1.Objective: to make the gametes of F1 appear.Results: F1 is heterozygous, including allele Dd, which produces two equal amounts of gametes containing D and D during meiosis.The essence of the law of the separation of 6. genesSubstance: the allele is separated by the separation of homologous chromosomes. Basis of cytology: Division of homologous chromosomes at the first division of meiosis7., the application of the law of separation in practice(1) cross breeding: 1. Dominant traits as breeding objects: continuous selfing, until no separation of characters, can be used as an extension species.Recessive characters as breeding objects: once they appear, they can be used as seeds.(2) medical practice: use the law of separation to scientifically infer the genotype and incidence of genetic diseases. To provide theoretical basis for human prohibition of consanguineous marriage and eugenics.(two) analysis of test sitesA case of 1. Mendel used peas as experimental materials for genetic treatment and pre pollination on pea: pea is closed pollination plants; the pea is pure in nature; the peas as experimental materials have a direct economic value; the varieties have some stability, great difference with easy to distinguish between the characters; the flowering of emasculation and bagging;The bud of emasculation and bagging;The A. and B. II. The 6 C. 6 D. 2 3 4 1 2 4 6Abstract: analysis of pea is closed pollinated plants, before pollination, must ensure that the female flower is not pollinated, so in bud emasculation.[answer] C[case 2] a family has 3 parents and sons. The mother is of type A blood, and the mother's red blood cells can be agglutinated by the serum of his father and son. The father's red blood cells can be aggregated by the mother and the son's serum. The genotype of father and mother is in turn:A.IAIB, IAIA,B.IBIB, IAiC.IBi, IAiD., IBi, IAIAThe human ABO blood group is controlled by three complex alleles, they are IA, IB, and I. But for everyone, there are only two genes. IA and IB were dominant in I, and IA and IB were not recessive. ABO blood group system, erythrocyte membrane A blood type of person with A agglutinogens, containing anti B serum lectin; people with blood type B blood type A in human erythrocyte membrane; blood type AB contains A and B agglutinogens, any non serum lectin; red blood cell people with type O blood on the film does not contain any agglutinogens, but with A and B in serum agglutinin.According to the separation of law: mother's blood type is A, and the genotype was IAI or IAi; mother's red blood cells can be serum agglutination of father and son, that contains anti A serum lectin of father and son, the blood type B or type O; and that his father's blood type B blood type. The son of O, the genotype was ii. Parental genotypes can be introduced.[answer] C[case 3] a pure yellow corn and a white grain corn werepollinated and hybridized with each other. The genotype of embryo and endosperm cells in the seed development of these two plants was comparedA. embryos differ in endosperm cells of the sameB. embryo and differ in endosperm cellsThe genotype of C. embryo and endosperm cell is the same, and the genotype of D. embryo and endosperm cell is differentAbstract: analysis of embryo is composed of 1 oocytes and 1 sperm fertilized to either orthogonal or reverse, genotype is the same; the endosperm is composed of 2 polar nuclei and 1 sperm fertilized and come, so different female parent genotypes, endosperm cell is not the same.[answer] B[case 4] genotype Dd is the continuous selfing n generation, which curve in the figure below can correctly reflect the proportion of homozygote[analysis] the continuous selfing of heterozygote, the proportion of heterozygote in offspring is becoming smaller and smaller, and the proportion of homozygote is increasing. The derivation process is as follows: Dd after selfing, the genotypes are DD, Dd and DD three, and the ratio is 1/4, 2/4 and 1/4. After re generation, DD was still DD after selfing; the ratio was 1/4; the genotypes of Dd inbred progenies were DD, Dd and DD, respectively, and 1/4; DD was still DD after selfing. After merging the above three, DD is 3/8, Dd is 1/4,and DD is 3/8. And so on, after selfing n generation, heterozygous Dd is pure homozygote, and the ratio is 1-. Therefore, only C curve agrees with this.[answer] CA case of a 5 farm raised a herd of horses. A chestnut horse and white horse. Known as chestnut to white completely dominant, breeders choose a strong chestnut horse, please according to the hair color of this character, with a breeding season to determine whether it is hybrid or purebred. Brief description of identification methods and reasons.[analytic] this article mainly examines the application of test intersection experiment in practice. Because chestnut is dominant, the genotype of chestnut horse is probably dominant, homozygous or heterozygous, and its genotype can be identified by cross dating. Due to the requirements of a breeding season title time to complete the identification, according to the principle of statistics, the use of test cross experiment, let the horse and horse mating, the number of offspring as much more, to improve the accuracy of the judgment. There are two possible conditions for future generations.[answer] two cases: one may be a hybrid. Let the maroon horse mate with many white horses, if there is a white horse among the descendants,That horse chestnut contains a recessive gene, so that the chestnut colt is hybrid. Probably pure breed. Let the chestnut horse and horse mating, if there is no white offspring,indicating a chestnut horse without recessive gene, so that the chestnut colt is pure.Two, methods, skills, rulesThe law of segregation of genes is the basis of the free combination law. It is one of the core knowledge of high school biology and a hot topic in the college entrance examination. In recent years, the university entrance examination on the examination site in the form of examination questions more. Such as selection, use, comprehensive analysis, calculation and test of knowledge for the separation of law to the understanding of the concept, genotype and phenotype probability applied in the practice. It is the main trend of the proposition in the future to use the scientific method of revealing law to design experiments, and to solve the related problems in practice with the law of separation.1. answer some basic thinking about the law of gene segregation(1) to judge the obvious and recessive characters. There are two ways:First, the parents of hybrids with relative characters crossed, and the parents of F1 F1 hybrids showed dominant characters.According to the heterozygous progeny, the characters of the offsprings are separated". The new characters are recessive characters.In the absence of an explicit / implicit relationship, anyparent offspring of the same type of hybridization can not judge the explicit / recessive.