word-stress
Unit-8-Word-Stressppt课件
Word Stress Rule
Word type
Where is the stress?
Examples
Two syllables
Nouns Verbs
on the first syllable
on the last syllable
center object flower
release admit arrange
d. For compound adverbs, the stress is on the second part.e.g. head-'first, North-'East 15
9. 部分复合词有双重音，在说话时如后面跟重读 音节，则第一个音节更重些；如后面跟轻读音 节，则第二个音节更重些。
‘Chi’nese
8
pre- pre’sent pre’pare
pre’tend
pro- pro’ceed pro’claim pro’pose
trans- trans’late trans’cribe trans’port
注意：以上只是一般的规律，有些词在词性发生变化 时，读音也会变化。如 ‘present (n.)
•
’solid，‘vulgar；
Nouns (N + N) (Adj. + N)
on the first part
desktop pencil case bookshelf greenhouse
Compound
Adjectives (Adj. + P.P.)
on the last part
well-meant hard-headed old-fashioned
wordstress-rules
Watch the following video for a full explanation and demonstration of word stress: https:///watch?v=WX1rrFh4OZw
Now, have you read all the explanations and watched the video? Very good!
4 Syllables Examples of words with four syllables: kindergarten: kin-der-gar-ten information: in-for-ma-tion January: ja-nu-ar-y American: A-mer-i-can discovery: di-sco-ver-y
1. Two-Syllable nouns and adjectives In most two syllable nouns and adjectives, the first syllable takes on the stress. Examples: SAM-ples CAR-ton Col-or-ful RAI-ny
A few things to remember: 1. A word can only have one stress. In a very long word you can have a secondary stress but it is always a much smaller stress. 2. Only vowels are stressed, not consonants. The vowels in English are a, e, i, o, and u. The consonants are all the other letters.
Word stress rules
Rules of Word Stress in English There are two very simple rules about word stress:1.One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have twostresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Twostresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a"secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress ismuch smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)2.We can only stress vowels, not consonants.Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.1 Stress on first syllable2 Stress on last syllableThere are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: thewords export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some peoplesay teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another exampleis:CONtroversy and conTROversy.4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)5 Compound words (words with two parts)Here are the main principles that determine how words are stressed or accentuated in English.This list of rules is not complete, but it does explain where to place the mainaccent in the majority of words in English.Can you designate the tonic syllable (main stress) in these words which all obey the rules?Britain,England,Edinburgh,region, regional, economic, to complain, community, to refuse, considering.Examples:•SAMples•CARton•COlorful•RAInyExamples:•reLAX•recEIVE•diRECT•aMONG•aSIDE•beTWEEN•About 80% or so of two-syllable words get their stress on the first syllable.•There are of course, exceptions to this rule, but very few nouns and adjectives get stress on their second syllable.•Verbs and prepositions usually get stress placed on the second syllable, but there are exceptions to this too.For three syllable words, look at the word ending (the suffix), using the following as your guide.For words ending with the suffixes er, or, or ly, the stress is placed on the first syllable.Examples:If there is a word that ends in a consonant or in a y, then the first syllable gets the stress.Examples:T ake a good look at the list of suffixes below (suffixes are word endings).Your stress is going to come on the syllable right before the suffix. This applies to words of all syllable lengths.Examples:1.able: ADDable, ARable, DURable2.ary: PRIMary, DIary, liBRary3.cial: juDIcial, nonSOcial4.cian: muSIcian, phySIcian, cliNICian5.ery: BAkery, SCENery6.graphy: calLIgraphy, bibliOgraphy, stenOgraphy7.ial: celesTIal, iniTIal, juDICial8.ian: coMEdian, ciVILian, techNIcian9.ible: viSIble, terRIble, reSIstible10.ic: arCHAic, plaTOnic, synTHEtic11.ical: MAgical, LOgical, CRItical12.ics: diaBEtics, paediAtrics13.ion: classifiCAtion, repoSItion, vegeTAtion14.ity: imMUnity, GRAvity, VAnity15.ium: HElium, ALUminum, PREmium16.imum: MInimum, MAXimum, OPtimum17.logy: BIology, CARdiology, RAdiology18.tal: caPItal, biCOAstal, reCItalWords that use the suffix ee, ese, eer, ique or ette, have the primary stress actually placed on the suffix.This applies to words of all syllable lengths.Examples:1.ee: agrEE, jamborEE, guarantEE2.eer: sightsEER, puppetEER3.ese: SiamESE, JapanESE, cheESE4.ette: cassETTE, CorvETTE, towelETTE5.ique: unIQUE, physIQUEUsually, prefixes do not take the stress of a word.There are a few exceptions to this rule, however, like: un, in, pre, ex and mis, which are all stressed in their prefix.Examples:1.ex: EXample, EXplanation, EXamine2.in: INside, INefficient, INterest3.mis: MISspoke, MIStake, MISspelled4.pre: PREcede, PREarrange, PREliminaryYou put stress on the second syllable from the end of the word, with words ending in ic, sion and tion.Examples:•iCONic•hyperTENsion•nuTRItionYou put stress on the third from end syllable with words that end in cy, ty,phy, gy and al.Examples:•demoCRAcy•TREAty•geOGraphy•ALlergy•NAUtical11. Word stress for compound wordsA. Compound nouna compound noun, the first word usually takes on the stress.Examples:•SEAfood•ICEland•TOOTHpasteOften, hyphens are used in compound adjectives. In compound adjectives, the stress is placed within the second word.Examples:•ten-MEter•rock-SOlid•fifteen-MInutesecond or on the last part.Examples:•Matilda loves bread but deTESTS butter.