the evolution of china-us trade
EVOLUTION OF U.S. TRADE WITH CHINA作者: Orr, James, Quarterly Review (01476580), 01476580, Winter91/92, 册16, 发行4来源---数据库: Academic Source PremierOver the course of the past decade U.S. trade flows with China have contrasted sharply with overall U.S. trade patterns. While the U.S. trade balance as a whole deteriorated during the first half of the 1980s, our trade with China remained roughly in balance. After 1987, when the overall U.S. trade balance began to improve, a surge in imports from China led to a substantial worsening in the U.S. bilateral balance with China. At present, our trade deficit with China has risen to roughly $12 billion, a sum exceeded only by our deficit with Japan.This article analyzes developments in U.S. trade with China since 1980. It attributes the surge in U.S manufactured goods imports from China in the second half of the decade to significant changes in China's foreign economic policies. The country has sought both to improve price competitiveness by devaluing its currency and to acquire capital and technology by encouraging foreign investment. These policy changes have enabled China to take advantage of its vast supply of labor and to develop an internationally competitive export sector. Between 1985 and 1990, China raised its share of U.S. imports of manufactured goods and became a significant source of relatively low-cost consumer goods.One corollary of the growth in U.S. imports from China has been the shift in the pattern of U.S. imports from Asia. In particular, Hong Kong's share of U.S. manufactured imports has declined as Hong Kong producers have increasingly moved processing and assembly operations to China.Trends in U.S.-China tradeThe pattern of U.S.-China trade during the past decade differs remarkably from that of U.S. trade with the rest of the world. The overall U.S. merchandise trade balance steadily worsened during the first half of the 1980s, but U.S. bilateral trade with China remained roughly in balance (Chart 1). Since 1985, however, our bilateral trade balance with China has steadily deteriorated at the same time that the U.S. trade balance with nearly all other major trading partners has substantially improved.The deterioration in our trade position with China is largely explained by the rapid growth in U.S. imports. After having grown by only $3.5 billion between 1978 and 1985, U.S. imports from China increased by nearly $15 billion from 1985 to 1991 (Chart 2). Since 1987, U.S. imports from China have grown at an annual rate of 35 percent, about five times as fast as overall U.S. import growth. In contrast, U.S. exports to China have expanded by about 11 percent annually since 1987, a rate roughly in line with the growth of overall U.S. exports over the same period.(n1)Accompanying the rapid growth in U.S. imports from China has been a significant shift in the composition of these imports. During the first half of the 1980s, food and industrial supplies made up about one-half of U.S.imports from China (Table 1). By contrast, consumer goods imports have dominated the recent growth in trade, expanding to more than three-fourths of U.S. imports from China by 1990. The share of food and industrial supplies by 1990 had fallen to around 15 percent. Consumer goods imports have generally been in relatively unsophisticated product categories, particularly toys, textiles and apparel, and telephones and radios.Our growing trade imbalance with China not only contrasts with overall trade patterns but also runs counter to the substantial progress the United States has made in reducing its trade deficit with other Asian economies.(n2) Between 1980 and 1987, the U.S. trade deficit with all Asian economies rose from $15 billion to $98 billion (Table 2). Japan and the Asian newly incus countries (NICs) were the major sources of that deficit. Since 1987 the overall deficit with the Asian economies excluding China decreased by about $33 billion, an improvement led by the declining deficits with Japan and the Asian NICs. The $10 billion increase in the deficit with China, however, offset almost one-third of this improvement, and in 1991, the U.S. deficit with China accounted for one-sixth of the U.S. trade deficit with Asia.Sources of China's improved international competitivenessIn analyzing the growth of U.S. trade with China, one must recognize that until the late 1970s China was effectively a closed economy. Annual levels of exports and imports were predetermined in five-year economic plans, and trade patterns did not reflect China's relative competitiveness in different products. Moreover, the exchange rate was fixed and Chinese firms were insulated from world price movements. China's adoption of an "open door" policy in 1978 signaled the beginning of an overhaul of its foreign trade system. The country sought to expand the role of market forces in trade and investment decisions and, in particular, to promote manufactured exports.One major change in China's foreign trade system has involved the exchange rate of its currency, the yuan.(n3) Since the early 1980s China has actively pursued a policy of improving the price competitiveness of Chinese goods by devaluing the yuan. The effects of this policy on China's price competitiveness are seen in Chart 3, which plots the real value of the yuan against the dollar. Between 1980 and 1985, the real value of the yuan depreciated by roughly 50 percent against the dollar. Industrial countries and developing Asian economies other than China also recorded large real depreciations against the dollar during this period. Nevertheless, the dollar's sharp fall over 1985-88 reversed earlier trends with most countries, so that at present the real value of both industrial world and other Asian currencies exceeds their 1980 values against the dollar. In contrast, Chinese authorities have acted to maintain the competitive gains made in the first half of the decade. In particular, they undertook large devaluations in 1990 and 1991 that have kept the yuan still roughly 50 percent below its 1980 level relative to the dollar.(n4)This large currency devaluation against the dollar during the 1980s has significantly enhanced the cost advantage enjoyed by Chinese producers. In particular, the devaluation of the yuan has enabled Chinese suppliers to avail themselves of the vast supply of inexpensive (when measured in dollars) labor and to expand the production and export of goods requiring large amounts of low-skilled labor. Comparing China's labor costs with those of othercountries underscores the Chinese advantage (Table 3). Earnings of workers in the manufacturing sector averaged a mere $.20 per hour in 1989. Earnings of workers in firms primarily producing manufactured goods for export are estimated to be about twice that level. Even at this higher level, however, Chinese earnings are only about one-fifth as much as the earnings of workers in the manufacturing sectors of the Asian newly industrialized economies and one twentieth of the wage of comparable U.S. workers.However dramatic the differences in labor costs, the devaluation of the yuan cannot alone explain the sharp expansion of U.S. imports from China over the past six years. Indeed, as Table 3 suggests, production costs in China were quite low throughout the 1980s, although the gap widened over time. More likely, China's strong export performance in the second half of the 1980s resulted from the combined effects of improved price competitiveness and a series of policy changes in the foreign trade sector designed to expand exports. These changes gave individual firms greater freedom to engage in trade, improved the allocation of foreign exchange by allowing firms to retain and ultimately to trade their foreign exchange earnings, and liberalized the rules governing foreign direct investment (see box). Improved