GRE阅读笔记
GRE的verbal部分的学习方法
GRE的verbal局部的学习方法一定的词汇量+一定的阅读能力。
一定的词汇量应对类反，方便阅读和填空，而一定的阅读能力那么是应对填空和阅读的根本。
单词的背法：重复再重复，熟练是根底，找对应关系，直接关系到类反的正确率。
填空的精华：寻找重复。
阅读的提高：泛读NO的阅读，精读杨鹏难句，直到适应GRE文章的长度。
准备时间：3个月足以。
背单词无疑是整个考试环节中最最重要的一项，同时也是大家觉得最痛苦的一项。
其实，背单词和根底没关系，或者说，背单词就是打英文的一个很重要的根底，推荐艾宾浩斯的操作方法。
艾宾浩斯的标准速度是一天花3个小时背下3个新的List，每一个List 大致有150个单词，因为有些词汇书如果不是这样划分List，可以自己来重新划分。
以这样的标准背第一遍一页单词(10个左右)需要5分钟。
这时第一个记忆周期已到，请同学们在背下一页前，立即返回第一个单词，把这10个单词迅速复习一遍。
因为此时对单词的记忆程度在90%以上，所以只需要几十秒钟，但是对于记忆这些单词所起的作用是极大的。
第二页也是如法炮制。
用这种方法背过6页以后，第二个周期(30分钟)已到，立即从第一页开始复习。
由于这些单词刚刚背过两遍，所以这一遍复习也只需要三分钟。
然后用同样的方法背7—12页。
整个List大约一个小时。
不过根据，如果对艾宾浩斯做一个小的修订，非常适合白天还要上课的大学生或者中学生。
也就是每天早上看完了3个List之后，在花30分钟左右把三个单元快速的过一遍，不要强求自己记住，只是为了晚上的复习进展一次预复习状态。
这种方法不但利用及时的复习改造了遗忘曲线，延缓了遗忘速度，而且根本上克服了前摄抑制和后摄抑制的影响。
填空的精华：寻找重复。
首先扫读全句，如能理解句义，那么直接寻找选项。
不能清楚理解句义，那么运用技巧，填空其实就是考词语的对应关系，找到句子当中的上下句关系决定选同义词或反义词。
技巧无效，带入选项看句子是否通顺。
Issue 笔记
GRE Revised General TestAnalytical Writing强化班笔记"P r e s e n t Y o u r P e r s p e c t i v e o n a nI s s u e"T a s k李延隆新浪博客：h t t p://b l o g.s i n a.c o m.c n/l i y a n l o n g76新浪微博：私人邮箱：考点:1.C r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g2.P e r s u a s i v e w r i t i n g难点1.要有思考能力2.题目学术深度高3.涉及题材比较广4.语言要求比较高1-3分结构3-4.5分论证4.5-6分语言I s s u e题目分类1.按照题材2.按照题目的抽象程度3.按照题目背后的核心思想4.按照文章论证结构I s s u e p r e p a r i n g s t e p s找主题词确定分类,找限定词确定方向P F W:P u r p o s e f u l F r e e W r i t i n g针对具体题目提炼细节提纲分类→发散→收敛P F W:P u r p o s e f u l F r e e W r i t i n g1.不过于注重语言细节2.做宏观整体把握,先不管细节构造D C D(G C P)R(I B N)ED:D e f i n i t i o n o f c r i t i c a l t e r m sC:C a t e g o r i e s o f c r i t i c a l t e r m s a n d c o n c e p t sD:D o m a i n s t h a t w o u l d b e a f f e c t e d b y t h e c l a i mG:T o w h a t g r o u p s o f p e o p l e i s t h e c l a i m v a l i d?C:U n d e r w h a t c o n d i t i o n i s t h e c l a i m v a l i d?P:A t w h a t h i s t o r i c a l p e r i o d i s t h e c l a i m v a l i d?R:R e a s o n s t h a t w o u l d p r o b a b l y l e a d p e o p l e t o c o m e t o s u c ha c l a i mI:I m p o r t a n c eB:B e n e f i t sN:N e c e s s i t yE:E f f e c t s t h a t w o u l d p o s s i b l y b e b r o u g h t a b o u t b y t h e c l a i m D C D→用于文章总体架构R E→用于段落内部深挖层次E x a m p l e:C a t e g o r y CT e c h n o l o g y→H u m a n正面影响负面影响发散(+)B e n e f i t s o f t e c h n o l o g y i m p r o v e m e n t(R e a s o n&E f f e c t) M a k i n g l i f e m o r e e f f i c i e n tE l e v a t i n g l i v i n g s t a n d a r d sF r e e i n g p e o p l e f r o m r e p e t i t i v e,b o r i n g a n dd a n ge r o u s w o r kM a k i n g l i f e m o r e e f f i c i e n t(D o m a i n)T r a n s p o r t a t i o nC o m m u n i c a t i o nA u t o m a t i o nT r a n s p o r t a t i o nM a r c o P o l o M a c a r o n iX u a n z a n g/H s u a n-t s a n gX u a n z a n g/H s u a n-t s a n g:B u d d h i s t s c h o l a r,t r a n s l a t o r a n d t r a v e l l e r o f t h e T a n g D y n a s t y i n C h i n a‘A r o u n d t h e W o r l d i n E i g h t y D a y s’b y J u l e s V e r n eC o m m u n i c a t i o np o s t-h o u s e b e a c o nw o l f-s m o k e c a r r i e r p i g e o nf a x(f a c s i m i l e)e x p r e s sE l e v a t i n g l i v i n g s t a n d a r d st h e S i l k R o a d(−)H a r m f u l e f f e c t s(p r o b l e m s)o f t e c h n o l o g y i m p r o v e m e n t T r a f f i c j a m s(P e r i o d/E f f e c t)A d v e r s e l y a f f e c t i n g q u a l i t y o f l i v i n g(D e f i n i t i o n)W h i l e t h e y e n j o y t h e c o m f o r t a n d b a n a l l u x u r y o f t h e i r d w e l l i n g,t h e y d o n o t r e a l i z e t h a t t h e y a r e d e p r i v e d o f t h e n e c e s s i t i e s o f l i f e.(N C E4-16)P o l l u t i o nT h e m o d e r n c i t y c o n s i s t s o f m o n s t r o u s e d i f i c e s a n d o f d a r k,n a r r o w s t r e e t s f u l l o f p e t r o l f u m e s a n d t o x i c g a s e s,t o r n b y t h e n o i s e o f t h et a x i c a b s,l o r r i e s a n d b u s e s,a n d t h r o n g e d c e a s e l e s s l y b y g r e a t c r o w d s. (N C E4-16)H o w e v e r,t h e r e i s a n e v e n m o r e i n s i d i o u s k i n d o f p o l l u t i o n t h a tp a r t i c u l a r l y a f f e c t s u r b a n a r e a s a n d i n v a d e s o u r d a i l y l i v e s,a n d t h a t i s n o i s e.B u r g l a r a l a r m s g o i n g o f f a t a n y t i m e o f t h e d a y o r n i g h t s e r v eo n l y t o a n n o y p a s s e r s-b y a n d a c t u a l l y a s s i s t b u r g l a r s t o b u r g l e.C a ra l a r m s c o n s t a n t l y s c r e a m a t u s i n t h e s t r e e t a n d a r e a s o u r c e o fp r o f o u n d i r r i t a t i o n.(N C E3-47)L a w n m o w e r s w h i n i n g o n a s u m m e r’s d a y,v e h i c l e s o f a l k i n d s,e s p e c i a l l y l a r g e c o n t a i n e r t r u c k s t h u n d e r i n g t h r o u g h q u i e t v i l l a g e,p l a n e s a n d h e l i c o p t e r s f l y i n g o v e r h e a d,l a r g e r a d i o s c a r r i e d r o u n d i n p u b l i c p l a c e s a n d p l a y e d a t m a x i m u m v o l u m e.(N C E3-47)e y e s i g h t//j u n k f o o dt e l e v i s i o nf o o d s a f e t yd r a i n a ge o i l,w h i c h i s r e c y c l e df r o m t h eg a r b a g e a n d n o t o r i o u s f o r i t s l o w q u a l i t yt h e2008C h i n e s e m i l k s c a n d a l:T h e i n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l‘m e l a m i n e’,w h i c h c a n c a u s e a c u t e k i d n e yf a i l u r e,w a s a d d e d t o i n f a n t f o r m u l a t o m a k e i t a p p e a r t o h a v e ah i g h e r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t.I n v a d i n g p e r s o n a l p r i v a c y(E f f e c t)M a k i n g h u m a n l i v e s(a n d t h e s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e) u n s t a b l e a n d u n s a f e(E f f e c t)A s i s o f t e n p o i n t e d o u t,k n o w l e d g e i s a t w o-e d g e d w e a p o n w h i c h c a n b e u s e d e q u a l l y f o r g o o d o r e v i l.I t i s n o w b e i n g u s e d i n d i f f e r e n t l y f o r b o t h.(N C E4-22)C o u l d a n y s p e c t a c l e,f o r i n s t a n c e,b e m o r e g r i m l y w h i m s i c a l t h a n t h a t o f g u n n e r s u s i n g s c i e n c e t o s h a t t e r m e n’s b o d i e s w h i l e,c l o s e a t h a n d, s u r g e o n s u s e i t t o r e s t o r e t h e m?W e h a v e t o a s k o u r s e l v e s v e r ys e r i o u s l y w h a t w i l l h a p p e n i f t h i s t w o f o l d u s e o f k n o w l e d g e,w i t h i t s e v e r-i n c r e a s i n g p o w e r,c o n t i n u e s.(N C E4-22)A s S i r F r a n c i sB a c o n o n c e p o i n t e d o u t,k n o w l e d g e i s p o w e r.P o w e rc a n b e u s ed f o r g o o d o re v i l;a n d s i n c e t h e g e n i e t h a t b r i n g s n e wk n o w l e d g e i s a l r e a d y o u t o f t h e b o t t l e,w e m u s t l e a r n t o d i r e c t t h e u s e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t p o w e r r a t h e r t h a n c u r s e t h e g e n i e o r t r y t o c o n f i n eh i m.(T W E m o d e l e s s a y)A l t h o u g h m a n k i n d h a s u n d e r g o n e n o g e n e r a l i m p r o v e m e n t i ni n t e l l i g e n c e o r m o r a l i t y,i t h a s m a d e e x t r a o r d i n a r y p r o g r e s s i n t h ea c c u m u l a t i o n o f k n o w l e d g e....W h a t i s c a l l e d‘m o d e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n’i s n o t t h e r e s u l t o f ab a l a nc ed de v e l o p m e n t of a l l m a n’s n a t u r e,b u t o fa c c u m u l a t e d k n o w l e d g e a p p l i e d t o p r a c t i c a l l i f e.