•Sarah baked cookies and ATE them up.•Dogs love to eat bones and love DRINking water.noun, the stress is on the first word.Examples:•AIRplane mechanic•PROject manager•BOARDroom memberIn phrasal verbs, the second word gets the stress (the preposition). Examples:•Black OUT•break DOWN•look OUTSpain, Google.The second word is always the one that takes the stress Examples:•North DAKOTA•Mr. SMITH•Apple INCORPORATEDThe second syllable usually takes the stress.Examples:•mySELF•themSELVES•ourSELVESIf the number is a multiple of ten, the stress is placed on the first syllable.Examples:•TEN•FIFty•ONEhundredWord stress and dictionariesDictionaries are great tools for learning word stress.For every word, the dictionary indicates where the stress goes, for example by placing an apostrophe before the stress.T ake a look at your dictionary to find out how your dictionary indicates word stress.Word Stress in EnglishWord stress is your magic key to understanding spoken English. Native speakers of English use word stress naturally. Word stress is so natural for them that they don't even know they use it. Non-native speakers who speak English to native speakers without using word stress, encounter two problems:1.They find it difficult to understand native speakers, especially those speaking fast.2.The native speakers may find it difficult to understand them.To understand word stress, it helps to understand syllables. Every word is made from syllables. Each word has one, two, three or more syllables.vowel (a, e, i, o or u) or vowel sound.What is Word Stress?In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETeraThe syllables that are not stressed are weak or small or quiet. Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it!There are two very important rules about word stress:1.One word, one stress.(One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear twostresses, you have heard two words, not one word.)2.The stress is always on a vowel.Why is Word Stress Important?Word stress is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese or French for example, pronounce each syllable with eq-ual em-pha-sis. Other languages, English for example, use word stress.Word stress is not an optional extra that you can add to the English language if you want. It is part of the language! English speakers use word stress to communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult conditions. If, for example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word because of the position of the stress.Think again about the two words photograph and photographer. Now imagine that you are speaking to somebody by telephone over a very bad line. You cannot hear clearly. In fact, you hear only the first two syllables of one of these words, photo...Which word is it, photograph or photographer? Of course, with word stress you will know immediately which word it is because in reality you will hear either PHOto... or phoTO...So without hearing the whole word, you probably know what the word is ( PHOto...graph or phoTO...grapher). It's magic! (Of course, you also have the 'context' of your conversation to help you.)This is a simple example of how word stress helps us understand English. There are many, many other examples, because we use word stress all the time, without thinking about it.Where do I Put Word Stress?There are some rules about which syllable to stress. But...the rules are rather complicated! Probably the best way to learn is from experience. Listen carefully to spoken English and try to develop a feeling for the "music" of the language. When you learn a new word, you should also learn its stress pattern. If you keep a vocabulary book, make a note to show which syllable is stressed. If you do not know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries give the phonetic spelling of a word. This is where they show which syllable is stressed, usually with an apostrophe (') just before or just after the stressed syllable. (The notes at the front of the dictionary will explain the system used.) Look at (and listen to) this example for the word plastic. There are 2 syllables. Syllable #1 is stressed.Rules of Word Stress in EnglishThere are two very simple rules about word stress:1.One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear twostresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smallerthan the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)2.We can only stress vowels, not consonants.Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.1 Stress on first syllable2 Stress on last syllableThere are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If westress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example is: CONtroversy and conTROversy.4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)5 Compound words (words with two parts)ENGLISH WORD STRESS - MAIN RULESA few explanations before starting:•An asterisk * means that the form proposed at the right of this symbol is not acceptable.• A capital V stands for Vowel and a capital C for Consonant.