price competitiveness, therefore, did not by itself boost trade; rather, it reinforced the effects on trade of the overall reform of the foreign trade system.China's relaxation of restrictions on foreign direct investment was one of the most important reforms that spurred the development of a thriving export sector. The infusion of foreign capital and technology has enabled China's manufacturing sector to expand current export production and to develop production expertise. Liberalizing foreign direct investment promoted this export expansion in two ways. First, Chinese firms were allowed to assemble and export goods made from imported parts and components. These same firms were freed from many of the trade restrictions imposed on other domestic Chinese firms. Second, "special economic zones," created in 1979, offered foreign multinationals specific incentives to establish plants in China for the manufacture and production of goods for export. China initially set aside four geographical areas as special economic zones--three in Guangdong province adjacent to Hong Kong and one in Fujian province directly across the Formosa Strait from Taiwan--and added a fifth, Hainan Island off the coast of southern China, in 1984. Foreign investment was further promoted in 1984 with the designation of fourteen coastal cities as "open areas" offering foreign firms advantages similar to those in the special economic zones.Although information on individual sources of investment in the zones and open coastal areas is not available, data on overall trends show a rapid increase in foreign direct investment since the mid-1980s. Between 1979 and 1990 China attracted over $20 billion of foreign direct investment. The majority of that investment followed the significant liberalization of rules governing foreign investment in 1984 (Chart 4). Foreign investment has accounted for more than 2 percent of total plant and equipment spending in China since 1984, and its importance in domestic capital formation has risen steadily since the early 1980s. In addition, foreign investment has also increased as a share of exports since 1984, exceeding 6 percent of exports in 1990.The Asian economies accounted for three-quarters of foreign direct investment in China between 1985 and 1990. Of these economies, Hong Kong has been by far the single most important source of foreign investment in China.The flow of investment from Hong Kong into China reflects the large-scale restructuring of Hong Kong's manufacturing sector in the face of rising labor costs. Although Hong Kong firms have invested in factories throughout Asia, China has been the most favored location. Industrial countries have also invested in China, though to a lesser extent. Between 1985 and 1990, investment by the United States, Japan, and the European Community accounted for about one-third of total direct investment in China.Foreign-owned firms in the special economic zones and the other designated areas are either joint ventures or wholly owned companies. The firms typically engage in manufacturing or assembly operations, which often utilize imported parts and components. Foreign investors are attracted to these areas by the relatively low cost of labor and by the preferential treatment accorded them in the areas of import controls, taxes, foreign exchange dealings, and profit repatrition.(n5)Data on foreign-owned firms show the importance of foreign investment in the overall expansion of Chinese exports. The firms' first exports, reported in 1985, accounted for only about 1 percent of total Chinese exports in that year (Table 4). By 1990, exports of foreign-owned firms accounted for almost 17 percent of total Chinese exports. Moreover, in 1990 alone, these exports accounted for nearly three-quarters of the growth in China's exports.The available data on the performance of foreign owned firms in China cannot track the firms' exports to specific final destinations. But two observations, taken together, suggest that foreign-owned firms have significantly to the growth of China's exports to the United States. First, foreign investment has been largely concentrated in the manufactured goods sector. Second, virtually all of the growth in China's exports to the United States since 1984 has consisted of manufactured goods. Foreign-owned firms are thus likely to have accounted for a substantial share of the growth of these manufactured exports to the United States.Note, however, that the United States has not been the only destination for China's manufactured exports: in 1990, 30 percent of China's manufactured exports were to the United States, while about 25 percent were to Japan and the European Community. Nevertheless, since 1984, China's manufactured exports to the United States have grown faster than exports to these other industrial countries.(n6) The increasing importance of the United States as a destination for China's manufactured exports between 1984 and 1990 further suggests that a significant part of China's export growth to the United States since the mid-1980s has been due to the growth in exports of foreign-owned firms.The changing pattern of U.S. trade with AsiaThe growth of foreign investment in China and, in particular, the importance of Asian countries as a source of that investment have significantly altered the trade links between the United States and the region. An examination of Asian market shares in U.S. manufactured goods imports indicates that Chinese inroads in U.S. markets for several categories of low-tech consumer goods have often been made at the expense of other countries in Asia.China's share of U.S. manufactured goods imports has grown substantially over the past decade, reaching 3.8 percent in 1990 (Table 5). Dramatic market share gains have been made in three categories: telecommunications equipment; textiles and apparel; and toys, games, and sporting goods. In each of these areas China's market shares rose by more than 5 percentage points during the 1980s, with the most rapid gains recorded between 1985 and 1990.The market share of other Asian economies (excluding Japan) in these categories declined over the course of the 1980s. In particular, the large increase in China's market share in textiles and apparel contrasts sharply with the declines. recorded by other Asian countries. Note, however, that the overall market share of U.S. manufactured goods imports from other Asian countries increased over the course of the 1980s. This evidence suggests that losses in market share incurred by these countries in low-tech goods were offset by gains in other areas.(n7)One country whose U.S. market share in manufactured goods has declined is Hong Kong. Hong Kong's share of U.S. manufactured goods imports fell by a percentage point during the 1980s. Considerably larger declines were observed in each of the categories in which Chinese imports expanded rapidly. Given the importance of Hong Kong as an investor in China, these shifts in market shares are not surprising. As noted earlier, more than one-half of all foreign investment in China since 1985 has been from Hong Kong. Furthermore, roughly 75 percent of that investment has been in the manufacturing sector, primarily in relatively. low wage industries.(n8) Within China, Hong Kong investors have tended to establish manufacturing plants in Guangdong province, a location that is linked to Hong Kong by efficient transportation and communications networks and that contains three of the five special economic zones.(n9)Data on trade links between China, Hong Kong, and the United States suggest how the growth of foreign owned firms in China has altered trade patterns. Although Hong Kong's share of total imports has fallen, total shipments from Hong Kong to the United States have increased substantially over the course of the 1980s (Table 6). Underlying this increase, however, is the expansion of Hong Kong's re-exports from China.