(2) genotype determinationRecessive homozygous breaking method: individuals with recessive characters must be homozygous, and two recessive genes in these genotypes are from two parents respectively, indicating that two parents contain at least one recessive gene.Trait separation ratio breakthrough method: genotype was determined according to the characteristics of the offspring of special mating combinations.Mating type, parental genotype, F1, trait segregationHeterozygous inbred Bb * Bb 3: 1Test cross Bb * BB 1: 1Homozygous parents crossed BB * BB 1: 0(3) for the calculation of genotype and phenotype probabilities, see the next topic.2. learn to make canonical genetic diagrams and be able to use them in practical applications. Such as:P:Dd * DDGamete D, D, DOffspring Dd DD[case 6] a white ram is mated with a white ewe and a small black sheep is born. Q: what are the genotypes of rams, ewes and small black sheep?[analytic] the answer is divided into three steps: first, to judge the apparent recessive of the characters. According to the passage, which belongs to the "hybrid progeny characters separation". The new characters are recessive characters. Black is a recessive trait.Two, write down the possible genotypes and list the genetic diagrams. According to the judgment of the first step, the genetic solution is listed as follows:P B * BOffspring BBThree is the recessive homozygote breakthrough from the genetic diagram.[answer] Bb, Bb, BB[case 7] the following is a genetic map, which is controlled by a allele of the autosomal dominant gene, A is the dominant gene and a is the recessive gene. Please answer the questions：(1) the disease causing gene of this disease is sex gene.(2) genotype 3 is.(3) 7 is the probability of homozygote.(4) 8 is married to a normal male, and the maximum probability of a child having a genetic disease is.Parse the pedigree diagram. Based on the explicit / implicit judgment method, the disease is a recessive genetic disease, parents are heterozygous, which can infer genotype number 3. Phenotype 7 is normal and there are two possible genotypes: AA and Aa, because the parents are heterozygous, so the probability of homozygote is 1/3. No. 8 is a patient with a genotype of AA. She is married to a normally normal male. There are two possible genotypes in men, namely AA and Aa. If the male genotype is Aa, the offspring are most likely to have the disease.[answer] (1) hidden (2) AA or Aa (3) 1/3 (4) 1/2Wheat varieties of 8 is homozygous for production by seed propagation, are now breeding dwarf (AA) and resistance (BB) of the new wheat varieties; potato varieties were heterozygous (a gene can be called heterozygous),In production, tubers are usually propagated, and new varieties of yellow flesh (Yy) and disease resistant (Rr) potatoes must be bred. Please design the wheat cross breeding program and the cross breeding program of potato varieties separately.Requirements are represented by genetic diagrams and explained briefly. (write out the first three generations, including the parents)The test analysis require candidates to cross breeding program design according to production needs, is a higher level of questions, not only need to have strong knowledge, but also have strong analytic ability, and has a preliminary production practice knowledge.The answer is..:The problem-solving ideas in a few keywords must be noted that the first group: "wheat is homozygous", "potato varieties are heterozygous, namely our wheat and potato original cultivars were homozygous and heterozygous". Therefore, the genotypes of wheat parents were only AABB and AABB, and the genotypes of potato parents were only yyRr and Yyrr. The second group: requirements for the design are "wheat cross breeding" procedures, and "potato varieties cross breeding" procedures, that is, the design of breeding procedures must be cross breeding. The third group: "wheat seed reproduction", "potato tubers", so in the process of breeding wheat can be obtained by choosing the ideal and continuous inbred homozygous wheat new varieties of potato tuber, through selection and breeding, the ideal potato hybrid variety.The main reasons are as follows: the trap points losing their ability is deficient, not fully tap the keywords in the question; such as wheat is homozygous, potato is heterozygous, usually with potato tubers; the ill conceived, not aware of it is twocharacters to relative hybridization experiments, resulting in some candidates will be written as parents single gene. The basic knowledge is not solid, such as how to express the genetic diagram and so on. Lack of practical experience.Basic training questions1. of the following groups that do not belong to relative traits areA. early and late maturing rice;B.; purple and red flowers of peasC. wheat disease resistance and susceptible toD. sheep's long hair and fine wool2. a male horse and some Roan horse after mating, symbiotic 20 bay horse and horse 23. The most probable of the following statements is ().A. male dark horse is heterozygous,B. male dark horse is pure bodyC. dark horse is recessiveD. mare is a dominant character3. how many different mating types can be considered in a biological population if only one allele is considered?.A.2 species,B.3 species,C.4 species,D.6 species4. rice varieties of certain height is controlled by one pairof alleles, a parent homozygous dominant with a homozygous recessive parent hybrid produces F1 testcrossing offspring, the probability of heterozygotes (is).B. 50C. 25 A.75%%%D.% 12.55. the tall stalk (H) of wheat is dominant to dwarf (H). There are two tall stem wheat, and there is a dwarf wheat in their parents. The probability of homozygous occurrence of F1 in two wheat hybrids is ().B. 50C. 25 A.75%%%D.