•/0/ symbolizes an unstressed syllable, /1/ the primary stress and /2/ the secondary stress.•The forms written between this type of brackets <…> represent the spelling of a word or a piece of word. Hence, <-ate>means “words ended with the lettersmentioned between these brackets”.•In this abridged course, a bold cha racter or bold chain of cha racters means that this part of the word bears a primary or a secondary stress. The usual symbolswill be used in the full course.•/01/ the primary stress and /2/ the secondary stress.IMPORTANT:The rules proposed here are not complete in this abridged course which shows the main tendencies only. There may be other cases which will be explained in class in the unabridged course.In fo reign, the first three letters are not a German prefix but are part of the word, whereas in for get, <for > is an unstressed strong prefix. For example, it may be replaced by another prefix such as <be > in be get, a verb which can be found in the English version of the Bible: and he be gat…I.- PRIMARY STRESS:1 A°) Normal Stress Rule:(code/10/): fo reign , moun tain, le gal, …b) Three-syllable words are normally stressed on the first syllable (code /100/): cha racter, fa mily, …c) Words of more than three syllables are normally stressed on the antepenultimate (code /-100/) and may need a secondary stress (see section II below): o ri ginal, curi o sity, … (unless a strong suffix assigns the primary stress to the penultimate as in cha racteri za tion /200010/, po pulari za tion /200010/, or elsewhere as in cha racte ris tically /20010(0)0/ where one strong suffix is followed by two weak suffixes).1 B°) Main classes of exceptions for two-syllable words /01/:a) Words beginning with a Latin or Germanic prefix : re mind, de cide, ex cept... ; a bout, be hind, for get...b) Verbs ending in <-ate> : cre ate, frus trate, tran slate...2°) Retrieving the original word (= the deriving word)To calculate the main stress of longer words, you must first remove any "weak" suffix, and then count from the end.The principal weak suffixes, added to words without modifying the stress of the stem, are:a)grammatical suffixes such as <-ed>, <-en>, <-ing>, <-(e)s>, <-er>, <-est>…b)agent suffixes such as <-er>,<-or>, <-ist>, …c)any suffix beginning with a C (= Consonant) such as <-ful>, <-less>, <-ness>, <-ment>, <-ly>,…3A°) Words of three or more syllables are normally stressed on the antepenultimate (code /100/ or /-100/)a) Three-syllable words are normally stressed on the first syllable (code /100/): cha racter, fa mily, …b) Words of more than three syllables are normally stressed on the antepenultimate (code /-100/) and may need a secondary stress (see section II below)3B°) Main classes of exceptions:a) Words ending in <-ic> (code/ 10/): ec cen tric, sym bo lic, ca tas tro phic,…(CAUTION: a few words, which are not derived adjectives, are stressed according to the "Normal" Stress Rule (code /100/ or / 100/) and must be learnt by heart: A rabic,a ri thmetic, ar senic, Ca tholic, he retic, lu natic, po litics, rhe toric)b) Verbs ending in <-ish> / 10/: de mo lish, di mi nish, ex tin guish...c) Words ending in <-ion>, or more generally in V{i/e/u}V(C)# [or -iV(C)# , -eV(C)# or -uV(C)#], have their main stress on the syllable immediately preceding the ending (code/ 10/): e du ca tion, co lo nial, a tro cious, ad van ta geous, con spi*cuous, re si dual, ra tio…Please note:The # symbol means that this is the end of the word (after all the suffixes have been removed). II.- SECONDARY STRESS :1°) Whenever two or more syllables precede the main stress, there must be a secondary stress2°) When ONLY two syllables precede the main stress, the secondary stress falls on the first:as in: ma the ma tics /2010/, e du ca tion /2010/, per spi ca city /20100/,...This can be summed up thus: (code /201/)3°) When more than two syllables precede the main stress (code */00 /), consult the nearest deriving form (= the root word)The main stress of the deriving form becomes the secondary stress of the derivedcha racter /100/ -> cha racte ris tic /20010/;e ra dicate /0100/ -> e ra di ca tion /02010/...Ce cours est une refonte d'un document aimablement prêté par Ruth Huart que je remercie pour sa générosité. Bien évidemment, les erreurs qui pourraient subsister sont les miennes. SiD'avance merci.Article mis en ligne le 20 octobre 2005.。
单词重音WordStress学习心得
单词重音WordStress学习心得Word Stress一、学了啥1.什么是音节？（1）音节是，一个单词中，只包含一个元音的那一部分。
它可能有一个或多个辅音。
英语中，一个单词可以是一个或多个音节。
音节是英语语言韵律的基本单位。
音节包含的“核心”是一个元音，但也有用辅音来作核心的情况，如table，bottom, cotton。
所以/m/ /n/ /l/ 这三个是可以代替元音的。
这种情况一般出现在词尾。
（2）音节类型，（常见）C（consonant）V（vowel），如seeV, 如eyeCVC, 如sitCCVC, 如spitCCVCC, 如spits其中，“CC”结构，存在consonant cluster，这在中文中是不可能出现的2.重音意味着什么？设想现在有一个机器人毫无波澜在读一个单词，teacher（很明显，两个音节）而有了重音之后，被给到重音的那个音节，会被调节得更长（longer）, teeeeeeeeecher更响（louder）, TEAcher更高亢（higher pitch）, teacher三驾马车混合效果，就是“重音”效果而没被Stress的音节，则会被减弱（reduced）。
英语中，任何元音除了diphthongs /aʊ/和/ɔɪ/, 都可以被读成/ə/(尤其)和/ɪ/首先，没有绝对的所谓的“规则”其次，在名词性的复合词中，重音在第一个，如’greenhouse在形容词性的复合词（通常有动词）中，有动词的时候（不管什么形式，包括p.p., -ing, ect），重音在动词,如easy’going4.Stress shift单词重音什么时候转移？（1）为了节奏’after’noon,this after’noon,an ‘afternoon lesson（2）为了对比‘honest的反义词dishonest, 重音原本是这样的dis’honest，但现在为了表示对比，人们会这样说：‘honest and ‘dishonest, 这样，单词重音就完成了转移。
Word Stress
Word Stress and Sentence Stress 重音是英语发音的关键环节欢迎订阅手机青年报，移动用户发送qnb到10658000，每天资费不到一角钱。