(N C E4-22)S o c i a l p r o b l e m s:u n e m p l o y m e n t(E f f e c t)B a s i c s t r u c t u r e o f a n o u t l i n eI n t r o:C o r e s t a t e m e n tB o d y(2~5):∙T o p i c s e n t e n c e∙R e a s o n i n g∙E x a m p l e s(C o n c l u d i n g p a r a g r a p h)抽象类题目举典型情况，归纳一般原则H o w t o w r i t e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o nB a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t:B r e v i t y全文核心:C o r e s t a t e m e n t(P o s i t i o n)开头段、段首句、结尾段确保语法正确，语言优美不好的开头写法以问句来结束开头空洞、说废话的开头B a s i c S t r u c t u r e s✧1.T+P(+R)T o p i c+P o s i t i o n(+R e a s o n)复述题目+立场（+理由）S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a s o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e.I n m y v i e w,i t w o u ld be am i s t a k e t o s a c r i f i c e i t s i n d i v i d u a l s’w e l l-b e i n g f o r t h e s a k e o f t h es o c i e t y,a n d p e r s o n a l w e l f a r e m u s t b e e m p h a s i z e d a n d p r o t e c t e d(f o r t w o r e a s o n s:h u m a n r i g h t s a r e e n d o w e d b y t h e C r e a t o r a n d as o c i e t y’s w e l f a r e m u s t r e s t o n t h a t o f i t s i n d i v i d u a l c i t i z e n s).✧2.T+C c+PT o p i c+C o n c e s s i o n+P o s i t i o n复述题目+让步+加立场S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a s o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e.Ad m i t te d l y,a s o c i e t y s h o u l d p u r s u e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s s,b u tf r o m m y p e r s p e c t i v e t h i sg o a l w i l ln e v e r b e a t t a i n e d u n l e s s a n d u n t i l t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a l l i t s i n d i v i d u a l c i t i z e n s i s p r o p e r l y r e s p e c t e d.T h e s p e a k e r c l a i m s t h a t t h e s u r e s t i n d i c a t o r o f a g r e a t n a t i o n i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f i t s p e o p l e,r a t h e r t h a n t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f i t sr u l e r s,a r t i s t s,o r s c i e n t i s t s.I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h o s e e l i t e s r e f l e c t s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f a n a t i o n t o t h e w o r l d,b u t t h eg r e a t n e s s o f a n a t i o n,f o r m m y p o i n t o f v i e w,i s p r i m a r i l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s e v e r y s i n g l e m e m b e r.✧3.T+A+PT o p i c+A s s u m p t i o n+P o s i t i o n复述题目+暗含假设+立场S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a s o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e./a s o c i e t y i s c o m p o s e d o f e x p e n d a b l e i n d i v i d u a l s.T h o s e w i t h t h i s v i e w,I n m y o p i n i o n,h o l d l o w e s t e e m o f h u m a n r i g h t s,i g n o r i n g t h e r e a lm o t i v a t i n g f o r c e o f p r o g r e s s.I t h a s b e e n s a i d t h a t e v e r y o n e l i v e s b y s e l l i n g s o m e t h i n g.,t e a c h e r s l i v e b y s e l l i n g k n o w l e d g e,p h i l o s o p h e r s b y s e l l i n g w i s d o m a n d p r i e s t s b y s e l l i n g s p i r i t u a l c o m f o r t.✧4.T+C p+PT o p i c+C o m p l e x i t y+P o s i t i o n复述题目+问题复杂性+立场S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a so t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e.T h i s i s a c o m p l e x i s s u e,s i n c e i t r e q u i r e s a n o b j e c t i v e o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s o c i e t y a n d i t s m e m b e r s.T h i s c o m p l e x i t y,u n f o r t u n a t e l y,c o n f u s e s t h e f o r m e r p e o p l e t h e r e b y f o r m i n g t h e i r p r o b l e m a t i c p o s i t i o n.✧5.T+C t+PT o p i c+C o n t r o v e r s y+P o s i t i o n复述题目+争议+立场I a g r e e w i t h t h e s p e a k e r t h a t i t i s s o m e t i m e s n e c e s s a r y a n d e v e nd e s i r a b l e t o r e l a t e s t u d e n t s’a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e t o t h e i r t e a c h e r s’s a l a r i e s.A c o n t r a r y v i e w m a y b e c o n d e m n e d a s i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o n t h e p a r t o f s c h o o l s’a d m i n i s t r a t o r s f o r s t u d e n t s.N e v e r t h e l e s s,t e a c h e r s’p e r f o r m a n c e i s n o t a l w a y s t h e m a i n d e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e i rs t u d e n t s’a c a d e m i c s u c c e s s a n d a r i g i d,i n d i s c r i m i n a t e w a g e p o l i c ym a y d i s c o u r a g e t e a c h e r s a n d e n d u p l o w e r i n g t h e i r s t u d e n t s’g r a d e s. O n t h e p a r t o f由…做出的S u c h a l o s s o f d i g n i t y a n d d e s c e n t i n t o c h i l d i s h b e h a v i o u r o n t h ep a r t o f t h e a d u l t s d e e p l y s h o c k s t h e a d o l e s c e n t s,a n d m a k e t h e mr e s o l v e t h a t i n f u t u r e t h e y w i l l n o t t a l k t o t h e i r p a r e n t s a b o u t t h ep l a c e s o r p e o p l e t h e y v i s i t.(N C E4-34)A d m i t t e d l y,t h i s s y s t e m h a s g r o w n o n l y t h r o u g h c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t o n t h e p a r t o f a l l t h r e e b r a n c h e s o f t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t,n o t t o m e n t i o n t h e e f f o r t s o f m a n y s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t g r o u p s.(M a r k A l a nS t e w a r d)A n e v e r-i n c r e a s i n g h u m a n p o p u l a t i o n,t o g e t h e r w i t ho v e r-c o n s u m p t i o n o n t h e p a r t o f d e v e l o p e d n a t i o n s a n d w i t hg l o b a l d e p e n d e n c i e s o n f i n i t e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s,h a v e c r e a t e du n i q u e l y c o n t e m p o r a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s.(M a r k A l a nS t e w a r d)✧6.Q+A+PQ u e s t i o n+A n s w e r+P o s i t i o n问题+回答+立场d o,b e,c o u l d,s h o u l d,w h a t,w h y,h o wD o w e l e a r n m o r e f r o m p e o p l e w h o s e i d e a s w e s h a r e i n c o m m o n t h a n f r o m t h o s e w h o s e i d e a s c o n t r a d i c t o u r s?T h e s p e a k e r c l a i m s s o,f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t d i s a g r e e m e n t c a n c a u s e s t r e s s a n d i n h i b i t l e a r n i n g.e v e r t h e l e s s,i n m y v i e w w e l e a r nf a r m o r e f r o m d i s c o u r s e a n d d e b a t e w i t h t h o s e w h o s e i d e a s w e o p p o s e t h a n f r o m p e o p l e w h o s e i d e a s a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h o u r o w n.✧7.P+R(+E)P o s i t i o n+R e a s o n(+E x a m p l e)立场+概述理由(+例子)(提纲性开头)I s t r o n g l y a g r e e w i t h t h e a s s e r t i o n t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t a d v a n c e s i nk n o w l e d g e r e q u i r e e x p e r t i s e f r o m v a r i o u s f i e l d s.T h e w o r l d a r o u n d u s p r e s e n t s a s e a m l e s s w e b o f p h y s i c a l a n d a n t h r o p o g e n i c f o r c e s,w h i c h i n t e r a c t i n w a y s t h a t c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d o n l y i n t h e c o n t e x t o f av a r i e t y o f d i s c i p l i n e s.T w o e x a m p l e s t h a t a p t l y i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p o i n ti n v o l v e t h e f i e l d s o f c u l t u r a l a n t h r o p o l o g y a n d a s t r o n o m y.✧8.B+PB a c k g r o u n d+P o s i t i o n背景+立场I n t h i s e r a o f r a p i d s o c i a l a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e l e a d i n g t oi n c r e a s i n g l i f e c o m p l e x i t y a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t,u n f o r e s e e n a n d k a l e i d o s c o p i c c h a l l e n g e s f a c i n g p e r s o n s i n m o s tp r o f e s s i o n s a n d a c a d e m i c f i e l d si m a g i n a t i o n k n o w l e d g e.✧9.O+PO l d-s a y i n g+P o s i t i o n格言+立场A s a n o l d C h i n e s e s a y i n g g o e s,h a p p i n e s s c o m e s a l o n e w h i l em i s f o r t u n e l o v e s c o m p a n y.