% 12.56. among the human population, there are 18 kinds of alleles that determine the Rh blood group, but each still has only two of them. How many types of human Rh blood group genotype would be calculated if 18 alleles were used?A.18 species,B.153 species,C.171 species,D.2 species7. of yellow red tomato is dominant. Let the Yellow fruited plants as female and accept red plant pollen, fruit node after fertilization (color).A. the ratio of red to yellow is 3:1B.All red, C. red, yellow to 1:1, D. yellow8. a white grain corn (AA) receives pollen grains of red grained corn (AA), and the genotypes of skin, embryo, endosperm, and polar cells are (I).A.Aa, AA, Aa, AA,B., AA, Aa, Aaa, aC., AA, Aa, AAa, a,D., Aa, Aa, Aaa, aPotential challenge9. smooth pea pea hybrids seed coat and seed coat. All F1, testa smooth traits, selfed, F2 mesosperm shrunken 248 strains, while testa smooth about (number).A.248B.992C.495D.743Program one, plan twoThe experiment adopts the method of cross test, F1 pollen identification methodThe 1 steps let rice and glutinous rice hybrid homozygous, heterozygous for F1 japonica. The 1 steps make pure hybrid japonica rice and glutinous rice, Japonica Hybrid F1.2 let F1 hybrid rice and glutinous rice were testcrossing offspring traits separation phenomenon 2 F1 when the flowering of a mature anther, pollen extrusion, placed in a slide, microscopic observation and a drop of iodine solutionThe expected phenomenon: the testcrossing offspring should have two kinds of different types and the ratio of 1 to 1 experiments were expected phenomenon pollen half black, half is red brownThe interpretation of the experimental phenomena on the basis of test cross use of glutinous rice were homozygote produce only one gene with waxy gametes offspring since the emergence of the two types (including A), japonica rice and glutinous rice (including a, AA and F1 homozygous), will produce two types of gametes, namely A and a. To explain the experimental phenomenon, F1 produced a gamete containing the A gene (Lan Heishai) and a gamete containing a gene (reddish brown) in the process of producing gametesConclusion F1 must contain A and a gene, and A and a alleles have separate and isolated necessarily with homologous chromosomes of gametes in the process of Fl, finally produced two different gametes, which verified the separate process of gene isolation law experiment conclusion F1 in meiosis to produce gametes. The A allele and a with homologous chromosome separation, and finally formed two different gametes, which directly verify the separation law of gene10. cross tall stem pea with dwarf stem pea, its offspring has 102 stems and 99 short stems. It is pointed out that the genotype of parents is ().A.TT x TT,B., Tt * Tt,C., Tt * TT,D., TT * TT11. the body color of bees is brown, relative to black, dominant, and genes that control this relative trait are on the chromosome. The existing Brown drone and homozygous black female hybrid, child two generation bee body color is ()A. all brownB. Brown: Black =3: 1The female C. and worker are brown, drones are blackD. females and worker are black, drones are brownThe 12. known pedigree of the japonica rice and glutinous rice hybrid, F1 japonica. The amylose iodine containing bluish black japonica (the pollen grains of the same color reaction), glutinous rice amylopectin containing iodine, reddish brown (the pollen grains of the same color reaction). The existing number of purebred japonica rice and glutinous rice, and experiment with iodine solution. Please design two schemes to verify the law of gene segregation. During the experiment, the necessary experimental equipment can be used freely. Genes are expressed in A and a.Program one, plan twoExperimental methodsExperimental procedure 1 experiment procedure 122Experiment expectation phenomenonAn explanation of an experimental phenomenon; an explanation of an experimental phenomenonExperimental conclusionsFive, refer to the answer and hint1.D (long and short hair is a pair of coarse wool and fine wool is a pair)2.A (according to the separation rate of the offspring in the subject, this is the intersection problem. If black is a recessive trait, gene type of horse mare is full of possibility of Bordeaux heterozygote). ThreeD（即RR×RR RR×RR RR×RR RR×RR RR×RR RR×RR）4。
离散时间信号处理(英文版)chap9-第1讲
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Discrete-time systems are mathematical models that describe the behavior of systems in which the input and output signals are functions of discrete time variables.
Periodic signals repeat at regular intervals, while aperiodic signals have no repeating pattern.
Classification of discrete-time signals
延时符
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Operation of discrete-time signals
延时符
Contents
目录
Basic concepts of discrete-time systems Stability analysis of discrete-time systems
延时符
01signal processing is a branch of signal processing that deals with signals that vary over discrete time instants rather than continuously. It finds applications in various fields such as digital communication, audio processing, image processing, and more.
Background Introduction
萤火一号火星轨道器开环追踪技术_英文_
Vol.18 No.5 6 航 天 器 工 程SPACECRA FT EN GIN EERIN G 第18卷 第5期 2009年9月Open Loop T racking for Yinghuo 21Martian OrbiterPIN G Jinsong SHAN G Kun Q IAN Zhihan YE Shuhua HON G Xiaoyu ZHAN G Sujun J IAN Nianchuan WAN G Mingyuan YAN Jianguo SUN Jing SHI Xian HUAN G Qian DA I Chunli FUN G Leewo YAN Haojian WAN G Guangli L IU Qinghui L I Jinling L I Huihua ZH EN G Weimin HU Xiaogong WAN G Weihua HUAN G Y ong WAN G Wenbin J IAN G Dongrong FAN Qingyuan GOU Wei HAN Tingting(Shanghai Ast ronomical Observatory ,Shanghai 200030,China )Abstract :The 1st Chinese Mars p robe ,Y inghuo 21,is planned to be launched in Octo ber 2009,toget her wit h t he Russia Phobos 2Grunt landing mission.YH 21will explore t he space weat her of t he Mars ,and test t he deep space communication and navigation techniques.Different f rom com 2mon deep space mission ,t he ast ronomical Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI ),open loop t racking met hod ,like DOR/DOR ,seam beam VLBI and one 2way Doppler will be used to deter 2mine t he S/C orbit and position.K ey w ords :Mars exploration ;Y inghuo 21;open loop ;VLB I收稿日期:2009207201;修回日期:2009207215基金项目:中俄萤火一号火星探测项目;国家863计划资助课题(2008AA12A209,2008AA12A210)、国家自然科学基金课题(10973031)、中科院重要方向性项目(K J CX22TW 2T1322)作者简介:平劲松(1968-),男,博士,中科院天文创新基地《现代地壳运动监测与地球参考系》团组首席研究员,博士生导师,中科院2004年度“百人计划入选者”,主要从事行星科学、大气科学、大气电离层、月球行星(深空)探测等领域和方向的研究。
电子信息类专业英语Unit 9 Digital Signal Processing
Unit 9 Digital Signal Processing
Figure 9.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversions
Unit 9 Digital Signal Processing
After a brief acquisition time, during which a sample is acquired, the sample and hold circuit holds the sample steady for the remainder of the sampling interval. This hold time is needed to allow time for an A/D converter to generate a digital code that best corresponds to the analog sample.