(n10) These re-exports, which are measured as Chinese exports in U.S. trade data, rose from $1.1 billion in 1984 to $10.5 billion in 1990. in contrast, direct exports from Hong Kong to the United States have actually declined over the past three years. Shipments of Chinese exports through Hong Kong to the United States now make up almost one-half of the combined exports of Hong Kong and China to the United States.As investment from Hong Kong spurs China's export trade and encourages the growth in shipments of Chinese goods through Hong Kong, a new pattern of trade is evolving between China, Hong Kong, and the United States. precise data on the operations of Hong Kong firms in China are not available, evidence suggests that a sizable number of these firms are engaged in the processing and assembly of goods from parts and components imported from Hong Kong. In fact, the economic reforms that encouraged foreign investment also encouraged firms, both and wholly Chinese firms, to engage in these tins. The one advantage to firms performing these operations in China is the low cost of labor; the actual value added to the good in China may be relatively small.Data on the activities of these licensed processing firms in China show that the firms play an important role in trade between Hong Kong and China. In 1990, the firms imported parts and components from Hong Kong totaling $7.5 billion, or more than 50 percent of all of China's imports from Hong Kong. At the same time, China exported over $9 billion of assembled goods to Hong Kong, a quantity that represents almost 35 percent of its total exports to Hong Kong. Although these data neither fully describe the activities of Hong Kong firms in China nor indicate the final destination of the goods, they suggest that these firms are increasingly using China as a base for the final processing and assembly of exports.ConclusionThe growth of manufactured exports from China to the United States since the mid-1980s reflects both China's effort to improve price competitiveness through exchange rate devaluation and the acquisition of capital and technology through foreign investment. These developments have enabled China to take advantage of its vast supply of inexpensive labor and to increase significantly the ability of its manufacturing sector to compete in world markets. In the latter half of the 1980s, China raised its share of U.S. imports of manufactured goods and became a significant supplier of several categories of relatively low-cost manufactured goods.The growth of foreign investment in China has shifted the pattern of U.S. imports from the region. In the categories where China has significantly increased its share of U.S. imports--telecommunications; textiles and apparel; and toys, games, and sporting goods--the shares of other Asian economies have declined. Hong Kong, in particular, has seen substantial declines in its shares of U.S. manufactured imports. Shipments of goods from Hong Kong to the United States are increasingly goods produced in China. Nevertheless, the amount of actual value added to the product by firms in China may be relatively limited.Box: China's Changing Foreign Trade SystemIn 1978 China adopted an "open door" policy toward foreign trade and investment as the first step in an ambitious program of trade reform. Before 1978, Chinese firms were effectively insulated from the world economy. The Chinese government had set required levels of exports and imports in its five-year economic plans. Foreign direct investment was restricted, and only twelve national foreign trade corporations were permitted to have contact with foreign businesses and to carry out the purchase and sale of goods.Since 1978, these policies have been gradually transformed. The government has been working to expand the role of market forces in trade and investment decisions and, in particular, to expand and improve the efficiency of China's manufactured exports. Although China's foreign trade system is significantly more market-oriented today than in the late 1970s, the transition is by no means complete.A chronology of the principal reforms since 1978 follows.1979/1980The government enacts the "Law of the People's Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment," which encourages the growth of joint ventures between Chinese firms and foreign partners and establishes four special economic zones offering incentives for firms to locate there and produce goods for export. Over time, the law is interpreted as allowing the establishment of wholly foreign-owned firms.The government decentralizes the control over exports and imports: the twelve national trade corporations share this authority with provincial and other local-level governmental authorities.The government introduces a system of import licensing; licenses and tariffs become means of controlling imports. The ease of obtaining a license and the number of goods requiring a license have varied with economic circumstances over time.1984Local area authorities are given expanded power to export and import, and large private firms are allowed to engage in trade directly. Over 4000 such entities now engage in trade.Local foreign trade corporations and private firms engaging in exporting are allowed to retain the rights to 25 percent of their foreign exchange earnings. Retention rights are increased beyond the 25 percent level for "key" export industries, exports in excess of planned targets, and provinces in which the special economic zones are located.Foreign-owned firms are allowed to trade foreign exchange in a newly established foreign currency market.The Chinese currency is devalued by 40 percent. Hainan Island is designated as the fifth special economic zone, and similar foreign investment incentives are extended to fourteen coastal cities.1985/1986The authority to export and import extended to various local authorities and enterprises in 1984 is curtailed in the face of balance of payments problems; some central government control over trading is reimposed.The Chinese currency is devalued by 14 percent.1988The government establishes local foreign exchange swap centers where firms can trade foreign exchange at market prices.The Chinese currency is devalued by 40 percent, a measure that mitigates the adverse effects of high domestic inflation on competitiveness.1990Incentives for foreign investment in relatively high-tech industries, similar to the incentives in special economic zones, are extended to a municipality of Shanghai.1991The Chinese currency is devalued by 10 percent. All residents of China are permitted to trade in the foreign exchange swap centers.(n1.) Overall U S. exports grew at an annual rate of 16 percent since 1987 The 11 percent annual growth in U.S. exports to China since 1987, however, is low compared with the 21 percent annual growth in U.S. exports to the Asian newly industrialized countries (NICs).(n2.) Japan, China, the four Asian NICs (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan), Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand.(n3.) The Chinese currency is called the renminbi (RMB). It is denominated in yuan.(n4.) The nominal value of the yuan was set at roughly 1 1.5per U.S dollar in the early 1980s By mid-1991, the yuan was fixed at roughly 5.2 per U.S dollar, about 10 percent above the rate at which the yuan was trading in the rather limited foreign exchange market in China.(n5.) At the end of 1990, over 25,000 foreign-owned firms had contracted to invest in operations in China and roughly 12,000 were in operation. These included foreign-owned firms and Chinese firms engaged in the assembly of imported parts and components for export.(n6.) The U.S. share of China's manufactured exports rose from 20 to 30 percent between 1984 and 1990, while the combined shares of Japan and the European Community rose from 20 to about 23 percent.