Blood Type & Personalities
ABORH-血型系统及鉴定
RH血型系统的命名
Rh系统表型及基因型 根据CDE命名法，人类红细胞的Rh抗原理论上有C、D、E和c、d、 e共6种，由于尚未发现d抗体，相应也未发现d抗原。因此现有5 种Rh抗原，相应有5种Rh抗血清。 临床实验室常用5种Rh抗血清鉴定红细胞上的Rh抗原，其中D抗 原最为重要。 根据红细胞上有无D抗原将红细胞分为Rh阳性和Rh阴性，中国人 约99.6%为Rh阳性，0.4%为阴性。
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抗A1（25%）
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抗A，抗A1
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抗A，抗B和抗A1
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ABO血型检测原理
输血安全是临床输血的首要问题，正确的血型鉴定 是保证输血安全的前提条件。
检测原理：血型抗原与相应抗体在反应介质中形成 红细胞和相应血型抗体结合的免疫复合物，出现肉 眼可见的凝集现象。用已知的特异性标准血清检查 红细胞的未知血型抗原称为正向定型（direct typing）,用已知血型的标准红细胞检查标本中的未 知血型抗体称为反向定型（indirect typing）。
antibody）各不相同，其分布具有一定的规律性。根据红细胞 膜上是否存在A、B抗原及血清中是否存在抗A、抗B抗体，可将人 类血型分为A、B、AB和O型。红细胞膜表面只有A抗原者为A型， 其血清中通常存在抗B抗体；红细胞表面只有B抗原者为B型，其 血清中通常存在抗A抗体；红细胞膜表面同时具有A抗原B抗原者 为AB型；红细胞膜上既无A抗原又无B抗原者为O型。
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主要内容
ABO血型系统
ABO血型系统背景 ABO血型系统抗原 ABO血型系统抗体 ABO血型系统亚型
溶血血型遗传规律表
溶血血型遗传规律表英文回答：The inheritance of blood types follows certain genetic patterns. There are four main blood types: A, B, AB, and O. These blood types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells.The ABO blood type system is based on the presence of two antigens, A and B. An individual can have blood type A if they have the A antigen, blood type B if they have the B antigen, blood type AB if they have both A and B antigens, or blood type O if they have neither A nor B antigens.In addition to the A and B antigens, there is another antigen called the Rh factor. This antigen can be either present (+) or absent (-). If an individual has the Rh antigen, they are said to be Rh positive, while if they do not have the Rh antigen, they are Rh negative.The inheritance of blood types follows certain rules. The A and B antigens are dominant over the O antigen, which means that if an individual has either A or B antigens,they will have blood type A or B, respectively. If an individual has both A and B antigens, they will have blood type AB. The O antigen is recessive, so an individual must have two copies of the O allele to have blood type O.When it comes to the Rh factor, the presence of the Rh antigen is dominant over its absence. This means that if an individual has at least one Rh antigen, they will be Rh positive. However, if both parents are Rh negative, their child can still be Rh positive if they inherit an Rhpositive allele from another ancestor.To illustrate these inheritance patterns, let'sconsider an example. Suppose a mother is blood type A andRh positive, and the father is blood type B and Rh negative. They have two children. What are the possible blood types and Rh factors of their children?Using Punnett squares, we can determine the possiblecombinations of alleles for the children. For the ABO blood type, the mother can pass on either an A or an O allele, while the father can pass on either a B or an O allele. Therefore, the possible blood types for the children are A, B, AB, or O.For the Rh factor, the mother can pass on either an Rh positive or an Rh negative allele, while the father can only pass on an Rh negative allele. Therefore, the possible Rh factors for the children are Rh positive or Rh negative.In conclusion, the possible blood types and Rh factors for the children of a mother who is blood type A and Rh positive, and a father who is blood type B and Rh negative, are A positive, B positive, AB positive, O positive, A negative, B negative, AB negative, and O negative.中文回答：血型的遗传遵循一定的遗传规律。
血型交叉配血
（三）ABO血型抗原－存在、结构、遗传、表达 1. 存在部位
完全抗原（如ABH抗原）血细胞、上皮细胞 半抗原（血型物质）：体液、分泌液
临床检验学教研室
Blood type
血型物质
血型物质（blood-group substance）分泌性基因Se （FUT2)控制，存在于体液或分泌液中的可溶性 ABH抗原。 分泌型个体：体液、分泌液中含血型物质 非分泌型个体：体液或分泌液中不含血型物质
临床检验学教研室
Blood type
质量保证-分析前
方法选择：微柱凝胶正定型 标准血清 试剂红细胞:混合红细胞、洗涤、3%-5%浓度 器材：清洁干燥、试剂有效性、水平离心机 标本：新鲜
临床检验学教研室
Blood type
质量保证-分析中
建立sop文件 标记：清楚 试剂、标本：比例、顺序（血清、抗体、细胞） 反应温度与时间：20～24 ℃,37 离心速度、时间: 结果观察:白色背景、震摇，特异性、凝集溶血
临床检验学教研室
CDE命名法
CDE三个基因位点 三对等位基因 6种抗原（ Cc、Dd、 Ee）连锁遗传 8种基因组合 36种遗传型。
临床检验学教研室
C c D d E e
C c D d E e
Blood type
（三） Rh血型抗原
1、抗原及分布 共50种，常见Cc、D、Ee 含C、D、E抗原：Rh（+） 含cde抗原：Rh（-） 抗原强弱：D>E>C>c>e
判断
正向定型
抗A 抗B + + 抗A,B + + + +
反向定型
A细胞 B细胞 O细胞 + + -
英语阅读：血型反映了性格！看看你是哪种人
【导语】⼤量研究表明从⾎型可以看出个⼈健康模式，这本⾝就很吸引⼈。
⼈们认为不同的⾎型可以保护我们免受不同疾病的影响。
