Westward Expansion
英美文学名词解释整理版
英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。
所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。
2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。
3.Allusion:A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。
典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。
4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。
美国西进运动讲解
The Gold Rush淘金热
(GOLD RUSH,英语里意为对金子的向往）淘金热是美国西进 运动的产物，也是其中极为重要的一个环节。对美国18-19世 纪的经济开发，农业扩张，交通革命，工商业发展具有重要的 意义。
It began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River.
• 1836年3月2日，德克萨斯人举行全体代表 大会，宣布脱离墨西哥，成立“孤星共和 国”
（得克萨斯共和国） • In 1845 it joined the United States as
the 28th state, which led to the War between Mexico and America in 1846.
Stage 1
It took Americans a century and a half to expand as far west as the Appalachian Mountains, a few hundred miles from the Atlantic coast.
Stage 2
美国西部的概念
★老西部(old west)——大西洋滨海平原的西边是瀑布线(Fall line)，河流和瀑布湍急。在殖民 地时期，这里是英属殖民地的西部边疆，也称为老西部。
marktwain—mirrorofamerica翻译修辞汇总
Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
Westward Expansion美国西进运动小论文
Westward ExpansionThomas Jefferson had a very little different vision for America than the view held by Alexander Hamilton and many other Federalists . while Hamilton envisioned the America as evolving into a might industrial power, Jefferson’s view of an ideal America was one made up largely of Yeoman farmers, who would possess a spirit of fierce independence and pride. So in order to accomplish this end , Jefferson encouraged further expansion westward based on the following reasons.Firstly, as early as in 1820’s there was flood of new immigrants from Eur ope to the United States. Then the stream of immigration continued. Bet ween 1815 and 1830 over 500 000 Europeans came into the United State s. They had expected to live a better life, but they found themselves still poor in the crowded Northeast. As they were dissatisfied with the condit ions at home, they hoped to find a more favorable environment on the fr ontier.Second reason is related to the California gold rush. The discovery of the gold motivated thousands of people moved to the west with the hope of being rich.As for the local farmers, they had no better life and they lost their land p iece after piece because of land speculation. So they moved west to the vast area of wilderness where the land was cheap and great for farming. They had various opportunities to foster a new land with crops and grains.In the forth place, the freedom for slaves. Slaves once being tortured in South then can moved to the west where they can get freedom and lived in black communities free from white prejudice.Moreover, the most essential reason is that in 1804, it becomes even easier to purchase land in this territory. And Thomas Jefferson who is the president of the US had the prospect of America that it will be an agricultural. So the land was vital to an agricultural country.All in all, the 5 reasons I have claimed above can be cited to illustrate about my viewpoint of the reasons for the westward expansion.。
美国概况练习（5）
美国概况练习（5）ⅠTrue or FalseF1. Since the U.S. economy is based on free enterprise, there is little government involvement in the economy.T2. The United States is the world’s leading maker of industrial goods.F3. In the 18th century, the New England colonies specialized in producing tobacco from plantations.T4. While most Americans embraced the idea of money-making and held successful businessmen in great admiration, they resented big businesses monopolizing any industry in any form.F5. By 1956, a majority of U.S. workers held blue-collar rather than white-collar jobs. T6. Many urban Americans, particularly Blacks and Hispanics, found the postwar prosperity inaccessible to them.F7. The American West is now an important region for corn and wheat.T8. While manufacturing giants such as IBM and General Electronic enjoy worldwide reputation as the pillars of the American economy, the U.S. economy is by no means one dominated by giant corporations.T9. As the number of workers employed in the traditional manufacturing industries has declined, union membership has dropped in recent years.