(n7.) The gains were recorded mainly in capital goods, especially electronic components and equipment.(n8.) Data are not available to determine how much of the investment recorded as coming from Hong Kong is actually from other Asian countries that for a variety of reasons list their Hong Kong subsidiaries as the source of their investment.(n9.) Recent trends suggest that Taiwan, and to a lesser extent, South Korea, are rapidly becoming important sources of foreign investment in China as their manufacturing sectors face growing competitive pressure. Reports indicate that Taiwan's investments have been concentrated in Fujian province; over 90 percent of this investment has been in manufacturing industries. The investment includes relocating the production facilities for Taiwan's shoe, umbrella, textiles, and toy industries to China(n10.) Hong Kong's Kong's re-exports consist of goods produced in China and shipped through Hong Kong to other destinations. They can include goods produced in both foreign-owned firms in China and Chinese owned firms.Table 1 Commodity Composition of Trade between the United States and ChinaU.S. Imports from China(Share of Total)1980 1985 1990Food and industrialsupplies 47.8 42.7 15.6Capital goods 1.0 1.7 7.1Consumer goods 51.0 54.1 75.9Other 0.2 1.5 1.4U.S. Exports from China(Share of Total)1980 1985 1990Food and industrialsupplies 87.8 39.2 39.9Capital goods 11.4 52.6 43.1Consumer goods 0.0 0.1 1.5Other 0.8 2.3 15.5Table 2 U.S. Trade with Asia Billions of Dollars1980 1985 1987U.S. trade balance with AsiaTotal -15.0 -74.5 -98.4China 2.7 0.0 -2.8 Asian economies excluding China -17.7 -74.5 -95.5 Japan -10.1 -46.2 -56.3Asian newly industrialized countries -3.0 -22.2 -34.1Other Asian economies -4.6 -6.1 -5.11990 1991[A]U.S. trade balance with AsiaTotal -77.9 -74.2 China -10.4 -12.4 Asian economies excluding China -67.5 -61.8 Japan -41.1 -42.7 Asian newly industrialized countries -19.9 -13.5Other Asian economies -6.5 -5.6[A] Estimates are based on data through October.Table 3 Labor Cost Comparisons: China and Selected Asian EconomiesHourly Wage inManufacturing(U.S. Dollars)1980 1985 1989China[B] .26 .20 .22(0.40[C]) Hong Kong[D] 1.53 1.77 2.69South Korea[D] .65 .88 2.19Taiwan[D] .70 1.17 2.68Thailand[E] n.a. n.a. 0.47Malaysia[E] n.a n.a 0.58United States[D] 5.61 7.27 8.05Sources: Statistical Yearbook of China; U.S. Department ofLabor; Hang Seng Bank, Economic Monthly, March 1990.[B] Average industry wages, excluding compensation, convertedto U.S. dollars at the official exchange rate.[C] Hourly wage in firms producing primarily for export.[D] Hourly wage of production workers in the apparel sector.[E] Average wage of unskilled workers in manufacturing.Table 4 The Role of Foreign-Owned Enterprises in China's Exports: 1984-90Total Merchandise Exports(Billions of Dollars)1984 1985 1986 1987Total exports 26.1 27.4 30.9 39.4 Exports of foreign-ownedenterprises 0 .3 .9 1.3 Foreign-owned enterprises'share of total (in percent) 0 1.1 2.9 3.3Total Merchandise Exports(Billions of Dollars)1988 1989 1990Total exports 47.5 52.5 62.1 Exports of foreign-ownedenterprises 2.3 3.9 10.5 Foreign-owned enterprises'share of total (in percent) 4.8 7.4 16.9Sources: China's Customs Statistics; Hong Kong Bank, ChinaBriefing, March 1991.Table 5 Shares of U.S. Imports: China and Selected Asian EconomiesShare of U.S. Imports(Percent)Developing AsianEconomiesChina Excluding China Product 1980 1985 1990 1980 1985 1990All manufacturers 0.6 1.0 3.8 16.5 18.1 19.2 Telecommunications[F] 0.0 0.1 5.3 32.8 31.2 31.2 Textiles and apparel 4.5 6.9 13.0 54.7 47.8 41.8 Toys, games, and。
我国国际贸易的作文英文
我国国际贸易的作文英文Title: The Role of International Trade in China。
International trade plays a pivotal role in the economic development of China, serving as a catalyst for growth, innovation, and global integration. This essay delves into the significance of international trade for China, its impact on the economy, and the strategies employed to enhance competitiveness in the global market.First and foremost, international trade has been instrumental in propelling China's economic growth over the past few decades. Since the implementation of economic reforms and the opening up policy in the late 1970s, China has experienced unprecedented expansion in its trade volume. By leveraging its abundant labor force, natural resources, and strategic geographical location, China has emerged as a global manufacturing hub and a major player ininternational trade.One of the primary benefits of international trade for China is the influx of foreign capital and investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has poured into various sectors of the Chinese economy, fueling industrialization, technological advancement, and infrastructure development. This influx of capital has not only stimulated economic growth but also facilitated the transfer of knowledge, skills, and technology, contributing to China's capacityfor innovation and industrial upgrading.Moreover, international trade has played a crucial role in diversifying China's export markets and reducing its dependence on any single market. By expanding its trade relations with countries across the globe, China has mitigated the risks associated with regional economic fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), for instance, has provided new avenuesfor trade and investment, enhancing connectivity between China and its trading partners along the ancient Silk Road routes.Furthermore, international trade has enabled China toaccess a wide range of goods and services from foreign markets, fostering consumer welfare and enhancing the quality of life for its citizens. Through trade, China has gained access to advanced technologies, machinery, and raw materials that are crucial for sustaining its industrial production and meeting the demands of a growing domestic market.In addition to its economic benefits, international trade has also contributed to China's diplomatic and geopolitical objectives. By actively participating in regional and multilateral trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), China has positioned itself as a responsible stakeholder in the global trading system. This has enhanced China's soft power and influence on the international stage, paving the way for greater cooperation and mutual understanding among nations.Despite its numerous advantages, China faces challenges in the realm of international trade, including trade tensions with major trading partners, protectionistmeasures, and geopolitical uncertainties. To navigate these challenges and sustain its economic momentum, China has adopted a multifaceted approach that includes diversifying its export markets, enhancing domestic consumption, promoting innovation-driven development, and pursuing economic diplomacy.In conclusion, international trade occupies a central place in China's economic development strategy, driving growth, innovation, and global integration. By capitalizing on its comparative advantages and embracing the opportunities offered by globalization, China has emerged as a leading player in the international trade arena. Looking ahead, China remains committed to further opening up its economy, deepening cooperation with its trading partners, and contributing to a more inclusive and prosperous global economy.。
中美贸易英语作文
中美贸易英语作文English:The trade relationship between China and the United States is complex and significant. Both countries are major global players in terms of manufacturing, technology, and consumer markets. Overthe years, the two nations have engaged in extensive trade, with China supplying a wide range of goods to the US and the US exporting technology, agricultural products, and services to China. However, the trade relationship has also faced challenges, particularly in terms of intellectual property rights, market access,and trade imbalances. The two countries have engaged in negotiations and imposed tariffs on each other's goods, leading to tensions and disruptions in global trade.中文翻译:中美之间的贸易关系复杂而重要。
