introduction&readingandvocabulary-精
如何写Introduction
如何写Introduction一般顺序：背景介绍、别人成果、研究目的及工作介绍1.如何指出当前工作的不足，并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？在叙述前人成果后，用however:However,little(few/none) information/little attention/little work/research/date have been done on(focused on/attempted to/conductes/investigated/studied)或者：previous research(stuies/records) has(have) faild to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/ overestimated. Thus, these previous results are misleading,inconclisive,unsatisfactory,questionable,and controversial. Uncertainties still sxist...若是研究方法与前人一致，可以通过以下方式强调自己的工作：however, date is still scarce(rare, less accurate), we need to (aim to, have to) provide more documents(data,record,increase the dataset). Further studied are stillnecessary(essential)2.如何圈出研究范围？时间尺度和研究区域：we prelinminarily focus on the.....3.如何提出观点？从相关背景引出研究领域和观点：we aim to/ this paper reports on/ this paper focus on。
职场英语：introductions介绍
职场英语：i n t r o d u c t i o n s介绍(总2页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--职场英语：Introductions 介绍这是一篇由网络搜集整理的关于职场英语：Introductions 介绍的文档，希望对你能有帮助。
你好，我是林清，你是哪的?注释：be from,从哪里来，哪的.人。
2. I'm Jane Smith, from America. Just call me Jane .我是简·史密斯，来自美国。
叫我简好了。
注释：史密斯是姓，简才是名字，朋友之间常常只称呼名字。
3. This is Jane, my classmate.这是简，我的同学。
4. I'd like to introduce my friend Linda to you.我想把我的朋友林达介绍给你。
注释：I would like to do something .“我想做某某”，这是礼貌正式的说法，是非常重要的句型。
5. John, I'd like you to meet ny friend Lily.约翰，来，我给你介绍一下我的朋友丽丽。
注释：I would like you to do something. 也是礼貌正式的说法，是非常重要的句型。
6 .My name is Peter Jones. May I know your name, please?我叫皮特琼斯。
请问您尊姓大名?注释：May I know your name, please是问对方姓名的一种正式的说法。
/。
英文文献-Introduction讲义
Chapter 2. Introduction2.1Introduction to Introduction2.2Build a Model of Introduction2.3Establishing the Narrowed Research Topic2.4Establish the Need/Gap2.5State the Purpose of Your Research2.6State Value of Research2.7Outline the Research2.8Moves and Steps of Introduction2.9Tenses in Introduction2.10Exercises2. _______________________________________________________________Suppose you were writing an article titled “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you plan to write the Introduction part? Brainstorm with your teammates and write d own a list of the key information.three questions:1.How do writers normally start the Introduction?2.What type of information shoul d be in my Introduction, and in what order?1.__________ What is the context of this problem?2.__________ Why is this research important?3.__________ What is the gap in our knowledge this research will fill?4.__________ What steps will we take to try and fill this gap or improve the situation?5.__________ Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or to only certain aspects of the situation?6.__________ Is there any factor, condition or circumstance that prevents the researcher from achieving all his/herobjectives?7.__________ In considering his/her method, model, formulation or approach, d oes the researcher take certainconditions, states, requirements for granted?research problem.•Do I introduce the topic in the first sentence?••••your work explores an area/issue/question that has previously not been explored, or not been explored in detail, in not explored in the way that you are going to use. There are four ways to demonstrate that you are adding to the•••••--claiming centrality (why this field of study is important) AND/OR --moving from general to specific AND/OR--reviewing relevant items of previous research AND/OR--describing the background AND/OR--definition of key words•Move 2: _________________________--indicating a gap OR--raising a question OR--continuing a previously developed line of inquiry OR--counter-claiming (disagreeing with an existing/accepted approach) •Move 3: _________________________--outlining purpose/setting objectives AND/OR--announcing present research (methodology) AND/OR--announcing principal findings (results) AND/OR________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________∙Too much detail, and hence too long.∙Repetition of words, phrases or ideas.∙Unclear problem definition.