ⅡMultiple Choice1. The United States ranks ___A_____ in the world in the total value of its economic production.A. firstB. secondC. thirdD. fourth2. The following are the factors that have contributed to the development of the U.S. economy EXCEPT_____C_____.A. the vast space and resources of the landB. the ideals of freedom and economic opportunityC. English as its national languageD. hard work by the peopleA3. What is America’s most important food crop?A. CornB. Rice.C. Barley.D. Oat.4. Service industries account for more than ____D_____ of the U.S. gross domestic product.A. a thirdB. halfC. two thirdsD. three fourth5. The westward expansion is a demonstration of American ______A__.A. individualismB. patriotismC. liberalismD. expansionism6. Hamilton believed that the United States should pursue economic growth through the following EXCEPT ____D____.A. shippingB. manufacturingC. bankingD. slavery7. With the arrival of the 20th century, the United States became increasinglyurbanized, particularly in the ____A_____ cities.A. NortheastB. NorthwestC. SoutheastD. Southwest8. The American South is a center of the following traditional crops EXCEPT _____D____.A. tobaccoB. cornC. cottonD. wheat9. As the world’s leading maker of industrial goods, the U.S. now produces around _____B____ of the world’s industrial products.A. 20%B. 25%C. 30%D. 35%10. In the United States, the following areas tend to specialize in high-tech andcomputer industries EXCEPT ___B_____.A. NortheastB. MidwestC. NorthwestD. SouthwestⅢ. DiscussionOver the past several decades, the position of organized labor unions in the U.S. has been greatly weakened. Discuss the causes of the shrinking influence of American labor unions in recent years.The rising service sectorA steady shift from blue-collar to white-collar employmentForeign industrial competitionThe high rate of immigration of unskilled workersManagement’s concerns with benefits and a satisfactory workplace environmentChanges in the legal environment have worked against the unions as well.。
美国简史06-Westward-Expansion
A Biography of AmericaProgram 6: Westward Expansion/The Empire of LibertyDonald L. Miller with Virginia Scharff, Douglas Brinkley,Stephen Ambrose and Pauline MaierIntroductionMiller: The land. The rugged surface on which the American story is written.Scharff: What happens out there on the ground shapes the American character in some fundamental ways. It reflects larger American processes.Brinkley: The whole history of the United States is that constant movement westward, that constant march from the Europeans to either progress, or to de-civilizing the civilizations that were already here. But, I think, movement.Scharff: But that’s the land again. I mean, so many places in the United States for so much of its history have been the possibility of running away from where you are, of lining up for the territory. It’s such a big country.Miller: Americans could only travel as fast as a running horse could take them in 1800. But as the 19th Century begins, America is on the move. And the North and the South are changing forever. Historians Pauline Maier...Maier: So the canals made all the difference in the world.Miller: ...And Stephen Ambrose.Ambrose: You can’t own another man, period.Miller: Join us.Miller: And they take advantage of what the frontier gives them. Miller: Today, on A Biography of America, “Westward Expansion”.The Louisiana PurchaseMiller: When President-elect Thomas Jefferson walked through the muddy streets of Washington to take the oath of office in March of 1801, America was that rare and wonderful thing: a hopeful democracy that had just seen power peacefully transferred from one ruling party to another. It was a new country, aching to grow, aching to push the limits of the land and the talents of its people –optimistic, restless, invigorated by a vision Jefferson gave a name to: “an empire of liberty.”America, however, had to contend with two great rival powers that dominated the world, France and Britain. Britain had lost her 13 colonies and maintained a presence only in what is today Canada. France was a different story. Under its brilliant and aggressive leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, France had plans for beating Britain at its imperial game. And those plans involved America – not for the first time.More than a century before, an adventurer, a priest, and five voyageurs set out in two lightly outfitted birch bark canoes from a Catholic mission on the Upper Great Lakes. Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette embarked with very different purposes. Father Marquette, a learned, passionate Jesuit, believed he was sent by his God to find the souls of pagan savages and convert them to Christianity. Joliet, only 27 years old, but a crack geographer and mapmaker, was sent by the French crown to find and claim the Mississippi. No one, least of all the French, acknowledged that the Spaniard De Soto had found that river 150 years earlier.Marquette and Joliet made their way from the far northeastern edge of Lake Michigan through present-day Wisconsin, and down the Mississippi River, to what is today St. Louis. They recorded what they saw with great enthusiasm and interest. They described monstrous wildcats and fish and wild cattle, huge herds of bison that blackened the prairie.Downriver, they saw cliff paintings so beautiful that Marquette said, “The good painters