两国在制造业、技术和消费市场方面都是全球重要的参与者。
多年来，两国之间进行了广泛的贸易，中国向美国提供了各种商品，美国则向中国出口技术、农产品和服务。
然而，贸易关系也面临着挑战，特别是在知识产权、市场准入和贸易失衡方面。
商务英语翻译练习1+2
第一篇女士们、先生们，尊敬的来宾：晚上好！希望你们对前两天会议的报告和活动感到满意。
请将你们的感想和建议告诉我们。
我很荣幸今晚能与众多优秀医生们一起共度，你们为了帮助患者这一共同的愿望来到了这里。
我的目的十分简单：我希望向你们传达我们的承诺，承诺帮助患者了解糖尿病的特性，并获得及时诊断。
我们知道，单靠自己的力量是不能达到这些目标的。
Ladies and gentlemen,Distinguished guests,Good evening!I hope that you have enjoyed the first two days of the conference, including the presentations and the social time. Please let us know your impressions and suggestions. It is an honor for me to spend this time with such a distinguished group of doctors, brought together by the common desire to help patients. My purpose is simple: I want to convey to you our commitment to helping patients understand the nature of diabetes, and to obtain a timely diagnosis. We understand that we cannot achieve these goals alone.今天，如果你参观我们总部大楼的大厅，会看到一个大型雕塑：一个怀抱孩子的母亲。
这个雕塑取材于一个真实母亲的照片——抱着她那在使用胰岛素以前，奄奄一息的儿子。
筷子蕴含的中国传统文化英语作文
筷子蕴含的中国传统文化英语作文Chopsticks, slender pairs of equal-length sticks, have been the quintessential eating utensils in China for thousands of years. More than mere tools for dining, they embody a rich tapestry of traditional Chinese culture, reflecting the ingenuity, etiquette, and philosophical beliefs of this ancient civilization.The origin of chopsticks can be traced back to the Shang dynasty, around 1200 BCE. Initially used for cooking, stirring the fire, and serving bits of food, they gradually became extensions of the fingers at the dining table. This evolution from cooking implements to eating utensils is a testament to the adaptability and innovation inherent in Chinese culture.In the realm of etiquette, chopsticks represent more than just a way to consume food. They are instruments through which the values of courtesy and respect are conveyed. The Confucian philosophy of harmony is mirrored in the way chopsticks are used – gently and without clashing, symbolizing the ideal of a harmonious society. The proper use of chopsticks – not stabbing, pointing, or waving them – is a reflection of the Confucian virtue of propriety, emphasizing the importance of correct behavior and manners.Chopsticks also serve as a medium for artistic expression. They are often crafted from various materials such as bamboo, wood, metal, and even precious materials like jade and ivory. The craftsmanship involved in creating these utensils can be incredibly intricate, with elaborate designs that often carry symbolic meanings. Dragons, phoenixes, and other auspicious symbols are commonly engraved or painted on chopsticks, bestowing blessings of prosperity and good fortune upon the user.Moreover, the use of chopsticks has influenced Chinese culinary arts. The food is typically cut into small, bite-sized pieces during preparation, which not only makes it easier to pick up with chopsticks but also shortens cooking time and preserves the nutrients. This method reflects the Chinese cultural emphasis on balance and moderation,as well as the philosophical concept of yin and yang, where the food's flavor and nutritional value are balanced to achieve a harmonious meal.In social settings, chopsticks are more than tools; they are conduits of connection. The communal nature of Chinese dining, where dishes are shared among all at the table, is facilitated by the use of chopsticks. This practice fosters a sense of community and shared experience, integral to the collectivist ethos of Chinese society.The environmental aspect of chopsticks should not be overlooked. Traditionally, reusable chopsticks made from sustainable materials like bamboo signify the Chinese cultural respect for nature and the principle of sustainability. However, the modern use of disposable chopsticks has raised concerns about environmental impact, prompting a reevaluation of this practice in light of contemporary ecological values.In conclusion, chopsticks are not merely eating utensils but are imbued with the essence of traditional Chinese culture. They encapsulate the creativity, social norms, artistic expression, culinary wisdom, communal values, and environmental considerations of China. As simple as they may appear, chopsticks are a profound symbol of a civilization that has mastered the art of living harmoniously with both society and nature. Through their continued use, chopsticks carry the legacy of China's past into the present, reminding us of the enduring values that have shaped this culture for millennia. 。
中国贸易指南英语
中国贸易指南英语Navigating the Complexities of Chinese Trade: A Comprehensive Guide in EnglishChina has emerged as a global economic powerhouse, withits trade practices and policies having a significant impact on the world stage. For businesses and individuals looking to engage in trade with China, understanding the intricacies of Chinese trade can be both challenging and rewarding. Thisguide aims to provide a thorough overview of the key aspectsof Chinese trade, from regulatory frameworks to cultural considerations.Understanding the Chinese Market1. Market Size and Potential: China is the world'ssecond-largest economy, offering vast opportunities for trade. It's essential to research the specific market segments that align with your products or services.2. Economic Zones: China has various economic zones and free trade areas that offer tax incentives and relaxed regulations. Familiarize yourself with these zones toleverage potential benefits.Regulatory Environment1. Laws and Regulations: China's legal system is complex,with national laws coexisting with local regulations. It's crucial to understand the legal framework governing trade, including intellectual property rights, contract law, and dispute resolution mechanisms.2. Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers: Tariffs can vary significantly depending on the product category. Additionally, non-tariff barriers such as quotas and licensing requirements can affect trade. Stay updated on the latest tariff schedules and non-tariff measures.Business Culture and Etiquette1. Guanxi: Relationships (Guanxi) are vital in Chinese business culture. Building a network of contacts andnurturing relationships can facilitate smoother business transactions.2. Negotiation Practices: Negotiations in China may be more prolonged and involve more participants than in the West. Patience and respect for the process are key.Logistics and Supply Chain1. Infrastructure: China has a well-developed logistics infrastructure, but bottlenecks can occur, especially during peak seasons. Plan your logistics carefully to avoid delays.2. Customs Clearance: The customs clearance process in China can be stringent. Ensure all documentation is accurate and complete to avoid unnecessary hold-ups.Payment and Financing1. Payment Methods: Letters of credit are commonly used in Chinese trade to mitigate risk. Understand the terms and conditions associated with different payment methods.2. Currency Exchange: The Chinese currency, the Renminbi (RMB), is subject to exchange rate fluctuations. Consider hedging strategies to manage currency risk.Intellectual Property Protection1. Registration: Register your intellectual property with Chinese authorities to protect your assets.2. Enforcement: While China has made strides in improving IP protection, enforcement can still be challenging. Work with local experts to navigate the system.Trade Agreements and Partnerships1. Bilateral Agreements: China has numerous bilateral trade agreements. Research these to understand the benefits and obligations they entail.2. Regional Economic Partnerships: Initiatives like the Belt and Road provide opportunities for trade and investment. Stay informed about these developments.Risk Management1. Due Diligence: Conduct thorough due diligence on potential partners, including financial health and reputation.2. Compliance: Ensure your business complies with both Chinese and international trade regulations to avoidpenalties and maintain a positive reputation.ConclusionEngaging in trade with China requires a deepunderstanding of its market dynamics, regulatory environment, and business culture. By taking a strategic and informed approach, businesses can successfully navigate thecomplexities of Chinese trade and capitalize on the opportunities it presents.。