Unit 9 Digital Signal Processing
A digital signal is represented by a set of vertical lines with circles at the top to mark the quantization levels selected for each sample. The bit rate for an A/D converter is the Nfs, where fs is the sampling rate.
cbok完整版
CANDIDATE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE TMThe CFA curriculum is grounded in the practice of the investment profession. CFA Institute periodically conducts a job analysis involving CFA charterholders around the world to determine those elements of the body of investment knowledge and skills that are important to charterholders in their practice. The most recent job analysis was completed in 2001. The survey results define the Candidate Body of Knowledge (CBOK TM) and to determine how much emphasis each of the major topic areas receives on the CFA examinations.The CBOK is organized into four major topic areas: ethical and professional standards, tools and inputs for investment valuation and management, asset valuation, and portfolio management and performance presentation.Two features of the CBOK are especially relevant to the CFA examinations. First, the curriculum for each level of the CFA Program is organized primarily around a functional area: The Level I study program emphasizes tools and inputs and includes an introduction toasset valuation and portfolio management techniques.The Level II study program emphasizes asset valuation and includes applications of the tools and inputs (including economics, financial statement analysis, and quantitativemethods) in asset valuation.The Level III study program emphasizes portfolio management and includes strategiesfor applying the tools, inputs, and asset valuation models in managing equity, fixedincome, and derivative investments for individuals and institutions.Second, because they are an integral part of the other three functional areas of investment management, ethical and professional standards are covered at all three levels of the curriculum.CFA® CANDIDATE BODY OF KNOWLEDGERevised 2001I.ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL STANDARDSA.Professional Standards of Practice1.The Code of Ethics2.Standards of Professional Conducta.Standard I: Fundamental responsibilitiesb.Standard II: Relationships with and responsibilities to the profession(1)Use of professional designation(2)Professional misconduct(3)Prohibition against plagiarismc.Standard III: Relationships with and responsibilities to the employer(1)Obligation to inform employer of code and standards(2)Duty to employer(3)Disclosure of conflicts to employer(4)Disclosure of additional compensation arrangements(5)Responsibilities of supervisorsd.Standard IV: Relationships with and responsibilities to clients and prospects(1)Reasonable basis and representations(2)Research reports(3)Independence and objectivity(4)Fiduciary duties(5)Portfolio investment recommendations and actions(6)Fair dealing(7)Priority of transactions(8)Preservation of confidentiality(9)Prohibition against misrepresentation(10) Disclosure of conflicts to clients and prospects(11) Disclosure of referral feese.Standard V: Relationships with and responsibilities to the investing public(1)Prohibition against use of material nonpublic information(2)Performance presentation3.Disciplinary sanctions for violationsB.Topical Issues1.Corporate governance2.Soft dollar standards3.Fiduciary duty4.Insider tradinga.Mosaic Theoryb.Selective disclosure vs. full disclosure5.Personal investingII.QUANTITATIVE METHODSA.Time Value of Money1.Future value of a single cash flowa.Calculating the future value of a single cash flowb.Frequency of compoundingc.Continuous compoundingd.Annual and effective interest rates2.Future value of a series of cash flowsa.Equal cash flows(1)Ordinary annuity(2)Annuity dueb.Unequal cash flows3.Present value of a single cash flowa.Calculating the present value of a single cash flowb.Frequency of compounding4.Present value of a series of cash flowsa.Calculating the present value of a series of equal cash flows(1)Ordinary annuity(2)Annuity dueb.Present value of a series of unequal cash flowsc.Present value of an infinite series of equal cash flows (perpetuity)5.Equivalence of present and future value6.Other applications of the time value of moneya.Solving for interest rates and growth ratesb.Solving for the number of periodsc.Solving for the size of annuity payments7.Discounted cash flow analysis present value ruleb.Internal rate of return rulec.Problems with the internal rate of return rule8.Simple interest and money-market conventionsa.Bank-discount yieldb.Periodic yieldc.Bond-equivalent yieldd.Effective annual yielde.CD-equivalent yield9.Investment measures of returna.Dollar-weighted rate of returnb.Time-weighted rate of returnB.Basic Statistical Concepts1.Nature of statisticsa.Populations and samplesb.Types of statistical data(1)Nominal data(2)Ordinal data(3)Interval data(4)Ratio data2.Frequency distributions3.Measures of central tendencya.Population meanb.Sample meanc.Mediand.Modee.Quartiles, quintiles, deciles, and percentilesf.Weighted meang.Geometric mean(1)Geometric mean return(2)Relationship to arithmetic mean return4.Measures of dispersiona.Measures of absolute dispersion(1)Range(2)Mean absolute deviation(3)Variance and standard deviation(a)Population variance and standard deviation(b)Sample variance and standard deviationb.Relative dispersion5.Measures of skewness6.Measures of kurtosisC.Probability Concepts and Random Variables1.Probability conceptsa.Definitions, including outcome, event, sample space, and mutually exclusiveb.Objective probability(1)Classical probability(2)Empirical concept(3)Subjective probability2.Methods of countinga.Multiplication rule of countingb.Factorial rulec.Permutation rulebination rule3.Random variables and probabilitya.Random variableb.Univariate probability distributionc.Discrete versus continuous random variablesd.Probability density functione.Cumulative density function4.Probability theorems/axiomsa.The complement ruleb.The special rule of additionc.General rule of additiond.Rule of multiplication(1)Independent events(2)Dependent events(3)Decision trees(4)Bayes’ Theorem5.Expected value, variance, and covariance/correlationa.Expected value(1)Random variable(2)Constant times a random variable(3)Sum of random variables(4)Weighted sumb.Multivariate probability distributionc.Variance(1)Random variable(2)Constant times a random variable(3)Random variable plus a constantd.Covariance(1)Between two random variables(2)Constant times a random variablee.Correlation coefficient between two random variablesf.Covariance