in France would find it difficult to paint so well.” They slept in the cabin of the chief of the Illinois Indians, who feasted with them. The next day, 600 of his people escorted them to their canoes. Further downriver, the torrents of the swollen Missouri River almost overturned their canoes. And on their arduous return north, they paddled upriver through an inland sea of grass, the breathtaking tall grass prairie that fills the middle of America.Amazingly, they paddled more than 2,500 miles in four months. And in doing so, they etched what would become the northeastern boundary of the Louisiana Territory, a huge tract of land, which Napoleon would secretly buy from the Spanish in 1800. With this piece of land, France could control the Mississippi River from Canada all the way to New Orleans. In 1800 that land meant everything to President Thomas Jefferson with his vision of “an empire of liberty.” Jefferson had long planned an expedition – soon to be the Lewis and Clark expedition – to explore the country’s vast and wild northwest interior. So it was with genuine horror that he received the news of Napoleon’s incredible real estate deal. He knew that whoever controlled the Mississippi would control his country’s destiny.However, in three years, Napoleon’s colossal ambitions for a presence in North America came to an end. Jefferson was able to buy what he and other Americans wanted – for a mere $15 million dollars. With the stroke of the pen, the America of 1803 doubled in size.The Louisiana Purchase opened the gateway West.DiscussionMiller: 1800 was an exciting year for the country. We’d established our independence; we have a new president, Thomas Jefferson; and we have an unexplored, largely, and unknown frontier, on the west of the Appalachians. America had been an ever-expanding nation, but we were still largely a seacoast nation hugging the coast. What was out there, Steven, beyond those mountains?Ambrose: As you say, the roads were hugging the coastline. And there was almost no settlement out west of the Appalachian Mountains. So it was unknown territory, and completely wide open. And who did it belong to was up for some kind of grabs. I mean, we had signed a peace treaty with Great Britain that made it a part of the United States, but the Brits kept keeping their forts down there on the part of the land that was supposed to belong to the United States, but it wasn’t quite clear yet whose it was. And the Spanish are still on the other side of the Mississippi River, very much so, in Texas and California and elsewhere out West.Miller: How was the Louisiana Purchase, 1803, how was that received by the country?Ambrose: With deliriums of joy. Everybody was--it was such a bargain. And to get it without having to go to war. What people were afraid of was we were going to have to fight Napoleon to get control of New Orleans, and you had to have control of New Orleans if you were going to make anything out of Kentucky and Tennessee and Illinois and all of the Northwest territory.Miller: Steve, everybody knows the Lewis and Clark expedition. What’s the real importance of that expedition?Ambrose: Well, Thomas Jefferson, who purchased Louisiana and sent Lewis and Clark out, had an idea that had never occurred to anyone else before, and had never been done anywhere before. And that was that we’re going to establish an ‘empire of liberty’ that’s going to stretch from sea to shining sea. And when we start bringing in Kentucky and Tennessee and Illinois and Ohio into the Union, they’re going to come in as equal states. They’re going to have all the same rights and privileges as New Hampshire, or Virginia, or New York, or the original 13 colonies. And, we’re going to go across the Mississippi with that, and, we’re going to go all the way to the West Coast with it. And when he sent Lewis and Clark out, it wasn’t just that they explored up the Missouri River and brought back the first description of what’s out there in that Louisiana Purchase. They crossed the mountains, and they went into the great northwestern empire of Oregon and Washington and Idaho. And they brought that area into the United States at a time when Jefferson had this idea -- we’re going to have this ‘empire of liberty,’ it’s going to go the whole way.Miller: Now, did Jefferson, or Lewis and Clark, or the three of them together, have discussions about how this untracked wilderness was going to be peopled? Here we are, before the steamboat...Ambrose: Jefferson thought it would take 100 generations.Miller: Yeah, exactly.Ambrose: That’s right. It’s before steamboats. The steamboat, when Lewis and Clark came back, nothing moved any faster than it had when they left. And George Washington, or Thomas Jefferson, or Andrew Jackson couldn’t move any place any faster