2008-12-04 09:25:00 中国青年网The Golden Key to English PronunciationJosef EssbergerNormally when we say "I feel stressed" it means "I feel anxious". Stress is a kind of worried feeling about life or work. But there is another kind of stress that actually helps us understand. This other kind of stress is an accent that we make on certain syllables and words when speaking English.In some languages, for example Japanese, people say each syllable with equal force. But in English, and some other languages, we put a big force (stress) on some syllables and no force on other syllables or words. This can make it difficult for speakers of other languages to understand English that is spoken quickly. Of course, for native speakers it is not difficult - in fact, stress actually helps native speakers understand each other. So it is very important.We shall talk here about WORD STRESS (stress on a syllable inside a word) and SENTENCE STRESS (stress on words inside a sentence).WORD STRESSWord stress is like a golden key to speaking and understanding English.If you do not already know about word stress, you can try to learn about it. This is one of the best ways for you to understand spoken English - especially English spoken fast.What is word stress?Take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because ONE syllable in each word is STRESSED (stronger than the others).∙PHOtograph∙phoTOgrapher∙photoGRAPHicThis happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETeraThe syllables that are not stressed are "weak" or "small" or "quiet". Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.If you have an English teacher, you can ask her to help you understand word stress. Or you can try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it.Two important rules about word stress:1. One word, one stress2. The stress is always on a vowelSENTENCE STRESSSentence stress is another golden key for speaking and understanding English. With sentence stress, some words in a sentence are STRESSED (loud) and other words are weak (quiet). Look at the following sentence:We want to go.Do we say every word with the same stress or force? No. We make the important words BIG and the unimportant words small. What are the important words in this sentence? Yes, that's right: WANT and GO.∙We WANT to GO.∙We WANT to GO to WORK.∙We DON'T WANT to GO to WORK.∙We DON'T WANT to GO to WORK at NIGHT.Now that you know that word stress exists, you can try to learn more about it.You should KNOW that SENtence and WORD STRESS are VERy imPORtant !!!? 1998 Josef EssbergerWord Stress in EnglishWord stress is your magic key to understanding spoken English. Native speakers of English use word stress naturally. Word stress is so natural for them that they don't even know they use it. Non-native speakers who speak English to native speakers without using word stress, encounter two problems:1.They find it difficult to understand native speakers, especially those speaking fast.2.The native speakers may find it difficult to understand them.In this lesson we look at the most important aspects of word stress, followed by a short quiz to check your understanding:∙Understanding Syllables for Word Stress∙What is Word Stress?∙Why is Word Stress Important?∙Where do I Put Word Stress?∙Word Stress Rules∙Word Stress QuizWhat is Word Stress?In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.click word to hearThis happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETeraThe syllables that are not stressed are weak or small or quiet. Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it!There are two very important rules about word stress:1.One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear two stresses,you have heard two words, not one word.)2.The stress is always on a vowel.Why is Word Stress Important?Word stress is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese or French for example, pronounce each syllable with eq-ual em-pha-sis.Other languages, English for example, use word stress.Word stress is not an optional extra that you can add to the English language if you want. It is part of the language! English speakers use word stress to communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult conditions. If, for example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word because of the position of the stress.Think again about the two words photograph and photographer. Now imagine that you are speaking to somebody by telephone over a very bad line. You cannot hear clearly. In fact, you hear only the first two syllables of one of these words, photo...Which word is it, photograph or photographer? Of course, with word stress you will know immediately which word it is because in reality you will hear either PHOto... or phoTO... So without hearing the whole word, you probably know what the word is ( PHOto...graphor phoTO...grapher). It's magic! (Of course, you also have the 'context' of your conversation to help you.)This is a simple example of how word stress helps us understand English. There are many, many other examples, because we use word stress all the time, without thinking about it.Where do I Put Word Stress?There are some rules about which syllable to stress. But...the rules are rather complicated! Probably the best way to learn is from experience. Listen carefully to spoken English and try to develop a feeling for the "music" of the language.When you learn a new word, you should also learn its stress