among more than two random variables6.Standardized random variablesmon Probability Distributions1.Discrete random variablesa.Discrete uniform distributionb.Binomial distributionc.Expected value and variance of a binomial random variable2.Continuous probability distributionsa.Uniform distributionb.Normal distributionc.Standard normal distributiond.Cumulative density for the standard normal distributione.Finding standard normal distribution areasf.Confidence intervalsg.Mean-variance portfolio selectionh.Monte Carlo simulation3.Lognormal distributiona.Lognormal stock pricesb.Price relativesE.Sampling and Estimation1.Random samplesa.Sampling in investment analysisb.Time series and cross-sectional datac.Data-snooping biasd.Sample selection bias(1)Survivorship bias(2)Delisting bias2.Distribution of the sample mean3.Point and interval estimates of the population meana.Point estimatorsb.Confidence intervals when sampling from a normal distribution with knownvariancec.Confidence intervals when sampling from a normal distribution with unknownvarianceing t distribution tablese.Confidence intervals when sampling from a non-normal populationF.Statistical Inference and Hypothesis Testing1.Establishing hypothesesa.Null hypothesisb.Alternative hypothesis2.Testing hypothesesa.Test criterionb.Two-tail testsc.One-tail testsd.Type I error (rejecting a true null hypothesis)e.Type II error (failing to reject a false null hypothesis)3.Types of hypothesis testinga.Testing the mean of a single sample when the population standard deviation is notknownb.Testing the difference between the population means of two samples(1)Population variances are known(2)Population variances are not known but assumed equal(3)Dependent samples: paired datac.Testing the proportion of a single sample: significance tests with small samplesd.Significance tests and confidence intervals for a single variance(1)Confidence interval for the sample variance(2)Hypothesis test about a single population variance(3)Testing the equality of two variances: the F-distribution4.Analysis of variance (ANOVA)a.Single-Factor analysis of varianceb.F-test for equality of factor-level meansputing sums of squaresd.Degrees of freedomG.Correlation Analysis and Linear Regression1.Correlation analysisa.Scatter plots and correlation analysisputing the correlation coefficientc.Testing the significance of the correlation coefficient2.Linear regressiona.Linear regression with one independent variableb.Assumptions of the linear regression modelc.Standard error of estimated.Coefficient of determinatione.Confidence intervals and testing hypotheses(1)Significance level(2)Standard error of the estimated coefficient(3)Critical value for rejecting the null hypothesisf.Prediction intervalsg.Limitations to regression analysisH.Multivariate Regression1.Multiple linear regressiona.Assumptions of the multiple linear regression modelb.Standard error of estimate in multiple linear regressionc.Predicting the dependent variable in a multiple regression modeld.Testing whether all the regression coefficients are equal to zeroing dummy variables in regressions3.Heteroskedasticitya.Types of heteroskedasticityb.Tests that evaluate heteroskedasticityc.Correcting for heteroskedasticity4.Serial correlation and Durbin-Watson testa.Consequences of serial correlationb.Durbin-Watson statistic to test for serial correlationc.Correcting for serial correlationd.Generalized least squares5.Multicollinearity6.Models with qualitative dependent variablesI.Time Series Analysis1.Trends2.Limitations to trends3.Fundamental issues in time series4.Autoregressive time series modelsa.Mean reversionb.Multiperiod forecastsc.Instability of regression coefficients5.Random walks and unit roots6.Moving-average time series modelsa.Smoothing past values with a moving averageb.Moving average models for forecasting7.Seasonality in time-series modelsJ.Portfolio Concepts1.Optimal portfolios with three assets2.Minimum Variance Frontier for many assets3.Instability in the Minimum Variance Frontier4.Diversification and portfolio size5.Risk free assets and the trade-off between risk and return6.The Capital Allocation Line7.The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)8.Estimates based on historical means, variances and covariances9.The Market Model10.Adjusted-beta Market Models11.The structure of factor models12.Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) and the factor model13.Multifactor models in current practiceIII.E CONOMICSA.Market Forces of Supply and Demand1.Determinants of individual demand2.Determinants of individual supply3.Equilibrium price4.Analyzing changes in equilibrium5.How prices allocate resourcesB.Elasticity1.Determinants of price elasticity of demand2.Determinants of price elasticity of supply3.Microeconomic government policies4.Analysis of price ceilings5.Analysis of price floors6.Tax incidence7.Market efficiencyC.The Firm and Industry Organizationanization of the business firma.Basic types of business firmsb.The principal-agent problem2.Costs of productiona.Opportunity cost, explicit cost, and implicit costb.Accounting cost versus opportunity costc.The production functiond.Fixed and variable costse.Average and marginal costf.Cost curves and their shapesg.Diminishing returns and cost curvesh.Output and costs in the long run3.Firms in competitive marketsa.Definition of competitionb.Revenue of a competitive firmc.Profit maximization for the competitive firmd.Accounting profit and economic profite.The competitive firm’s supply curvef.The supply curve in a competitive market4.Monopolya.Barriers to entry (e.g., economics of scale, government licensing, patents, controlof essential resources)b.How monopolies make production and pricing decisionsc.Public policy and monopolies5.Oligopolya.Duopolyb.Equilibrium for an oligopolyc.Game theory and the economics of cooperationd.Public policy when entry barriers are high6.Monopolistic competitiona.Price and output in competitive markets with differentiated productsb.Allocative efficiency in monopolistic competitionD.Supply and Demand for Productive Resources1.Demand for resourcesa.Marginal productivity and the firm’s hiring decisionb.Supply, demand, and resource prices2.Capital marketsa.Interest ratesb.Determination of interest ratesc.Money rate versus real rate of interestd.Interest rates and riskE.Measuring National Income1.Gross Domestic Product (GDP)ponents of GDP3.Real versus nominal GDPa.GDP deflatoring the GDP deflator to derive real GDPc.The consumer price index4.Problems with GDP as a measure of national productF.Economic Fluctuations and