than Napoleon could or Caesar. Miller: No telegraph, nothing.Ambrose: You couldn’t move ideas, you couldn’t move mail. As fast as a horse could run--that’s the fa stest that anything could move. Maier: But did anybody have any idea how much there was west of those mountains? Did anybody have any idea the size of the continent? I mean they...Ambrose: Well yes, they did, because the mouth of the Columbia had been discovered, and so they knew how far everything stretched. They didn’t know what was there. They didn’t know what the Rocky Mountains were like. They thought they were going to be like the Appalachian mountains. Well, the Rocky Mountains are a little bit bigger than that--it’s like 160 miles of Rocky Mountains out there, and way, way bigger than anything in the eastern part of the United States. But they knew that there was a lot of wealth out there on that Columbia River, there were a lot of Indians living out there, there was a lot of furs out there, there was a big country out there, that, and this gets us back to this ‘empire of liberty’...Miller: Isn’t it interesting, though, how many times the country was discovered? I mean, De Soto so-called “discovers” the Mississippi River. Marquette and Joliet discover the Mississippi River. LaSalle goes to the mouth of the Mississippi. Now here are the French, in the late 17th Century. They have a vision of empire almost like the Louisiana Purchase--it’s goi ng to run north to south, from Quebec and Montreal, all the way down to the Gulf. What was the real importance of New Orleans?Ambrose: It was the only outlet to the world’s markets.Miller: On the Mississippi.Ambrose: You couldn’t move the corn or the wheat or other products, you couldn’t move them over the mountains. You could put them on a boat and bring them down the Mississippi River. But as long as the Spanish controlled New Orleans, and then the French immediately after -- they got it from the Spanish -- you don’t have an outlet. And Jefferson had originally thought he was going to just be buying New Orleans. But Napoleon said to hell with it, the whole thing. “I mean, we can’t holdit anyway. What are we going to do with Missouri, what are we going to do with the Dakotas, what are we going to do with Montana, what are we going to do with Arkansas?” There wasn’t anything the French could do with it. Sell the whole damn thing. And he did.Miller: Yeah. But at the same time, there are people beginning to pour into the Ohio valley, right Pauline?Maier: Right. And the one exception to the unoccupied character, the Trans-Appalachian west--rather big exception very important to the story--Kentucky and Tennessee. People start pouring in there in the 1780s. And it’s amazing, actually, when you think of the size of the migration. There may be 10,000 people in Kentucky in 1780, and they go up to 110,000 a decade later. I mean, it’s more than the whole migration of the 17th Century. It’s a massive movement of population.Miller: This is largely a migration pattern out of Pennsylvania, through West Virginia, Virginia, down into the Carolinas, across the line, into the mountains.Maier: Exactly. And, to some extent from--well, the Davis family comes from Georgia.Miller: Jefferson Davis.Maier: Jefferson Davis, right.Miller: And the Lincoln family’s a Kentucky family.Maier: Absolutely.Miller: And there’s Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln, born within a year of each other, in the same state, Kentucky. One family, Lincoln’s father opposed to slavery, migrates out to Indiana. And the other family, a small slaveholding family, migrates out to Mississippi, near Vicksburg.Ambrose: And they were born, as you say, within a year of each other, at a time when there were steamboats. Fulton had invented the steamboat--well, when they were kids, Fulton had invented the steamboat and you could go upriver for the first time without having to paddle your way upriver. No railroads.Miller: Without railroads, how was the west settled? What are the primary technologies that allow this settlement to take place, given the absolutely abysmal road systems?Maier: It’s onto the Mississippi. And it’s -- the world was made up of bodies of water interrupted by land, and that continued to be true. It had been true historically.Miller: That’s a wonderful way of putting it. I mean, that whole west -- people have this image of everybody just pouring out of there in Conestoga wagons or on foot, an d don’t appreciate, I think, the magnificent waterway systems that we had, and how many settlers went west in these waterways.Ambrose: And went west on the waterways, and shipped their produce to market on the waterways, and the waterways were the key to everything. The Ohio comes down, the Missouri comes down, all these...Miller: Right smack in the