中美贸易英语作文
中美贸易英语作文The trade relationship between China and the United States is one of the most significant in the world. Both countries are major players in the global economy, andtheir trade ties have a significant impact on global trade and economic growth. In recent years, the traderelationship between the two countries has been a topic of much discussion and debate, with both sides imposingtariffs on each other's goods and engaging in negotiations to reach a new trade agreement.First and foremost, it is important to note that China and the United States are two of the largest economies in the world. Both countries have a significant impact on global trade and economic growth, and their trade relationship is crucial for the stability and prosperity of the global economy. As such, the trade relationship between China and the United States is of great importance to the global community.In recent years, the trade relationship between China and the United States has been marked by tensions and disagreements. Both countries have imposed tariffs on eachother's goods, leading to a trade war that has had a significant impact on global trade and economic growth. The trade war has also had a negative impact on businesses and consumers in both countries, as the cost of goods has increased due to the tariffs.Despite the tensions and disagreements, it is important to note that the trade relationship between China and the United States remains strong. Both countries continue to engage in trade and economic cooperation, and there are many areas of mutual benefit. For example, China is a major market for U.S. goods and services, and the United States is an important source of investment for China. Additionally, both countries have a strong interest in maintaining a stable and prosperous global economy, and they have a shared responsibility to work together to address global challenges such as climate change and economic inequality.Overall, the trade relationship between China and the United States is complex and multifaceted. While there are tensions and disagreements, there are also areas of mutual benefit and cooperation. It is important for both countriesto work together to address their differences and find common ground in order to promote a stable and prosperous global economy.中美贸易关系是世界上最重要的贸易关系之一。
中美贸易战英语作文
中美贸易战英语作文Title: The Impact of the China-US Trade War。
The China-US trade war has been a prominent topic in global economics and politics in recent years, with significant implications for both countries and the world at large. This essay delves into the various aspects ofthis trade conflict and its consequences.To begin with, the trade war between China and the United States has been characterized by tit-for-tat tariff impositions on each other's goods. The imposition oftariffs has led to increased prices for consumers in both countries, as well as disrupted supply chains for businesses. Moreover, the uncertainty surrounding the trade war has negatively impacted business investment and economic growth, not only in China and the US but also in other countries closely connected to these two economic giants.One of the key issues at the heart of the trade war is the trade imbalance between China and the US. The US has long criticized China for its trade practices, including intellectual property theft, forced technology transfer, and state subsidies to domestic industries. These practices have led to a significant trade deficit for the US with China, which the Trump administration sought to address through tariffs and other punitive measures.However, it's essential to recognize that the trade war is not merely about economic issues but also reflects broader geopolitical tensions between the two countries. The US sees China's rise as a strategic challenge to its dominance, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Thus, the trade war can be seen as part of a broader competition for influence and power between the two superpowers.The trade war has had far-reaching consequences beyond just economics. It has strained diplomatic relations between China and the US, leading to increased hostility and mistrust. Additionally, the trade war has had ripple effects throughout the global economy, affecting countriesand industries that rely heavily on trade with China and the US. For example, agricultural sectors in both countries have been hit hard by tariffs, causing farmers to suffer losses and necessitating government subsidies to offset the damage.Furthermore, the trade war has raised concerns about the future of globalization and the rules-based international trading system. By resorting to unilateral tariffs and protectionist measures, both China and the US have undermined the principles of free trade andmultilateral cooperation. This could potentially lead to a more fragmented and unstable global economy, with countries increasingly resorting to protectionism and economic nationalism.In conclusion, the China-US trade war has had profound implications for both countries and the world. It has disrupted global supply chains, increased prices for consumers, and strained diplomatic relations. Moreover, it has raised questions about the future of globalization and the international trading system. As the two largesteconomies in the world, the resolution of the trade war is crucial not only for China and the US but also for the stability and prosperity of the global economy.。
2020年中美贸易战对中国影响PPT课件
中美贸易战的背景
“对等贸易”是一个很神奇的词。按照特朗普的逻辑, 对等贸易就相当于贸易零逆差,你对我出口多少我就得 对你出口多少。至于自己的产品是不是有竞争力,自己 的人民是不是从低价进口产品中受益,什么资源禀赋、 比较优势、国际分工通通不管不顾,和一般人类理解的
公平基本没什么关系。
美国的焦虑
美国贸易政策由自由转向公平再转向对等, 反映的不只是立场逐渐强硬,更是格局逐 渐缩小,反映了美国的焦虑和不自信。对 应的背景则是冷战胜利之后美国从经济、 军事、制度的全面自信转为自我怀疑。
美国对中国始终带着有色眼镜
美国对中国始终带着有 色眼镜,至今不承认中国 民主国家和市场经济地 位。
目前,美国上层达成共识, 把中国视为战略竞争对 手,并在军事、经济、外 交上全面出击
贸易战作为经济领域的重 要手段，中国在区域经贸 关系和对外投资方面也将 受到美国及其盟友的更多 阻力。
① 2018年起中国将取代美国成为全球最大的消费市场,和买主 打贸易战根本是不理性的。
② 据外交部数据,中国国内消费总规模将在2018年首次超过美 国,中国的潜在市场规模是美国的3到4倍,并且正在不断从潜 在变为现实。
③ 首届中国国际进口博览会将于今年11月在上海举行,国人强 大的购买力将是消弭贸易战最厉害的武器。
中国的应对之策
美国贸易战对我国而言,长期来看未必完全是坏事,因为它可能促使中国企业提高核心竞争力,促进国内市 场开发与促进内需。而且,如索罗斯所言:对华贸易战将减缓美国经济增长,最终将“对中国有巨大帮 助。”“将大大有助于中国被接受为国际社会的领导成员。”但近几年我国还有非常艰巨的改革任务,中 国企业也还没有足够的核心竞争力。因此,我们还是要以防范和应对贸易战为主。而且,要设法将贸易战 控制在有限的范围之内。
全新版大学英语综合教程3Unit1-passageB
Questions for Part II
1. What will happen if the earth is warming at 1.9 degrees each year? 2. What did the author understand from the frog?
chunks&patterns
References
B. 4. At that rate I knew that the maple trees that I love to tap each spring for syrup would not survive for my children. 我知道，照这种速度下去，每年春天我都爱去提取树浆 制糖的这片枫林，到我孩子的那一代就将不复存在。 5. The frogs have a message for us and it is the same message that some sober folks have hadfor us. “There are no more choices.” We have reached the time when we must be the adults for the planet, for the sake of the future generations of human and for frogs.青蛙要向我们传递一个信息。一些头脑清醒的人也 曾向我们传递过同样的信息，那就是“我们别无选择” 我们已经进入了关键时刻，为了人类的子孙后代，也为 青蛙，我们必须对这个星球负气起成年人的责任。
References
A.Answer the following questions 1. The frog was endangered by the worsening environment and came to “inform” the author of the severe situations. 2. He wants to encourage readers to fight against pollution. 3.Man and animals are related as they live in the same environment.