pattern. If you keep a vocabulary book, make a note to show which syllable is stressed. If you do not know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries give the phonetic spelling of a word. This is where they show which syllable is stressed, usually with an apostrophe (') just before or just after the stressed syllable. (The notes at the front of the dictionary will explain the system used.) Look at (and listen to) this example for the word plastic. There are 2 syllables. Syllable #1 is stressed.Rules of Word Stress in EnglishThere are two very simple rules about word stress:1.One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear twostresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can bea "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main[primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)2.We can only stress vowels, not consonants.Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.1 Stress on first syllable2 Stress on last syllableThere are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example is: CONtroversy and conTROversy.4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable(ante-penultimate = third from end)5 Compound words (words with two parts)。
6WordStress
6WordStress6 Word StressMost English words of two or more syllables have one prominent syllable that sounds longer, louder and higher in pitch than the other ones. This prominent one is said to be the stressed syllable of the word, the word stress. Speech can be hard to understand when the strongly stressed syllable is not clear or the wrong syllable is stressed.Ex.1 Listen to the following sentences. The meaning changes when you change the stress.(1)Look at the ?desert.Look at the des?sert.(2)My aunt lives in ?Egypt now.My aunt lives in a ?jeep now.(3)She lives in ?misery.She lives in Mis?souri /m??z??r? /.(4)What do you think of the ?comedy?What do you think of the com?mittee?6.1 What makes a syllable prominent?What makes a syllable prominent? At least four factors are important. They are pitch, loudness, length and quality. Generally the four factors work together in combination, though syllables may sometimes be made prominent by means of only one or two of them. Pitch, especially pitch change, produces the strongest effect in stress or prominence, and length is also a powerful factor. So we signal the stressed syllable by making it longer, louder and higher in pitch. The unstressed and lightly stressed syllables in a word are shorter, weaker and lower in pitch than the stressed syllable.6.2 Levels of stressWe have talked about two levels of stress: stressed and unstressed. This is inadequate forrepresenting English stress. According to Gimson’s Pronunciation of English, 6th edition revised by Cruttenden (2001), in a word of many syllables, there may be up to four degrees of stress (or prominence): primary, secondary, minor (or weak) and unstressed. But in practical use, three degrees are usually marked. The weak and unstressed are usually regarded as one, unstressed syllable. Written English does not have stress mark. Different degrees of stress are represented inthe transcription of words. [?] marks primary stress, [,] marks secondary stress, and unstressed syllables are marked by being unmarked. The stress-mark is put before the element on which the stress begins as in /, fo?t??gr?f?k/ (photographic), /pr?,n? ns??en/ (pronunciation).6.3 Stress patterns in simple wordsIt is a highly complex matter to analyze English stress placement, because there is no fixed place for primary stress in English words. In most cases no rules can be formulated, and even when they can, they have a lot of exceptions. The following are some general rules which can be observed.1)For most two-syllable words have stress on the first syllable, and more than 90 percent oftwo-syllable English nouns foolow this pattern (?), eg. Corner, person.Ex.2 Listen and read the following words and phrases with correct stress: pencil a sharp pencilsofa a new sofaparty a great partytable a black tabledoctor a good doctorSome two-syllable words have stress on the second syllable and more than 60 percent of two-syllable words follow this stress pattern ( ?), e.g. prevent, remind.Ex.3 Now listen and read the following phrases correctly:reduce pain enjoy the dinnerproduce grain prepare a lessonbehave yourself appoint the officersprevent accidents correct a compositionconclude a speech receive a phone call2)Most three-syllable words have stress on the first syllable (?), forexample, hospital, beautiful, holiday.Ex.4 Say these phrases:a big familya new hospitala set of furniturea happy holidaya wonderful ideaa terrible accidentSome of these words have stress on the middle syllable ( ?).Say these phrases: a good examplea large committeea fantastic planStress on the last syllable in the words ( ?).Say these phrases: underneath the chaireasy to understandin the afternoonMost words of more than three syllables also have stress on the third syllable from the end, for example, responsible, identical, apology, economy, ?opportunity, university, immatunity, bibliography3)For words of two or three syllables with one of the following prefixes,the stress usually falls on the syllable following the prefix.Ex.5 Please notice the prefixes and read the following words with correct