middle of the continent.Ambrose: ...The Cumberland, and the Tennessee, and the Illinois, and they all come together in the Mississippi and flow down to New Orleans. And the whole of the continent is one transportation system.Miller: Right. Right. Canals... we...Maier: Canals, absolutely critical. I was thinking, how important was the southern market to the west, to the upper reaches of the river, to the Northwest Territory? Which is, of course, where, after the 1780s and 1790s, a good many immigrants were going, from New England particularly. We know that the only way they could sell their products was down the river, and a great amount was shi pped to New Orleans. But it wasn’t consumed in the South. Some of it was, but the greater part of it was re-exported out of New Orleans, to Europe and to the Northeast. So you had to go all the way down and then all the way up again. So the canals made all the difference in the world. And I think, ultimately, they had some political significance. You didn’t see the effect right away. 1825, the Erie Canal is completed. It really took another two decades, until all these ancillary canals are built in Ohio. And then you saw a massive change of the direction of western trade, not south but east and north, and the railroads just consolidated that. And it’s the Northeast that is a real customer, because they’re moving increasingly toward industrialization, to a more specialized economy, and they have a food deficit. So the West feeds the Northeast.Miller: There had always been the theory that it was the railroads that first connected the two, but it’s actually the southern driving canals actually turn the other way and went out there like that.Maier: Yeah. But it’s a relatively short period, really, the canal era. It might have done the trick. But perfectly in keeping with this idea that water is how you travel.Miller: Water’s the key. Look at Fulton. I mean the steamboat, obviously, had enormous impact on the southern development, didn’t it? Ambrose: Sure, very much so. The ability to be able to go upstream. Before the steamboat, if you made ten miles a day going upstream, that was a hell of a good day.Maier: It was what, with poles?Miller: Six mile current, six mile per hour current, that Mississippi River.Ambrose: Right. Go out and try it today in a canoe, and you’ll find out in a hurry what it meant to go upstream, and only muscle power to do it with. Or you could get horses on land to draw the things along, but the turns in the river and other things made that very, very difficult. It was a lot easier on the canal to use horses to pull barges along the canal, because they were straight.Miller: They’d send sailboats ahead of some of these keel boats. The sailboat would wrap a rope around a tree, and then they’ll pull themselves upriver, like this!Maier: Yeah. No, this was not a viable system!Miller: To see a boat going upriver.Ambrose: Oh boy. A whole new world. And it was.Maier: And how amazing it is, however, that that southern frontier developed in such a different way than the northern frontier did. They’re both agricultural...Miller: That’s one of the most inte resting things, I think, about the country, that you have pioneers--similar pioneers--going in, at the same time going into two regions of the country.Maier: But creating very different economies, and very different societies.Miller: Tremendously different political cultures, yeah.Maier: I mean, you didn’t get any cities, except New Orleans, developing like Cincinnati or Pittsburgh, or St. Louis, Louisville. These were manufacturing centers. They were retail centers. You just didn’t get that in the Cotton South.Miller: What explains that?Ambrose: Eli Whitney.Miller: Eli Whitney. Yeah.Ambrose: Explains a lot of it.Maier: Well, that explains why you had the growth of cotton into that area. But...Ambrose: And the ability to grow cotton, and the fertility of the soil, and the heat in the South, and all of these combined, meaning you could grow the hell out of cotton there. And because of Eli Whitney, you could make that cotton available on the market, and then you could ship it off to England, and they couldn’t get enough of it in England.Miller: But the problem was, of course, that...Ambrose: Getting the seed out.Miller: Getting the seed out. When Whitney invents his gin, a slave could do that work in a half a day, whereas before it took 33 days to do. And that invention, of course, is what, 1793. And he does it on a Savannah plantation, and everybody steals it.Ambrose: It had an effect that cannot be fully measured. It made that land more valuable. It made the slave system much more valuable. It meant that someone like Thomas Jefferson, for example, could make his living not by--Virginia soil was pretty well worn out by