∙Poor organization.Now review your list of Introduction for the article “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you improve it into a better one?often used in the opening sentences. For example:1.Tungsten is a heavy metal with several unique physical and mechanical properties. (Effects of tungsten onenvironmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)2.When analyzing hydraulic networks, it is usually possible to identify three types of variables. (FuzzyApproach for Analysis of Pipe Networks, Roberto Revelli and Luca Ridolfi, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1.Earlier studies carried out on 0.5 Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel showed notch strengthening for shallow notches andtendency towards notch weakening for sharp notches. (Effect of Multiaxial State of Stress on Creep Rupture Behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo Steel, Sunil Goyal et al. / Procedia Engineering 55 ( 2013 ) 510 – 516)2.However, the vast majority of these studies have been confined to suspensions with millimeter- ormicron-sized particles. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.Keblinski, et. al. , International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 855-863)3.Nair (1982) notes in his study that another one of the reasons for lack of widespread use of more rigorousmathematical programming techniques is that is sometimes difficult (if not impossible) to isolate a problem for optimization using this technique. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science) Note that comparable options exist in the clauses.1.The effects of tungsten on environmental systems have not been investigated extensively and publisheddata are fragmentary. (Effects of tungsten on environmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)(environment engineering)2.Radaj [9] developed a n approach based on Neuber’s micro-structural support hypothesis by suggesting anadditional fictitious radius r f at the notch, which allows the local stress to be analyzed directly withoutrequiring a stress concentration factor or fatigue notch factor [8]. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)3.Rigorous mathematical programming optimization techniques are well established and numerous authorshave attempted to apply these techniques to practical structural engineering design problems with varying degrees of success. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K.Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference)(computer science)4.It has long been recognized that suspensions of solid particles in liqids have great potential as improvedheat-management fluids. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.accidently.1.This paper presents a model-based input-output synchronizing technique for reducing sense axismeasurement drift resulted from the mechanical structure imperfections. (Input-Output Synchronization for Bias Drift Reduction of MEMS Gyroscopes, Afshin Izadian, et. al., 2008 American Control Conference) (electronic and automatic control)2.In accomplishing these two tasks, this paper hopes to point out how two modeling approaches initiallyappearing very similar are in fact qualitatively different.(Wong, C. (2014) A Novel Operational Partition between Neural Network Classifiers on Vulnerability to Data Mining Bias. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 7, 264-272.) (software engineering)You may ask whether you should use is, was,has been, or will be when you describe the present research. Indeed, both is and was is used in the Introduction. Very rarely can has been or will be appear.1.In this study, a fatigue assessment for various welded joints of Invar alloy in an LNG carrier was performedusing the notch stress approach. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)2.Next, common structural engineering design and analysis software packages in the design office arediscussed, along with optimization techniques “built in” to the software. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science)3.To clarify the differences and similarities in each discipline, this study will examine the major academicvariations within the data mining field in relation to keywords, articles, books, courses offered, textbooks taught, and soft-ware used.