✧10.E+PE x a m p l e+P o s i t i o n例子+立场P a u l E h r l i c h d i s c o v e r e d a d r u g u s e d t o t r e a t t h o s e w i t h s y p h i l i s,a n d n a m e d i t‘F o r m u l a606’t o h o n o r h i s605u n s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t s.T h e l e s s o n w e c a n d r a w f r o m t h i s s t o r y i s c l e a r a n d s i m p l e:d i s c o v e r y o r p r o g r e s s i s b o r n i n m i s t a k e s.正文逻辑结构(2~5段)直线型有倾向的观点平衡结构B a s i c s t r u c t u r e o f a b o d y p a r a g r a p hT o p i c s e n t e n c eR e a s o n i n g(w h y)E x a m p l e(s)反证句(如若不然将会怎样)反证句理论分析反证句例证P a r a g r a p h i c c o n c l u s i o n段首句的写法主句前置(除非有让步)S p e c i a l i s t s a r e n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o a l l o w s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e t op r o p e r l y a n d u s e f u l l y a s s i m i l a t e t h e m a s s e s o f n e w i n f o r m a t i o n a n d k n o w l e d g e t h a t h a v e c o m e o u t o f r e s e a r c h a n d h a v e b e e n w i d e l yd i s se m i n a t e d t h r o u g h m a s s g l o b a l m e d i a.D i s a g r e e m e n t c a n a l s o i n h i b i t l e a r n i n g w h e n t w o o p p o n e n t s d i s a g r e e o n f u n d a m e n t a l a s s u m p t i o n s n e e d e d f o r m e a n i n g f u l d i s c o u r s e a n d d e b a t e.对整段有驾驭力逻辑连接语言1、并列o n t h e o n e h a n d,o n t h e o t h e r(h a n d)i n o n e s e n s e,i n a n o t h e rf o r o n e t h i n g,f o r a n o t h e ri n t h e f i r s t p l a c e,i n t h e s e c o n d p l a c e2、递进f u r t h e r;f u r t h e r m o r em o r e o v e r;b e s i d e sw h a t i s m o r e;a l s o(句中)i n a d d i t i o n;a d d i t i o n a l l yn o t o n l y,b u t(a l s o)...(a s w e l l)3、转折//...//(t h e f a c t t h a t)...i t i s t r u e t h a t...;a d m i t t e d l y...;g r a n t e d(t h a t)...;o f c o u r s e...t h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t...;u n d o u b t e d l y...m a y;s e e m;a p p e a r;s o u n d;s e e m i n g l y;o n t h e s u r f a c e...//...h o w e v e r;b u t;y e t;n e v e r t h e l e s s;n o n e t h e l e s s;a t t h e s a m e t i m e...反证句:双重否定u n l e s s A,Bi f n o t A,t h e n B.../d o s t h.w i t h o u t s t h.n o A,n o BU s i n g a n e x a m p l et o g i v e a n e x a m p l e a n d b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o nH s u a n-t s a n g,B u d d h i s t s c h o l a r,t r a n s l a t o r a n d t r a v e l l e r o f t h e T a n g D y n a s t y i n C h i n aM a r c o P o l o,a n I t a l i a n t r a v e l l e r w h o s e w r i t i n g s g a v e E u r o p e a n st h e i r f i r s t k n o w l e d g e o f l i f e i n t h e F a r E a s tE x p l a n a t i o n st h e c o n c l u d i n g p a r a g r a p hi n c o n c l u s i o n,i n s u m m a r y,i n s u m,t o s u m u p,t o s u m m a r i z e a l l i n a l l,o n t h e w h o l e,s i m p l y p u t,i n o n e w o r do b v i o u s l y,u n d e r s t a n d a b l y,a c c o r d i n g l y,c l e a r l yB a s i c e l e m e n t s o f t h e c o n c l u d i n g p a r a g r a p hC o n c e s s i o n(C)R e p r i s e o f t h e c o r e s t a t e m e n t(R)E x p l a n a t i o n(E)D o u b l e n e g a t i o n(D)P o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s//e t c.///e t c.T h e b e s t w a y t o o v e r c o m e i t—s o a t l e a s t i t s e e m s t o m e—i s t o m a k e y o u r i n t e r e s t s g r a d u a l l y w i d e r a n d m o r e i m p e r s o n a l,u n t i l b i t b y b i t t h e w a l l s o f t h e e g o r e c e d e,a n d y o u r l i f e b e c o m e s i n c r e a s i n g l ym e r g e d i n t h e u n i v e r s a l l i f e./e t c.C,D,E可以用两次:e.g.//e t c.正文论证结构C o m p a r i s o n对比型R e a s o n i n g推理型S o l u t i o n问题解决型C l a i m观点型C o m p a r i s o n对比型明显对比隐含对比隐含对比的判断和审题标志:m o r e...t h a n...;l e s s...t h a n...;A r a t h e r t h a n B(A>B);i n s t e a d o f B,A(A>B)审题:1、确定A B双方2、确定题目倾向论证思路1、D C D R E(通用)2、P o s i t i v e V s.N e g a t i v e分析A和B的正负优劣3、C o m p a r a b i l i t y(少)可比性E x a m p l e:[A]19A:P r o b l e m s o f t o d a y(+)T h e r e s o l u t i o n o f s o m e p r o b l e m s o f t o d a y i s u r g e n t a n d c r i t i c a l f o r t h e s u r v i v a l o f a s o c i e t y.(R e a s o n:I m p o r t a n c e/ N e c e s s i t y)e.g.m a s s u n e m p l o y m e n t;h i g h i n f l a t i o n;t h e p e o p l e’s l i v e l i h o o d;n a t u r a l c a l a m i t i e s;t h e g l o b a l f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s:s t o c k m a r k e t c r a s h e s a n d b a n k b a i l o u t s i n l a t e2008(−)O v e r e m p h a s i s u p o n s o m e e x i s t i n g p r o b l e m s c o u l d c a u s e h a r m f u l e f f e c t s.(E f f e c t)e.g.r e a l e s t a t e;e c o n o m i c r ef o r m o f C h i n a:e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n;o f f i c i a lc o r r u p t i o n;i m p r o p e rd i s t r i b u t i o n o f re s o u r c e s;t h e w i d e n i n g g a pb e t w e e n r ic h a nd p o o r...B:P r o b l e m s o f t h e f u t u r e(+)T h e e f f o r t s t o s o l v e p r o b l e m s o f t h e f u t u r e i s s o m e t i m e so f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e a v o i d a n c e o f p o t e n t i a lt h r e a t s o r e v e n c a t a s t r o p h e s w e c a n a n t i c i p a t e.(R e a s o n: I m p o r t a n c e/N e c e s s i t y)e.g.e d u c a t i o ns u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n te n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o ni n f r a s t r u c t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o nt r a n s p o r t a t i o ne n e r g y s u p p l yn a t i o n a l d e f e n s et h e N o r t h e a s t B l a c k o u t o f2003(−)O v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f f u t u r e p r o b l e m s c a n t h r e a t e n s o c i a l s t a b i l i t y a n d n a t i o n a l i n t e g r i t y.(E f f e c t)e.g.t h e C o l d W a r a r m s r a c e a n d t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n(−)T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f s o m e r e s e a r c h a r e/(D o m a i n/E f f e c t)e.g.c l o n i n g;g e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g:g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f i e d f o o d s(G Mf o o d s);m o r a l s a n d e t h i c sA = B（只用于隐含对比）R e a s o n i n g推理型明显推理隐含推理隐含推理的判断和审题标志:b e c a u s e(o f),s i n c e,f o r,:,;,t h u s,h e n c e,t h e r e f o r e... 审题:1、分清论据结论2、看清推理关系(+)A→B的合理之处论据A合理推理过程合理结论B有道理(−)A→B的不合理之处质疑论据A质疑推理前提a s s u m p t i o n质疑推理关系（充分必要）指出结论B的问题或不良后果发散(+−不明)结论或对立面是否有可行性f e a s i b i l i t yE x a m p l e:[D]56(+)D i s c o v e r i e s a r e o f t e n m a d e b y a c c i d e n t.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)E.g.C h r i s t o p h e r C o l u m b u s:t h e d i s c o v e r y o f N o r t h A m e r i c aA l e x a n d e r F l e m i n g:t h e d i s c o v e r y o f p e n i c i l l i nT h i s a p p l i e s p a r t i c u l a r l y t o c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r i e s,w h e r e c h a n c ed i s c o ve r i e s p l a y a m u c h l a r g e r p a r t t h a n t h e y d o i n p h y s i c a l a n dm e c h a n i c a l i n d u s t r i e s.(N C E4-15)L e g e n d h a s i t t h a t t h e a n t i b i o t i c p e n i c i l l i n i s a c h a n c e d i s c o v e r y b y B r i t i s h b a c t e r i o l o g i s t S i r A l e x a n d e r F l e m i n g.a r c h a e o l o g y a n d g e o l o g y(−)M a n y i m p o r t a n t d i s c o v e r i e s a r e b a s e d o n l a b o r i o u sw o r k,n o t a c c i d e n t.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)E.g.I s a a c N e w t o n:l a w s o f m o t i o nM a d a m e C u r i e:t h e d i s c o v e r y o f R a d i u m(−)I n s t a r k c o n t r a s t t o d i s c o v e r i e s,c r e a t i o n s a r e m o s t l y s o u g h t f o r p u r p o s e f u l l y.