this time.Maier: Peat moss, not too good.Ambrose: But you could sell those excess slaves, because they had to have those slaves in Alabama, they had to have them in Mississippi, they had to have them in Louisiana. And the value of slaves went like this. And you had excess slaves, all the time, on these Virginia plantations. And so slavery b ecame the key to Virginia’s economy, not because of what the slaves could grow, so much as what you could sell the slaves for.Miller: Slave breeding.Ambrose: Sell them down the river.Miller: New Orleans and Natchez were the two big slave markets down there. So you didn’t have to bring your slaves with you when you settled out there. The slave traders were there. And as soon as you had any capital--I mean, that was the key. The land was so cheap. There were land grants in both areas: in the Northwest as well as in the Southeast, and Southwest. And you got there...Maier: But think of the difference. If your family, to use Jefferson’s term, included a large contingent of slaves, those slaves, even as adults, aren’t going to be part of a market economy. They’re not going to be going to the local store to buy something. So you don’t need retailing centers in the same way you did need them in the Ohio territory, where the income went to families in a more nuclear sense. So that you had retailing centers, you had processing centers. You clearly need a different kind of a population than the mass of those who are in the Cotton South. You need people who are educated. And people in the West are investing much more heavily in schools, in libraries. You have very different cultures, very different economies.Miller: Yeah, the capital’s all tied up in land and slaves in the south.Maier: And it’s not a bad investment, we know. The return on it wasn’t bad. But the long-term prognosis wasn’t very promis ing.Miller: Where you’re saying, in the North it’s a more mixed system.Maier: You get a more mixed economy than you’re getting in the South.Miller: But here’s a question, though. In this period there’s kind of a transition. From about 1800 to 1820 slavery is just getting established in the South -- most of the southerners are yeomen farmers. But by the 1830s, you start to get a so-called ‘Solid South.’Ambrose: I think that’s absolutely right. And the original arguments against slavery come from Thomas Jefferson and other southerners, who looked around them and saw this is an evil system and we’ve got to get rid of it. But by the time you get to the 1830s and cotton has become king, all of a sudden it’s a very profitable system, or so it appe ars to them, and the Jefferson arguments lose their way.Miller: And there’s land hunger, hunger for more slaves, pressure to reopen the slave trade, and all of a sudden, at the same time, the abolitionist movement arises, and you’ve got two separate s ections. The South really is so much part of America in 1800, and then just kind of pulls away. It just pulls away.Maier: Well, it also becomes more economically isolated, if you think about it; that the West is trading primarily with the Northeast; the South is selling abroad. It is, in some ways, the most independent economy within the regional economies of the United States.Miller: The only place they really had ties to, ironically, were in New York, and they thought those were exploitative ties, because those New York manufacturers and merchants came in and took over, and made sure that cotton went through New York. And there was a kind of triangular trade, New York to Liverpool, back to New York, back to Charleston, places like that. And there’s talk of secession already in the 30s.Maier: Hey, and you got a little bit of it in Thomas Jefferson, at the time of the Alien and Sedition Acts, his nullification. And of course, at the time of the Missouri Crisis, even more, he really thinks that the crisis over slavery is going to lead to a dismemberment of the union. But the anticipations of secession or that the Union would fall apart, those weren’t the kind of things you memorialize. The idea that resistance and revolution was a continuing resort for people who were disaffected within the Union, or for states.Miller: But here’s a question I’ve never been able to answer for myself satisfactorily. A lot of northerners went south. Steven Duncan is a planter in Mississippi, who’s probably the l argest plantation owner, the richest man in Mississippi. He’s from Pennsylvania. He supports slavery but he also supports the Union, and he leaves the South at the outbreak of the Civil War. Was there any difference, moral difference, between the people who settled in the Ohio Valley and out toward Illinois, and people who settled in Mississippi and Alabama?Maier: That’s an interesting question.Miller: See what I mean? Is it slavery