( Data Mining Technology across Academic Disciplines, Lesley Farmer, et. al., Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 43-48)(software engineering)4.In the present investigation, effect of notch on creep behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo steel has been studied. Thedifferent notch acuities have been introduced to study the multiaxial state of stress. The creep rupture of the material under multiaxial state of stress has been explained based on the stress distribution around the notch estimated using FE analysis. (material science)Note that using the Past Simple tense when you present the results in the Introduction means that the findings are linked only to the present research, while using the Present Simple tense means that you believe your finding are convincing enough to be considered as accepted facts.1.After three semesters of use of this architecture we found that we could archive a single integratedarchitecture that would serve both courses. (VLabNet: The Integrated Design of Hands-on Learning in Information Security and Networking, Valerie J. H. Powell, et. al., Information Security CurriculumDevelopment Conference’2007)(computer science)2.With our multi-scale feature sharing network, we achieve the state-of-the-art performance (97:3%) on LFWbenchmark. (Learning Deep Face Representation, Haoqiang Fan, et. al., ) (electronic and automatic control)(1) Establish the topic: _____________________________________(2) General research problem: _____________________________________(3) Brief overview of previous research _____________________________________(4) Establish the gap: _____________________________________(5) The purpose of the research: _____________________________________2.Identify the moves and steps by the model of the Introduction to test if it complies with them.3.What do you think the structure of Introduction is like? Why is Introduction shaped like this?。
英文科技学术论文Introduction写法
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项。
与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
具体而言，这“三波”如此展开：第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understanding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… ; however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated previously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
Introduction
5
Introduction
因为这个分数算法是新东方建模算的，不是官方声明，大家谨慎对待。不过我们能从这里能 得到两个主要信息：基本上不用顾虑自己第一个部分多做对题导致第二部分太难反而分较低 的问题；遇到第二部分特别难也不用紧张，此时你已经离高分很近了，蒙对一题都能赚很 多。 对于工科生来说，对GRE有明确要求的学校非常少，已知只有Gatech（佐治亚理工）的ECE 明确要求AW达到3.5，Upenn（宾夕法尼亚大学）部分专业传说需要3.5（实际上确实录取的 同学有3.5的较多，但也有3.0的同学成功上了）。理工科学生一般来说，达到Verbal 150+， Quantitive 166+（最好168+），二者总分320+，作文3+，申请时就不太拖后腿了。总分 325+，或作文3.5+算比较好。总分330+，或作文4+勉强算个小亮点。 （文科生应当要求会高不少，我不懂，请增补。） 考场具体介绍（包括一些考前流程）见吴念尘大神在一亩三分地上的帖子： 九龙湖：[T-经验] [托福考场信息] 东南大学九龙湖校区TOEFL/GRE考场介绍 南师大：[T-经验] [托福考场信息] 南京师范大学TOEFL/GRE考点介绍 吴念尘的GRE经验总结：[G-经验] 一名GT混跑者的GRE 327+3.5小结 工科狗GRE准备的简单经验： 个人情况简介：托福104（考G前100），阅读平均28左右，写作平均25左右。GRE准备时间 大约是大三下背了点词，然后大三暑假第二周开始半脱产复习，短学期第一周考试。 V161+Q170+AW3.5
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文书写作经验 by 鞠安 推荐信 推荐信写作建议 by 王凯旋 面试 HKUST面试经验 by 王凯旋 相关问题解答 均分/绩点 海外交流 关于美国Research Internship by 朱锐 快递 信用卡及财产证明 出国成绩单开具 排名 漂洋过海：海外生活贴士 人在海外 第三部分 - 学校/项目介绍 【美帝】EECS一些项目的介绍 【美帝】Signal方向介绍 国外学校专业划分 欧洲、美国、亚洲、澳洲各学校介绍 第四部分 - 个人感想/小结 04-信息科学与工程学院 05-土木工程学院 5 系出国情况概述 【美国】16-谭焜-TAMU 【美国】16-张永正-Georgia Tech 【美国】16-黄中泽-Cornell 06-电子科学与工程学院 【美国&加拿大】16-连瑞雪 【美国】16-何煜坤-TAMU 【美国】15-顾星煜-UCSD 【美国】16-蒋小凡-UMD 【美国】16-巩悦-CMU-SV 【美国】16-吴念尘-Umich Annarbor 【英国】16-张若兰-Imperial College
introduction写法 -回复
introduction写法-回复[introduction写法]：如何写一篇高质量的文章写一篇高质量的文章需要一定的技巧和方法。
本文将从确定主题、收集资料、构建大纲、撰写文章、编辑和校对等方面，一步一步回答如何写一篇1500-2000字的高质量文章。
一、确定主题写作之前首先需要确定一个主题。
主题要具有可行性、相关性和针对性。
可以思考自己的兴趣、专业知识或者当前热点话题来确定一个合适的主题。
同时还要关注受众的需求和兴趣，以便写出有价值的内容。
二、收集资料在确定好主题后，需要收集相关的资料。
可以通过书籍、学术论文、互联网、采访等途径来获取所需的信息。
同时需要对资料进行筛选和鉴别，选择最有价值和可靠的资料来支撑自己的论点。
三、构建大纲在收集到足够的资料后，需要构建一个清晰逻辑的大纲。
大纲有助于组织思路和确定文章结构。
主要包括引言、正文和结论三个部分。
引言用来引入主题和吸引读者的注意，正文部分用来阐述观点和论证，结论部分用来总结全文和给读者留下深刻的印象。
四、撰写文章在大纲的基础上，可以开始撰写文章。
文章的开头要引人入胜，可以采用故事、引用、问题等引起读者兴趣。
接下来的正文部分要清晰地阐述观点，用事实、数据或者例子来支撑论点。
要避免跑题和啰嗦，保持逻辑严谨和流畅连贯。