从⼆⼗世纪中期开始，科学家就⼀直在寻找⾎型和疾病之间的联系。
⽆忧考整理了相关内容，快来看看吧！希望能帮助到你~更多相关讯息请关注⽆忧考！1.If you have blood type A 如果你是A型⾎Type A only has A antigens on red cells and B antibodies in the plasma; if you have type A blood, you can donate red blood cells to types A and AB. A型⾎只有在红细胞中有抗原，在⾎浆中有B抗体;如果你是A型⾎，你可以将红细胞捐献给A型和AB 型⾎的⼈。
The makeup of a person’s antigens on red blood cells can determine how much of a certain hormone gets released. If you have type A blood, you're more likely to have higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol in your body, according the National Institutes of Health. There are a number of health risks that are associated with type A blood, such as a 20 percent higher chance of developing stomach cancer compared to types O and B, and a 5 percent increased risk for heart disease compared to those with type O. ⼀个⼈的抗原在⾎红细胞上的组成可以决定某种激素的释放量多少。
测血型活动策划方案
测血型活动策划方案英文回答:Title: Blood Type Testing Event Planning Proposal.Introduction:Blood type testing is an important health assessment that can provide individuals with valuable information about their blood type and potential health risks. In this proposal, we will outline a plan for organizing a blood type testing event.Objective:The objective of this event is to raise awareness about the importance of knowing one's blood type and to provide an opportunity for individuals to get tested. By offering this service, we aim to contribute to the overall well-being of the community.Event Details:Date: [Insert Date]Time: [Insert Time]Venue: [Insert Venue]Activities:1. Blood Type Testing Stations:Set up multiple testing stations where individuals can get their blood type tested. Trained medical professionals will be present to conduct the tests and explain the results to the participants.2. Educational Booths:Create educational booths where attendees can learn more about the different blood types, their compatibility,and the potential health implications associated with each blood type. Provide pamphlets and brochures with relevant information.3. Interactive Activities:Organize interactive activities such as quizzes or games to engage participants and reinforce their understanding of blood types. Offer small prizes or incentives for participation.4. Guest Speakers:Invite healthcare professionals or experts in the field to give informative talks or presentations about the significance of blood types, blood transfusions, and related health topics. Allow time for Q&A sessions to address any concerns or queries from the audience.5. Blood Donation Drive:Collaborate with local blood banks or organizations toset up a blood donation drive during the event. Encourage participants to donate blood and explain the importance of blood donations in saving lives.Marketing and Promotion:1. Social Media:Create event pages on popular social media platforms and regularly post updates, informative content, and reminders about the event. Encourage followers to share the event with their friends and family.2. Flyers and Posters:Design eye-catching flyers and posters to bedistributed in local community centers, schools, clinics, and other public places. Include essential event details and emphasize the benefits of blood type testing.3. Collaboration:Partner with local healthcare organizations, schools, or community centers to promote the event through their respective networks. Offer them the opportunity to set up their own booths or provide additional resources.4. Media Coverage:Reach out to local newspapers, radio stations, and television channels to cover the event. Send press releases and invite journalists to attend the event and interview key organizers or participants.Conclusion:By organizing a blood type testing event, we can contribute to the health and well-being of the community. Through educational activities, interactive booths, and blood donation drives, we can raise awareness about the importance of knowing one's blood type and promote aculture of health consciousness.中文回答:标题，血型测试活动策划方案。
Unit Three CWhat Your Blood Type Says About Your Personality
目的：引入所听单元主题并进行口语训
提高口语能力
授课教案
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2. I’m going to the library to get my bookrenewed.我正要去图书馆续借这本书。
*renewvt.续期
e.g.I must renew these library books.