stress:a-ago, along, about, around, appearbe- begin, below, before, become, behavecom- combine, compare, complain, command, completecon- contain, conclude, connect, convince, conditionde- detect, design, defeat, depart, delayem- embark, employ, embody, embrace, embarrassen- enjoy, engage, enrich, enslave, endurees- escape, establish, especial, essential, estrangeex- excited, excuse, express, example, explainim- impress, important, imply, improve, impossiblein- inform, intend, indeed,include, incuriousob- obtain, observe, obstruct, objective, obsessper- permit, perform, persuade, perceive, persistpre- prepare, prefer, prepay, prevent, pretendpro- protect, promote, protest, protect, producesub- submit, submerge, subsist, subjective,submittrans- transform, translate, transcribe, transmit, transplant4)For words with the following suffixes, the stress nearly always falls on thesyllable preceding the suffix.Ex.6 Readafter the tape, paying attention to the suffixes.-ian musician, physician, politician, phonetician-ic music, atomic,historic, scientific-ical physical, historical, chemical, political-ial social, essential, official, especial-ion million, opinion, revolution, impression, discussion-ify simplify, beautify, purify, modify-ible possible, terrible, responsible, horrible-ient patient, efficient, sufficient, convenient-ience patience, convenience, audience, experience-ity ability, activity, possibility, responsibility-ish foolish, childish, bookish, publish, establish-eous hideous, courageous, advantageous,-ious conscious, glorious, anxious, curious, delicious-ive native, active, objective, progressive, comprehensive-ant assistant, important, constant, resistant, dependantNote: The following suffixes do not influence the place of word-stress: -ed,-es,-er,-est,-or,-ary,-ory,-ment,-ous,-cy, -ry,-ty,-al,-ure,-ute,-ble,-ar,-ly,-less,-ness,-ful,-ing. For example:prison—prisoner move—movementconquer—conqueror carry—carryingcustom—customary beauty—beautifulproper—property sorrow—sorrownessquick—quickly help—helpless5)Some suffixes attract the primary stress onto themselves. There is a secondarystress on the first syllable in words with such suffixes. Suffixes of this kind are asfollows:-ain(for verbs only), -ee, -eer, -ier,-ade,-ese,-itis, -mental (-ental).Ex.7 Listen and read after the tape, paying attention to different stress patterns:refuge //——refugee //employ //——employee //engine //——engineer //mountain //——mountaineer //government//——governmental //fundament //——fundamental //accident //——accidental //bombard //——bombardier //lemon //——lemonade //orange //——orangeade //gastric// ——gastritis //Japan//——Japanese //6)Many English words of three or more syllables may have two stresses: primaryand secondary. The presence and the position of the secondary stress in English words are governed by the following rules: (1)Al English words of more than three syllables with the primary stress on thethird or fourth syllable from the beginning have a secondary stress on the first or second syllable, e.g.recommend //magazine //university //mathematics//(2)Words of three or more syllables in which the stress falls on the first or secondsyllable are pronounced without a secondary stress, e.g. hospital, necessary, opinion, contemporary.(3)All English words with the primary stress on the fourth or fifth syllable fromthe beginning, formed with suffixes which attract the primary stress onto the syllable immediately preceding the suffix, have a secondary stress on the syllable on which the primary stress falls in the original words.Examples:investigate //——investigation //peculiar //——peculiarity //enthusiasm //——enthusiastic //experiment//——experimental //6.4 Word-class pairsThere are several dozen pairs of two-syllable words with identical spelling which differ from each other in stress placement, apparently according to word class (noun, verb or adjective). In each of the following pairs, one of them is a verb and the other is either a noun or an adjective, the stress will be placed on the second syllable of the verb, but on the first syllable of the noun or adjective. Some common examples are given below (V=verb, A=adjective, N=noun): abstract // (A), // (V)conduct //(A), // (V)export //(N), // (V)object//(N), // (V)present //(N, A), // (V)protest//(N), // (V)Ex.8 Read the pairs of words to get their meanings.contest win a contest contest a traffic ticketobjetct a pretty object object to what was saidcontract sign a contract contract a project to a company conflict a conflict in the family classtime conflict with workcontent the content of a box content oneself with a little success conduct good conduct medal conduct a bandproduce farm produce produce cars and trucksEx.9 Read the pairs of words above in sentences. Put in stress in the words used in sentences.(1)Why does he contest every word I say?I lost the contest.(2)What is that strange object?I object to your statement.(3)Content yourself with reading this.Guess what the content of the letter is.(4)The store’s produce is fresh.Our farmers produce corn and wheat.(5)His conduct is bad.Will you conduct us to the boss?(6)I refuse to leave.Get the refuse into the cans.(7)The TV show conflicts with the game.There were many conflicts over the job.