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)E.g.T h o m a s E d i s o n:t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t l i g h t b u l bT h e W r i g h t b r o t h e r s:t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e a i r p l a n eT h e c r e a t i o n s o f w o r k s o f a r t,l i t e r a t u r e w o r k s e t c.(−)T h e s p e a k e r’s c o n t e n t i o n,o v e r s t a t i n g t h e r o l e o fs e r e n d i p i t y a n d u n d e r r a t i n g t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o fi n d u s t r i o u s n e s s a n d i m a g i n a t i o n,i f w i d e l y a c c e p t e d,m a y h a m p e r t h e p r o g r e s s o f c i v i l i z a t i o n.(E f f e c t)S o l u t i o n问题解决型标志:t h e w a y t o...i s t o...(i n o r d e r)t o.../.../...审题:1、明确t o p i c i s s u e2、找出t o p i c s o l u t i o n(+)T o p i c s o l u t i o n的合理性(−)T o p i c s o l u t i o n的局限性或问题(−)F e a s i b i l i t y(−)O t h e r s o l u t i o n sE x a m p l e:[B]77(+)Y o u t h c o n s t i t u t e a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e g e n e r a lp o p u l a t i o n.(R e a s o n:I m p o r t a n c e)(+)F a s h i o n c u l t u r e i s b e s t r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e t r e n d s o fy o u t h.(D e f i n i t i o n/C a t e g o r y)e.g.f a s h i o n a b l e c l o t h e s,h a i r s t y l e s a n d i d e a sM A G I C:m u s i c,a n i m a t i o n,g a m e,i n t e r n e t a n d c o m i c s(−)o t h e r s o l u t i o n s:C u l t u r e i s a c o m p l e x c o n c e p t t h a t h a s h o s t s o f d i f f e r e n t f a c e t s,s o m e o f w h i c h m a y b e b e s tr e p r e s e n t e d b y y o u t h a n d s o m e m a y n o t.T h u s,t o g e t ac o m p r e h e n s i v e u nde r s t a n d i n g of c o n t e m p o r a r y c u l t u r e,m e t h o d s o t h e r t h a n t h e s t u d y o f y o u n g s t e r s m a y p r o v ei n d i s p e n s a b l e.(D e f i n i t i o n/C a t e g o r y)M a i n s t r e a m c u l t u r ea d u l t s,s e n i o r s:A d u l t s a n d s e n i o r s a r e p r i m a r y p r o d u c e r s o ff o r t u n e,a n d a r e a l s o p r i m a r y c o n s u m e r s o f m a i n s t r e a mc u l t u r e.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)D o m e s t i c c u l t u r et r a d i t i o n a n d c u s t o m(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)e.g.t r a d i t i o n a l f e s t i v a l s:T h a n k s g i v i n g D a y,H a l l o w e e n,C a r n i v a l...E x a m p l e:[B]2(+)S t u d y i n g a s o c i e t y’s m a j o r c i t i e s i s i n d e e d a n e f f e c t u a lw a y t o u n d e r s t a n d i t s m a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s.(R e a s o n:I m p o r t a n c e)E.g.N Y C:N e w Y o r k C i t yB u s i n e s s s o c i e t y‘T h e b u s i n e s s o f A m e r i c a i s b u s i n e s s.’t h e W a l l S t r e e t,N Y S E:t h e N e w Y o r k S t o c k E x c h a n g e,t h eM a d i s o n A v e n u e,t h e T i m e S q u a r e...R a c i a l d i v e r s i t yW A S P’s:W h i t e A n g l o-S a x o n P r o t e s t a n t sA f r i c a n-A m e r i c a n sH i s p a n i c sA s i a n-A m e r i c a n sF o r w e k n o w t h a t o u r p a t c h w o r k h e r i t a g e i s a s t r e n g t h,n o t aw e a k n e s s.W e a r e a n a t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n s a n d M u s l i m s,J e w s a n dH i n d u s,a n d n o n b e l i e v e r s.A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y(−)o t h e r s o l u t i o n sT o g e t a d e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a s o c i e t y,t h e s t u d y o f s m a l l a n d m e d i u m-s i z e dc i t i e s w h e r e t r ad i t i o n i s we l l p r e s e r v e d i s of e q u a li m p o r t a n c e.(D o m a i n)S t u d i e s f o c u s e d o n a h o s t o f o t h e r s u b j e c t s,s a y, y o u t h a n d s e n i o r s,c u s t o m s a n d c u l t u r e a r e a l s oe s s e n t i a lf o r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e u n d e r s t a n d i ng o f as o c i e t y’s m a j o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s.(D o m a i n)。
英语的读书笔记（精选18篇）
英语的读书笔记（精选18篇）英语的读书笔记（精选18篇）读书笔记是指读书时为了把自己的读书心得记录下来或为了把文中的精彩部分整理出来而做的笔记。
在读书时，写读书笔记是训练阅读的好方法。
以下是小编帮大家整理的英语的读书笔记（精选18篇），欢迎阅读与收藏。
英语的读书笔记篇1To Wang Lun is written by Li Bai who among other poets stands out in the halls of glory.One day, Li Bai goes on abroad. He is about to sail when there’s stamping and singing on shore.Oh! Here comes Wang Lun to see him off, who is Li Bai’s best friend. Li Bai is very excited to see his best friend at this leaving moment. But he is sad, either. So he can’t say a simple sentence. He knows that words can’t express their friendship. Although the Peach Blossom Pool is one thousand feet deep, it can’t match Wang Lun’s love for him.英语的读书笔记篇2Sense and Sensibility was the first Jane Austen published. Though she initially called it Elinor and Marianne, Austen jettisoned both the title and the epistolary mode in which it was originally written, but kept the essential theme: the necessity of finding a workable middle ground between passion and reason. The story revolves around the Dashwood sisters, Elinor and Marianne. Whereas the former is a sensible,, rational creature, her younger sister is wildly romantic--a characteristic that offers Austen plenty of scope for both satire and compassion. Commenting on Edward Ferrars, a potential suitor for Elinor's hand, Marianne admits that while she "loves him tenderly," shefinds him disappointing as a possible lover for her sister.This article is from internet, only for studying!英语的读书笔记篇3This year's Spring Festival, I read" the old man and the sea", is a famous American writer Hemingway wrote. I admire the old fisherman in the novel very much, he lets me understand that a person must have unremittingly spirit, could succeed. This novel is a description of a nearly sixty years old, alone in fishing, caught a big fish, but can not draw. The old fisherman and fish deal after several days, they find it is a big Malin fish over several times their own boats, while knowing that it is difficult to win, does not give up yet.英语的读书笔记篇4Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character, a small, plain-faced, intelligent and honest English orphan. The novel goes through five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead, where she is abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she acquires friends and role models but also suffers privations; her time as the governess of Thornfield Manor, where she falls in love with her Byronic employer, Edward Rochester; her time with the Rivers family at Marsh's End (or Moor House) and Morton, where her cold clergyman-cousin St John Rivers proposes to her; and her reunion with and marriage to her beloved Rochester at his house of Ferndean. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism and sinister gothic elements.