that turns them in this way?I mean, we often think that the Civil War is this Manichaean struggle between good and evil, obviously, those who held slaves and those who were opposed to slaves.Maier: Well, we’d like to think there was a moral difference, but racism was a national institution.Miller: That’s what -- these guys were all frontier, and they take advantage of what the frontier gives them, I mean in terms of what soil’s there.Ambrose: I would insist that there is a fundamental difference. And that is, in Illinois, even in southern Illinois, in Wisconsin, in Iowa, going out further west, or--you can’t own another man. Period. You cannot own another man. Now, you can discriminate against him, you can use him, you can be racist in many of them--you can’t own them, you can’t sell them. And there were a lot of people in the South that felt that way, to be sure. A lot of small farmers in the South who didn’t own their own slaves and who thought, we’re on the wrong track here, or who could not make it work economically for them. But the people that controlled the society in the South came up with a justification for slavery, in it’s the best of all possible systems, and the blacks are way better off under slavery than they would be if they were under wage slavery up north, and so on. We all know the arguments of the pro-slavery people. And it was accepted. And it became a part of the fiber of the being of a very large number of white southerners. And that was not the case up North. And that is a difference.Miller: What causes the difference? We know there’s a difference. Ambrose: The economic basis of society, and the way in which you become...Miller: The way you can make money.Ambrose: That’s right, the way you make money. And that you can be a white man in the South. And it used to be -- it’s not the case anymore, but it used to be -- when I first started going south, segregation was still in place. It was wonderful to be a white man in the South in those days. You never had to think about what you were doing to the other half of the population; you just did it, and you benefited from it. And it gnawed its way into your soul. There isn’t any way around it. You can’tdeny it.Miller: That’s what I’m finding with these historical characters. I’m coming across in my own research how quickly northern ers become southerners, adopting the ways of the South, accepting slavery, and defending slavery.Ambrose: You read the Civil War letters, and...Miller: The metamorphosis is quick.Ambrose: An awful lot of the Union troops, who were campaigning in Mississippi, in the Vicksburg campaign, and they get to be the most violent anti-Negro people, and cursing them, and bringing them into camp and using them as their own slaves, their own personal slaves. Listen, it’s wonderful to be on top, it’s wonderfu l to be the master. Or so it seems. In the end, people up north and eventually in the whole country realize no, it’s not wonderful; it really is terrible, and it ruins not only the people that you’re subjecting to your whims and your wishes, it ruins you. It has this effect that, in the end, is going to destroy you. But boy, it takes a long time to come to that view.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
Westward Expansion(西进运动)(课堂PPT)
• It utterly changed American appearance: large quantities of barren lands were reclaimed; a lot of capital farms were set up; the development of agriculture in west provided a large amount of food, material and domestic market on industrial development; nature recourses were opened up to developed industries. By expanding the nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful countries of the 20th century.
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• Slaves from the South could have freedom in the new western territories where they settled in all black communities free from white prejudice.
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III. The progress of Westward Movement
favorable environment on the frontier.
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• Gold was discovered in California in the 1840s. This rush made lots of people move West with the hopes of becoming rich!
The history of the United States of America
The United States of America United States was a British colony, due to various factors gradually rise to become a powerful country
The North-South conflict（南北冲突）
• Due to the causes of the civil war, not only economic, political and military problems, but also include ideological conflict. The United States Civil War exposed weaknesses. The existence of this country, made some tests. After this test, the United States was moving towards a centralization of the modern state highway. Between North and south, slavery Abolishment and argue.