Unemployment1.Descriptive terms in business cycle analysis2.Index of leading economic indicators3.Types of unemployment4.Problems of measuring unemploymentG.The Monetary System1.Role of a central bank2.Tools of monetary controla.Open-market operationsb.Reserve requirementsc.Discount rateH.Inflation: Causes and Consequences1.Causes of inflation2.Quantity theory of money3.Equation of exchange4.Deflation/stagflationI.International Trade1.Gains from specialization and trade2.Economics of trade restrictionsa.Economics of tariffsb.Economics of quotasc.Other nontariff barriers to traded.Exchange-rate controls as a trade restrictionJ.International Finance1.Foreign exchange marketanization of the foreign exchange marketb.The spot marketc.The forward marketd.Interest rate parity theory2.Determination of exchange ratesa.Nominal exchange ratesb.Real exchange ratesc.Purchasing-power parity3.Balance of paymentsa.Current-account transactionsb.Capital-account transactionsc.Official reserve accountK.The Macroeconomics of an Open Economy1.Supply and demand for loanable funds and for foreign-currency exchangea.The market for loanable fundsb.The market for foreign-currency exchange2.Equilibrium in the open economy foreign investment flowsernment budget deficitsc.Trade policyd.Political instability and capital flightL.Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply1.The aggregate demand curvea.Reasons for downward sloping aggregate demand curve (e.g., wealth effect,interest rate effect, exchange rate effect)b.Shifts in the aggregate demand curve2.The aggregate supply curvea.Short-run aggregate supply curveb.Long-run aggregate supply curvec.Shifts in the short-run aggregate supply curve3.The influence of monetary policy on aggregate demanda.Money supply and money demandb.Transmission of monetary policyc.Unanticipated expansionary monetary policyd.Unanticipated restrictive monetary policye.Timing of monetary policyf.Anticipated monetary policy4.The influence of fiscal policy on aggregate demanda.Fiscal policy and the crowding-out effectb.Problems of proper timing of fiscal policyc.Fiscal policy as a stabilization toold.Supply-side effects of fiscal policy5.Expectations and economic policya.Adaptive expectations hypothesisb.Rational expectations hypothesisc.The differences between adaptive and rational expectationsd.The implications of adaptive and rational expectationse.Activist versus nonactivist stabilization policyM.Sources of Economic Growth1.Physical capital2.Human capital3.Technological progress4.Institutional environment (e.g., property rights, political stability, competitivemarkets, stable money and price, an open economy, moderate marginal tax rates) ernment Regulation1.Regulation of business2.Costs of regulationO.Natural Resource MarketsP.Relationship of Economic Activity to the Investment ProcessIV.FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISA.Financial Reporting System1.General concepts and rules2.U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)3.International Accounting Standards (IAS)B.Principal Financial Statements1.Balance sheeta.Format and classification (e.g., assets, liabilities, stockholders’ equity)b.Measurement of assets and liabilitieses of the balance sheet2.Income statementa.Format and classificationb.The accrual concept of incomec.Revenue and expense recognition(1)General principles(2)Percentage-of-completion method(3)Completed contract method(4)Installment method(5)Cost recovery methodd.Nonrecurring items (e.g., extraordinary items, unusual items, restructuringcharges, discontinued operations, changes in accounting standards, disclosure ofnonrecurring items, analysis of nonrecurring items)e.Earnings qualityf.Earnings per share3.Statement of cash flowsa.Direct and indirect method cash flow statementsb.Preparing a direct method statement of cash flows (e.g., cash flow fromoperations, investing cash flow, financing cash flow)c.Indirect methodd.Reported versus observed changes in assets and liabilities (e.g., acquisitions anddivestitures, translation of foreign subsidiaries)e.Analysis of cash flow information4.Statement of stockholders’ equitya.Format, classification, and usesb.Other comprehensive income5.Other sources of financial informationa.Letter to shareholdersb.Footnotesc.Management discussion and analysisd.Segment/disaggregated informatione.Operating and performance dataf.Forward looking information/plansg.Role of the auditorh.Annual report to regulators (e.g., Form 10K in U.S.)i.Proxy statementj.Change in material status report (e.g., Form 8K in U.S.)k.Quarterly reportsl.News releasesC.Earnings Quality and Nonrecurring Items1.Earnings qualitya.Stock optionsb.Revenue recognitionc.Assumptionsd.Reserves2.Nonrecurring itemsa.Extraordinary itemsb.Restructuring chargesc.Unusual itemsD.Analysis of Inventories1.Relationship between inventory and cost of goods solda.Stable pricesb.Rising prices2.Inventory methodsa.Specific identificationb.First-in, first-out (FIFO)c.Average costst-in, first-out (LIFO)e.Adjustment from LIFO to FIFO(1)Adjustment of inventory balances(2)Adjustment of cost of goods soldf.Adjustment of income to current cost incomeg.Effect of LIFO/FIFO choice on financial ratios (e.g., profitability, liquidity,activity, solvency)h.Analysis implications of changes to and from LIFOparison of companies using different inventory valuation methodsj.International comparisons of inventory accounting methodsE.Analysis of Long-Lived Assets1.Capitalization versus expensinga.Financial statement effects of capitalization (e.g., income variability, profitability,cash flow from operations, leverage ratios)b.Capitalization of interest costsc.Intangible assets (e.g., research and development, patents and copyrights,franchises and licenses, brands and trademarks, goodwill)d.Asset revaluatione.International differencesf.Adjustments for capitalization and expensingg.Need for analytic adjustments2.Depreciation methodsa.Alternatives (e.g., annuity or sinking fund depreciation, straight line depreciation,accelerated depreciation)b.Depletionc.Amortizationd.Depreciation method disclosurese.Impact of depreciation methods on financial statementsf.Accelerated depreciation and taxesg.Impact of inflation on depreciationh.Changes in depreciation method3.Analysis of fixed asset disclosures4.Impairment of long-lived assets5.Retirement of long-term assets6.Liabilities for closure and environmental costsF.Analysis of Income Taxes1.Issues in tax and financial reporting2.Deferred tax assets and liabilitiesa.Accounting for deferred taxesb.Analysis of deferred tax assetsc.Non-U.S. financial