英语的读书笔记篇5There are two opposite gangs named socs and greasers. kids whose backgrounds are very rich are called socials, we name it as socs. the poor kids are called greasers, because their hair arecovered with grease and they often wear greasy clothes. there are full of contradiction between them. the main character is ponyboy, he is the youngest greaser, and he hates the socs because he always gets jumped by them. darry and sodapop are his elder brothers, and they both dropped out of school to work in order to raise money for ponyboy ‘s study. through seeing a movie together with a rich but kind girl, cherry, ponyboy realizes that not all socs are bad. johnny is his best friend, he used to be very weak, but after being jumped by 4 socs, he becomes mad and usually brings a switchblade with him, and if there is anyone who wants to play tricks on him, he will kill that one. suddenly, in a week, johnny dies in a fire, bob(his friend) is kill by someone unwillingly, dally(the most violent greaser) kill himself because johnny’s death. ponyboy grows a lot, realize the love of his families and friends, and promises to be a good man, and not fight anymore..This is really a heroic story, and i learnt a lot from it..First of all, i realized that we shouldn’t assess anyone just by knowing about his background. in the book, ponyboy thought that life was unfair-socs always win, greasers always lose. socs could easily go to college, but greasers sometimes must drop out of school to work for their livings. so he hated socs as if from his birth. but he gradually realized that some socs are kind, but some greasers are alike a hood. so we should also know people deeply before judging them, and believe the truth more than our subjective things.Secondly, no matter how our backgrounds and families are, we should have kind and brave hearts. in the story, ponyboy saw many greasers crime and fight just because of their identify, he thought that was totally wrong. even his dying friend, johnny toldhim to stay gold which means to be kind, simple and pure in a serious health condition. on the other hand, ponyboy thought gresers have the same rights as socs, and he never lowered his head in front of socs.There are also something good about love. at the beginning, ponyboy thought that dally, his eldest brother fully concentrated on working and making money, but never cared about him and sodapop, and he was dislike a young man anymore, more like an adult. but once ponyboy was sick very seriously, he saw dally crying for the first time when he was asleep-going-to-waken-up. and when they were having a rumble with a gang of socs, he was always covered with his two elder brothers. from that, he knew his small family would never be short of love, and his brothers loved him much more than he could imagine. in my real life, when my teachers and parents are strict with me, i shouldn’t think that they don’t love me, it is just another, more deep way to love.The writer wrote this book when he was only a teenager as fourteen-going-to-fifteen, in the same age as me. so it is more easy for me to get close to him and understand him. but he truly experienced all i experienced and something i have never imagined. so i should learn something good from him, and keep away from thing bad he had done.This book really taught me a lot, and i will spare no efforts to do the good things it bring to me!英语的读书笔记篇6Reading Notes of Pride and Prejudice“It is a truth universally ackn owledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.” This beginning sentence of the book seems to tell us the main storyof the book is about the marriage of rich men. The heroine of the book is Elizabeth and at the chapter One, we are told that the father Mr. Bennet prefers Elizabeth among his daughters, in this case, Elizabeth must be a girl who is more special and intelligent.The story is about love and marriage. Charlotte married Collins because his fortune and she feels nervous about her age even the man is so old-fashioned and ingratiating. However, their marriage is about money and they do not get the real happy. The other man Wickham is a handsome but a man who is a liar. He lies to Elizabeth to gain her appreciation. And his love with Lydia is shallow and about appearance. The love of Jane and Bingley has a better ending. They have love in the relationship and appreciate each other because of the deeper virtue. But they do come through a lot because the misunderstanding they had before.The love of Elizabeth and the hero of the book Darcy responses the title Pride and Prejudice. In the eye of Elizabeth, Darcy is no doubt pride and arrogant. Darcy falls in love with Elizabeth and proposes marriage to her, but he is still very arrogant so Elizabeth refuses him directly. Darcyfeels hard hit and regrets of being arrogant. However, Elizabeth has a prejudice about Darcy at the very beginning and mistaken believes in Wickham but she finally knows the truth and feels shame of her family. Darcy moves Elizabeth with his pleasant virtue in the end.英语的读书笔记篇7i read the book written by luxun .it is called zhaohuaxishi. it includes 10 short articles about the writers stories .they are based on his own experience , when i read this book ,i feel very happy to see luxuns childhood. it was diffrent from ours,so we may findit intersting and exciting. luxuns langange is very great but maybe difficult to understand . but through his words ,we can find his happiness in his heart .英语的读书笔记篇8After reading "A tale of two cities" "A tale of two cities" is one of Dickens's most important representative works.The novel profoundly exposed the society contradiction before the French Revolution,intensely attacks the aristocratic social clais dissolute and cruel,and sincerely sympathizes with the depressed classes.The novel also described many magnificent scenes like the revolt people attacked Bastille and so on,which displayed people's great strength.The novel has portrayed many different people. Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually ，Lucie is beautiful and gentle ，Charles is graceful and noble，Lorry is upright and honest ，Sydney is semblance of indifferent, innermost feelings of warm,unconventional but also selfleand lofty，MiProis straightforward and loyal，Evremonde brothers are cruel and sinister......The complex hatred is hard to solve, the cruel revenge has made more hatreds, loves rebirth in the hell edge,but take the life as the price.As an outstanding writer,in Dickens's work,the language skill is essential.Each kind of rhetoric technique,like the analogy,the exaggeration,the contrast,the humorous,and the taunt are handled skillfully,and the artistry of the work is also delivered the peak."A tale of two cities" has its difference with the general historical novel, its character and the main plot are all fictionalizes.With the broad real background of the French Revolution,the author take the fictional character Doctor Manette's experience as the main clue,interweaves the unjustcharge, upholstery and so many techniques,causes the structure integrity and strictness,the plot winding anxious and rich of theatrical nature,it displayed the remarkable artistic skill.the style "A tale of two cities" is solemnity and melancholy,fills indignantion,but lacks the humor of the early works.英语的读书笔记篇9The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most enduring works.Told in language of great simplicity and power,it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman,down on his luck,and his supreme ordeal——a relentless,agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream.Here Hemingway recasts,in strikingly contemporary style,the classic thene of courage in the face of defeat,of personal triumph won from los.Written in 1952,this hugely successfully novella confirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a huge part in his winning the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature.The novel is very famous in the world, so lot of people like this novel. We also studied it in our Chinese class, Hemingway's novel are always interesting I like his novel much, also in his novel we can learn a lot by his meanings.It’s really a good novel for people to read.