The Past, Present and Future of the Border trade between China and Russia
The Past, Present and Future of the Border trade between China and RussiaⅠ. The historical evolution of the border trade between China and Russia China and Russia's border trade from 1689's "China and Russia, cloth chu treaty, has been 300 years of history. The middle of the s, the two countries have signed the treaty between China and Russia Ai on "and" China and Russia Beijing treaty, a new boundary lines, heilongjiang became the boundary between the two countries. Since then, heilongjiang on both sides of the border trade became the main battlefield border trade between China and Russia. In 1917 Russia after the October revolution, border trade between China and Russia got continue. 1931 years after "918" incident, until 1945 years ago, because day Sue tension between, the boundary between the heavily fortified on both sides, both sides basically no trade. After the founding of the People's Republic, the sino-soviet border trade has entered a new historical period of development. New trade begin from 1957, in 1964, to continue a trade contract termination. In 1983, the two countries reached an agreement the Soviet union government, agree to get the use and SuFang GeWeiShen Nebraska, heihe city port as the two countries, provinces, serra had border trade goods port. September 1986 formally over goods, then both parties trade began to restorative development, until the Soviet union. 1991 years later, the state council foreign trade department, China has issued a series of expanding the file open border port, at the same time, the two governments signed the several encourage and protect trade and investment the important documents and founded the economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia, and science and technology committee such institutions. These measures a powerful impetus to the development of border trade between China and Russia. Throughout the seventeenth century to 20 century border trade between China and Russia over the past 300 years development course, we can see the border trade between China and Russia are several prominent features: 1. The Chinese border trade between the two countries to adapt to the border area with the needs of the development of social economy, the two countries welcome by the frontier and has strong vitality; 2. The development of border trade directly affected by the restriction of the national relationship between the two countries, the relationship between the state of peace and deterioration to a large extent, on the border with the ups and downs of the trade between China and Russia; 3. The governments of the two countries trade policy, for border trade management and the size of the support strength, for the stability of the border trade and standardizing development is very important.Ⅱ.The border trade between China and Russia and the status of the problems So far 2000 border trade between China and Russia is a new stage of development. This phase of the background, the first Russian stable political situation, especially the stability of the regime realized the handover. Since the ruling President vladimir putin's Russia, with stable political situation and strong central intervention, contributed to Russia's robust economic recovery, and sustainable economic growth, foreign exchange reserves increased. Continue to rise of Russia's economy, for trade between China and Russia (including border trade) created the accelerated development foundation.(a) border trade between China and Russia in the whole of Russia and China trade statusIn the past two years, the two countries with the strategic partnership of coordination further development, bilateral trade and economic cooperation relationship began to enter into the development of the fast lane. The economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia border regions, especially the border trade, trade in the two countries the proportion of the basic stability. According to statistics, in 2002, the border trade volume between China and Russia for 31. 700 million us dollars, accounting for the bilateral trade in the 20. 1%; 2003 years of 35. 200 million us dollars, accounting for the bilateral trade in the 22. 3%. 2004 for 4.2 billion us dollars, accounting for nearly 20% of the bilateral trade that year. 2005 still keeps this level. According to the ministry of commerce of the People's Republic of China and Russia economic and trade cooperation network r. "the far east trade herald" of statistical data, in 2005 the two countries its border region of 86. 400 million us dollars, accounting for 30% of the total trade between China and Russia, including China and Russia, and border trade volume of 55. 700 million us dollars, up by 32. 7%, accounting for nearly 20% in the same period trade between China and Russia, accounting for the same period of its Chinese border 64. 5%. In the first half of 2006, the two countries border region of its 48. 600 million us dollars, accounting for 26.8% of the total trade between China and Russia in the same period, among them, the border trade volume between China and Russia for 31. 300 million us dollars, up 29%, accounting for the same period trade between China and Russia 20. 7%, accounting for the same period in the Chinese border its 64. 4%, keep a high growth. Therefore, Chinese border trade has become the bilateral economic and trade cooperation is the important component of the two countries in the border areaoccupies an important place in the economic and trade cooperation, and become the two countries promote the neighboring areas of economic prosperity development important source power, to stabilize and improve the frontier border people life level plays a positive role.(b) the characteristics of the development of border trade between China and Russia1. The import and export commodity structure continues to reflect complementary advantages. The two countries trade commodity structure and industrial structure of the two countries and production development level closely related. Bilateral trade between China and Russia is complementary advantages of border trade goods structure of the decisive factor. For now, Russia and China trade structure to the present Chinese labor-intensive products and the Russian resources intensive product primarily characteristics, both sides complementary remains strong.2. Trade methods to change the standardization. The Soviet union is a barter trade between the two countries and the traditional way of border trade, in the 90 s to promote trade development between China and Russia played an important role. But as of the trade relationship between the two countries adjustment, the modernized and standardized remittance trade in both countries increasing the proportion of the trade. By 2003, the goods to barter trade basic exit border trade, reflected the border trade be internationalized and border trade enterprises gradually standardized management means the process.3. The private enterprise in border trade between China and Russia proportion to increase. In border trade between China and Russia at the initial stage, the state-owned enterprise is the main force of border trade between China and Russia, but in recent years, the private enterprise in Russian exports share increase gradually, the speed of development soon.4. The Chinese trade balance situation gradually improving. In the 1990 s, the Chinese border trade between China and Russia is always in the deficit position. The generation of trade deficit, mainly is the import and export commodity structure characteristics and the number that work together. We import goods from Russia for our shortage, the great demand for resources products, and to Russia export commodities is mainly products and other properties, light textile products. 2002 years later, as the two countries the development of economy, the change of market demand and their respective trade policy adjustment in the Chinese border trade deficit to the surplus by the Chinese side gradually shift.5. Travel shopping trade has become the new window border trade between China and Russia. Tourist shopping goods isborder areas to develop "border swim", the outgoing passengers entrust with the customs clearing customs declaration of freight way outbound tourist shopping small batch goods. Because trade is a more flexible way, trade with the market demand and the scale of change, this trade in China's border regions way is developing rapidly. Therefore, since 2000, included in the official national export trade statistics. In recent years, our country to Russian border travel trade development is rapid, tourist shopping trade between China and Russia has become an important part of border trade.(3) the current Chinese border trade problemsHowever, the current development of border trade between China and Russia also has some serious problems, mainly are:1. The border area to Russian trade staying power shortage. Long-term since, in Russia's border area of export products, the local products less than 25%, most product export supply of goods is from the mainland of the organization. Border area can't make full use of superiority to attract domestic and foreign investment and development on the overseas market production ability, but only to the south of the product sell to Russian upside down again. The result is a border area can't set up their own production base, especially not offering a famous quality products, except for a few blockbuster products outside, most product exports less competitive, Russian lack of a solid foundation of trade production, a serious shortage of staying power.2. Trade "bottleneck" restricted the development of border trade. Especially in local currency settlement, business dispute arbitration, insurance system has existed for a long time by the "bottleneck" problems, failed so far to effectively solve, seriously affected the normal development of border trade.3. Trade structure "three low" state of play to the potential impact of trade. Now, the trade body low level of commodity trade low added value, economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia has become a low level field border trade is difficult to striding forward structural obstacles, its seriousness shouldn't be underestimated.4. "gray clearance" are a recipe for disaster. In recent years, the Russian police many times for Chinese goods to adopt a "raid" operations, "gray clearance" is the culprit, but so far the two sides failed to find the right solution.5. The certain way of the Russian border trade between China and Russia to the development have certain inhibition, now on 26 February, Russia to tourism shopping at the duty-free goods carry personnel to adopt strict "XianCi set limit to" measures, cause the tourism trade down dramatically. Be like again, according to the 1998 and 1999 years exchangedthe Russian government, both parties agree to simplify the Russian citizens into the manchurian process silk flowers 2 HuMaoOu heihe river of formalities, but so far and the relevant departments still requirements and visa to enter citizens HuMaoOu, affected the development of folk trade between China and Russia. Both parties have reached an agreement for the boundary between the bridge construction, Russia has not yet completed the formalities for examination and approval. In addition, Russia in the port construction speed of both economic and trade cooperation and to meet the needs of the rapid development of. Ⅲ. the prospect of border trade between China and RussiaAccording to above for border trade between China and Russia history and realistic analysis, we have a good reason for the development of border trade between China and Russia are full of confidence.