(8)Let me present you with a birthday present.6.5 Stress of compound wordsWe now pass on to another type of words, compounds. A compound can be analysed into two words, both of which can exist independently as English words. Compounds are written in different ways; some are written as one word, e.g. birthday,armchair. Some are separated by a hyphen, e.g. second-band, fruit-cake, and others may be separately by a space, e.g. desk lamp, computer virus.As far as stress is concerned, some rules can be used, though there may be exceptions.1)Most compound words have a primary stress on the first element, e.g. ?sunset (n.), ?newspaper (n.), ?note-book (n.), ?ladylike (a.), ?trustworthy(a.), ?get-out (n.), ?turn-about (n.).2)If the first part of the compound is (in a broad sense) adjectival, the stressgoes on the second element, with a secondary stress on the first, e.g.loud? speaker, second-?class, sky?blue, three?wheeler, bad-?tempered, absent-?minded, hand-?made, hard-?working. 3)Incompinds of two nouns, if the first noun indicates the material of or withwhich the second is made, we use a primary stress on the second noun, with a secondary stress on the first noun. For example,brick-?house (a house built of bricks)stone-?bridge (a bridge built of stone)paper-?bag (a bag made of paper)glass ?door (a door made of glass)4）In compounds of two nouns, if the first noun indicates the use of the second one, we have a primary stress on the first noun. For example:paper bag (a bag for keeping paper in)farm tool (a tool for doing farm work with)stone cutter (a machine for cutting stone)1)In compound nouns if the first noun implies some contrast, we use single stresson the first noun, for example,apple tree, orange juice, post card, post bag2)In compound nouns, if the first noun is (in a broad sense) the object of the secondnoun, we usually use single stress on the first noun, for example,hair dresser, story teller, door keeper, bus driver, watch maker3)In the combination of a gerund and a noun, we always use single stress on thegerund, for example:printing shop swimming poolreading room working conditionBut in the combination of a present participle and a noun, the noun must be stressed, for example,floating ?boat running?watersmiling ?girl cleaning ?womanEx.10 Here are some phrases and compounds with –ing- words. Compare the patterns. Read across and associate meanings:(1)smoking room a room on fire (that is smoking)smoking room a room where one may smoke (for smoking)(2)dancing girl a girl who is dancingdancing girl a girl who dances professionally(3)smoking jacket a jacket on firesmoking jacket a jacket commonly worn while smoking(4)racing car a car that is speeding or racingracing car a car used for formal racing(5)rocking chair a chair that is rockingrocking chair a chair built and used for rocking(6)singing voice a voice that is singingsinging voice a voice appropriate for singing(7)hunting dog a dog that is huntinghunting dog a dog used for hunting(8)cheering section a section (of people) who are cheeringcheering section a section (of students) organized to encourage athletic team 4)The stress pattern of compound noun must be distinguished from those of nounphrases which are formed by adjective +noun or noun +noun and which typically have a secondary stress +primary stress except in cases when an emphatic contrast is intended on the first element, for example, the noun phrase ―black board‖indicates a board which is black. The compound noun ―blackboard‖ refers to a board used in schoolrooms on which the teacher writes or draws with chalk.Ex.11 In the following exercise be sure that you accurately and carefully distinguish the phrases from the compound nouns. Note that the stress contrast helps to differentiate the two patterns.Noun phrase Compound( ?) ( ?)black bird blackbirddark room darkroomgold fish goldfishgreen house greenhousered cap redcapfree way freewayshort hand shorthandgrey beard greybeardtall boy tallboywhite house White Housetoy store toy storehead doctor head doctorEnglish teacher English teacher7 Sentence StressEx.1Ex.2Ex.3Ex.48 Rhythm in English Speech Ex.1Ex.2Ex.3Ex.4。
word stress
Warm up
Vegetable ---- Fetch a table
Vegetable ---- Fetch a table
重音和意义
'freezing worker /a 'freezing 'worker An 'English teacher / an 'English 'teacher They are eating 'apples.
: □√ standardized
standardization
□
□ □ □
scenery
respected inhabitant survive
scenic
informative respectable inhabit survival
□√ information
□
strength
“核心重音规则”（nuclear stress rule）规定名词短语重音应放在短语的右侧
He lives in the White
He lives in the president).
House White 学生用停顿来区分两种词汇
(a house that is white).
House (official residence of the American
room
house on the hill to work with my photography in a darkroom.
a white
20
例外
某些名词短语的重音比较特殊，两个名词都要重读
Pronunciation_WordStress
Where Do I Put Word Stress?
Practice
• He projected that it would take him 2 years to finish his project. • The rebels rebelled against the government. • They were insulted by the man's insult.
Example:
GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic teleVIsion, reveLAtion
Rules
5. Stress the Third Syllable from the End
General Rule Example:
Words ending in -cy, -ty, deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, -phy and -gy geOLogy
Word Stress
Introduction
• Listen to these 3 words:
– photograph, – photographer and – photographic
• Do they sound the same?
Introduction
• They do not sound the same because I have STRESSed different parts of the word. • Stress means that I have said one part of the word
Where Do I Put Word Stress?