在写作过程中还要注意语言简明扼要、用词精确准确、表达清晰明了。
五、编辑和校对撰写完成后，需要进行编辑和校对。
首先要检查文章的结构和逻辑是否合理，是否有明确的段落划分。
其次要检查语法、拼写和标点符号是否正确。
还要审查句子是否流畅，是否有多余的词语。
最后，可以给文章朗读一遍，以确保文章的语调和节奏合适。
总结：写一篇高质量的文章需要明确的主题、充分的资料支持、清晰的大纲、精心的撰写和严格的编辑校对。
通过以上一步一步的操作，相信您一定可以写出一篇出色的1500-2000字文章。
introduction写作方法及技巧
科技学术论文Introduction引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，性质与意义，动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等，同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白，以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度，一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可，不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献，否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。
first：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性second：强调有必要解决存在的问题third：介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性逻辑的连贯内容的创新词汇简洁时态1. What is an introduction?The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”.2. What’s the purpose of the introduction?The introduction comes at the start of a piece of writing. Without this part, the reader cannot easily understand the more detailed information about the research that comes later in the thesis.It introduces:（1）.the research by situating it (by giving background),（2）.presenting the research problem , and saying how and why this problem will be solved , （3）.explaining why the research is being done. (ratio'nale) which is crucial for the reader to understand the significance of the study.3. How should I start?You may want to start your introduction by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work4. How to build a model of introduction?Read the following introduction and decide what the author tells us in each sentence.5. The model of introduction.(1) establishes the importance of this research topic确立研究主题的重要性(2) provides general background information for the reader.为读者提供总体的背景信息(3) in a more specific/detailed way, using research references to support both the background facts and the claim for significance.与第1、2句的做法一样，但是更具体(4) describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field.描述了所研究领域的一般性问题或当前的研究焦点(5) provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review提供了总体问题领域到文献综述之间的一个过渡(6) provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.概述了此研究领域重要的研究项目(7) describes a gap in the research描述了已有研究的空白(8) describes the paper itself描述了论文本身的工作(9) gives details about the methodology详细描述了论文中所用的方法(10) announces the findings公布了论文的结论6. Four components of a model.（1）Establish the importance of your fieldProvide background/ facts/information (possibly from research)Define the terminology in the title/key wordsPresent the problem area/current research focus确立研究领域的重要性提供背景事实或信息（有可能来自现有文献）定义题目或关键词中的术语给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点（2）Previous and/or current research and contributions前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献（3）Locate a gap in the researchDescribe the problem you will addressPresent a prediction to be tested确定已有研究工作的空白；描述你要解决的问题呈现要验证的预测（4）Describe the present paper描述现在的论文7.Grammar and writing skills.语法时态写作技巧8. V ocabulary词汇的简洁举例三篇文章：1.Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of hepatotoxicity induced by triptolide in Wistar rats在Wistar大鼠中，通过基因表达谱和通路分析由雷公藤甲素诱导的肝毒性引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，例如本文中，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，TP的性质Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF)与药理学意义possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities 实验的动机However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems目的we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.主要理论根据及其基本原理Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity.Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006).have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010).clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007) To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al., 2005; Yao et al., 2008).