prehensive skills
1) Improve students’ listening and speaking abilities.
2) Master some listening and speaking techniques.
教学手段
Teacher-centered approach(question and dictation), cooperative learning, network, multimedia system
Step 2.Step Two: Palm reading (1)(20ms)
1.Give some background information about palm reading and ask students to listen to the tape, and do the exercise.
fit作形容词的另一个常用含义是“适合的，恰当的。”此外，fit还常作动词使用，意思是“适合”。
e.g.I don’t think he is fit for the job.
The dress doesn’t fit me.
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Rh缺失型D(-)(-)血清免疫学和基因分析及在输血中的应用
Rh缺失型D(-)(-)血清免疫学和基因分析及在输血中的应用张秀铮;王守燕;张韦;王静【期刊名称】《国际输血及血液学杂志》【年(卷),期】2015(038)001【摘要】Objective To explore application value of Rh deletion D--in clinical blood transfusion through a case study.Methods In March 2010,one case of Rh deletion D--received by Binzhou Blood Center was included in this study as a research object.The patient' s serological characteristics and erythrocyte D antigen variation were analyzed by blood group serology and flow cytometry.RHCE gene exon was detected through PCR-sequence specific primer,and its change was observed.After this patient was recovered,400 mL Rh deletion D--blood was collected for curing a similar critical patient.Results The patient's blood type is A and D--,with the RhD expression level twice more than normal.The result of gene detection was D-SH phenotype,which was the first ever report in China.The blood transfusion successfully rescued another critical patient,whose hemoglobin level increased from 24 g/L to 38 g/L after receiving blood transfusion.Conclusions Rh deletion D--blood type is easy to identify but also easy to miss detection.It is an effective method to guarantee the blood supply of this rare blood type by screening the proband and mobilizing them to donor healthy blood.%目的通过对1例Rh缺失型D--血型进行检测分析,探讨该血型的临床输血应用价值.方法选择2010年3月送滨州市中心血站检测血型的1例Rh缺失型D-患者为研究对象.采用血型血清学、流式细胞术分析其血型血清学特点及红细胞膜D抗原变化.采用序列特异性引物-PCR技术检测RHCE基因外显子,并分析其基因变化情况.在本例患者之后,临床急需这一稀有血液时,自体内采集的400 mL Rh缺失型D-成功救治1例同型危重患者.结果本例患者血型为A型、D-,RhD抗原表达量超出正常个体1倍以上;基因检测定型为D-SH表型,为国内首次报道基因型.采用其血液成功抢救1例同型危重患者,该同型危重患者接受输血后,血红蛋白水平由24 g/L上升至38 g/L.结论 Rh缺失型D--血型血清学较易鉴定,但易漏检.从先证者家系中筛查及动员先证者健康时献血是解决这一罕见血型供血的有效方法.【总页数】4页(P24-27)【作者】张秀铮;王守燕;张韦;王静【作者单位】256613 山东滨州市中心血站;256613 山东滨州市中心血站;256613 山东滨州市中心血站;256613 山东滨州市中心血站【正文语种】中文【相关文献】1.PCR产生异源双链DNA及其在检测基因缺失型β地中海贫血中的应用2.38例血清学弱D表型献血者RhCcEe表型与RHD基因型检测情况分析3.马疱疹病毒1型主要毒力基因分析及TK基因缺失载体的构建4.1例Rh缺失型-D-血型血清学检查5.Rh缺失型D--个体及其家系成员基因分型与序列分析因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
Blood typing-血型分型
Blood typingEmail this page to a friendBookmark & SharePrinter-friendly versionBlood typing is a method to tell what specific type of blood you have. What type you have depends on whether or not there are certain proteins, called antigens, on your red blood cells.Blood is often grouped according to the ABO blood typing system. This method breaks blood types down into four categories:∙Type A∙Type B∙Type AB∙Type OYour blood type (or blood group) depends on the types that are been passed down to you from your parents.How the Test is PerformedBlood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with a germ-killing product. An elastic band is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure, which causes the vein to swell with blood.A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected into a tube. During the procedure, the elastic band is removed to restore circulation. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and a band-aid or gauze is applied.In infants or young children, the area is cleansed with antiseptic and punctured with a sharp needle or a lancet. The blood may be collected in a pipette (small glass tube), on a slide, onto a test strip, or into a small container. A bandage may be applied if there is any bleeding.The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood, and the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together (agglutinate). If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.The second step is called back typing. The liquid part of your blood without cells (serum) is mixed with blood that is known to be type A and type B. Persons with type A blood have anti-B antibodies, and those with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains both types of antibodies. These two steps can accurately determine your blood type.Blood typing is also done to tell whether or not you have a substance called Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells. If you have this substance, you are considered Rh+ (positive). Those without it are considered Rh- (negative). Rh typing uses a method similar to ABO typing.How to Prepare for the TestNo special preparation is necessary for this test.How the Test Will FeelSome people have discomfort when the needle is inserted. Others may only feel a tiny prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a bruise may develop.Why the Test is PerformedThis test is done to determine a person's blood type. Health care providers need to know your blood type when you get a blood transfusion or transplant, because not all blood types are compatible with each other. For example:∙If you have type A blood, you can only receive types A and O blood.∙If you have type B blood, you can only receive types B and O blood.∙If you have type AB blood, you can receive types A, B, AB, and O blood.∙If you have type O blood, you can only receive type O blood.Type O blood can be given to anyone with any blood type. That is why people with type O blood are called universal blood donors.Blood typing is especially important during pregnancy. If the mother is found to be Rh-, the father should also be tested. If the father has Rh+ blood, the mother needs to receive a treatment to help prevent the development of substances that may harm the unborn baby. See: Rh incompatibilityIf you are Rh+, you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood. If you are Rh-, you can only receive Rh- blood.Normal ResultsABO typing:If your blood cells stick together when mixed with:∙Anti-A serum, you have type A blood∙Anti-B serum, you have type B blood∙Both anti-A and anti-B serums, you have type AB bloodIf your blood cells do not stick together when anti-A and anti-B are added, you have type O blood.Back typing:∙If the blood clumps together only when B cells are added to your sample, you have type A blood.∙If the blood clumps together only when A cells are added to your sample, you have type B blood.∙If the blood clumps together when either types of cells are added to your sample, you have type O blood.Lack of blood cells sticking together when your sample is mixed with both types of blood indicates you have type AB blood.RH typing:∙If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you have type Rh-positive blood.∙If your blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you have type Rh-negative blood.RisksRisks associated with taking blood may include:∙Fainting or feeling light-headed∙Multiple punctures to locate veins∙Excessive bleeding∙Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)∙Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)ConsiderationsThere are many antigens besides the major ones (A, B, and Rh). Many minor ones are not routinely detected during blood typing. If they are not detected, you may still have a reaction when receiving certain types of blood, even if the A, B, and Rh antigens are matched.A process called cross-matching followed by a Coombs' test can help detect these minor antigens and is routinely done prior to transfusions, except in emergency situations.Alternative NamesCross matching; Rh typing; ABO blood typingReferencesGoodnough LT. Transfusion medicine. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 183.。