reporting (e.g., IASC standards)G.Analysis of Financing Liabilities1.Analysis of balance sheet debta.Analysis of current liabilitiesb.Analysis of long-term debtc.Analysis of debt with equity features (e.g., convertible bonds, warrants,commodity bonds, perpetual debt, preferred stock)d.Analysis of changes in interest rates (e.g., estimating the market value of a firm’sdebt)e.Retirement of debt prior to maturity2.Bond covenants3.International accounting and reporting practices for balance sheet debtH.Analysis of Leases1.Incentives for leasing2.Lease classification issues from lessee perspective (e.g., capital lease, operating lease)3.Financial reporting by lessees4.Financial reporting by lessors5.Financial reporting for sales with leasebacksI.Analysis of Off-Balance-Sheet Assets and Liabilities1.Disclosure of off-balance-sheet assets2.Disclosure of off-balance-sheet liabilities3.Take-or-pay and throughput arrangements4.Sale of receivables5.Finance subsidiaries6.Joint ventures and investment in affiliatesJ.Analysis of Pensions, Stock Compensation, and Other Employee Benefits1.Disclosuresponents of pension costb.Plan statusc.Reconciliationd.Assumptions used to calculate pension cost and obligations2.Analysis of pension costs and liabilitya.Importance of assumptions(1)Factors affecting benefit obligations (e.g., service cost, interest cost, actuarialgains and losses, prior service cost from plan amendments, benefits paid)(2)Factors affecting plan assets (e.g., employer contribution, return on assets,benefits paid)(3)Factors affecting pension expense (e.g., service cost and interest cost,expected return on assets, amortization of gains or losses, amortization ofprior service cost, amortization of transition asset or liability)b.Analysis of plan status, costs, and cash flowsc.Impact of pension reporting on corporate earnings3.Employee stock compensation plansa.Disclosuresb.Analysis of costs and liabilityK.Analysis of Inter-Corporate Investments1.Accounting for marketable securitiesa.Cost methodb.Market methodc.Lower of cost or market methodd.U.S. and international accounting requirements2.Analysis of marketable securitiesa.Separation of operating from investment resultsb.Effects of classification of marketable securitiesc.Analysis of investment performance3.Equity method of accountinga.Conditions for useb.Equity accounting and analysis4.Consolidations policy and proceduresparison of consolidation with the equity methodb.Analysis of minority interestc.Non-U.S. consolidation practicesd.Analysis of segment dataL.Analysis of Business Combinations1.Accounting for acquisitions2.Effects of accounting methods3.International differences in accounting for business combinations4.Analysis of goodwill5.Choosing the acquisition method6.Spin-offs and tracking stocksM.Analysis of Multinational Operations1.Effects of exchange rate changes on a firm’s actual and reported performancea.Flow effectb.Holding gain/loss effect2.Basic accounting issuesa.Choice of exchange rates (e.g., historical rate or current rate)b.Assets or liabilities to be adjusted for exchange rate changesc.Treatment of translation gains and losses3.Prescribed foreign currency translation4.Choice of the functional currency for a foreign subsidiaryparison of translation and remeasurementa.Income statement effectsb.Balance sheet effectsc.Impact on financial ratiosd.Impact on reported cash flows6.Analysis of foreign currency disclosuresa.Exchange rate changes: exposure and effectsN.Ratio and Financial Analysismon-size statements2.Activity analysis and turnover ratiosa.Short-term and long-term activity ratiosb.Turnover ratios (inventory, receivables, payables, working capital, fixed asset andtotal asset)3.Liquidity analysisa.Length of cash cycleb.Working capital ratios4.Long-term debt analysisa.Debt covenantsb.Debt ratiosc.Interest coverage ratios5.Profitability analysisa.Return on sales (gross margin, operating margin, pretax margin, profit margin)b.Return on investment (e.g., return on assets, return on total capital, return onequity)6.Operating and financial leverage7.Earnings per share (EPS)a.Basic EPSb.Diluted EPSc.Weighted-average number of common shares outstandingd.Convertible securitiese.Options and warrantsf.Contingent shares8.Other ratios and value metricsa.Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)b.Price-to-earnings (P/E)c.Price-to-book value (P/B)9.Integrated ratio analysis10.Valuation implications of financial statement analysisa.Inter-corporate investmentsb.Business combinationsc.Multinational operationsd.Ratio and financial analysisV.CORPORATE FINANCEA.Fundamental Issues1.Forms of business organizationa.Sole proprietorshipb.Partnershipc.Corporation2.Corporate governance issuesa.Agency relationships (i.e., stockholders, management, other stakeholders)b.Managerial incentives to act in stockholders’ interestsB.Capital Investment Decisions1.Investment decision criteria present value (NPV) approachb.Payback period rulec.Discounted payback ruled.Average accounting returne.Internal rate of return (IRR) approachf.Profitability index2.Cash flow projectionsa.Incrementalmon pitfalls (e.g., sunk costs, opportunity costs, side effects, net workingcapital, financing costs)c.Project cash flows and alternative definitions of operating cash flowses of discounted cash flow analysis3.Project analysis and evaluationa.Scenario analysisb.Sensitivity analysisc.Simulation analysis4.Capital rationingC.Business and Financial Risk1.Breakeven analysisa.Fixed versus variable costsb.Accounting break-even2.Operating leveragea.Implications (e.g., forecasting risk)b.Measurement (i.e., degree of operating leverage)3.Financial leveragea.Implications (e.g., forecasting risk)b.Measurement (e.g., degree of financial leverage)4.Total combined leverageD.Long Term Financial Policy1.Cost of capitala.Required return and cost of capitalb.Cost of equity (e.g., dividend growth model approach and security market lineapproach)c.Cost of debt and preferred stock。
离散时间信号处理英文版第三版课程设计 (2)