英语的`读书笔记篇10Tonight I watched the movie for the third time. I really enjoy this film so much.So what＇s your choice between being a common person or a hero with people＇s reects? Most people will choose the latter. But what will be your choice if the cost is laying your lover among the risks? What will it be if the cost is you can never tell the girl, who you love so much, that you love her? The ider man had thiscontradiction. But finally he still chose the latter, not in order to be a hero, but to make this word peaceful.I was so moved by the words the Aunt Mary said:You will never guess what he wants to be, the ider man. He knows the hero when he sees one, too a few characters out there, flying all around out there, saving old girls like me. Lord knows kids like Henry need hero courageous, sacrificing for people, setting examples for all of us. Everybody loves a hero. People enthrone them, cheer them, scream their names and years later they will tell how they stood in the rain for hours just to get a glimpse the one who taught them to hold on to stand longer. I believe there is a hero in all of us. They keep us be honest, give us strength, make us noble, and finally allow us to die with proud. Ever though sometimes we have to initiatively give up the thing we want most, even our dreams. Spider man did that for Henry, so he wants to know where he is gone. He needs him.The ider man got much from these words, so did I. And what about you? what＇s the hero lying in you?英语的读书笔记篇11This report is written to Ms Millie of Class Four. Oliver Twist is written by the Charles dickens. It is made up by 232 pages which are published by Guangming Daily Press. This masterpiece is the sixth edition since 2001. I chose it as the first reading novel this semester is just because one of my best friends said she was totally touched by plot. Wha t’s more, Oliver Twist is the first English novel published in the United States.Oliver Twist, our main character, was born into a life of poverty and misfortune since his mother’s death and his father’s unexplained absence.After many roundabout ways, Oliver ran away from Londonand finally restored to a life of happiness and health. As soon as Oliver Twist arrived in London, he was cheated by a bang of thieves whose leader is Fagin. They set him up, but Oliver was proved innocent and was served in Mr. Br ownlow’s where Oliver lived freely for some months. It’s a book that depicting the old society in justified shoes.Dickens gives a truthful presentation of the sufferings of the poor and oppressed and make a bitter and complexed exposure of the terrible conditions, Charles Dickens makes him the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era at that time.After reading this masterpiece, I’m deeply impressed that how an orphan can still remain kind-hearted after suffering that much, such as hunger, thirst, abuse and so forth.Those charitable figures that Dickens created in the novel, such as Mrs. Maylie, are really what need in modern life. They should love and care to others, just as the gentle rain from the sky fell upon the earth, which was carved into my heart deeply, Goodness to human is what water to fish. So, my gracious peers, as the famous saying goes, “The fragrance always stays in hard that gives the rose, I sincerely urge that we can reach out our hands when someone is in need. I like the book as before, but frankly speaking, I was wondering some details should be more explicit. All in all, what I gain the most important is being kind and not giving up is the secret of surviving. I will pass on this novel to my gracious classmates since it deserves it.英语的读书笔记篇12The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway's most enduring works.Told in language of great simplicity and power,it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman,down on his luck,and his supreme ordeal——a relentless,agonizing battle with a giantmarlin far out in the Gulf Stream.Here Hemingway recasts,in strikingly contemporary style,the classic thene of courage in the face of defeat,of personal triumph won from los.Written in 1952,this hugely successfully novellaconfirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a huge part in his winning the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature. The novel is very famous in the world, so lot of people like this novel. We also studied it in our Chinese class, Hemingway's novel are always interesting I like his novel much, also in his novel we can learn a lot by his meanings. It’s really a good novel for people to read.英语的读书笔记篇13After reading "A tale of two cities" "A tale of two cities" is one of Dickens's most important representative works.The novel profoundly exposed the society contradiction before the French Revolution,intensely attacks the aristocratic social clais dissolute and cruel,and sincerelysympathizes with the depressed classes.The novel also described many magnificent scenes like the revolt people attacked Bastille and so on,which displayed people's great strength.The novel has portrayed many different people. Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually ，Lucie is beautiful and gentle ，Charles is graceful and noble，Lorry is upright and honest ，Sydney is semblance of indifferent, innermost feelings ofwarm,unconventional but also selfleand lofty，MiProis straightforward and loyal，Evremonde brothers are cruel and sinister......The complex hatred is hard to solve, the cruel revenge has made more hatreds, loves rebirth in the hell edge,but takethe life as the price.As an outstanding writer,in Dickens's work,the language skill is essential.Each kind of rhetoric technique,like the analogy,the exaggeration,the contrast,the humorous,and the taunt are handled skillfully,and the artistry of the work is also delivered the peak."A tale of two cities" has its difference with the general historical novel, its character and the main plot are all fictionalizes.With the broad real background of the French Revolution,the author take the fictional character Doctor Manette's experience as the main clue,interweaves the unjust charge, upholstery and so many techniques,causes the structure integrity and strictness,the plot winding anxious and rich of theatrical nature,it displayed the remarkable artistic skill.the style "A tale of two cities" is solemnity and melancholy,fills indignantion,but lacks the humor of the early works.英语的读书笔记篇14recently i have read a book named harry potter and the philosopher’s stone. it is a magical novel written by the english writer, j.k.rowline. because of the interesting story and the lively description, it is very popular to the readers all over the world. while reading the book, i was touched deeply. now i write it down and keep it as a reminder.harry potter, a great man, was born with a scar looking like a lightning as a sign of fighting with voldemort, the most frightful bad wizard who killed harry’s parents. harry’s parents tried their best to pr otect him from voldemort. at that night, harry’s parents died, voldemort was hurt seriously and harry survived as a legend. the scar indicates the fierceness of the fighting and the greatness of love. because his parents both died, he was adopted by his au nt. his aunt’s family felt very bad about harry who camefrom a wizard family and his brother-in-law , dudley, who was spoiled badly by harry’s uncle and aunt, always bullied him, so harry’s childhood was very miserable, and he had to live his birthday alone each year. just like this, harry grew up to 11 years old.on harry’s 11-years-old birthday, an unusual thing happened and changed his life. he received an admission letter from the magic school, hogwarts. then hagrid, the keeper of keys and grounds at hogwarts, told him how his parents died , and then brought him to diagon alley, the market for wizards. harry bought some necessary things for school there and started to find himself very famous. after the surprising experience, harry couldn’t wait going t o school.on the correct day, harry came to the magic school which looked like an ancient castle. to harry’s happiness, he made friends with a kind boy named ron weasley and a clever girl named hermione