等存在问题和知识空白Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF), possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006). Recently, the methanol/chloroform (T2) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of TWHF, in which TP was identified as the principal active compound, have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010). However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007). Besides, Liu et al., (2010) found that potential hepatotoxicity in rats treated with TP for 28 days was associated with increasing levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Liu et al., 2010). Moreover, it was reported that oral administration of TP to rats could lead to liver injury or even death (Fu et al., 2011). In addition to this, our previous investigation showed that the concentration of TP found in liver exceeds those observed in other tissues, such as spleen, lung, heart, and kidney (unpublished data). On account of this, we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.Unfortunately, its underling mechanisms are still insufficiently recognized. To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al.,2005; Yao et al., 2008). Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity (Lee et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011). Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.Here, we describe genome-wide gene expression in the TP-exposed Wistar female rat liver. Differential gene expression was evaluated in 6-week-old female Wistar rat livers following 14 days of continuous exposure to large doses of TP. Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.2.综述Blood vessels, a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis?血管，类风湿性关节炎潜在的治疗靶标？IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be defined as a disease of the blood vessels, both micro- and macro-vessels. The formation of new micro-vessels is in fact necessary to afford the nutritional supply to proliferating synovial pannus, while macro-vessels are the site where accelerated atherosclerosis driven by disease’s systemic inflammation develops. New vessels formation on one side, and atherosclerotic plaque progression on the other, might seem two different biological phenomena, the first related to the articular involvement of the disease, the second to its main systemic complication. In this context, targeting blood vessels in RA might mean either attempting to reduce synovial vascular supply starving the synovial pannus limiting its proliferation or, in the other case, trying to limit macro-vessels’damage outside the joint. In this review we will analyse the possibility of targeting synovial microvessels to treat rheumatoid arthritis, but we will discuss as well the evidence supporting a link between micro- and macro-vascular involvements in RA.综述的介绍，介绍所提到物质的基本概念，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，RA与血管生成相关，与血管生成的必要性，在这里，说明该文章立题的主要依据与主要原理，并提出在此综述中接下来会说到的内容，如：作者将分析滑膜微血管治疗类风湿关节炎的可能性，且讨论，血管与RA微观和宏观之间联系的证据。
英国论文中Introduction的六个层次“公式”
英国论文中Introduction的六个层次“公式”有小伙伴们觉得英文论文写作不难，但却总是拿不到高分，非常奇怪。
其实是大家把它想简单了，就好比I n t r o d u c t i o n部分，看似简单，其实要写好真的很难。
引言（I n t r o d u c t i o n）作为对论文的内容和结构的概括可以遵循一定的“公式”，也就是说引言（I n t r o d u c t i o n）可以被解构为6个层次的内容，下面就给大家讲解一下。
六个层次“公式”即：背景；现状及分歧；目的；原因；意义；o u t l i n e。
具体写作层次如下：第一层次描述这个所选t o p ic的背景和重要性背景写作的主要目的是引出所选t o p ic以往的研究文献也及该课题以往的研究观点，因此在写作上虽然会比较宏观一些，但一定要紧密联系t o p i c，可以用一两句话带过。
举个例子：“O n e o f t h e m o s t c o m m o n d i l e m m a s f a c i n g m a n y s t u d e n t s i nt h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s b e e n t h e q u e s t i o n o fw h e t h e r o r n o t t o t a k e a p a r t-t i m e j o b.R i s i n g t u i t i o n f e e s a n d l i v i n g e x p e n s e s m a k e l i f e v e r y d i f f i c u l t f o r s t u d e n t s w h o d o n o t b e n e f i t f ro m t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f t h e i r p a r e n t s o r o t h e rs p o n s o r s.I n o r d e r t o s u r v i v e,t h o u s a n d s o f s t u d e n t s t a k e o u ts e v e r a l l o a n s a n d i n c u r s e r i o u s d e b t i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i r y e a r sa t u n i v e r s i t y.H o w e v e r,o t h e r s a t t e m p t t o e a s e t h e f i n a n c i a lb u r d e n o f f u l l-t i m e s t u d y b y f i n d i n g a p a r t-t i m e j o b.”介绍该课题目前的研究现状以及存在的分歧在这一部分不仅要对前人的研究做简要说明，还要总结这些文献的g a p，也就是目前的研究中都存在哪些争议，或者没有涉及到的研究。