Practice
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1. Word StressIf a word has more than one syllable, one of them is always more prominent than the others and then this syllable is said to be stressed or accented in the word. Sometimes the meaning of a word is different because of the different word-stress, e.g. ‘de sert’ (甜点), ‘ de sert’ (沙漠).Primary Stress：Words consisting of two or more syllables have a strong stress on oneof the syllables, and a weak stress on the remaining syllable or syllables.The heavilystressedsyllable is usually marked with a vertical stroke ( ' )on the upper lefthand corner, as in'prim ary, 'syl lable.Secondary Stress: Words consisting of two or more syllables may have a stresssubordinating to the primary stress. The secondary stressed syllable is usually marked with a verticalstroke( ) on the lower left hand corner, as in pro nunciation,mag azine.Double Stress：Words consisting of two or more syllables may have an equally strongstress on bothtwo syllables. The stressed syllables are usually marked with vertical stroke( ' ) on the upper left hand corner respectively, as in 'Chi 'nese,'hard-'work ing1) Stress in two-syllable wordsMany two-syllable words come from a one-syllable word. For example, the word actor comes from the word act, and the word renew comes from the word new. In these two-syllable words, the stress is on the syllable of the original word:actor O O(stress on the first syllable)renew O (stress on the second syllable)Read the following sentences in which the noun and the adjectives all have the pattern：O O 1.The artist’s most famous picture shows some women and children in a lovelyforest with a purplemountain behind.2. The player dances wildly from the earlymorning till midnight.3. The teacher asked the printer to reprint the document.4. The actors are famous here.5. Children dislike this actor.Some words are both nouns and verbs. For example, im port is a noun if we put stress on the first syllable, and a verb if we put stress on the second syllable, i.e.. im port. Read the following wordsexample, answer, picture, promise, travel visit, stud y2 ) Stress for compoundsCompound words are made from two smaller words put together, for example, paper + tiger=paper-tiger (they are not always written as one word, for example English teacher. In most compound words, the stress is on the first part. For example, sports shoes has two syllables and the stress is on the first syllable.Listen to these examples.O O'note-book, 'study plan, 'bed room, 'shuttle bus'French classO O O'din ner hall, 'traf fic light, 'bus station, 'check-in deskO O O O'sup ermarket, 'art gallery, 'trav el agent 'pho tocopy(1) Compounds Nounds1. When the object in the second part is made out of the material in the first, for example, gold coin, the stress may be on the second part too.Look at these examples.OOglass cup, stone-bridge, stone-wall, brick-house, silk scarf2. When the first noun indicates the use of the second, the stress falls on the first noun.Look atthese examples.:O Ofarm tool ( means a tool for doing farming work with )pencil –box ( means a box for keeping pencils, pens, ruler or eraser )note-book ( means a book for taking notes )3. When the first noun implies some contrast, the stress falls on the first noun.Look at these examples.O Obirth place white house green house black board post man4. When the first noun is the object of the second noun works on, the stress falls on the first noun.Look at these examples.O O OMath teacher (means a teacher who teaches mathmatics)watch maker (means a person who makes watches)5. When the compound noun is made of a gerund and a noun, the gerund always carries the stress.Look at these examples.O O Oread ing room din ing hall sleep ing car fry ing pan6. When the compound noun is made of a present participle and a noun, the noun carries the stresstoo.Look at these examples.O O O Oboil ing wa ter (the water is boiling)laugh ing child ren (the children are laughing)sing ing play er(the player is singing)If the compound is not a noun, we often put stress on both words. Listen to these examples.OO first class, half price, handmade well known home madeO O O bad tem pered, old fash ioned, hard work ing short sight edO O O O ab sent-mind ed, o pen-hand ed, ov er weight ed, e vil-look ing3) Stress in longer words(1) Some words are made up of prefix （前缀）or suffix （后缀），usually this does notchange thecian,ial, ity, ive, ient, itive. The words below with these endings have the stress on the syllable preceding them.For example:d e corate ( O O O) decor a tion ( O O O O )m u sical ( O O O ) mus i c ian( O O O)ec o nomy ( O O O O ) econ o m ic( O O O O)Notice that when a syllable changes from unstressed to stressed, or from stressed to unstressed, the vowel sound often changes. For example, the letter O in the word e'co no my is pronounced as ☜ ,but in eco'no mic, it is pronounced as .(3) Some words with -y ending normally have the stress on the syllable two from the end.Look at the words below.nation a lit y( O O O OO)phon o log y( O O OO )publ i cit y( O O OO)A stressed syllable may contain any one of the vowel sound except the schwa ☜ , But any vowelexcept the diphthongs ♋☺ ✋ can be reduced to ☜ or ♓ . In English there are moreunstressed syllables than there are stressed syllables. This explains why / ☜ / and / i / are the most frequently used vowel sounds in spoken English.4). The difference in word stress bwteen GA and GB。