granger. but there was a boy named draco malfoy who was prideful and always picked a quarrel with harry. compared with staying in the aunt’s house, harry was much happier in school. he started to learn the magic which he never knew before and learned how to fly in the sky, how to use the basic conjuration, and even how to play the quidditch game. besides these things, harry received an invisibility cloak, the possession of his father, which made him free to any place.but behind the peaceful situation, there seemed to be some kind of secret and horrible power around harry. the scar on his forehead hurt more and more frequently and painfully than any time before. harry, ron and hermione accidently found a big dog with three heads in a chamber on the third floor. the bank for wizards, gringotts, which was the safest place except hogwarts,was stolen. theteacher of defence against the dark arts class, quirrel, always wore a big scarf on his head with no reason and made very disgusting smell. at last, harry, ron and hermione happened to find the secret that the philosopher’s stone which could relive voldemort was hidden in the chamber which the big dog with three heads was watching and doubt that professor severus snape would steal it for voldemort. so they hurried to the chamber and found the big dog sleeping with music. being more sure that someone wanted to steal the philosopher’s stone to relive voldemort, they kept on looking for it. with ron’s and hermione’s help, harry overcame all kinds of obstacles and finally came to the place alone where the philosopher’s stone was hidden. to harry‘s surprise, the person who wanted to steal the philosopher’s stone for vordemort was not professor severus snape but poor stuttering professor quirrel .what was more horrible that professor quirrel had two faces, one for himself and the other for vordemort ,and that was why he always wore a big scarf on his head. vordemort lived off professor quirrel’s body and controlled him. at the last moment, harry got the philosopher’s stone and almost lost his life to protect it from being used by voldemort. fortunately, the president of hogwarts, dumbledore, came in time, saved harry and destroyed the stone. because of the brave action, harry and his friends won great honor from the school.there is a proverb in china saying that ‘difficu lty is like a spring. if you are strong, then it is weak. but if you are weak, then it is strong.’ facing all kinds of difficulties, harry didn’t run away from them but chose to conquer them bravely. he was the winner of life. life without difficulty dose not exist . it just likesthat river without rock dose not exist. but because of the rock, the river can sing and looks more interesting. because of the difficulty, the life is more worthy to respect and experience. after reading the book, we should learn the integrity and bravery from harry potter. success belongs to the person who insists on his dream and never gives in to the difficulties. let’s strive together!英语的读书笔记篇15Since reading this book, I know less than their own, not because of learning one or two do not go well and lose confidence, but more test well, the more to be a good test. From now on, I do not care what kind of difficulties encountered, we must face with confidence, insisted in the end, and never flinched.I would like to thank the book, thanks to it so that I have learned so much knowledge, it let me know how to thank so many reason, let me know for its own lack of timely and correct their own shortcomings, so that I become a socially useful people. Sharks may be seen as a blow to eat our success and happiness. But as the child said: "It does not beat you, it does not." A real strong, can only be destroyed can not be beat. Solely, which is "Old Man and the Sea" tells us.自从读了这本书之后，我知道了自己的不足，学习上不再因为一两次不顺利而失去信心，而是越考不好，就越要考好，老人与海,读后感,短的。
GRE词汇记忆的完整攻略
这个问题已经是老生常谈了，前辈们基本上都做过了很好的总结，我在这儿在稍微简单地再啰嗦一小下下吧：
1.红宝书
想都不用想，本书是一个Gter所必备的攻略。诚然ETS并不是按照本书来出题，但是经过这么多年的检验证明：红宝书的确是我们走向资本主义国度最有利的武器之一!
2.逆序小词典(也就是所谓的“红宝伴侣”)
585.gradine〔 grad 步，级→阶梯，-ine 名词后缀 〕阶梯的一级，阶梯座位的一排
GRE词根词汇背诵
gram
gram = write ,something written or drawn 写，画，文字，图形
586.grammar〔 gram 写，文字，m 重复字母，-ar 名词后缀;关于“文字”的法则→ 〕语法，文法
573.retrograde 〔 retro- 向后，grad 步，行走;“向后走” 〕→后退，退步，逆行
574.retrogradation 〔 见上，-ation 名词后缀 〕后退，退步，逆行
575.graduate 〔 grad 步，级，-u- ，-ate 动词后缀;“在学业上走完某一步”,“在学业上完成某一级”→ 〕毕业; 〔 转为 〕毕业生
这个总结也是总结的很全的一个分类词汇，有时间的话可以研究研究，没时间还是老老实实看红宝书去!
有些版友会在暑期的时候上XDF，希望你们最好能在上XDF之前能够完成我上面所说的这些，最起码要完成红宝一遍吧，毕竟你们现在应该不是第一天开始备考(如果是的话，那么哥们儿你得抓点儿紧了有些可以在上XDF之间穿插完成，虽然上XDF课程也很紧张，但是准备GRE需要我们付出大量的时间和努力。
然后，就是涉及到一些具体的操作方法了。我比较欣赏的是XDF的丽丽老师(号称XDF的词汇王)，她的口诀法真的是很不错的方法(我在前期背单词的过程中听了她的词汇8000和GRE的录音，我记得版里面有这个的下载的)。附件会给出我以前听录音的时候总结的一些口诀的下载。
gre双线阅读法 青山
gre双线阅读法青山GRE双线阅读法是一种高效的阅读理解技巧，旨在帮助考生更好地应对GRE考试中的阅读理解部分。
本文将介绍GRE双线阅读法的基本原理和具体操作步骤，并分享一些技巧和建议。
GRE双线阅读法的基本原理是利用双线阅读的方式，将文章分为主线和副线，分别读取和理解。
主线通常是文章的主旨和核心内容，而副线则是文章的细节和例子。
通过将注意力集中在主线上，可以更快地掌握文章的要点和逻辑结构，从而提高解题效率。
下面是GRE双线阅读法的具体操作步骤：第一步：快速浏览文章在阅读一篇GRE阅读理解文章之前，首先要进行快速浏览。
快速浏览的目的是获得对文章的整体了解，找出文章的主题和段落结构。
可以通过阅读第一句话和每段的第一句话来抓住文章的主线。
第二步：划分主线和副线根据你在快速浏览中获得的信息，将文章划分为主线和副线。
主线一般贯穿全文，包含文章的核心概念和论点，而副线则是主线的补充和支持，包含具体的例子和细节。
第三步：重点阅读主线在阅读文章时，将重点放在主线上。
仔细阅读主线段落，理解作者的观点、论证和举例。
可以将主要观点和例子用笔记或摘录的方式记下来，以便后续的复习和理解。
第四步：把握副线信息虽然副线不如主线重要，但也不能忽视。
在阅读副线段落时，注意理解例子、细节和解释，以便更好地支持主线。
可以将重要的副线信息标记出来，方便后续的复习和查找。
第五步：攻克题目完成对文章的阅读之后，就可以着手解答相关的问题了。
在回答问题时，首先要仔细阅读问题和选项，然后回到文章中找到相关的主线和副线信息进行匹配。
记住，答案通常可以在文章中找到，不要过度推理或猜测答案。
除了以上的基本步骤，还有一些技巧和建议可以帮助你更好地运用GRE双线阅读法：1.预估答案：在阅读问题之前，可以先尝试预估答案，然后在文章中找到相关的信息进行验证。
这样可以提高解答问题的效率和准确性。
2.多种表达方式：考虑到文章中可能会用不同的词汇和表达方式来描述同一个概念或论点，需要注意观察和理解这种变化。
GRE阅读解题的排除法
GRE阅读解题的排除法GRE阅读：解题的排除法1.精确定位排除法如果前两种方法均不可以使用的话，我们就只能将选项精确的在文中定位，找出选项和阅读文章中的对应关系，注意选项中的同义代换与原文是否对应。
有时会出现这样的情况，选项中有四个是和题目的关键词定位在一个段内的，但其中一个选项却定位在了另一个段落内，那么这个选项就是答案。
注意：正确答案一般是作者在文中明确反对过的，或者是根本未提到，再或者就是定位的段落未提到的(选项的关键词落在别的段落)说法。
2.强对比排除法：如果题目中是关于A的提问，但是原文中没有直接给出与A 相关的描述。
不过，文中出现了与B相关的特征描述，而B呢正好是与A形成强烈对比的对象。
那么我们只需要把B的特征取非就可以得到答案了。
一般文章中会出现unlike，in contrast to, compared with,阅读的过程中遇到该类别的关键词注意要做笔记。
3.无关信息排除法:如果某一个选项和文章大意没有关系或者根本没有提到过，那么它一定就是正确答案了。
因此，在阅读的过程中要留意文章每段的中心意思，理出文章的写作思路，以此来作为细节判断的依据。
GRE阅读文章如何复习宏观中的“必读”与“不读”所谓宏观，即使明确文章结构。
再清楚一点说，即使我们要知道主题句的所在位置以及每段大意。
让我们今天来了解一下什么是主题句，的阅读文章中主题句通常会以什么形式出现。
和中国考生自己写作文不一样的是，美国人的阅读文章中从来都不出现“I think that, in my opinion, as far as I am considered"此类语言做主题句。
通常来说美国人的主题句有两种形式：主题句两种形式：1. 判断句(含情态动词，系动词，正负褒贬词的句子);2. 概括文章将来结构。
比如一个句子：Your minds changed my attitude. 这句话中并没有情态动词和系动词，因此这句话自然不是判断句，也就不是主题句。
考拉学习英语之阅读篇
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 1 学习英语之阅读篇 首先要感谢所以为前三篇文章留言、并分享自己学习方法的筒子们，我看了激动的不行，因为很多很多方法真的比我的方法要好，要更有效，所以严重建议读文章的筒子也读一下留言。我稍后会把留言编辑到文章里去的。尤其要感谢墨飞和fred两个筒子，你们的留言我都很认真很认真地读了，谢谢分享自己的感受和学习方法。。一句话：YOU GUYS ROCK! 感谢完以后写阅读篇。我其实很不擅长写阅读篇，因为自己在阅读方面没有任何方法可言，也从来没有进行过诸如口语、听力之类的系统的练习。。我自己本身在复习GRE的时候就是很怵阅读的。。不是我读不懂，是我读懂了以后题目也做不对。。我不知道为啥。。其他考试我都能轻松搞定，唯有GRE阅读能把我搞死。。还好在美国学习是不需要答题的，只需要每天读书就行了。。只要不让我答题，怎么都好说。。哎。。 Anyways,还是尽全力分享吧。我写的不到位的地方，希望大家还能像前几篇文章一样，彼此分享彼此的经验和方法噢～感谢了。 1. 考拉的阅读经历 很早的时候就开始读英文的东西了，初中的时候妈妈就跑到新华书店买了整个一套书虫，大家都知道那套书吧，绿色的磨砂皮的，很薄，基本是外国大部分名著的精简版，词语都很简单。这里要再次感谢妈妈对我的要求从来都是有求必应，全世界最好的妈妈，叩拜中......所以阅读英文原著的兴趣是从初中培养起来的。最初开始读的时候，被满篇不认识的生词打击的够呛，现在我翻开这些书，看到自己标的密密麻麻的生词，都觉得很感动。。。那个时候劲头那么足呢？！那个时候发现竟然连“excited“这种词都不认识，哈哈哈哈哈啊哈～初中的时候虽然读的东西很简单，但养成了一直延续至今的很好很好的语感。如果说阅读英文对英语水平有好处的话，那么我觉得最大的好处就是提高语感。它可以让你知道一句正确的英文读起来是一个什么感觉。这种感觉太重要了，它可以让我在从来不用学习语法的情况下（是真的，我没学过语法，我根本不知道什么叫谓语什么什么句，定语什么状语句，什么吊什么结构，靠，我想举个例子都举不出来，可见我的语法有多差），可以把语法题全部都做对。后来很多人问我某道语法题怎么做，我做了，做对了，人家问什么，我根本讲不出道理来。汗。。。所以，要重视语感！语感！语感！ [注：现在返回头来想这段经历，并无多少参考价值，所以请针对自己的情况有选择地吸收与学习。] 高中的时候，抛弃超薄的简缩版，开始去书店或图书馆买或者借原著读，于是在家里不想学习的时候，就会抱起很厚的gone with the wind，jane eyre，wuthering heights等等之类开始狂读。那个时候偶尔会翻翻四六级的单词书，所以单词量比较有猛涨的感觉，读书也就不会经常被单词绊住了。有一点需要说明，那时候买的名著书，都是带中文翻译的，如果某句话发现自己死也读不懂，就会看一下相对的中文翻译，然后根据人家的翻译自己琢磨一下为什么英语句子就读不懂。很多情况下都是可以自己琢磨出来的。读了很久，大多数很出名的英文名著就都被我读完了。