The independence movement（独立 （ 运动） 运动）
The American War of independence in 1775 - 1783 The American War of independence is the first large-scale world history of colonial struggle for national independence war, its victory, giving the British Empire Colonial system an opening for the colonial war of national liberation, a set of examples.This is also the first American bourgeois revolution, brought to the United States national independence, which in 1776 promulgated the" Declaration of independence" marks the birth of the United States of america.
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• Between the gold rush and the Civil War, Americans in growing numbers filled the Mississippi River valley, Texas, the southwest territories, and the new states of Kansas and Nebraska. During the war, gold and silver discoveries drew prospectors—and later settlers—into Oregon, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana .
Significance
• This westward movement was of enormous significance. By expanding the nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century. • However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, and cultural loss for the Native Americans of North America. • This expansion also meant that much of North America was controlled by English institutions and ways of life, instead of Spanish or French. The Spanish and French were also exploring and settling North America in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. • For good or ill, the Westward Expansion of these Anglo-American settlers was one of the most influential forces to shape North American history.
• During the 1830s and '40s, the flood of pioneers poured unceasingly westward. Michigan, Arkansas, Wisconsin, and Iowa received most of them. A number of families even went as far as the Pacific coast, taking the Oregon Trail to areas in the Pacific Northwest. In 1849 fortune seekers rushed into California in search of gold. Meanwhile, the Mormons ended their long pilgrimage in Utah.
Westward Expansion
What is Westward Expansion？
• Westward Expansion is a movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Since the late 18th centuries to the late 19th centuries, Anglo-American people and their society expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This westward expansion crossed what was often called the American frontier.
• To Jefferson, westward expansion was the key to the nation’s health: He believed that a republic depended on an independent, virtuous citizenry for its survival, and that independence and virtue went hand in hand with land ownership, especially the ownership of small farms. (“Those who labor in the earth,” he wrote, “are the chosen people of God.”) • In order to provide enough land to sustain this ideal population of virtuous yeomen, the United States would have to continue to expand. • The westward expansion of the United States is one of the defining themes of 19th-century American history, but it is not just the story of Jefferson’s expanding “empire of liberty.” On the contrary, as one historian writes, in the six decades after the Louisiana Purchase, westward expansion “very nearly destroy[ed] the republic.”
Process of Westward Expansion：
• It took American colonists a century and a half to expand as far west as the Appalachian Mounts, a few hundred miles from the Atlantic coast. • It took another fifty years to push the frontier to the Mississippi River. Seeking cheap land and inspired by the notion that Americans had a “manifest destiny” to stretch across the continent, pioneers by 1850 pushed the edge of settlement to Texas, the Southwest, and the Pacific Northwest.
பைடு நூலகம்
• However, with the westward expansion, a large number of Indians were massacred, the survivors were forcibly rushed to the more desolate “Reservations", and the forced migration road of Indians, also known as "Tears of the Road . " • For more information：
Details
• After the American Revolution, a flood of people crossed the mountains into the fertile lands between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River. By 1810 Ohio, Tennessee, and Kentucky had been transformed from wilderness into a region of farms and towns. • Despite those decades of continuous westward pushing of the frontier line, it was not until the conclusion of the War of 1812 that the westward movement became a significant outpouring of people across the continent. By 1830 the Old Northwest and Old Southwest—areas scarcely populated before the war—were settled with enough people to warrant the admission of Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Alabama, and Mississippi as states into the Union.
Westward Expansion
· Time: late 18C ---late 19C and early 20C · Events: American Revolution The Purchase of Louisiana War of 1812 The California Gold Rush The Civil War · Reason: The British Proclamation of 1763 about prohibiting immigration into the west of Appalachians (阿巴拉契亚山)has be abolished by American government The needs of more land The support of the government