(a) Border trade between China and Russia faced unprecedented good opportunity1. The national relations between the two countries into the best period in history. After the collapse of the Soviet union, the relationship between China and Russia to have been some concern, but the two countries' leaders from Soviet times seriously from alliance to combat the lessons of the history of, from the fundamental interests of the two peoples of the establishment and development of equality and mutual benefit good-neighborly and friendly cooperation relationship. Relations between the two countries from the 1992 "partnership" in 1994 to "constructive partnership", to 1996 years and established a "strategic partnership". In recent years, the two countries leadership visits frequently, often is important international issues and bilateral relations between both sides concern for exchange and consultation. July 16, 2001 between the two countries signed by the head of state of good-neighborliness and friendly cooperation treaty, relations between the two countries for the healthy and steady development have laid the reliable legal basis. In March 2006 in Beijing started between China and Russia of sponsoring "national years" activities, is to promote the relations between the two countries and the development of the two countries to the people's generation friendly important steps, which will push bilateral strategic partnership to step on to a new stage.2. The two countries economic development present benign circulation. China's economy each year on average at 8% ~ 9% growth, and economic since 1999 and restorative growth appear continues to this day. Therefore, it can beargued that Russia has entered the relatively stable economic growth period, and maintain a stable political situation for many years. In the pursuit of economic growth and political stability, constitutes the essential feature of the putin times. This feature will help to promote trade cooperation between China and Russia to fore-and-aft development. In particular, the current China is implementation of western China development, promotes the northeast old industrial base and so on regional development strategy, Russia also in developing the far east and Siberia, the frontier and local trade and economic cooperation for the two countries, providing more opportunities to reality. 3. Boundary problems are thoroughly solved, regional cooperation to clear the obstacle. The boundary problem of Russia and China have relations between the two countries is a big obstacle to development, relations between the two countries it is one of the important factors. On October 14, 2004, the two countries signed in Beijing the government of the People's Republic of China and the Russian federation on the border between China and Russia in the eastern part of supplementary agreement, marks between China and Russia for four 300 km of the border to determined completely, thus to clear the influence of the biggest obstacle to relations between the two countries. The agreement concluded, help to eliminate the bilateral relations tension factors, thorough cleaning the serious influence border trade and economic cooperation of the "China threat theory"; To work together in building friendly, peace, cooperation and prosperity of the border regions, stimulate the potential of the regional cooperation, and to better serve the regional economic development services between China and Russia. 4. The opportunities brought by Russia's entry into the wto. Russia in 1993 began to apply to join the world trade organization, and related negotiations began in 1994, at present, Russia's entry into the wto negotiations already near completion, and Russia's entry into the wto will border trade between China and Russia to bring good luck. First of all, non-tariff barriers to trade will greatly reduce or eliminate; Second, will enable the border trade operation to standardized development, which can greatly improve the development of border trade environment.(b) The Chinese border area adjacent to the high economic dependence, potential cooperationWhether from the geopolitical reasons, or from the consideration on the human factors between the two countries, adjacent to the border areas complementary to each other are strong. Russia and sparsely populated far east, labor shortages, adjacent to China's northeast of the contrary, labor notonly plenty, and low cost. Border of the economic and trade cooperation, there are many capacity, both sides each have obvious advantages, in wood processing, logistics, agriculture and fisheries, resources and energy, and other fields, can deepen cooperation. Now, the two countries border trade commodity mainly concentrated in the textile, agricultural and resource products, easily in the future to the contribution of trade between China and Russia could reach $15 billion to $20 billion, it will depend on the border trade between China and Russia could lose no time to take of policy measures, realize the strategic upgrade as soon as possible.(c) To implement the strategic upgrade border trade between China and Russia the countermeasures of choice1. To speed up the trade structure transformation. China and Russia border trade between mode is still the scattered, low levels of, far not adapt to the new economic environment. Border trade between China and Russia the existing pattern and the potential of the two countries formed great contrast. Therefore, to speed up the trade structure of Russia and China (including Chinese border trade structure) made transformation, cooperation method must be "DaoYe trade" to mutual investment and technology cooperation transition; Cooperation scale by zero broken clock in at big business transformation, Cooperation from the guerrillas were subject to upgrade.2. Perfect domestic trade between China and Russia as soon as possible settlement mechanism. Between the two countries of the local currency settlement business to be sustained, stable and healthy development, especially JieSuanLiang can effectively improve the RMB, must strengthen bilateral cooperation and actively take corresponding measures to establish a common security funds of Russia and China bank, reduce the commercial bank adopts RMB and rubles settlement generated non-business exchange rate risk. The two countries shall be allowed to import and export business customs department adopts RMB or rubles customs declaration, and will be RMB and rubles as customs import and export customs declaration form of currency to join processing system, make in RMB or rubles valuation of the goods to be able smoothly declaration, speed up the local currency settlement business development.3. The diversified development cooperation. Especially to expand the border area labor services cooperation between China and Russia, and actively developing Russia border region of the financial market, strengthen the cooperation of energy is the border between China and Russia, strengthen andacross the far east technology cooperation.4. Pay attention to the border trade between China and Russia institutional construction. In bilateral cooperation framework is gradually standard bilateral trade order, must give full play to the prime minister to meet regularly mechanism and economic and trade, science and technology, the role of the branch committee, accelerate the resolution trade order and trade service system. Should strive for world trade organization under the framework of multilateral trade rules, and promote bilateral solve those between China and Russia long-term difficult problem to solve.5. Increase the port construction force, innovation supervision model, push forward the port customs clearance electronic, the process of information, make the border trade between China and Russia of norms, convenient and efficient customs clearance environment.6. Other countries experience for reference, monarch border built free trade area. Create border free trade area, and actively promote border area of the surrounding countries and regional economic cooperation is Latin American countries attract foreign investment, and its economic development of a successful experience. Regional economic integration have preferential trade agreement, free trade zone, a customs union, a common market and economic alliance, as all kinds of form. Among them, the most suitable for China's free trade area form the needs of the present. So far, China had had 12 to Russian land crossings-but successively in the Chinese side set up counter-trade trade area, 2005 exchange trade amounted to us $2.2 billion, accounting for 40% of the amount of border trade. As long as both China and Russia hand in hand together, and gradually put counter-trade trade area into economic and technical development zone, again by point to the line by line, to face, form a larger scope of the border between China and Russia free trade area, it is completely possible.In short, the common economic development strategy and the development of good wishes, between the two countries is strengthening economic cooperation between China and Russia, promoting regional economic development, realize the border between China and Russia border trade upgrade the reliable guarantee. Has a history of 300 years of China-Russia border trade is far from now is going to the dogs, but is in on the eve of the big development.。