我在想，后来我理科很差，很可能就是因为我大多数时间都读了英文了，从来不下功夫学别的科目，所以英文一直很好，其他理科一直很差，貌似几门理科成绩加起来也不到100分。我是一个严重偏科的坏学生。。*_* 大学的时候，就不像以前那么轻松了，没有时间花在这些闲杂书上，大多数读的东西都很专业，例如经济学家啦，泰晤士报啦，时代周刊啦一类。那个时候读书主要就是为了考试，不是为了陶冶情操。偶尔去北京淘书的时候，会从书摊上买到那种很厚却很轻的原版书籍偶尔读一读，但读的并不是很多。因为报纸、杂志，加上以前的英文名著读的太多了，所以后来在考专四专八时，阅读貌似并不是什么问题。只需要明晰考试里阅读题材的架构、以及问问题的集中题型，搞清楚这些，基本就可以做到只错一道至多两道的正确率了。但是后来开始复习GRE的时候，开始为阅读感到郁闷。很长一段时间甚至开始怀疑自己的阅读水平，咋文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 2 了文章都读懂了，题就答不对呢？分析来分析去，题目都分析明白了，但做下一套题的时候，还是会错很多。当时就无语了，也正是因为阅读的原因，后来第一次考GRE的时候成绩很惨。 研究生的时候，开始为第二次考GRE做准备，这次打算从心态和行动上主动鄙视GRE阅读，于是貌似练的非常认真。那个时候我会经常和皮诺曹同学比两个人阅读谁错的少，但是发现两个人死的都很惨。。把39+3花儿那本书从头看到尾，从尾看到头，总结了不下三遍，拿着自己认为是“真经”的笔记，才算在最后时刻把GRE的阅读提高了很多。但是最后谁知道考场还出现了表的时间走错了这种灾难。。不过也依然靠着在最后一个阶段练就的强大的蒙答案的能力、在短时间内把两长一短的阅读蒙完了。。。才万幸地保住了第二次GRE的成绩。在研究生阶段，读的全部东西都是GRE阅读和IBT阅读，读的每天快吐了，下载了很多很多经济学家，一有时间就看上几眼，让自己保持新鲜的阅读的感觉。研究生时大概就是这样了。 在美国的时候，过去的这一年读的最多的就是各种专业书和各种专业论文，并深刻地感叹幸亏自己努力认真学习过GRE阅读，否则这些专业书恐怕是没有办法读懂的吧。再感叹一下，凡是曾说GRE单词根本用不上的人，我想大多数都是最后没有出成国的人吧，因为当你真的出了国，拿起自己的专业书随便翻一翻，就会发现书中充斥着各种GRE词汇。就算你不看GRE书，你随便翻一翻高端杂志报纸，也都是由GRE词汇组成的。所以！所以！所以！背G词的筒子们，好好背吧！一定要用心背！因为这些词你一定会在未来的专业学习中用到的！！！(我说的是专业学习，不是在生活中，生活中没人用GRE词聊天。哈哈哈哈哈～) 2. 考拉的阅读方法 请问这段我可以略过么。。因为我真的没有方法可言。。我的方法就是读。。。读了就懂了。。。不是我不想分享，是真的好像没遇到过读不懂的东西。。反正这里先空下吧，等想起来好的所谓“方法”，我再补上来。或者哪位筒子有了自己的好的方法，愿意分享的话，我也可以把它编辑到这里来，好吧。 -----------------------------------以下是Fred筒子的心得，强烈推荐到这里----------------------------------- “个人认为提高英语阅读行之有效，也是最为高效的一个方法 就是把你觉得好的阅读材料拿来当朗读材料，我和你说啊，朗读时提高你所谓语感的终极之路，太多人觉得这个叫语感的东西太邪乎，看不见摸不找，到底是个什么？你就多读吧，读到你觉得自己快忘记了自己是在读英语的时候，你就会有自己的定义了，因为实在是无法给出一个通用的标准或定义给语感这个东东。每天大声朗读一两篇，记住，大声朗读，通过调动各个器官充分熟悉书面语言，眼睛看，耳朵听，嘴巴念，脑袋想，你自己能说出来的句子如果写在纸上了，你是否也会容易看的懂一些？也就是说通过大量的大声朗读训练，慢慢的你就能说出那些阅读材料中比较书面化的句子来。这样，再回到纸上来看，你就能更快速的理解其内容。在这之前，太多人阅读知识用来做题，用来分析这些大块头的文章，从未尝试过当做朗读材料来读一读，其实，我想告诉大家的是用朗读来带动你对文章的阅读理解这个方法还是很有效地，值得大家去试试。
考研英语考研英语阅读笔记
考研英语考研英语阅读笔记————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩ英语阅读笔记一.文章的套路结构：（本笔记局限于说明文章,议论文章。
)1．结论说明型A．文章开始出现一个结论,后为对他的解释Ｂ．ＴS(topiｃal seｎｔenｃe即主题句)即为为结论出现支出；注意特别容易的情况是每一段之主题句是该段首句。
C.什么是“判断句”？---通常很重要,判断结论说明型靠判断句，直指主题a．系表结构:be.remainb．含有作者的态度和评价，注意可能有自由褒贬词2．新老观点型A．判断标志:文章开始不久就出现了老观点,例如：ｉｔwas tradｉtｉoｎally assｕmed?ｉｔwａs oｎce /uｓuallｙbeｌｉeｖeｄ？Maｎy ××beｌiｅvｅdｔhaｔ?Ｍany ××ｈavｅargued?It was fｒeｑuｅｎｔlｙａsｓuｍeｄｔhaｔ？Ｉｔｗas univｅｒsａｌｌｙaｃcｅpted thａｔ?过去.传统.大家一致公认的观点，都是老观点。
B.TS:陈述新观点的句子。
Ｃ.新观点特征:对同一focus给出不同的解释。
读到老观点的时候，应该停下来想一想，新观点可能是什么样子,从而往下有目的地寻找。
３.现象解释型A.判断标志:首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象,往往很古怪，下文对其做出解释。
B．可能有多种解释,TS:作者给了正评价的解释。
Ｃ.需要注意的是:a．可能先给出几个错误的(作者持负评价），最后一个才是正确的(正平价)。
ｂ．可能所有解释作者全都不喜欢。
4.问题解决.回答型A.判断标志：a.手段出现了设问句。
b.首段出现了以下词语：problem diffiｃulｔy task puzzle 等Ｂ.ＴS:作者给出正评价的解决方案。
５．其他类的文章前班部分是以上四种结构之一，后半部分讲了一些与前面无关的内容。
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无忧托福网 留学梦工厂 www.51toefl.com 第 1 页 共 11 页 GRE听课笔记--阅读 阅读整体原则： ①先读文章后做题,阅读速度一定要快,勇敢的省略,记住：看题时间要比看文时间长 ②两遍法,第一遍通读,重点看文章的结构、focus、作者态度,第二遍在解题时定位阅读 ③解任何题目时都要回到原文中定位,严格把握文字对应法,每个正确答案都必须找到依据,绝对不可凭记忆或知识背景做题 ④不要精读,不必了解文章的意思,速度一定要快,一定要作笔记,时间不够看首段和各段首句 ⑤每天都练《杨鹏100难句》 总之阅读的关键就是：“速度+定位+改写” 阅读文章重点： ①重在结构,关注focus,关注作者对focus的态度、评价,缺陷及需要改进的地方 ②重点读首段和各段首句,注意起承转合,看不懂的继续往下看,只关心是顺接还是转折关系 ③作笔记：尤其是新观点、TS、判断句、虚拟语气、强对比、强转折、最高级、唯一性、比较级、列举,大写名词、时间,地点,人名等,不要精读,记住位置即可需作笔记的部分：(作笔记是为了定位方便) TS直接标在文章旁边 关键词直接在文中标出 人名、地名、斜体字记行号、首字母及评价L10, D, +第10行出现D,正评价 强对比L10 >强转折标记位置 unless,缺陷标记位置 比较级、最高级,唯一性=, >, 大列举标记位置,可能考except或罗马数字题 泛指化题型is driven to标记位置 ④速度一定要快,能不读则不读,能少读则少读,长文章一定要只看框架,大胆的略读粗读,做笔记,读题,精确定位,解题需要特别注意的内容： a:强对比、强转折、双重否定 b:比较级、最高级、唯一性、“所有”, only, in particular c:大写名词、斜体字做好标记 d:有关时间的句子,弄清楚前后关系 e:反复出现的关键词,弄清其含义 f:虚拟、让步语气 g:转折、比较弄清比较双方是谁 h:文章脉络,作者的观点和倾向,评价最重要 §1阅读分类 1.按题材分：文学评论,美国历史,弱势群体,生命科学 2.按写作方法分：presentation[立论], argument[评论] 3.按写作套路分：新旧观点型、现象解释型、结论解释型、问题解决型 固定题材作者态度： 1.文学评论.作者一贯反对从政治或意识形态角度去解释文学现象或评价相应观点，作者赞同从纯文学标准进行解释或评价。 无忧托福网 留学梦工厂 www.51toefl.com 第 2 页 共 11 页 2.社会现象.作者反对将社会现象拔高到阶级、政治、意识形态或超人性的高度，反对各种左派思想、革命主张和马克思主义。 3.生命科学.作者一贯反对Darwin及其进化论，包括趋同进化观点。 4.对于新材料、新发现、新发明。作者的态度以支持的正评价为主，有时会提到缺陷，但不影响主态度。 5.对如下题材作者与我们持有相同的倾向 ①温室效应(二氧化碳数量)。 ②臭氧层问题。 ③供水问题(淡水资源缺乏)、城市污染、沙漠化侵袭——环境类问题。 6.关于弱势人群或其？ 有妇女题材、黑人题材、黑人妇女题材、少数民族题材等。有三种态度作者一贯反对： 1仇视； 2认为上述问题不重要，不值得研究； 3认为上述问题已经完全解决； 作者态度：关注并盼望有方案给出。 7.喜新厌旧.过去的、传统的、大家一致接受的，作者至少不会给正评价。
§2文章写作套路 一、新旧观点型： 判断标志：(a)首句提出过去、传统、大家都接受的观点,这些观点是旧观点首句有表示“时间”概念的词或动词的完成时态：often, common claim, usually, traditionally, longmaintained, until, recently, it is frequently assumed, the dominant view, the common belief等。 观点的持有者在语法上表现出泛指的语法范畴：some historians, child psychologists, some recent historians。 (b)二句或二段首句出现表示转折或让步的词汇,如however, but, yet, nevertheless, unfortunately等 Top Sentence：新观点给出之处对旧观点取非即得到新观点(取非后可能有多种结果,新观点是同一事物的不同解释) 解题思路：强对比,互取非(加减“not”),注意必须是对同一事物的两种不同解释关注的重点：强对比取非；批判纠正型,经常出现的词有：correct, counter gains, criticize, refute 新旧观点题型： (1)判断标志：首句有表示时间的词(2)对旧观点取非得到新观点 (3)新观点永远是主题句,不管作者态度如何(4)旧观点负评价,新观点正评价 (例外很少P206L) 二、现象解释型： 判断标志：首句或首段给出一种自然或社会现象,通常很古怪,二句或二段首句有表示“解释”的词汇Top Sentence：正评价,解释出现之处 【说明】：1.可能有多种解释, TS是作者给予正评价的解释,多放在后面；2.多是文章节选,可以没有正确观点,文章有言犹未尽的感觉 解释手段：(a)引用理论(b)实验验证(c)举例证明(d)分层说明[数字、强对比、递进] (e)强对比(f)过程描述 态度的类型：a支持; b对所有理论都不支持；c无态度,那就是客观公正的；d无明确态度,但解决了问题的理论,可以认为作者持正面态度 无忧托福网 留学梦工厂 www.51toefl.com 第 3 页 共 11 页 三、结论解释型： 判断标志：首句是判断句,且第二句,第二段首句不能对这个判断作出转折。 判断句：“系动词＋表语”结构[be, remain, suggest….]；含作者评价或态度的句子；包括首句是强调句的情况(It is …… that……) Top Sentence：首句,文章开端的结论处 小文章,若首句是判断句,且后面未作转折,则首句是TS。基本上每段首句是该段TS。 写作方法：(a)首句正/负评价,后面的相反评价是结论(b)有的时候文首会有一点背景(c)先叙述别人的观点,最后才是作者的评价(结论) 解释手段：a.举例b.讲原理c.类比和强对比d.分类说明 focus：态度(+/-评价),阐述角度 四、问题解决型： 判断标志：出现problem, task, puzzle, difficult等词汇；以设问句开头 解决手段：a:多种解决方案,注意新老解决b:原则和手段c:试验证明d:引用原理 TS：作者给予正评价的解决方案(多放在最后) 短文章——TS长文章——多个解决方案,区分态度(＋/-) 记住“问题、困难” 五、TS特定位置 1.大段叙述后出现转折, TS就要出现 2.设问及其回答：①有问必答；②自问自答；③主题题型答案所在 3.大段举例之前的观点和之后的总结往往是TS 4.短文章首句为结论,第二句开始是唯一的一个例子时,则该结论为TS 5. TS从前不从后,从大不从小原则 如果前后出现不一样的重点、结论,应以前面的为主题,后面的为延伸(TS在1～2段的首句之间找) 从大不从小——文章开头或主题句的评价是大评价,让步、转折除外
§3语言现象 因果连词 because, so引出细节原因/结论,不必关注,解题时能分清“谁是因谁是果”即可 结果连词——so, therefore, hence, thus , conclude引出明确结论,多在段末,文末,专业内容之后 代词 this, these往上指代 顺接关系不用细读,不用标记 顺接连词：further, furthermore, moreover, in addition 顺接关系：无转折,态度一致,内容延伸；或无任何连接词过渡 顺接关系的处理：顺接关系找第一句,后面的顺第一句 作者前后态度一致：可以旁证作者态度。对于生词,可利用顺接关系推测。全段无连词,段首为主句 转折关系 一般转折连词：nevertheless, nonetheless, in fact , indeed, virtually, actually, practically however①转折；②让步however = no matter how插入语；③递进,一连串行举之后 *but……①一般没意义,若出现在2段句首,表示大转折,提出新观点；②现象阐述后,对前无忧托福网 留学梦工厂 www.51toefl.com 第 4 页 共 11 页 述现象持负评价；③“……but……”短语结构,重点在but后 *yet……现象阐述后,对前述现象持负评价 although①出现在前半句,“尽管”,引导让步状语从句,重心在后半句；②出现在在后半句,“但是”,重心在后半句,表转折＝but 【注意】：转折连词出现在一连串行举之后表示递进关系,引出更重要的原因。 ※一连串行举之后出现转折连词however, yet, but时,表示递进语气,不表示转折或让步(可用no matter how替换)。 【其它】：一个段落要转折一般在第2句,否则就不转折了 unhappy, unfortunately仅做态度、语气词用,不做转折连词 强对比关系： (1)标准强对比：unlike；in contrast to, be distinguished from, used to, on the other hand (2)时间状语强对比：Now, new, nowadays, current;once, until recently, past…… ☆☆☆首句有明确时间状语的,一定是强对比。 (3)变体强对比：唯一性(only, sole, unique),最高级(-est, most), always, never,排序(first, last, ……),程度词(uttermost, foremost), all, none, any…… ☆☆☆含最高级、唯一性选项一般不成立,除非原文有对应的明确说法。 (4)普通大小比较,倍数关系 虚拟语气： would, could等引出的未实现的陈述, GRE中只表示与事实相反的情况。No. P226 Q19, 90-94 P2 Q19虚拟取非：题干说法与原文说法相反,对原文正确说法(可能不止一个)取非。 让步语气： (1)★do/ may /have引出的强调句表示“让步”,不表示强调,转折后是重点。√ have跟抽象名词, It has its critics.它的确受到批评。 (2)of course, certainly, no problem, no doubt, without doubt, after all, it is not to deny……表达的让步语气 (3)前面给出明确态度后,后面再给出相反态度,肯定是让步 (4)预期式反对式让步you might object that, ……, you are wrong. (5)由even, while, although, however(=no matter how), granted that [即便是说], insofar as等连词引导的让步语气 (6)让步句式：It„s true that……=True, ……√ (7)前面出现绝对化的说法,强调句时,后面必然有让步,让步后必有转折 【注意】：文章末句如果作让步,一般不能撼动前面的观点,只是为了使表达更严谨 ☆让步语气的作用： ①让步后必有转折；②让步语气在态度题中的作用——被作者让步的内容,答案体现让步语气√ ※有让步负评价：主态度在转折后[国内题P13Q22] 【注】：although出现在后半句时＝but,转折连词 GRE设问句：①有问必答；②自问自答；③主题题型(答案所在) gP35设问句：有问必答,自问自答,主题题型 限定性语气 限定性语气表示作者有保留意见,为ETS偏爱,可能正确的一些限定性修饰词： qualified, guarded, tempered, partially, tentative权且, reluctant不完全的, critically批判的… qualify在题干、选项中作“限定,保留”解释。