Discrete-Time Signal Processing Third Edition CourseDesignIntroductionDiscrete-Time Signal Processing is an important field in digital signal processing. The third edition of the book Discrete-Time Signal Processing by Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer is widely used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and related fields. This course design is based on the third edition of the book, and ms to provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental concepts and techniques of Discrete-Time Signal Processing.Course OverviewThe course will cover the following topics:1.Introduction to Discrete-Time Signals and Systems2.Time-Domn Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems3.Fourier Analysis of Discrete-Time Signals and Systems4.The z-Transform and its Application to the Analysis andDesign of Discrete-Time Systems5.Sampling and Reconstruction of Analog Signals6.Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)7.Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)8.Implementation of Discrete-Time SystemsLearning ObjectivesBy the end of this course, students will be able to:1.Understand the basic concepts of discrete-time signals andsystems2.Analyze discrete-time signals and systems in the time-domnand frequency-domne the z-transform to analyze and design discrete-timesystems4.Understand the sampling and reconstruction process of analogsignals and its implications on frequency-domn analysis5.Perform the DFT and FFT of signals and understand theirproperties6.Implement and design digital filters using various methodsCourse StructureThe course will consist of 15 lectures, each 2 hours in length. The lecture format will be a mix of theory and practical examples, with discussion and question-and-answer sessions.The course will also include two projects, to be completed individually or in groups of two. The first project will focus on the design of a digital filter using MATLAB, and the second project will involve the implementation of a digital signal processing application using a microcontroller.AssessmentAssessment will be based on two projects (50%), a midterm exam (25%), and a final exam (25%). The exams will consist of both problem-solving and short-answer questions, covering the topics discussed in lecturesand assignments.Recommended TextbookDiscrete-Time Signal Processing, 3rd Edition by Alan V. Oppenheimand Ronald W. Schafer.PrerequisitesStudents should have a basic understanding of signals and systems, linear algebra, and calculus.ConclusionThis course design provides a comprehensive overview of Discrete-Time Signal Processing, including theoretical principles and practical applications. Students who complete the course will have a solid understanding of the fundamental concepts and techniques of digital signal processing, and will be equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to design and implement digital signal processing systems in the real world.。
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Table of random numbers
57172 33883 77950 11607 56149 80719 93809 40950 12182 13382 38629 60728 01881 23094 15243 53501 07698 22921 68127 55309 92034 50612 81415 38461 07556 60557 42088 87680 67344 11596 55678 65101 19505 86216 59744 48076 94576 32063 99056 29831 21100 58431 24181 25930 00501 10713 90892 84077 98504 44528 24587 50031 70098 28923 10609 01796 38169 77729 82000 48161 65695 73151 48859 12431 46747 95387 48125 68149 01161 79579 37484 36439 69853 41387 32168 30953 88753 75829 11333 15659 87119 24498 47228 83949 79068 17646 83710 48724 75654 23898 08846 23917 05243 25405 01527 43488 99278 65660 06175 54107 17822 08633 71626 05622 26902 09839 15859 17009 49931 83358 45552 24164 41125 35670 17152 23683 01331 07421 16181 23463 17046 13211 28751 72554 61221 09190 49946 08049 64864 30237 29959 45817 74577 67119 94303 75230 86776 35513 14291 38453 66516 10853 88163 97869 39641 49168 31460 71120 80855 77021 76825 74305 37545 68698 54986 77795 43909 89405 42791 00614 67448 56624 48980 94057 74773 63154 78796 04038 74462 88092 36970 02048 91507 91715 02035 46279 18239 68196 47201 08759 38964 41870 49607 70743 75889 49529 31286 27549 56684 51834 66391 58116 73099 75246 14551 72201 99522 31522 16050 49881 10910 22705 47687 75634 85224 45611 83534 26300
Chapter 2
Basic Concepts of Sampling
2.0 some basic symbols
2.0.1 Some Population Values: N= numbers of elements in the population Yi= value of the “Y” variable for the i th population element
Example: evaluate the prevalence of tooth decay among the 1200 children attending a school
List of children attending the school Children numerated from 1 to 1200 Sample size = 100 children Random sampling of 100 numbers between 1 and 1200
2.1.3 A theoretical definition of SRS
Each possible combination of n different elements out of N has the same probability of being selected for the sample. There are
How to randomly select?
frame
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Example:
N=600 n=100
Assign each element within the sampling frame a unique number (1-600). Identify a random start from the random number table. Determine how the digits in the random number table will be assigned to the sampling frame.
N! N ( N 1)( N 2) ( N n 1) C ( N n)!n ! n(n 1)(n 2) (2)(1)
n N
different combinations, any one of which may constitute the sample. Their probabilities of selection are all equal to 1
Y Yi =the population total of the “Y” variable
i N
Y
Y Yi / N=the population mean of the “Y ”variable N
The variance of population elements:
Sy
Sy
2.1 Procedures for Simple Random Selection (SRS)
2.1.1 An operational definition： From a table of random digits, select with equal probability n different selection numbers, corresponding to n of the N listing numbers of the population elements. At each of the n successive drawings, every unselected element has an equal probability of selection, but previously selected numbers are disregarded.（without replacement）
2
1 (Yi Y ) 2 N 1
N 2 y N 1
y
2
1 N
(Yi Y ) 2
Infinite population or theoretical population
2
finite population
S y , y =the standard deviation of the population
1.Its mathematical properties are 2.1.2Why does simple SRS be so 2.All probability selections may be important in sampling theory? viewed as restriction on SRS 3.The relatively simple SRS computation are often used on data obtained by more complex selections 4.SRS computations can often used as a base and then adjusted
n 1 2 ( y j ny 2 ) n 1 j n 1 y2 2 2 sy ( y j ) n 1 j n
2
2 In simple random samples sy is often an unbiased estimate of S y2 s y = the standard deviation of the sample elements
simple random sampling (SRS): without replacement unrestricted sampling ： with replacement
In SRS, the elements are also sampling units. We call it Element Sampling
Select the sample elements from the sampling frame.
The N listing numbers need not be consecutive. They may be scattered among N+B numbers, of which B are “blank”. For example: N= 10,000 n= 400 numbered from 1 to 10,000 N= 8000 n=400 numbered from 1 to 10,000 N= 8000 n=400 numbered from 1 to 100,000
N y Ny y n f For equal probability of selection methods (Epsem) f is the uniform overall sampling fraction for the n elements. f =
N
sy